EWI

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BUILDINGS CIE4202

Group 5 Saša Pejić - 5129702 Willem Simons - 4222741 Rozemarijn Veenstra - 4693876 Irene Zanotto - 5267382

Contents 1.

Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

2.

Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Brief ............................................................................................................................................. 2 2.2. Site.............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.3. Architect ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Typology ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.5. Process (design) ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.6. Space ....................................................................................................................................... 10 2.6.1. Space occupied by building ............................................................................................... 10 2.6.2. Space inside the building..................................................................................................... 11 2.7. Structure ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.8. Materials ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.9. Services ..................................................................................................................................... 15 2.10. Matrix ...................................................................................................................................... 16

3.

Conceptual plans ....................................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Concept with contrast ............................................................................................................ 17 3.2. Concept with contrast (2)....................................................................................................... 19 3.3. Concept with restrained connection .................................................................................... 20 3.4. Concept with referential connection .................................................................................... 23 3.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 24

4.

New design .................................................................................................................................. 26 4.1. Functional floor plans .............................................................................................................. 26 4.2 Architectural design and development ................................................................................. 31 4.3. Structural design ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.4. Details ....................................................................................................................................... 41

5.

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 43

6.

Literature ...................................................................................................................................... 44 6.1 Literature text ............................................................................................................................ 44 6.2 Literature figures ....................................................................................................................... 45

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1. Introduction The first part of the report will be an analysis of the faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (or in Dutch Elektrotechniek, Wiskunde en Informatica, EWI) with the ABCD method. There will be looked at brief, site, architect, typology, process of the design, space, structure, materials, and services. This will be investigated from history to further development.

The EWI building is an icon on the campus of the Technical University of Delft. After a lot of discussion, EWI became a municipal monument, since 2019. This means that demolishing of the building is not an option anymore. However, it does not fulfil the requirements; that is the reason why the real estate department of TU Delft needs to think about a plan to re-use the building somehow.

In the second part of the report, a new atrium will be designed. A section of the low-rise from EWI will be demolished (Figure 1.1) and the new atrium will be placed instead. The new building will have different functions, which are given in requirements shown in Figure 1.2. All team members started with brainstorming for concepts on the results of the ABCD analyse. The ideas go from contrast to connection with the existing building. From those four ideas the architectural principles for the new design are taken.

Figure 1.1 The part that will be demolished [41]

In the last part, the new design is further developed. Here the architectural vision and design is given, as well as the functional concept. The structural design, with drawings and calculations, is included, too.

Figure 1.2 The requirements for new building[41]

Figure 1.3: The EWI building under construction, 1961.[1]

2. Analysis 2.1. Brief 2.1.1. What was meant to be In order for us to have a clear understanding of the TU campus, we must go back in time. On the 8th of January 1842, the Koninklijke Akademie (Full name: Koninklijke Akademie ter opleiding van burgerlijke ingenieurs zoo voor 's lands dienst als voor de nijverheid en van kweekelingen voor den handel) was founded. Located at the Oude Delft 95, currently considered to be a national heritage site, the Koninklijke Akademie has found a home in the historic city centre of Delft, expanding to multiple buildings in the following century. In this timespan the name has been changed multiple times, from Koninklijke Akademie(1842-1864), to Polytechnische School te Delft (1864-1905) and Technische Hogeschool Delft (1905-1988) to the present name: Technische Universiteit Delft (Delft University of Technology). As evident from the progression in names, the institute has grown over the years and so did the need for additional space.

The TU Delft campus, as we know it nowadays, has a wide range of buildings and open spaces which is the result of continuous development.

The case study of this research is the EWI building, namely the building of the faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Sciences. It belongs to the third period since it was built in the 1960s.

The building had been established at the Kanaalweg, 2 since 1902. In the 1950s, it was initially thought that here and in the nearby building of Technische Natuurkunde at the Mijnbouwplein 11 would be sufficient space for this faculty.

However, after the end of the 2nd World War, the demand for highly trained engineers increased to allow the reconstruction of the country and the industrial growth. Also, Delft was the only university in the Netherlands in that time, so the students came not only from the city and the nearest regions, but also from all over the country. Hence, in 1958, it has been decided to build a new building and a program of requirements was drawn up by the Building Office of the TU. Later, in 1959, the architectural firm Van Bruggen, Drexhage, Sterkenburg, Bodon started to study the design of the building.

The building of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science was at the time an example of audacity and technological and architectural success. The high-rise had been thought 95 meters high and, after the new church in the city centre, it was (also nowadays) the second highest building in Delft after the Nieuwe kerk. When it was built in 1969, its height gave EWI researchers the advantage of using mirror-antennas that were placed so high up.

The building was conceived from the start as the place that would host the department of Electrotechnical Engineering with a 22 floors high-rise building and a low-rise building. Behind these two buildings there would be laboratories; during the design phase, the low-rise building would be on columns so that the laboratory halls behind it would be visible.

Both the low-rise and high-rise buildings were thought as concrete constructions.

2.1.2. What has been The building, which had initially thought as the faculty for Electrical Engineering only, has become the faculty also for Mathematics and Computer Sciences.

The building was based on a standardized set-up of offices, laboratories, and halls. The high-rise is set up on a module size of 1.35 meters; most rooms are 4.05 wide and 6 meters deep (Figure 2.2). The flexibility would make it easy to change function internally. Nowadays, the ground floor of EEMC (Dutch: EWI) hosts a reception, a meeting area, halls, lecture rooms and two amphitheatres. In particular, it includes eleven lecture rooms, workshops and laboratories. Most lecture room and halls are located at the ground floor, whereas labs and offices are located at the upper floors.

Figure 2.2 Perspective view of the main corridor at the tower. [3]

2.1.3. To be or not to be It has been often discussed about the construction and the design of the building and about all the options available for the future in relation with it.

In the last years, has been frequently discussed about the future of this building and one of the options emerged was the demolition, due to several issues related with it. For instance, if you cycle around the EWI building, you will inevitably feel the pressure of the wind. These wind tunnels commonly form around relatively tall buildings with spaces around them which are much narrower than the rest of the wide, open spaces all around.

This happens with the EWI building and the area of Mekelpark around it.

Figure 2.1 The building in Kanaalweg, 2 which hosted the faculty of Electrical Engineering; 1902-1250s. [2]

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Another problem is that this building costs millions of euros to maintain every year so many people wondered if it is really worth keeping this building alive.

Even if the building is virtually unchanged, the previous considerations underline that they are making and thinking about continuous changes for the building in question and for the entire campus. The first stage of the redevelopment of the campus, started in 2005.

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Figure 2.3 Continuous changes to renew the campus; here the large park in front of EWI building instead of parking. [4]

2.2. Site 2.2.1. What was meant to be As previously mentioned, there are 5 distinguishable periods by which we can divide the history of the TU Delft campus site.

1842-1894: Start in the city centre With the help of King Willem II, the Koninklijke Academie (Royal Academy) was founded on January 8, 1842 in the city centre of Delft. Occupying only one building, Oude Delft 95, the academy started out relatively small. Over the next 20 years the number of students would double to around 100. In turn in 1964, an expansion was required. Two buildings were acquired through purchase, Oude Delft 89 and later Oude Delft 71 and on the other rear side new buildings were realised: Westvest 9 and Westvest 7.

1895 – 1944: Technical High School on the edge of the city As the stream of student steadily rose, so was its need for more space, again. At the time 255 students were attending the then called Polytechnische School in Delft, way more than the facilities could handle. As the city of Delft looked for expansion southwards along the Schie, so did the Polytechnische School. In 1895 the first facility along the Schie was realised, housing the Faculty of Geodesy. Other potential sites were named in an municipal expansion plan in 1908, while in the meantime the Polyteschnische School had been promoted to a more prestigious title of Technische Hogeschool (T.H.) Delft. Unfortunately, the plans of the municipality of Delft were still not sufficient for the needs of the T.H. Another plan was formed, in 1915 the extensions into the Wippolder were planned, including a handful of buildings ready to meet the demands of the T.H. both along the Schie and in the city centre. Further development of the Wippolder has been discussed since the 1930s, however any progression was halted due to the Second World War.

the Leeghwaterstraat. Sadly, the Faculty of Architecture did not survive this period. Following the fire in 2008, the faculty has moved to northwards, finding a new home at ‘Rode Scheikunde’ at Julianalaan 134, hereby deviating from the trend of moving southwards and providing a spark of energy towards the northern area.

2011-present: From master plan to master builder consultation Following the year 2011, the university has ditched the creation of a so-called master plan, as it was deemed outdated before the plan was finished. Thus, a more dynamic approach has been adopted. The campus area has been divided into three sections: TU Noord, TU Midden and TU Zuid, each with its own ambiance and characteristics (See Figure 2.4).

2.2.2. What has been As previously stated, the main mission of the relocation is to provide a central location for all education and research facilities with plenty of space to develop in the future. Having found a site at the Wippolder, realisation of the new campus could commence. Included in these plans is a new building for the faculty of electrical engineering, including space for lecture halls, offices and research facilities. In Figure 2.4, the development of the TU is clearly divided into 3 parts: North, Mid and South. Old buildings who are not satisfying nowadays requirements are being sold and more buildings are being design and executed in the South. In the Mid, were among other buildings the EWI is located, a lot of renovations are taking place.

2.2.3. To be or not to be Campus The development of the TU Delft campus is very important towards the future of the faculty of EWI. Major themes to acknowledge according to TU Delft’s own campus visions are:

1945-1995: The post-war university district

• • • • •

As the war had concluded, another period of expansion was upon the T.H. starting in 1948 with a new plan to expand further towards the south along the Mekelweg. In this period, most of the buildings found today have been build, including faculties of EWI, CEG, 3mE and the iconic Aula.

Construction lasted till the latter part of the 1970s, whereafter plans shifted from expansion towards improving the quality of life on campus, unfortunately with little success. A name change was proposed in 1986, from Delft Institute of Technology to Delft University of Technology, and approved the same year September 1, 1986. One by one the university has abandoned the buildings in the city centre and shifted southwards into the newly build facilities.

1995-2011: Owned real estate from TU From 1995 onwards, the TU Delft was faced with a decrease in students. This led to the creation of the strategic master plan of 1998. Surprisingly, two years later a new master plan was conceived by Mecanoo (a known party, responsible for the design of the campus Library finished in 1998). This master plan included further cementing of the shift of the campus to the south of Delft and focussing on efficient use of space instead of rapid expansion. Ultimately, only the transformation of the Mekelweg has been realised from the plan. By removing the road, the campus site has become a more bike and pedestrian friendly place, as well as adding a social function to the newly created Mekelpark. Notable additions from this period: Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management and student housing provided in Balpol I, II, III and along 4

Mobility and accessibility Sustainability Campus of the future Education Research

Each of these themes will influence and guide the future expansion and development of the TU Delft site.

Faculty of EWI Regarding the future of the faculty of EWI, different groups have suggested approaches varying from renovation and repurposing to total demolition. For now, the building has been designated as a monument according to the municipality of Delft, thereby forcing an approach focussed on reusing the Figure 2.4 Division of the TU Delft Campus into three sections and existing structure. important roads marked [3]

2.3. Architect 2.3.1. What was meant to be The faculty building of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Sciences was designed by the architect G. Drexhage, in 1959. Drexhage was born on the 16th February 1914 in Amsterdam. The date of his death dates back to the 4th of October 1982 in Maastricht.

Little is known about his life and studies, but surely it is well known the role that Drexhage played in the scenario of Dutch architecture. In the late 1960s, for instance, Protestant architecture achieve a high level of abstraction with the building of De Ontmoetingskerk in The Hague thanks to Drexhage.

