Evaluating the levels of equity in transport-related accessibility to education in Thuringia

"Exploring the levels of equity in accessibility to education in Thuringia" INTERNSHIP PROJECT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of M.Sc. Integrated Urban Development and Design

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Supervised by: Dr. Peter-Paul Pichler Irem Calisir 23 March 2022



CONTENT

1. Research Question 2. Literature Review 3. Data 4. Methodology 5. Results

2

1.Research Question



How accessibility to eduction varies among different zones according to average income in Thuringia?

4

2.Literature Review

Transport-Related Social Exclusion(TRSE)



NO

ME O C

-C

P/T POOT SER VIC E

AR

W

LO

IN

G N I US

HO R OO

S

HIGH COST OF FARES

P

TRANSPORT DISADVANTAGE

TRANSPORT POVERTY

SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE

NO JOB

NO SKI LLS

NO ON I T A M R O INF

IL

OF AR E E F IM R C

TO LIFE CHANGES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS TO SOCIAL CAPITAL

L-

INACCESIBILITY

SOCIAL EXCLUSION Fig 1. Diagram of Transport-related social exclusion 7

HE

TO GOODS TO SERVICES TO DECISION MAKING

AL

TH

Accessibility in Transport Research

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

MOBILITY PERSPECTIVE

ACCESIBILITY PERSPECTIVE

(LOS)

Fig 2. Diagram of Traf c, Mobility and Accessibility concepts based on Litman (2006) 9

fi



TRAFFIC PERSPECTIVE

Accessibility Components and Measures



COMPONENTS OF ACCESIBILITY

Land-Use

Transport

It is the land-use system that includes the number, quality and spatial distribution of opportunities available in each destination.

Refers to the transport system interpreted in relation to the distance between a origin and a destination for an individual using a particular mode of transport. This includes the amount of time (travel, waiting and parking), economic costs and effort (including reliability, comfort, accident risk, etc.).

i.e. jobs, shops, health, social facilities, etc.

Fig 3. Components of accessibility

Temporal

Time restrictions for making use to opportunities. Time Availabiity of activities.

Individual

Individual component includes the differentiated needs by individual characteristics, abilities and opportunities. i.e. needs, wants, abilities, opportunuties, social networks, householde interactions

11



ACCESIBILITY APPROACHES

INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTIVITY

Fig 4. Approaches to accessibility concept

MEASURE/VARIABLE

Speed, travel time, travel speed, length of the road, density on the road network, overall congestion level in terms of lost vehicle hours (Bocarejo S and Oviedo H, 2012), (Halden, 2002), (Van Wee et al., 2001), (Curtis and Scheurer,

Land use & location, time-space measures, potential paths, living, working, recreating, shopping, the number of activities accessible in a given range of travel time or distance (Hansen, 1959), (Bocarejo S and Oviedo H, 2012), (Van Wee et al., 2001), (Dong et al., 2006)– (Bertolini et al., 2005))(Curtis and Scheurer, 2010)

12

TRANSPORT

LAND-USE.



LAND-USE.

Distribution of activities and housing

QUANTITATIVE DATA

TRANSPORT

Socially, economically and spatially differentiated costs

Fig 5. Focused components in the research project and their data collection methods 13



APPLICATION OF ACCESIBILITY MEASURES

ACCESSIBILITY BY WALKING AND LOCAL FACILITIES

ACCESSIBILITY TO AND OF SYSTEMS

CYCLING TO

TRANSPORT

ACCESS USING TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TO OR OF OPPORTUNITIES

Fig 6. Focused components and their measures in transport research 14

LAND-USE.

TRANSPORT

3.Data

height year of construction

transportation

use

parking space highway street cycling

sidewalk bus stops

residential education

POI land-use

mixed-use sport culture commercial

population composition employment status education level income level gender composition age structure population density

image data

demography and population

building

land cover (2D)



DATA

streetview image

tourism health

Open Street Map Geo-fabrik Zensus 2011 MCC

Fig 7. Data types and Data sources

Synthetic Population Zensus 2011

16

Open Street Map

4.Methodology



OPPORTUNITY MEASURES

GENERIC TYPES OF ACCESIBILITY MEASURES

VALUE MEASURES PROXY MEASURES AND INDICATORS ACCESSIBILITY RATIOS

Fig 8. Overview of generic accessibility measures

18

CUMULATIVE OPPORTUNITY MEASURE (ORIGIN-DESTINATION ANALYSIS)



CUMULATIVE OPPORTUNITY MEASURE (ORIGIN-DESTINATION ANALYSIS):

where Ai is the total opportunities available to zone i, Ej is the number of opportunities in zone j, and c is a constant with a value of 1 for zones within a given cost threshold, and 0 otherwise.

Fig 9. Cumulative opportunity measure

19

DESTINATION

The center of the hexagonal 1 x 1 km cells regarded as origings in OD analysis, where the population proportional distributed to the building volumes. As information regarding each individual household is not available for the study, aggregate units are used instead.

Fig 10. De ning Origin-Destination in research fi



ORIGIN

Two types of destinations ,schools and university buildings extracted from OSM.

20

5.Results



Fig 11. Land use component: Distribution of bus stops in Saarland (R Graphic) 22



Fig 12. Destination: Education facilities in Thuringia (R Graphics) 23



Fig 13. Destination: Education facilities in Gotha Example (R Graphics) 24



51.1°N

51.0°N

(population) 2500 2000 1500 50.9°N

1000 500

50.8°N

50.7°N

10.4°E

10.5°E

10.6°E

10.7°E

10.8°E

10.9°E

Fig 14. Origin: Distribution of population into the building volumes (R Graphics) 25

THANK YOU!

For Further Questions: irem.calisir@hotmail.com