After that, Drexhage is known as the chief architect involved in the project of the EWI faculty building. In that moment of time Drexhage wasn’t working alone but within an association of architects, the architectural firm Drexhage, Sterkenburg, Bodon & Venstra (DSBV).

The DSBV was born as a result of an initiative by architect A. van der Steur (1893 – 1953).

A. van der Steur was born in an architects and engineering family and he graduated in 1918 as a building engineer at the Delft University of Technology; after that he started to work for the Dutch Railways. Van der Steur got bigger and more complex projects under his hands and, to further develop his talents, he started his own architectural firm. In 1941 he started a collaboration with W.A.C. Herman de Groot (1898 – 1952) and architect K.I. Ruige (1914 – 2003), bringing architecture and civil engineering into one office. Due to the departure of Ruige in 1950 and the death of Herman de Groot on 30 October 1952, Van der Steur sought cooperation with former chief director of Gemeentekwerken J.P. van Bruggen (1896 – 1985), architect G. Drexhage (1914 – 1982) and engineer J.J. Sterkenburg (1906 – 1998). Unfortunately, Van der Steur becomes unwell shortly after the start of this partnership and dies a few days later in Rotterdam.

At his death, he asked architect Alexander Bodon (1906 – 1993) to follow him. The later office Drexhage, Sterkenburg, Bodon & Venstra changed the name to DSBV Engineers and Architects in 1974.

As mentioned before, this architectural firm was involved in the project of EWI building. In 1958, a program of requirements was drawn up by the Office buildings of the TH. In 1959 the architecture firm of Bridges, Drexhage, Sterkenburg, Bodon was asked for the design. Ten years later the construction of the building was completed.

2.3.2. What has been As reported in the first chapter, some change occurred during the design of the building and was thus carried out by the original architects who were still working on the project (Drexhage and the DSBV association).

Other than that, the building is virtually unchanged over the years. In 1998, the inadequate ventilation system in the air cavity was adapted. The mechanical ventilation in the cavity has been expanded. An individually controlled heating and cooling system is also provided in the rooms. A fully glazed multi-disc blind is installed in the facade.

However, these changes and adjustments were not carried out by Drexhage.

2.3.3. To be or not to be

Figure 2.5 EWI building in 1971 [4]

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The results from the analysis levels treated above provide the input for an assessment of the choices available with relevance to the building within the long term. The past design can be a starting point for future projects concerning the building but it is not necessary wondering if the work of the previous architects involved in the design and redevelopment of the building should be carried out, since we have been entrusted with the next stage of development.

2.4. Typology 2.4.1. What was meant to be The faculty of EWI is considered to be a public building, mainly used by students, professors and other employees while allowing visitors almost unobstructed access towards most rooms and facilities. Featuring 11 lecture halls and designated space for offices and students, it has all the characteristics of an educational building. The faculty can be divided into three main sections, namely: • • •

Low-rise High-rise Laboratories and Research facilities

Each section has its own unique distinctions. The high-rise is the most prominent, towering over the other sections with a total of 22 floors and adding up to a total height of 92 meters. Included in the High-rise are the main entrance to the faculty and the lecture halls, which can be found on the ground floor. The higher floors of the high-rise primarily contain spaces for offices and research.

Next, the low-rise. Inside we can find numerous smaller spaces designated as offices providing space for students, researchers and other employees. On the ground level, larger spaces are used as research laboratories, whereas on the higher floors these spaces are designated as conference or project rooms. Each space is connected by a corridor, which spans the length of the building.

The laboratories found on the western side of the building follow a more functional design, where less emphasis has been put on aesthetics. In short these can be described as large rectangular halls, with plenty of space to conduct various experiments and research projects.

Following the description of the EWI-building a comparison is possible between other buildings.

A quick glance around campus yields multiple buildings similar in function and/or form.

Firstly, the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering (AE), build with the same principle in mind as the EWI building, namely ‘functionalism’ (In short, the form of the building is exclusively based on its function). The high-rise building of EWI is comparable to the high-rise of the AE-building, both in shape and purpose. Both buildings are shaped like rectangles, lacking soft corners and curves.

It is assumed that both high-rise buildings fulfil the same function, mainly providing space for offices and researchers. Next, comparison of the low-rise buildings of the faculties yields less similarities. It can be argued that although they share the same function, its form and design are drastically different. A picture of the Faculty of AE can be seen in Figure 2.6.

Another comparable building is the Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE). Both EWI and 3mE have been designed by the same architect, share the same function and are roughly build around the same time. It is notable that both buildings feature a straight corridor functioning as the main connection to all other parts, therefore sharing the same typology: Corridor Complex. Whereas the EWI low-rise only incorporates offices and meeting rooms, the main corridor of the 3mE building provides access to study places and lecture halls too. This could explain the difference in form, as 3mE has a more complex layout.

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Figure 2.6 TU Delft Faculty of Aerospace Engineering seen from the sky [5]

Other examples of comparable buildings are the Faculty of Applied Sciences (AS) and the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering (IDE). As with EWI, both buildings are faculties and therefore are of the educational type. The Faculty of AS has more in common with EWI due to its typical use of corridors, whereas IDE uses a different spatial typology.

2.4.2. What has been Originally designed as offices and research space, it is currently unsuitable for its intended function due to updated regulations and newfound insights into integrated design of environmental systems and personal well-being and comfort.

It was proposed for the EWI-building and 3ME-building to be joined by an elevated corridor.

Unfortunately, this has never been realised.

2.4.3. To be or not to be In its current form the faculty of EWI is still searching for its true use in the 21st century. Due to the inefficient use of space inside, mainly caused by the double-skin façade, it will be hard to find a new purpose which makes sense in both ways of space and economic efficiency. To make the building more environmentally friendly and more fit into requirements, the TU can have a look at other (new) school/study buildings.

2.5. Process (design) 2.5.1. What was meant to be How the concept for a building is developed and which considerations influenced this concept will now be investigated. The design of a building born step by step, time after time, so a research and an analysis of all the information related to this (photographs, model, drawings) can be helpful to understand it.

After the Second World war they expected more students, which meant that the faculty building (which at that time hosted the faculty of Electrical Engineering, instead nowadays incorporates also the faculty of Mathematics & Computer Science – EWI in Dutch or EEMCS in English) was not big enough anymore. At that time, they were housed at Kanaalweg 2. Due to strong connections with the faculties of Physics and Mechanical Engineering it was ideal to place EWI close to these buildings (Figure 2.4). More faculties were moving due to the growth in the number of students and it was a puzzle to give the buildings a right place at the campus. In 1959 the place for EWI was determined. In 1958 the program of requirements was made by ir. F. Groot in collaboration with the TU faculty EWI. In 1959 some architect bureaus where invited to make sketches: Van Bruggen, Drexhage, Sterkenburg and Bodon.

In this way, the lecture halls where placed at the west-side of the building, close to the entrance hall. The laboratories where determined to be at the south of the building.

Firstly, the high-rise should become 95 meters high, but this was out of balance with the other buildings at the campus according to advisors. The building was too high compared to the width. After all they decided to make the building 92 meters high making the hight and the width more equally. The building will have 22 stories. A steel structure was chosen for the high-rise, to build faster and slenderer. For the low-rise a concrete structure was chosen. First the low-rise should be placed on columns, so that there was a look-through to the laboratories. Later on they decided not to do that anymore to have more space in the building, but it is still visible in the design, and at both ends of the low-rise, it is still placed on columns only (Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8 Part of the low-rise on columns. [7]

Figure 2.7 TU Campus without EWI and the Aula, but with Physics and Mechanical Engineering. [6]

Flexibility was already taken into account in that time. Prof. dr. ir. R.M.M. Oberman, who had experience with constructing laboratories, requested that the setup of the plans of the halls and the laboratories should be the same. This would become handy if the functions in the building has to change in the future.

In 1960, the first sketches were made by architect G. Drexhage. In the first instance, the high-rise was placed south of the campus, because they expected that the students should come from the south, from the Kruithuisweg, to the building. This situation was not approved by the TU committee. So eventually there was decided to place the high-rise at the north of the campus.

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At the end of February 1962, seven principle designs where presented. From that, three designs were chosen. From those three, only one was good executable. Another feature of the building are the two balconies at the north- and south-side at the 21st story. In these balconies, antennas have been placed. The architect did not want to have a mesh on the roof but after some wind tunnel tests, extra measures were taken. At the roof, some penetrations in the parapet are designed to avoid that people should be blown of the roof (Figure 2.9).

mentioned, a mirror antennas was positioned on the roof of the building after the construction, (Figure 2.12). So, the driving choice behind the design of this building wasn’t the voluntary of the architect to be remembered for the work and the project carried out or his megalomania, just pure functionality.

Figure 2.9 Penetrations in parapet. [8]

Figure 2.10 Laboratory hall 'High Voltage'. [9]

In addition, a steel structure was chosen in the “high voltage” laboratory hall. A feature in this part of the building, is that the steel structure is extended in the longitudinal direction (Figure 2.10). This is to take up wind forces in longitudinal direction. Besides this, there are huge sliding doors, to get big equipment in and out for tests inside and outside the building.

Another interesting point to analyse about the design of the building is its façade. Not only the high of the building was something new and astonishing for those times, but also the main facades that are made entirely of glass. The facades of low-rise and high-rise buildings are identical. The glass facades would refer to the greenhouses in the Westland (municipality in The Netherlands). They consist of two layers of glass with 1 meter wide ventilated service strip in between, with pipes and blinds installed. The outer skin consists of single glass in steel profiles.

As previously wrote, the closed concrete facades of the high-rise building are decorated with bright colours: light blue and orange red. It seems that the colours had not been chosen by Drexhage himself but by one of his consulents; the reason lies in the fact that apparently Drexhage was colorblind.

The first foundation pile was placed on 19 June 1962. The whole building process is divided into three parts, the first part is the low-rise and the laboratories, the second part is the high-rise and the lecture halls and the last part was the execution of the laboratory hall of ‘High Voltage’. The first two parts were already been executed and the last part was still in development. In Figure 2.8, the execution of EWI is shown in 1961. As shown, the Mekelpark was accessible by cars in those days. Nowadays, it is only accessible for bikers and buses. The first two parts were finished on 3rd of February 1967 and the last part on 16th of June, 1972. So, the whole building process took 10 years to succeed.

Figure 2.12 Antenna on the roof of the EWI building [10]

On 16th of September 2015, the new education hall was opened: ‘Tellegen Hall’, from Thomas Tellegen. He studied electrical engineering at the TU in Delft and after graduation, he worked at the company Philips. In 1946 till 1966 he was professor at the faculty of EWI. There is at a 1500 m2 place for 115 lab tables and 250 students can be in that hall.

Also some renovations have taken place at the lecture halls. There was not much information about these renovations. In the left-side Figure 2.13, one of the lecture halls, ‘Amphere’, from EWI is shown from nowadays, instead in the right an older picture is shown from a lecture room (probably the same). This right picture is coming from a book, which is written in 1971. It is not completely clear when these renovations happened.

Figure 2.11 Execution of the EWI high-rise building. [6]

2.5.2. What has been Upon completion, in 1972 there was a lot of criticism of the building. Some students presented a drastic renewal project for the building and they claimed: “The building is the perfect expression of capitalist views on labour and human relations. The monstrous alliance between systemcompliant architects, authoritarian professors, centralist government bureaucracies and positivist scientific views brings the victory of totalitarian over human beings.” They also complied about the colours which had been chosen for the building, blue and orange.

In response to so many criticisms about the EWI building, the construction editor Gert Jonker said that the building had been thought so high due to the height required for the antennas (As just 8

Figure 2.13 Lecture hall in EWI nowadays and old picture of the same lecture hall. [10] [11]

In 2015-2018 plans were made, to renovate the ‘High Voltage’ lab into a ‘Electrical Sustainable Powerlab’ (ESP). It is important to go further with research about the transition to sustainable energy. The execution started in 2019 and they planned to finish in 2020.

At the end of 2015, EWI decided to move out of the building (number 36). They moved to building 28 at the campus (Figure 2.14 and Figure 2.15). The building was no longer satisfying the requirements.

Figure 2.17 Plan of TU campus centred to the city [14] Figure 2.14 Campus map. [11] Figure 2.15 Building 28.[12]

There has been a lot of discussion about the building about what to do with the building. Some of the options are: renovation, (partly) demolishing or renting the building. The building is not sustainable and has a high energy consumption, which is expensive. The facades are made from one glass panels and the building is bad insulated, so this is not environmentally friendly.

Also the floorplans are not efficient. For example there are lots of hallways, which is not useful floorspace, but only necessary for traffic in the building (Figure 2.17). In 2018 the building was on the demolishing list, but ‘Stichting Docomomo Nederland’ signed petition for preservation of modern heritage. They don’t want the building to be untouchable. According to them, the TU must do a research for renovation or re-use of the building, because it has monumental value and it is an icon for the campus. After a while they declared the TU EWI building as a monument and demolishing was of the table.

2.5.3. To be or not to be Nowadays the real estate department from the TU Delft is searching for options and are busy with developments. A better connection with the student housing behind the building is important given in the assignment. The low-rise part is the blockade between the Mekelpark and the Feldmanweg. Therefor one of the requirements is to make an atrium in the low-rise of at least 24 meters width and with a depth of 60 meters (Figure 2.16).

Figure 2.17 Current situation EWI. [15]

Figure 2.16 Place for the atrium.[13]

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2.6. Space There is made a division in space that has been occupied by the building and space inside the building.

2.6.1. Space occupied by building 2.6.1.1. What was meant to be The Building is situated central in the campus on the west-side of the Mekelweg. Nearby the Cornelis Drebbelweg and Stieltjesweg. It is an icon in the campus due to the orange and blue colouring positioned on the high-rise. The Building is good visible from the A13, the Kruithuisweg and from surroundings. The clock at the façade of the high-rise is visible all the way into the centrum of Delft.

At Figure 2.17 can be seen that at the North of the campus, the city is centred.

The high-rise is around 90 meters high. The building in total is 18 meters deep and 82 meters width.

Behind the EWI at the Korvezeestraat and the Feldmanweg, student housing is placed, as well as parking spaces. At Figure 2.19, the purple icons are TU Delft buildings and the lilac are other buildings, such as student housing and offices. At the front, there is space for pedestrians, bikers and busses. There is also a green field in front, where students can take a break or meet with other students. At the same figure, the important roads are given to the A4, the A13, to NS station ‘Delft south’ (or NS Station ‘Delft Campus’). The EWI building has a surface of approximately 14.500 m2. The sizes of the different parts of the building are given in table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Approximately sizes surfaces of the parts of the EWI building.

Part of EWI-building High-rise Low-rise High Voltage lab Other labs Low-rise behind high-rise Total (approx.)

Sizes [m] 80x18 2410x10 50x50 130x50 47x36 -

Surface [m2] 1440 2400 2500 6500 1692 14500

According to researches, the building is in summer months badly located related to wind pressure. As can be seen in Figure 2.18, the wind blows towards south-west.

Figure 2.19 Map of the TU campus [17]

Figure 2.18 Wind pressure in summer months [16]

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2.6.1.2. What has been and to be or not to be Nowadays the TU campus development is still in progress. From the city, it developed to the TU campus where it is now. A lot of the old buildings in or near the city are being sold and new building will come at TU South. In the South there is a lot of space still available to build on. A lot of old TU buildings are now occupied by student houses. There is a good collaboration between companies and the TU, such as Yes!Delft and TNO. The realisation of the buildings is continuing for newcomers such as Next!Delft and a new extra building for TNO. It is a good solution to have also companies close by the centre of knowledge. Experiments can be done at the TU itself, but also at the companies.

Offices are located in both sides of the high-rise part with a hallway in the middle (Figure 2.21).

At the edges of the plan, the emergency stairwells located. The façade from the edges are completely closed and the long facades at both sides are from glass, for an optimal daylight income.

At the moment tram 19 is driving from Anthoniushove in Leidschendam till station Delft. In the future the tram will go over the campus (where the busses are driving as well) all the way to NS Station ‘Delft Campus’. Before that, the Sebastiaansburg, which connects the city centre to the TU campus, needs to be reconstructed first with all the preparing activities for the tram.

2.6.2. Space inside the building 2.6.2.1. What was meant to be The EWI building can be divided into different parts: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

High-rise Low-rise Other labs and office space High Voltage lab Other labs and office space

In Figure 2.20, the different parts are shown.

Figure 2.21 Functions of a typical floor plan of the high-rise. [13]

The head entrance of the EWI building is located in the part 1 (high-rise). It is pointed out with a canopy. The two lowest stories’ do have a different character. Among other thing, in these two floors the canteen and the library are placed. At the ground floor, the reception, meeting areas, halls and lecture halls are located. Behind the high-rise, there is a low-rise part from 10 meters high (Figure 2.22). In this part, two large amphitheatres for lectures are located. Parking the bike is possible in the basement of the EWI building and there is some space reserved in front of the entrance of the building. The low-rise is built up from four stories with a length of 240 meters. This low-rise, part 2, is located at the Mekelweg. In the long hallway there are laboratories and offices spaces. The low-rise is connected via a glass walkway to the high-rise. Behind the low-rise, parts 3, 4 and 5 are placed, there is also space for offices and laboratories (Figure 2.23). In Figure 2.24 and Figure 2.25 the functions are given from the ground and the first floor. Some of the hallway areas are also used for study areas. Due to corona, it was not possible to have an inspection inside the building. In this way not all the functions are known.

Space can also be defined by boundaries. For example, A wall or a few columns can separate one space into different rooms. In EWI, the rooms are mostly separated due to walls (Figure 2.23).

Also, the lecture halls are separated by walls, of course, that others who are not in the lecture hall will not be disturbed by the lecture. In Figure 2.23, a picture of the laboratory halls is made from part 3/ 5. To get a feeling of the atmosphere and the light income.

Figure 2.20 Different parts of the EWI building. [13]

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Figure 2.22 Low-rise behind the high-rise [15]

Figure 2.23 The hallway in high-rise and laboratory space in part 3.5. [19]

2.6.2.2. What has been Apart from renovation of the lecture halls, there is not much information on other renovations inside the building familiar.

2.6.2.3. To be or not to be This is a list of requirements given, so these functions will come definitely in the defined part in the EWI low-rise building (part 2 and 3) (Figure 2.26). This part of at least 24 by 60 meters will become an atrium (Figure 2.16). This list of requirements includes standard functions as elevators, stairs, traffic spaces, as well as front of the houses functions (FOH) as entrances, reception, coffee/ lunch corner. Besides that, there will be made place for back to houses functions (BOH) as kitchen storage and washing area. Furthermore, there is place reserved for meeting rooms, workshop spaces, office spaces laboratories and flexible study space.

To connect the residentials more to the Mekelpark, it can be an option that the coffee/ lunch corner will be there all day and that it can be turned into a bar at the evenings.

Figure 2.24 Functions of the ground floor [13]

Figure 2.25 Functions of the ground floor. [13]

Figure 2.25 Functions of the first floor [13]

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Figure 2.26 Program of requirements.

Furthermore, there is space left for additional functions, in red in Figure 2.26. In 2020 there was announced that the Science Centre has to move, because the TU sold the oldest building they owned ‘the former Mining Engineering’ at Mijnbouwstraat 20. It is sold to the company ‘Royal HaskoningDHV’. They will move in the building at first of January 2022. They TU is still looking at a new place for the Science Centre. Since the EWI will be renovated, there can be made room for the Science Centre.

2.7. Structure 2.7.1. What was meant to be The main load bearing structure of this whole complex is deviating a lot through different parts and it is mainly influenced by the functions. The first idea for the load bearing system of the highrise was completely concrete made structure, but as it is previously explained that has changed in a favour of steel skeleton with concrete floors. The steel profiles are decreasing its dimension with the height, but they are mainly double T profiles of 40 x 40 cm with a span of 587 cm in transversal and 405 cm in longitudinal direction. The horizontal stability is ensured by ten concrete slabs which have a thickness of one meter and bearing concrete walls around staircase’s and elevator’s shafts. Almost all shear walls are placed in transversal direction because slenderness of the building in that direction is much greater than in other, so it requires much more effort to stabilize it under horizontal loads orthogonal on the longer side of the high-rise. The Figure 2.27 shows the load bearing elements of high rise, in which columns are marked in red and stability walls in yellow.

The low-rise is constructed as a fully concrete structure. In its original layout, the plan was to put this whole building on columns so that the laboratory halls behind would be visible. But this was applied only at the head of the building where concrete columns have different span and dimensions (120 cm x 45 cm) than in other parts of the building. In image are also visible rectangle 70 cm x 40 cm concrete columns with span of 583 cm in transversal and 405 in longitudinal direction which are main elements in vertical load bearing system. The thick cast in situ concrete slabs and walls around shafts are providing horizontal stability. The scheme is shown in Figure 2.29.

Figure 2.29 Structural elements of low-rise building. [13]

The structure of laboratory halls is made of steel with columns and beams with various spans differentiating across the halls depending on the function. The high voltage lab has a structural system of a trapezoidal steel truss which is extending outside the building in the longitudinal direction of the hall and is very eye-catching.

Figure 2.27 Structural elements of high-rise building. [13]

2.7.2. What has been Through the years the buildings had some minor renovations, but the structural system is still intact.

2.7.3. To be or not to be Currently, the structure of the building is in good condition. The decision of keeping the buildings instead of demolishing it, means that main structural system in a low rise will stay intact. But the idea of making an atrium in the middle, means that it will require some adjustments and probably additional elements which will enable that load bearing capacity of the building is still sufficient.

Figure 2.28 3D view of structural elements of high-rise building. [18]

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2.8. Materials 2.8.1. What was meant to be As it is previously explained, the main materials in the structure are concrete and steel. The glass façade of high-rise and low-rise is identical and it is inspired by the huge number of greenhouses in the Westlands. They consist of two strips of glass per building layer with a ventilated strip in between, in which pipes and sun protection are installed. The outer skin is a so-called curtain wall and consists of single glass in steel profiles. The curtain wall is strongly articulated vertically due to the installed window cleaner posts. The facade pattern can be seen in Figure 2.30. The high curtain walls of the building have also been used to simulate a kind of marquee, with each space behind the facade being 1 “pixel”. By precisely determining in which rooms the lighting should be on and in which it should be off, letters and images can be displayed on the facade.

The closed concrete end walls of the high-rise are provided with bright colours: light blue and orange red. The original floors were all linoleum, except the natural stone floors at the entrance.

building. This pilot project demonstrated the state-of-the-art in façade-integrated technologies, and acted as anchor point and collaboration catalyst to further develop the complex system of contracts, financing structures, and operational services required to turn the Façade Leasing research project into a feasible and implementable proposition. This solution does not seek to address the particular problems of the EWI building’s future, but instead uses the building’s representative quality as an icon of modernist architecture. The pilot facade project is visible in Figure 2.31.

Figure 2.31 Façade pilot project. [20]

Figure 2.30 Façade pattern. [19]

The hall of the High Voltage laboratory works like a Faraday cage, serving the electromagnetic shielding of the high voltages of up to one and a half million volts, so its walls consist on the inside of a plating of pure aluminium and on the outside of a plating of profiled steel. The interior plating is designed without seams as much as possible with full-length plates. For other laboratory spaces the shed roof construction was chosen to create the best daylight entry, while Drexhage actually wanted a concrete roof construction with cast-in plexiglass skylights.

2.8.2. What has been The concrete outside of the buildings looks like it is in very good condition. It has been repainted with Caparol Amphibolin an universal acrylic wall paint in order to keep the concrete safe.

The iconic glass façade of the building is performing very poor through the years, and is making a high maintenance and energy costs. It has only one glass layer and by today’s building physics standards it is highly insufficient. So, in recent years many ideas were brought up to improve it. In September 2016 a consortium of companies, ranging from component suppliers to façade fabricators, installed a pilot project temporarily replacing a section of the façade on the low-rise 14

Another change in materials was replacing of all linoleum floors. The big problem was also asbestos adhesive, which is harmful for human health, and was used in bitumen under the floor covering. A lot of inspections was done about it through the years, and some parts where asbestos is used were replaced.

2.8.3. To be or not to be In the new design the materials of the structure should stay the same, but future of the glass façade is not that bright. The façade will be changed for sure and probably same materials but with much better properties will be used.

2.9. Services 2.9.1. What was meant to be As the EWI-building has been completed around 1970, the installation systems are assumed to be up to date at around the time of construction. There are no drawings present which detail these systems, however throughout the building small clues can be found of where these systems are located. A lot of cables can be found attached to the ceiling, hidden by sound absorbing suspended panels. Strangely not every floor features these panels. In addition, fire doors can be found throughout the hallway. It is unknown if the sound absorbing panels and fire doors have been present from the start.

Additional services It is assumed that each room is equipped with internet and telephone connections, internet is also available wireless. Electricity is provided for lighting in the ceiling and for appliances through outlets in the wall. Throughout the building staircases can be found, connecting the floors. At some of these staircases an elevator is located for easy access.

2.9.2. What has been As one can expect, the EWI-building must have been updated throughout the years for modern services, such as internet connectivity, to be installed. It is assumed that the water, heating, electrical and communication systems all have been updated for use in the present. Some known renovations are listed below: • • • •

6 out of 11 lecture halls have been renovated in 2010 Experimental façade elements for a pilot façade project have been added to a small part of the low-rise facade for research, see Figure 2.31 Addition of solar panels on the roof, installed from 2014 to 2016 ESP lab is being renovated at the time of writing

2.9.3. To be or not to be For future use the double-skin façade must be redesigned, focussing on thermal efficiency and providing ample insulation. An ambitious renovation might also aim to address the space efficiency of the double-skin façade if possible. It is also recommended to replace the single glazing by double/triple glazing for better thermal insulation.

Figure 2.32 Sound absorbing suspended panels and cables [19]

Figure 2.33 Corridor with fire door [19]

Climate + comfort The low-rise uses a double-skin façade, composed of single glazing panels. A feature of the double-skin façade is the large space in between the glass panels, in theory providing sufficient insulation against fluctuating temperatures, wind and outside noise. In practice the façade does not function properly and requires high maintenance, along with the fact that the application of a double-skin façade has negatively impacted the space efficiency in an already slender structure. Moreover, due to the double-skin façade it is not possible to open windows manually.

Since the windows cannot be opened, ventilation is provided by a mechanical system. An automated system controls the sun shading, which unfortunately for the users is non-adjustable.

Every floor features toilets for both men and women.

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2.10. Matrix Table 2.2 ABCD Matrix

Brief Site

What was meant to be Growth in the number of students resulting in the decision to build a new building that housed the faculty of electrical engineering Central campus area, moving from city centre towards Wippolder and further south

Architect

Drexhage as part of an architectural firm

Typology

Education-type building, corridor complex

Process (design)

In 1960, the first sketches were made by architect G. Drexhage. At the end of February 1962, seven principle designs where presented.

The first foundation pile was placed in 19 June 1962 and the last part was finished at 16 June 1972. It took 10 years in total to finish the EWI building.

Around the building there is student housing and the Mekelpark is in front of the building.

Some functions are described inside the building.

High-rise construction is consisted of steel columns, concrete stability walls and floors, while low-rise has columns, stability walls and floors made of concrete.

Steel and concrete are main structural materials in the complex, and façade is curtain wall made of glass in steel profiles.

Space

Structure

Materials

Services

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Education and research

What has been A new building not only for the faculty of electrical engineering but also for mathematics and computer science Mekelweg accessible by cars, replaced by a more bike and pedestrian friendly alternative: The Mekelpark The building remains virtually unchanged over the years Functional design, outdated by modern standards

To be or not to be Demolition or re-use?

Renovation in the lecture halls.

Program of requirements for the new atrium in the low-rise part. Possibility to move (a part) the Science Centre in the low-rise atrium as well.

Integration of mobility and accessibility, sustainability, campus of the future, education and research in a modern campus Carrying out the past design is useful but not necessary New utilisation of space, redesign of low-rise featuring an atrium along with new space intended for social and educational use On 16 September 2015, the new education hall Got new requirements to design an atrium of was opened: ‘Tellegen Hall’. Some changes in 24x60 meters in the low-rise part. interior was made in the lecture halls. The EWI faculty moved to building number 28.

Discussion about demolishing.

Through the years the buildings had some minor Part of the low-rise and laboratories will be renovations, but structural system left intact. demolished, and new structure for atrium will be used.

The concrete was well maintained, so it is in good condition. The façade was not changed, and it became very insufficient in terms of energy efficiency.

In the new design the materials of the structure should stay the same, but future of the glass façade is not that bright. The façade will be changed for sure and probably same materials but with much better properties will be used.

Updated to modern standards, addition of Aim towards energy neutral building, update to internet access, utilisation of solar panels on façade, reorganization of space inside and roof introduction of new functions if possible

3. Conceptual plans After the Re-Act phase by analysing the EWI building with the ABCD method, there is been created a better understanding of the building. In this chapter different conceptual plans for the Re-Use phase are going to be investigated. All the ideas will be considered with the same programme of requirements. All team members have created a subchapter within this chapter with a different vision on contrasts: contrast, restrained and referential. In this way, very different concepts can be found and after that a conclusion can be drawn as a mix of all the different ideas.

Also, since the function of the atrium is mainly to serve as a connection between the student houses behind the EWI building and the Mekelpark, the idea to build an open space area guarantees to the student the possibility to pass through with their bikes.

3.1. Concept with contrast The term “contrast” means what, by its characteristics, is noticed and distinguished from the human eye. The human being has the characteristic of having a peripheral vision and the ability to distinguish materials, colours, shapes even just looking at an object. In this case a “peripheral vision” means that the human eye is able to look and capture more details at the same time and not just focus on a single aspect. That is why the object in question is often positioned in a contest that can accentuate the contrast. The word “object” has been used until now, because the concept of “contrast” is applicable on many fields and categories: in a book, on a website, on a stage, on buildings and landscapes. So, the term “contrast” can have lots of nuances of meaning depending on the case you study.

Figure 3.1 Fondation Suisse – Le Corbusier [21]

In the case of a building, to accentuate the contrast, it is always built near other constructions which are different in characteristics such as materials, colours and shapes.

To understand how apply the concept of “contrast” in our case study, the first step to do is to analyse the existing building.

Focusing on shape, colour and material such as the three aspects that will determine the contrast of the new built compared to the existing building, we can say that in all three aspects the EWI building is of great impact.

Both of the two buildings of EWI faculty have linear and squared shapes. No interruption from left to right of the low-rise building and from bottom to top of the high-rise building; this is definitely impactful in the overall view of the building and its forms. This continuity of the building is also accentuated by the material that was used for the facades, namely glass.

At the end, another aspect that creates a certain visual impact are the colours used, in particular for “the tower”. In the midst of all these glass facades, the colours of blue and orange were chosen for the concrete walls of the high-rise building. This helped to make the EWI building visible and distinguishable in the campus.

Figure 3.2 Columns – Les pilotis de Le Corbusier [22]

Another way to create contrast between old and new, is to interrupt the linearity of the building’s façade. Two ideas came up: 1. Build wave façade.

2. Maintaining straight lines but in a staggered way to ensure the idea of movement and not of linear continuity.

Having said that, the concept of contrast will be based on these three aspects, being the ones that most characterize and distinguish the existing building.

A particular attention has been given to the shape of the new part of the building.

First of all, the low-rise building consists of 4 floors. In the original design of the project it was thought to erect the building on columns, leaving the ground floor as an open space from which it was possible to see the buildings of the laboratories behind the EWI. However, this idea was not carried forward. Thus, it could be interesting to take up that same idea for the construction of the new atrium. It would be a way to create a break in the linearity of the building: build an open space and three floors above it, instead of maintaining the continuity of the four floors.

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Figure 3.3 Wave façade [23] and [24]

The Royal Library in Copenhagen (Figure 3.6 Royal Library in Copenhagen, Denmark [27] Figure 3.6) represents the idea of contrast in shape and it can be taken as reference. In the figure can be seen that the escalator in the middle of the hole is completely in contrast with the shape of the first and second floors. Linearity and curves are mixed together.

Other elements with different geometric shapes can be added at the ground floor (Figure 3.7 shows an example of a possible bar counter or a coffee corner). Also, you can play with the structural elements of the atrium, combining them with furnishing elements. It will help to create contrast in all the elements of the inside space of the building. Figure 3.8 can be taken as an example.

Figure 3.4 Lego house in Denmark as an example of “moving lines” [25]

Figure 3.7 Round counter in an office of Yamaha [28] Figure 3.5 Project for a police station in New York [26]

The idea of contrast linked to the forms found continuity also with regard to the interior of the new atrium. The idea is to create an open space on the ground floor to make the new building as large and bright as possible and in this space put elements completely different between them. With the word “elements” we refer to furniture, walls, stairs etc.

Figure 3.8 Example of a round desk [29]

For the “contrast” concept many ideas and existing buildings have been explored as inspiration: Foundation Suisse by Le Corbusier, Lego House and Royal Library in Denmark, elements from wave façades and elements from the inside space of buildings.

What emerged from the analysis just made, is that what most visually contributes to the idea of contrast are the shapes and the union of different shapes in the same space, as well as the materials and colours with which they are made various elements.

Figure 3.6 Royal Library in Copenhagen, Denmark [27]

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3.2. Concept with contrast (2)

3.2.2 Contrast in form

For the future atrium in the EWI-building, multiple design approaches can be taken. One of these approaches is to create an atrium which incorporates contrast. Contrast is defined as the exhibition of unlikeliness. In architecture a contrast can be created in different areas. Things like colour, design, and materials, all can have a contrasting effect, adding an unique unlikeliness.

Presented are two concepts in which contrast is applied in a different manner. Both concepts will feature an elevated walkway, serving as a subtle nod to the proposed, but ultimately rejected, elevated corridor connecting the EWI and 3ME buildings. Let's have a look at the first concept.

Another path, to achieve unlikeliness, is the use of a contrasting form. The shape of the current lowrise of the EWI can be described as a bit dull, as it is nothing more than an elongated rectangle. With the addition of the atrium, new forms can be explored. It is yet to be determined how extreme this form might be. A good example of an extreme case of contrast in form is the Royal Ontario Museum. The original Italianate-Neo-Romanesque Figure 3.9 Example: Royal Ontario Museum [33] building opened in 1914 and has been expanded multiple times. One of these expansions is “The Crystal”, appropriately named after it’s angular form. Supporting the glass and aluminium cladding is a steel structure.

Something similar can be achieved for the atrium of the EWI-building, potentially elevating the atrium as an icon of the future campus.

3.2.1 Contrast in materials Deviating from traditional construction materials such as brickwork and steel, this concept will focus on the use of wood, either applied as load bearing element or decoration.

One of the places of inspiration is the Hotel Jakarta in Amsterdam. The inside space is finished in wood and bamboo, together with an indoor garden featuring tropical plants and trees. The main support structure is also made from wood, giving the hotel a sustainable character.

Another example of contrasting materials can be found in the University Hall building of Westfield State University. The wooden finish at the main entrance of the building is something which can be emulated inside the atrium of EWI. Some inspiration can be drawn from the multi-story curtain wall system, resembling the randomness of tree branches. Plants and other green features can be added to enhance the theme of sustainability.

Figure 3.10 Examples [30] [31] [32]

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3.2.3 Concept Floorplan A floorplan was made where a lot of open space is available, both in the atrium and the central hall. To realise the structure, a lot of contrasting materials can be used, especially a wooden finish is preferable. The atrium might be able to sustain growing trees, since the height will be about 16 meters.

There are two floors present in this concept, a ground floor and first floor. Both are located in the laboratory part of the low-rise. The atrium is created by removing all floors and inside walls, but leaving the corridors at the back on all floors, connecting the old with the new. They can be supported by additional columns if needed. The first floor features a large opening as well, so people can look down from the balconies.

The atrium can be enlarged to accommodate a contrasting façade and roof, popping out of the existing low-rise. This will create an iconic looking façade which will be immediately recognised.

Figure 3.11 Conceptual Floorplan, Ground Floor on the left, First Floor on the right

3.3. Concept with restrained connection 3.3.1. Indoor The idea is to give a connection between the student housing at the Feldmanweg with the Campus life at the Mekelweg. For this reason, an atrium will be created from around 16 meters high. It will be therefore good to keep the atrium as open as possible, to create a look-through.

The part behind the low-rise, where the laboratories are, is a little bit lower (around 10 meters). It would be nice to keep the same heights as the low-rise building itself and the part behind. This means that the atrium will get an inclination in the roof. In this way the atrium will fit better in the low-rise building.

There will be space reserved for functions at the list of requirements. To keep it as open as possible, it is an option to create that with a kind of a hallway and split levels or to make boxes inside within the big open area space. For the atrium itself: glass is a good option to use.

Some inspiration projects for big open spaces with boxes or split levels to give space for the needed functions in the atrium: -

[2]

Macquarie Bank / Clive Wilkinson Architects [1] Parque Toreo / Sordo Madaleno Arquitectos [2] Federal Center South Building 1202 / ZGF Architects [3] Polak Building / Paul de Ruiter Architects [4] IMd Raadgevende Ingenieurs / Ector Hoogstad Architecten [5] [1]

Most of the buildings, which are covered with glass, the indoor climate temperature will be warm in summer and cold in winter. To have boxes inside the building, you can create a good climate temperature inside those boxes. The atrium itself will than function as traffic space or space where you can drink coffee. The interior can be neutral or have a little contrast with the building itself.

Looking at the requirements, it is useful to have the reception and toilets at the ground floor level.

If someone needs to go to the toilet, who is at a higher level, they can go down. It will be good for a break as well to clear the head. Also, the coffee/ lunch corners will be in the ground floors to create a social atmosphere at the ground floor when you walk into the building. Everybody can walk into the ground floor, to go from lectures at the Mekelweg to home again. It needs to be accessible. If the lunch corner is at the ground floor level, the kitchen with washing and storage needs to be close by, to keep it efficient. It can be at one level higher, but that is not practical. Meeting rooms and office spaces is not for everybody, it has more of a private atmosphere, therefore this will be placed at higher levels. It is an option to put some study places higher as well, but it is also possible at the ground floor level, although it will be noisier. It is possible to separate a part of the ground floor with some walls, but the look-through as to be kept in mind all the time, like for the storage place of the coffee corner.

Then there is place left for additional functions: for this it will be nice if there can be made some space for the Science Centre, since this one had to move out from the Mijnbouwstraat. This is also not accessible for everybody, but only for visitors. It can be at a higher level as well. It is possible that the 24 meters required can be a little longer, if there is not enough space for the museum. Not the entire museum has to fit in this EWI part of the building. In the article came forward that the TU was thinking of a second place, so not everything to one building. The team need to investigate how much space is needed and left for the museum.

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[3]

[4] Figure 3.12 Examples [34], [35]

[5]

The make clear the idea of the floorplans, some quick drawings were made in AutoCad. Starting with making boxes with the different functions and the corresponding squared areas according to the programme of requirements. To see if all the functions will fit into the plan, related to the idea described at the page before, the boxes where put in the plans (Figure 3.13). The lines shown in the plan presents the area needed per function. These lines are not walls. The split levels are visible in the floorplans. Also, the required different hights were given in the list of requirements. To see if it will fit in, the section is drawn in Figure 3.15. The roof will have an inclination as explained before.

Figure 3.13 Conceptual plans

3.3.2. Outside A restrained contrast, means that it is usually employed to differentiate similar architectural elements, it can be equally clear. In other words, there is not a big contrast with the old building, but it is clear what the added or new parts are.

At Figure 3.16, the white box in the low-rise part is the place for the new atrium. For this, the same pattern can be used as for the whole building, but then the atrium will fall into nothing compared to the big and high building. It would be better to make it more open, with a different pattern, without a pattern or with an edge around it, see Figure 3.14. In this way it will have a more modern look, and it is clear what the new added part is in the building. The height is the same so it still will fit in the low-rise part. The whole building is shaped rectangular and squared, so making an atrium with round shapes will make no sense. To keep the faรงade flat, it will give a more transparent look-through view than when the faรงade is curved.

Figure 3.16 White box in the low-rise

Figure 3.15 Conceptual section Figure 3.14 Examples of edges in the faรงade [36],[37]

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To add some more aspects to the atrium, so that it will fit more in the original building, it is an option to play with the roof. It is a possibility to make the roof in the same shape as the roof triangles from the laboratory.

Figure 3.17 The triangles in the roof of the lab behind the low-rise [38]

With the new system of VELUX, we can design all kinds of atrium roof shapes. To contribute to a more environmentally friendly building, this system can be applied with solar panels.

Figure 3.18 Solar panels in the roof [39], [40]

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3.4. Concept with referential connection The referential connection can be found in the structures where new is referential to compositional rhythms of the old, although more subtle than extreme or restrained contrast. The idea from another team member began with the brainstorming process, to develop a design which is very similar to existing low-rise building in order to perfectly situate it in the existing surrounding. The faรงade of the new atrium should have the same or very similar pattern as it has right now. It would be better when products were used with a much better performance related to the building physics. The interior should be wide and open as much as it is possible. The idea is to have the building at 10 m heigh, 60 m long and 24 m wide. The vertical elevation consists of two levels, ground plus first floor. In Figure 3.19 is the initial layout of the ground floor shown, which is separated into 3 sections of 8 m. In the middle is the corridor that connects Mekelweg and student housing, and on the sides, there are different functions which are mainly more publicoriented. The steel frames will make the main structure. The steel columns have a span of 8 meters in transversal and 4m in the longitudinal direction. The walls on ground floors would be mainly made of glass to keep the open vibe and clear sight.

The two sides of the first floor would be connected with skywalks. The concept of the interior is similar to the main hall of X building which is shown in Figure 3.21Figure 3.20, but of course, our building will feel more open, which is disabled in X building with concrete walls on sides.

Figure 3.21 X-TU Delft [41]

Figure 3.19 Conceptual floorplan ground floor

The first floor would suit only offices and meeting rooms. The difference in layout of the ground and the first floor is that the first floor has only spaces on the side and in the middle is a big gap of 8 m, which allows that glass roof is visible from the ground floor. The 2 m of the floor is used for walking corridors, which is marked in yellow in Figure 3.20.

Figure 3.20 Conceptual floorplan first floor

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This idea makes a very strong connection of the new building with old ones because same rectangular shapes are used, glass faรงade pattern would be very similar, furthermore, steel in combination with concrete floors would be used which is the same as in high-rise.

3.5. Conclusion After brainstorming, every member of the team proposed their idea. Then the team started with combining the best parts from each concept. In the end the architectural principles were set, which will be with combination of connection and contrast. This results in a design concept where all the team members’ creativity is put in to. After putting all the idea together and discussing it with the employer, the team added some values as dynamic floorplans. The main architectural principles are described below.

For the façade, the wavy contrast concept is chosen from chapter 3.1. It will be different than the flat façade from the low-rise itself, which will make the atrium more of an icon in the TU Campus. To make it wavy, the façade can stand for a new generation: modern look and advanced technologies. To still have a connection with the low-rise of the building, the same pattern and sizes will be used for the glass panels from chapter 3.4. The roof will have an inclination, all the concepts had the same idea about this. Due to the fact that the façades will be wavy, the roof will be kept flat. Not with triangles as the original building. Otherwise it will be too much of different shapes.

Figure 3.23 Conceptual floorplan-ground floor

The split-level floors are chosen as mentioned in chapter 3.1 and 3.3. The ground floor will be left open without walls and the rooms located at the levels will have glass walls (chapter 3.3).

The idea to keep the ground floor open, come from the original design of the architect. He wanted to have the first floor on only columns, so no façade at the ground floor. According to the wind tunnel effect the team will not do that. However, keeping the ground floor as open as possible will be reflect to the open view of the architect. There will be corridors at the levels to connect both sides of the split levels, because the depth of the building is 60 meters. The functions at the ground floor will not all be put at the sides, to have a more dynamic plan. In the split-level floors, the wavy pattern from the façade will come back. The columns under the split level will follow this pattern.

From chapter 3.2 the green areas are chosen. It is very easily accepted because it enriches the spaces and gives it higher ‘green’ value. The relaxing effect of green plants is especially important in situation when a lot of students are studying in the rooms around it. It also contributes to the dynamic floor plan.

Figure 3.24 Conceptual floorplan-first floor

All the ideas mentioned above are also shown in the following sketches.

Figure 3.25 Front view of our concept Figure 3.22 Section of our concept

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4. New design For the new design of the building, a combination of the previous concepts has been taken into account. A list of requirements was set out for this new building, occupying a total area of 1120 square meters. The team made choices regarding the structure of the building that have limited the building area at the team’s disposal, for instance the choice to build up an inclined roof. On the other hand, we also selected choices, for example the decision to have 3 floors above the ground floor with a lower height, instead of only 2 floors in addition to the ground floor, that did not limit the space for new ideas of rooms and facilities in addition to those asked in the list of requirements.

Initially, elevators and stairs were designed in the middle of the atrium’s length. In fact, a central location would be more functional since, any of the two entrances are used, they would be equally distant. Also, for security reasons, in case it is necessary to free the building, those people on the upper floors could easily reach the stairs being positioned centrally.

However, at the end, elevators and stairs have been placed adjacent to the façade of the entry A. There are two explanations that justify this choice. First of all, they had become a “Panoramic viewpoint” thank you to the large glass façade and the large height of the building on this side up to 16 meters. Then, for functional issues. Since the B facade is only 10 meters high and it only “hosts” the ground floor and the first floor, if stairs and elevators had been placed there, the second and third floors would have been excluded.

Principles and Vision Incorporated into the new design are principles and themes taken from the previous concepts, respectively: Open space with natural light; To be able to create an open and welcoming environment, a central space with access to natural light is a must for the new design of the building. It will serve as the main connecting hub of the building.

Departing from linearity; the idea of movement and dynamism contrasts with the current linear structure of the high- and low-rise of EWI. Combination of functions; although the primary function of the building can be described as educational, many other functions and facilities are found in the vicinity, such as student housing, food courts, cafés, a supermarket and a sports and culture complex. This vision mainly concerns the merging of multiple functions into one efficient arrangement.

Connecting the campus; together with the aforementioned combination of functions the new building must create an attractive location for people outside the university, connecting the campus with the city and beyond.

Figure 4.1 Example of glass elevator which meets the idea of ‘attractiveness’[42]

Sustainable and environment-friendly; last but not least, striving for a sustainable design is desirable with the future in mind.

In the following chapter three different themes will be presented: at the beginning the functional floor plans, and after that the architectural and the structural design.

4.1. Functional floor plans 4.1.1 Ground floor The new building has been thought primarily as an atrium and a corridor with the function to connect the Mekelpark side of the building and the one in front of student houses. This is the reason that explains the decision to leave the ground floor as a wide-open space. At the same time, the idea of movement and dynamism is at the heart of this project. Thus, all the elements and spaces at the ground floor were designed to contribute to the dynamism of such a large and open space.

Also, a particular attention was given to create spaces not only functional but also beautiful to see and which gives a good atmosphere to be there. That is why, the first structures entering from the entrance on the side of the Mekelpark are the two elevators and staircases (n.d.r. from now on, the entrance on the side of the Mekelpark will be called ‘entry A’, the one on the side of the student houses will be called ‘entry B’).

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Figure 4.2 Detail of the AutoCad floor plans – Entrance A, elevators and stairs

Continuing from the entrance A to the entrance B, you will meet the kitchen and storage/washing area, coffee/lunch corner, toilets, reception with print machine area and stationery store, lockers, flexible study place and various seating places.

Figure 4.3 Detail of the AutoCad floor plans – Ground floor [43], [27] and pictures for a better understanding of the spaces.

As previously written, to ensure an open space effect, all areas have been designed without dividing walls, except where they are necessary, like for the toilets.

Finally, what you immediately notice in the middle of the floor, are the escalators that connect the ground floor with the first floor. As written above, the main idea which has been carried out is the idea of an open space; however, in the meantime, we wanted to avoid that feeling of open but empty space. For this reason single elements were added at various points of the plan.

Having an element such as escalators that mastered the room was a way to fill it without losing the concept of open space. In the following figure spaces of the ground floor has been underlined with different colours. In the legend all the areas of each room/space is shown.

Figure 4.4 the functional plan of the ground floor. The legend explains what each colour represents. [28] Additional pictures for a better understanding of the spaces.

4.1.2 First floor The particularly of the escalator showed above, is that they connect the ground floor with the first floor only. To make sense of this choice, it was necessary that the room to which these stairs led, had some relevance within the building. That is why the first floor room on the side of entrance B was designed as an exhibition space/a museum of works of art. The idea immediately seemed interesting, since a museum not only adds value to the building but also to the entire campus since it would be the first of its kind.

For the rest, the entire first floor is occupied by meeting rooms and offices, which fulfils the list of requirements.

Note how each room was thought as glass rooms with different dimensions. Also, in this case, the central theme addressed in the previous paragraph returns, namely the desire to combine functionality with attractiveness. Here, on the one hand, there was a need for every room to receive enough light. The only source of light comes from the central hole of the floor, since the right and left sides of the building are closed due to the presence of the existing building. If we

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build rooms with concrete walls, for instance, we would lose a lot of the light. By using the glass, instead, we have overcome this problem.

On the other hand, having rooms with different sizes certainly contributes from an aesthetic point of view. In conclusion, it was possible to meet both of the above requirements, attractiveness and functionality.

In

Figure 4.5 it can be seen how the perception of the rooms changes even only with this the shape and position of the rooms. Besides that, it contributes to the dynamic principle of the concept.

Figure 4.6 Details of waviness [27]

Figure 4.5 Differences in the shape and position of rooms

Another aspect that should be noted is the choice to add further movement to the corridors in front of the rooms, almost to give a continuity with the curved glazed facade of the entrance A and at the same time depart from the linearity of the rooms just described.

This inspiration of the idea is shown in Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7.

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Figure 4.7 Details of waviness and linearity [27]

Finally, it was decided to add a walkway that joined the two sides of the floor, given the length of the building (60 m). The choice to build it in a distorted way is in addition to the concepts just described in this chapter.

The functional floor plan and the architectural floor plan are presented. In Figure 4.8. Again, a legend is included in the figure with the function descriptions and the corresponding areas.

Secondly, instead, it was preferred to reduce the height of each floor so that the building could also accommodate a third floor above the ground floor. In the final design, the ground floor and first floor have a height of 4.5 meters, while the second and third floors of 2.6 net and 2.5 meters net in turn (see Figure 4.9). The 1,5 meters in this figure is the height of the trusses, which supports the roof.

This choice was not random. The minimum height required for the remaining rooms, on the list of requirements, which would be hosted from the second floor was 2.6 meters. Renouncing to half a meter of height to the ground floor and first floor (4.5 meters instead of 5) without losing the perception of an open space, it was possible to build the second and third floor respecting the minimum required height of 2.6 meters. In this way, losing something in terms of height, it was possible to recover more space. This space was thought of as a panoramic bar/restaurant on the third floor.

The need to have more space to add something beyond the list of requirements was dictated by the fact that the surface of the second floor was not entirely available. We chose to have a flat roof in the first 10 meters of the building (up to the end of the existing low-rise building) and then an inclined roof in the remaining 50 meters long.

The available surface on the second floor is 34 meters, starting to count from the entrance A. After this point the height of the floor is less than 2.6 meters.

34 m Figure 4.9 GeoGebra calculations

The same happens for the third floor where the height is 2.5 meters only in the first 10 meters of the building, namely where the roof is flat. However, for structural support reasons it has been expanded till 12 meters, taking as start point the entrance A. On the second floor the same elements described in the case of the first floor are found: glass box-rooms separated from each other, and the contrast between linearity and waviness.

Figure 4.8 Functional and architectural floor plans – First floor

4.1.3 Second and third floor In the initial design, this building was thought of as a three-story building - ground floor, first and second floor. Each of them was designed with very large heights (5 or 6 meters) to support the idea of open spaces.

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Figure 4.11 Functional and architectural floor plans – Third floor Figure 4.10 Functional and architectural floor plans – Second floor

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In the Appendix A, the floorplans, sections, side views and 3D models are available.

4.2 Architectural design and development 4.2.1 Prominent features Entrance of the building and the wavy façade As mentioned before, the idea of movement and dynamism is greatly reflected in the façade at entrance A of the building. Departing from linearity in a wave-like form, it creates a ripple effect in the current façade of the low-rise of EWI, resulting in an eye-catching and distinct entrance to the building. Two large openings in the glass façade provide ample access for the assumed flow of students, staff and visitors.

Figure 4.13 Entrance A

On the other side of the building, at entrance B, a similar façade is used. In comparison, this façade features the same doors as the other entrance while opting to go for a straight profile instead of a wavy one. This gives a more restrained look and refers to the laboratories surrounding the entrance.

Figure 4.12 Situation with New Design

Close to the entrance the glass elevators are located, accompanied by a staircase. Multiple landings are incorporated to take in the view of the Mekelpark through the wavy façade, while ascending/descending the stairs.

Figure 4.14 Entrance B

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Atrium

Restaurant/bar

The Atrium is thought to be the social hub of the new design of the atrium, connecting people from inside and outside the campus. A welcoming environment is made by maximising the available inside space, creating a large volume in a restricted space. Functions and rooms are pushed to the outer edge, made accessible by balconies running along the rooms and follow a curved profile. For easy access to the other side, walkways are constructed, together with the balconies providing an excellent view of the atrium itself. In the atrium, at all times the high-rise icon of EWI is visible.

The third floor is solely devoted to the restaurant/bar area. Featuring an incredible view of the Mekelpark, students, staff and visitors are able to relax and enjoy a meal or beverage in a social setting.

Figure 4.17 Inside impression restaurant

4.2.2 Materials and Sustainability The main building material featured in the new design is glass. It is prominently present in the façade at entrance A and B, while the roof is also completely covered in glass panels. As mentioned previously, the box-rooms are also constructed out of glass. Naturally, this will permit a lot of outside light to enter the building while also affecting the indoor climate. For optimal comfort, electrochromic or ‘smart’ glazing is chosen. In the next paragraph this will be discussed in more detail.

To be able to support the structure, steel has been chosen to keep the building from collapsing.

In short, steel trusses are utilised to support the roof, while steel columns carry the loads to the foundation. Glass panels in the façade and roof are held in place by steel frames. More details are provided in the part Structural Design.

Figure 4.15 Atrium with wavy balconies and elevated walkways.

All rooms and facilities can be found in close proximity to the atrium, hereby connecting all functions. A closer look is taken at the special functions of the new design of the build, respectively the museum and the restaurant/bar.

Museum Close to the escalators of the first floor, the museum can be found. Fulfilling a special function, the museum is one of the main attractions of the new design, compelling people close and faraway. The large space can be used for educational exhibitions on either the history of Delft or the science and research conducted on campus. Fig 4.16: Inside impression Museum

Contrasting the man-made materials, wood and other natural materials are used for nonstructural aesthetic details and finishing touches. In the same fashion, recycled materials are used as much as possible, e.g. cladding components and furniture. With the demolition of the existing structure, it is desirable to reclaim or repurpose as many materials as possible. There is need for further investigation if for example steel beams or columns can be re-used.

Lastly, plants throughout the building help enhance the sustainable theme of the building, while also filtering the air in exchange for oxygen and improving cognitive functions. With the use of these sustainable materials and solutions, the environmental impact of the realisation and use of this design can be reduced as much as possible.

Figure 4.16 Inside the museum

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The placement of the columns has been adjusted throughout the design phase. Whereas first a grid of 6 m by 6 m constricted the placement of the columns, a different approach has been adopted to allow the columns to follow the curves of the floors, hereby departing from linearity.

4.2.3 Daylight and indoor climate With the introduction of all glass facades and roof, there will be a lot of natural light entering the building. The orientation of the building also aids in maximising the available sunlight, providing a well-lit environment throughout the day benefiting performance and productivity. Glass walls, and in some places glass ceilings, are used throughout the building to permit light to enter every corner. Through the adoption of smart glass, the amount of light can be managed for optimal comfort.

At the same time, the amount of sunlight entering the building will have a sizable influence on the indoor climate. It is thought that the building might function as a green house. While in winter the additional heat might be appreciated, in summer the opposite is true. Assuming that the existing building services are not adequately equipped to deal with the dimensions of the design, a new, smart climate management system must be incorporated. Together with the smart glazing solution, comfortable indoor airflow, humidity and temperature can be sustained.

It is possible to equip each room with its own independent climate system for users to adjust to achieve maximum comfort.

4.2.4 Users and routes To gain an insight in how the new building will be utilised, a closer look is taken at the users and their assumed movements and requirements. The primary group of users are campus related and can be divided into two main groups: Students are thought of to be the largest group of users. They can use the atrium to move from houses behind to lecture halls at Mekelweg, and they can study individually or in workgroups within the atrium. All can be done together with a quick coffee, snack or meal.

TU-related staff, when looking at their needs, do not differ much from students. In addition to the aforementioned needs, staff will be looking for a place to work in, think about an office or in a research setting.

Moreover, there are two other groups that can be distinguished: Additional staff is needed for the building to be able to operate functions e.g. servers, security and maintenance. Next to their need for a workspace they will need an area to relax during a break.

Museum Visitors, and other visitors, can be grouped together as a collective seeking amusement and relaxation. They want to be educated or entertained, as well as being provided a place to dine and have a coffee/beer.

Having established the main motivations of the distinct groups, their movements can be predicted towards and between their preferred destinations. A summary of functional preferences can be observed in the next table 4.1, and their assumed routes can be found in Appendix A. It must be mentioned that only primary functions are listed. For instance, students primary motivation to visit the new building will be focused on studying and not visiting the museum. However, it is still possible and probable that students will visit the museum.

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Table 4.1 Most relevant functions per group

Students Flexible Study Space Office Space Laboratory Meeting Room Coffee & Lunch corner Kitchen Reception Museum Restaurant/Bar Toilets

√ √ √ √ √ √ √

Staff, TUrelated √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Staff, others

Visitors

√ √ √ √ √ √

√ √ √ √ √

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4.3. Structural design 4.3.1. Demolishing the part of the building Before placing the new structure, it is necessary to properly demolish the existing part of the building and then ensure that the remaining parts have enough capacity and are able to stand.

The borders of the part that will be taken out are shown by the red line in Figure 4.18. By zooming in at the point of the blue line we get the Figure 4.19, where it is indicated that the width of the part that will be demolished is 24.3 m. That is the distance between exterior sides of the columns, which are supporting the existing structure. These columns will stay untouched, so the vertical load path will stay the same for the building left and right from the demolished part. The columns on the left (looking from Mekelweg) will be even less loaded, because the part that will be taken out is now resting on them. The stability of these laboratories is not endangered, because braces will be installed between existing columns in longitudinal direction.

Figure 4.19 Zooming in to find the distance

In the low-rise, on both sides the building will be cut just before the columns, so the vertical load transfer will stay the same. In Figure 4.20, the stability walls are shown in yellow, which will be demolished. So, the new stability walls, made of concrete, will be placed on the blue lines for the stability in transversal direction, and for stability in other direction steel braces will be installed at some points of the building.

Figure 4.20 Old and new stability walls

Figure 4.18 The part that will be demolished

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4.3.2. General structure For the new atrium a beam-column structure is chosen, due to the fact that the weight of the atrium has to be lower than the weight of the part that is going to be demolished to place the atrium. In this way the same foundation can be used and the settlements will be less to avoid cracks in structural elements. The existing foundations are not in the same position as new columns, so additional foundation beams will be poured to transfer the loads to the existing foundations. The atrium will be placed in between the low-rise of EWI. In the figures below, the structural floor plans and some 3D models are given. The structural drawings are included in Appendix B.

Figure 4.21 General structure 1

Figure 4.22 General structure 2

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Figure 4.23 Ground floor and first floor slabs

4.3.3. Overview materials Floor The floors are having round shapes at some places, as well as the facade. So there is a need for a floor system, which allows flexible shapes. Furthermore, the weight needs to be low/ equal with the part that will be demolished, in order to avoid settlements. If there are settlements in the foundation, because the weight is a lot higher than the buildings around it, cracks occur in the structural elements. There is plenty of space for installations left, so it is not necessary to put these into the floor or beams. The loads that have to be taken by the floor are for public space, these are medium high. The required spans are 12 and 6 meters. In the table below, a few floors are being compared to each other.

A hollow core slab (HCS) is a relatively cheap floor system and easy to assemble. The freedom of shape is limited. At some place, small cast-in-situ pieces can be added to the floor to fill up difficult spots. The weight from a HCS is less than a situ or slab floor (around 54% less weight). A slab floor is more labour intensive and more expensive than a HCS. It is not possible to integrate installations in a HCS, but that is not necessary. For the ground floor an isolated HCS can be used.

Comparing the HCS to a composite or a bubble deck floor, HCS are cheaper. Besides, the composite floor cannot span 12 meters. Weighing out all of these options, the HCS is preferable.

With a span of 6 meters and a lot of round 4 a 5 kN/m2, a thickness of 200 mm is needed. For the 12 meter span, a HCS floor of 320 mm is chosen. On top of it, the screed of various heights (2060 mm) will be placed. For the ground floor, the isolated HCS 200 is chosen with a screed of 60 mm.

Table 4.2 Overview of slabs

Figure 4.24 2nd floor and 3rd floor slabs

Floor System

weight (kN/m2)

thickness (mm)

fire resistance (min)

HCS 200

3.08

200

90

HCS 320

4.29

320

90

Roof The roof will be made out of glass panels supported on beams. The dimensions of panels will be 3.0 m x 6.0 m and they will lay on HE160B profiles that are spanning 6.0 m. The purlins are placed every 3 m exactly on nodes of the truss. The glass panels are made of high strength tempered glass produced from Sedak company, which are specialists in making large glass panels. The truss that is bearing the cladding is spanning 24.0, so it does not need any extra supports in the field. The third truss looking from the Mekelweg is extra loaded because two beams of third floor are hung on it. The rods are connected exactly to the nodes of the truss. The height of the truss is 1.20m from axis to axis of chords. That is chosen based on the Figure 4.26. The upper chord of the truss is made of HE260M profiles, and the lower chord is HE240B. The HE220B profiles are used for the diagonals. The truss has a form of Howe truss and can be seen in Figure 4.25. The steel of S420 quality is used for chords and S355 for diagonals. During the construction a lot of attention must be given to the different steel quality of chords. The contractor has to be aware of this, and should issue all required certificates for the steel profiles, so that problems during inspections can be avoided.

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Beams

Figure 4.25 The Howe truss

The beams that are carrying the floors are spanning around 6.0 m. The beams are orientated in the longitudinal direction of the building. Some of them have a bigger span because columns are following the lines on the slabs. For the main part of the building HE260B profiles will be used.

In the parts above the entrance from the Feldmanweg, we want to avoid using intermediate columns so HCS are spanning 12 m and consequently beams are taking more loads which results in bigger beams, and chosen are HE340B. The steel quality is S355.

Stability The stability of the structure is achieved with steel braces that are placed between the columns in all exterior walls according to Figure 4.21. Furthermore, in the HCS floor, diaphragm action will be activated which provides additional stability for the loads in longitudinal direction. In order to activate the diaphragm action mortar filled joints with added reinforcement will be used. The sketch of load transfer is shown in Figure 4.27. The horizontal loads in transversal direction are almost negligible, because our building is protected from the adjacent ones. The diaphragm action cannot be activated in that direction, because the floors are interrupted by stairs. So, in this situation columns will take the horizontal forces by bending and transfer it to the braces in roof, which will then transfer it to the ones in front faรงade. This is taken into account when columns were dimensioned. Also, there is an option to use the stairs for the stability, but this requires more research and calculation in further stage of the designing.

Figure 4.27 Diaphragm action in HCS Figure 4.26 The approximate height of truss in relation to span

Columns In the structure there will be 4 rows of 10 columns. Two rows are outside, which are supporting the truss and on them are connected beams that are taking half of the loads from the floor. The other two rows are inside and they are following the line of the slabs on the first and second floor.

These columns are taking the loads from half of the floors and beams. All columns in the structure will be made of HE400B profiles with steel of S355 quality.

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The overview of all loads and calculations are shown in Appendix C. In that part the load path and some details are explained more in detail too.

4.3.4. Loads In this chapter the general rules and regulations according to the design and the Eurocode are given. In the chapter 4.3.4. the values are taken into account for the calculations.

4.3.4.1. Starting points In the beginning of a project, some starting points will be determined. It is preferable not to change these anymore during the project. The building is for public use. Part of the old building will be demolished and in place, a new atrium will be located. The main functions inside this atrium will be offices, study places, meeting rooms, a coffee corner and some space for a museum will be reserved.

The highest point of the building will be 16 meters, which is not very high. The consequence class therefore is CC2.

-

Durability: 50 years Consequence class: CC2

According to Eurocode 0 and 1, the following equations need to be applied for CC2 (Kfi=1.0): -

ULS1: 1.35*P + 1.5*LL*ψ0 ULS2: 1.2*P + 1.5*LL + 1.5*Q*ψ0 SLS: 1.0*P + 1.0*LL + 1.0*Q*ψ0

4.3.4.3. Wind There are two kinds of equations according to wind: local and global. Global wind calculations are needed when calculating and checking the stability system and local wind calculations are taken into account when checking if the facade panels are strong and stiff enough. According to Eurocode 1, wind needs to be calculated according to the following equation: qw = cscd * cf * qp(ze) The highest point for the building is 16 meters. The building is located in Delft, this is part of wind area II. The buildings are further away from each other than when the building was standing in a living area, so therefore rural will be taken into account and not urban. To make use of interpolation, it will give an qp(ze) = 1.0 kN/m2.

If the building has entrances at both sides, which are bigger than 30% of the facade surface, then inside wind pressure there needs to be taken into account. The surface is 16*24 = 384 m2.

The entrances will not be 30% of this area. So inside pressures don't need to be taken into account in this design.

In the picture below is shown how the wind (qw) will be put onto the building.

In here: -

For partition walls a live load of 0,8 kN/m2 will be taken into account. To calculate some walls everywhere on the floor, it will benefit the flexibility in the atrium.

P: permanent loads LL: leading live loads Q: other live loads

The load will be summed up to check how much load is going to the foundation. These loads will be summed up with the equations shown above. In ULS1, all the live loads will be calculated with a psi-factor. In ULS2, the two floors with the highest loads will be taken without the psi-factor (extreme values) and the others will be calculated with the psi-factor.

4.3.4.2. Live loads

Figure 4.28 Wind load

Cscd = 1, because the atrium and the low-rise building where the atrium is placed, is lower than 50 meter. A correlation factor can be taken into account as well of 0.85 (because h/d < 1).

Live loads with psi-factors that has to be taken into account are shown below: Table 4.3 Live loads per function

Function

qk (kN/m2)

Qk (kN)

ψ0

ψ1

ψ2

B: office

2.5

3

0.5

0.5

0.3

C: public spaces

5

7

0.4

0.7

0.6

H: roof

-

-

0

0

0

Snow

-

-

0

0.2

0

Wind

-

-

0

0.2

0

Partition walls

0.8

-

-

-

Figure 4.29 Sketches for determining wind load

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global (cpe10)

4.3.4.6. Permanent loads

According to table NB.6 - 7.1 in Eurocode 1, 1994-1-1:

In the material overview given before, the different elements are chosen.

For the pressure coefficients, the following pictures are leading. h/d < 1: cf(D+E) = 0,8 + 0.5 = 1.3 (plan figure) cf(A+B+C) = 1.2 + 0.8 + 0.5 = 2.5 (view figure) qw = cscd * cf * qp(ze) = 1.0 * 1.3 * 1.0 * 0.85 = 1.2 kN/m2 (plan figure) qw = cscd * cf * qp(ze) = 1.0 * 2.5 * 1.0 * 0.85 = 2.2 kN/m2 (view figure) local (cpe1) According to table NB.6 - 7.1 in Eurocode 1, 1994-1-1:

Table 4.4 Permanent loads

Element

Type

Load (kN/m2)

Ground floor

HCS200 isolated

3.1

First and second floor HCS200

3.08

Ground floor

4.29

HCS320 isolated

First and second floor HCS320

4.32

Beams (steel)

depending on calc. depending on calc.

cf(D+E) = 1.0 + 0.5 = 1.5 (plan figure)

Roof glass panels

depending on calc. depending on calc.

cf(A+B+C) = 1.4 + 1.1 + 0.5 = 3.0 (view figure)

Columns (steel)

depending on calc. depending on calc.

For the pressure coefficients, the following pictures are leading. h/d < 1:

qw = cscd * cf * qp(ze) = 1.0 * 1.5 * 1.0 * 0.85 = 1.3 kN/m2 (plan figure) qw = cscd * cf * qp(ze) = 1.0 * 3.0 * 1.0 * 0.85 = 2.6 kN/m2 (view figure)

4.3.4.4. Snow The roof is designed with an inclination with an angle of 5.7 degrees. The Figure 4.30 below shows the situation for the atrium. Here μ1(α) = 0.8, due to the fact that the angle is less than 30 degrees. In the Netherlands, sk = 0,7 kN/m2 is prescribed.

Figure 4.30 Snow load factors

The following calculation is used to calculate the snow loads: s = μi * Ce * Ct * sk Filling in the values according to the design: s = 0.8 * 1 * 1 * 0.7 = 0.56 kN/m2

4.3.4.5. Rain The rain can fall off the roof, without any disruptions. So there is no need to take water accumulations into account.

40

These loads are summarized in Excel in the Appendix C, and after that detailed calculations are shown.

4.4. Details In order to get a better understanding of the structure, some of the details will be drawn and explained.

4.4.1. The beam-column connection The beam and columns will be connected by using a fin plate, which is welded on the column and bolted to the beam. The detail is shown from the two views in Figure 4.31.

Figure 4.33 Purlins connected to top chord

Figure 4.31 The beam-column connection

4.4.2. The top chord of truss and diagonals connection The plate will be welded to the flange of the top chord and bolted to the diagonals. The first Figure 4.32 shows the front view, and Figure 4.33 shows the side view, where the purlin can be seen as well. For the connection of the beam and the purlin, two options are given. One option is with the plate bolted to the web of the purlin and bolted to the web of the beam. In this option the purlin beam has to be cut a little bit. Another option is to weld the plate to the top chord and bolt to the purlin. In both options the top of purlin and chord are aligned.

Figure 4.34 Purlins to top chord 2

Figure 4.32 The top chord of truss and diagonals connection

41

4.4.3. The hollow core slabs and beams connection In the design there are two different details about hollow core slabs. The first one is a connection of the HCS200 and the HEB260 beams. The HCS200 is supported by the steel plate welded to the web of the beam, and on top of it there is 40 mm of the screed. The right detail in Figure 4.35 shows it. The next important thing in that detail is the cast-in-situ concrete, that is there just to get the wavy shapes of the floor edge, which is facing the corridor. The cast-in-situ concrete is laid on the bottom flange of the beam and it is anchored by the small steel pieces that are welded to the web of the beam. Another important detail is the connection of the HEB340 beam which has a HCS320 floor on one side and a HCS200 floor on the other side. That detail is shown in Figure 4.35 on the left side. The HCS 320 floor is put on the plate welded to the lower flange of the beam. On the right side the steel support for the HCS200 will be welded to the web of the beam, which will provide that the floor is at the same height as in other places in the structure. On top of it, the screed of 40 mm will be placed.

Figure 4.35 The hollow core slabs and beams connection

4.4.4. The column and foundation detail The columns will have a hinged connection with the foundation, in order to reduce the complexity of the connection. The stability of the system will be provided by the bracings. Figure 4.36shows the type of connection which will be used.

Figure 4.36 The column and foundation detail

42

5. Conclusion In this report the design for the new atrium is presented. The atrium will be placed instead of a demolished part of the EWI’s low-rise building. In the second chapter, the ABCD method is shown: here the EWI building is researched from an historical point of view to the design and the process. The research is done by analysing different aspects in three ways: ‘what was meant to be’, ‘What has been’ and ‘To be or not to be’. At the end of this chapter, a matrix is made to conclude all the aspects. From this, it can be concluded that the building may not be demolished because it is a municipal monument. Nevertheless, it is not fulfilling the requirements anymore. Some design points derived from the ABCD method phase have been taken into account, such as the idea of an open space at the ground floor.

According to the assignment a new atrium needs to be designed with minimal dimensions of 24 by 60 meters.

After this all team members thought about concepts, from contrast to connection with the existing building. From these concepts, a mixture of ideas is taken to formulate architectural aspects for the new design. The main aspects are: -

Open welcoming space with natural light Departing from linearity Combination of functions Connecting the campus Sustainable and environment-friendly

Then the new design was further developed into a functional and structural design. Some of the functions which are included in the design are: -

Office, study and meeting spaces Coffee/ lunch corner Restaurant/ bar Kitchen/ washing and storage place Toilets Reception Museum space Elevators and stairs Etc..

There is made a distinction between users of the functions within the building. So is the ground floor assessable for everybody and has an open atmosphere and are the office spaces and the museum placed at the levels above, because of the more private function. At the top the restaurant/ bar is placed, which has an amazing view over the campus. In the whole atrium, the iconic high-rise EWI building is visible. The building will have a lot of green inside, to reduce a good indoor quality. To avoid a greenhouse effect, smart glass can be used.

In the new atrium the wavy façade, and the wavy shape continues in the floors are important in the design. The hight dimensions are the same of the low-rise itself, but the façade is remarkable and gives contrast with the original building. The floors in the building are split levels with corridors. In this way, in the middle of the building a hole is created. So, from the ground floor there is a look-through all the way to the roof. This gives light in the entire building.

43

Furthermore, the structure is built up from steel columns and beams. Hollow core slabs are used in the building. The columns are following the grid from the wavy floors. That is way the floors need to span at some places 12 meters. Hollow core slabs are suitable for that and the flexible shape can be created. The floor slabs will be in between the steel beams, to increase net hight in the stories. The roof spans 24 meters. This is made possible due to trusses with a hight of 1.2 meters. A part of the third floor is hanging onto these trusses as well, to avoid extra columns. The stability is taken care of a by bracing system. The floors of the demolished part are resting on existing columns, which are still present.

In the end, we can conclude that our new building will make changes, connect the student housings to campus and give some new life to the old EWI complex.

6. Literature 6.1 Literature text

[15]

[1] Zo zag de TU Campus er een halve eeuw geleden uit, indebuurt Delft. (2017). https://indebuurt.nl/delft/genieten-van/toen-in/zo-zag-tu-campus-er-halve-eeuwgeleden~30007/ (accessed September 15, 2020).

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[2] History, Campus Development TU Delft. https://campusdevelopment.tudelft.nl/en/history/ (accessed September 13, 2020).

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[3] Cultuurhistorisch-onderzoek-TU-Delft_def.pdf, https://campusdevelopment.tudelft.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Cultuurhistorischonderzoek-TU-Delft_def.pdf (accessed September 13, 2020).

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p_naoorlogs.pdf, (n.d.).

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[6] EWI, LIPA Design.

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(2015).

https://www.liviupaicu.com/portfolio/ewi/

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[11] Drexhage, Geert, https://zoeken.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/en/persons/detail/f1d333dd-df0b-53a6-bc9242de87035565 (accessed September 14, 2020).

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[13] J. van den B. Laurens Alan Hanjalic, Mark Neerinx, Marcel Reinders, Lodewyk Wessels, Boudewijn, Elmar Eisemann, Piet Van Mieghem, Rob Kooij, Systems, 1 Delft University of Technology Faculty of EEMCS. - ppt download, (n.d.). https://slideplayer.com/slide/11452756/ (accessed September 16, 2020).

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Oldest TU building is sold, Science Centre will move, Oldest TU building is sold, Science Centre will move | TU Delta. (n.d.). https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/oldest-tu-buildingsold-science-centre-will-move (accessed September 22, 2020).

Tramlijn 19, Campus Development TU Delft. (n.d.). https://campusdevelopment.tudelft.nl/project/tramlijn-19/ (accessed September 22, 2020). boekwinkeltjes.nl, Boekwinkeltjes.nl - Marcel, O. / Schutten, I. / Wegner, J. Architectuurarchief, Boekwinkeltjes. (n.d.). https://www.boekwinkeltjes.nl/ (accessed September 22, 2020).

Elektrotechniek, Wiskunde en Informatica, (n.d.). https://www.tudelft.nl/ewi/ (accessed September 22, 2020).

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Technische Universiteit Delft, Wikipedia.

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Polytechnische School te Delft, Wikipedia.

(2020). https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnische_School_te_Delft&oldid=5645600 3 (accessed September 22, 2020).

High Voltage EWI lab closed for transition, High Voltage EWI lab closed for transition | TU Delta. (n.d.). https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/high-voltage-ewi-lab-closed-transition (accessed September 22, 2020).

E. Nelson, Contrast Adds Visual Appeal to Stone Projects, HDG Building Materials. (2019). https://hdgbuildingmaterials.com/contrast-adds-visual-appeal-to-stone-projects/ (accessed September 21, 2020). https://hoteljakarta.com/sustainably-built/building/

[30] https://www.cap-inc.net/projects/westfield-state-university-hall [31] http://dutchengineering.nl/detail/ComFlor-225/253/0/1525/ [32]https://www.vbitechniek.nl/Product_Selector/Vloeren_selector#/filter/NDAwMEAxJDQqZm Fsc2UjdW5kZWZpbmVkfA==/product/3167

[33]https://www.vbitechniek.nl/Product_Selector/Vloeren_selector#/filter/NDAwMEAyJDQqZm Fsc2UjdW5kZWZpbmVkfA==/product/3172 [34]

Reader Concrete Building Structures 2016 CIE3340/ CIE4281

[35]

NEN-EN 1990:2002+C2:2010+NB:2011; Eurocode 0: Grondslagen van het constructief ontwerp

[36]

NEN-EN 1991-1-1:2002+C1:2009+NB:2011; Eurocode 1: Belastingen op constructies Part 1-1: Algemene belastingen - Volumieke gewichten, eigengewicht en opgelegde belastingen voor gebouwen

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NEN-EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010+NB:2011; Eurocode 1: Belastingen op constructies Part 1-4: Algemene belastingen – Windbelasting NEN-EN 1991-1-3:2003+A1:2015(en)+NB:2011; Eurocode 1: Belastingen op constructies Deel 1-3: Algemene belastingen - Sneeuwbelasting

6.2 Literature figures [1]

[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

[39]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892924/pdf/ehp.1510037.pdf

[40]

https://medwinpublishers.com/EOIJ/EOIJ16000166.pdf

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CIE4202 study assignment 2020- EWI building

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[10]

[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

45

architectuurgids.nl - Faculteit Physica en Elektrotechniek TH Delft, Jacobus van Lokhorst, Rijksgebouwendienst, Delft, (n.d.). http://www.architectuurgids.nl/project/list_projects_of_architect/arc_id/332/prj_id/63 (accessed September 15, 2020).

K. Chouliara, Cochleas: A methodology to convert an existing layout into a residential one, (n.d.) 131.

Cultuurhistorisch-onderzoek-TU-Delft_def.pdf, (n.d.). (accessed September 22, 2020). p_naoorlogs.pdf, (n.d.).

Faculty_of_Aerospace_Engineering.jpg (3264×2448), (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Faculty_of_Aerospace_Engineeri ng.jpg (accessed September 22, 2020).

Moet je zien: 5 x oude foto’s van de TU Campus - Pagina 5 van 5, indebuurt Delft. (2020). https://indebuurt.nl/delft/genieten-van/toen-in/moet-je-zien-5-x-oude-fotos-van-de-tucampus~88340/ (accessed September 21, 2020).

Contactgegevens, TU Delft. (n.d.). https://www.tudelft.nl/ewi/over-de-faculteit/contact/ (accessed September 21, 2020).

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Google Maps, Google Maps. (n.d.). https://www.google.com/maps/@51.9972019,4.3736272,3a,75y,106.85h,97.61t/data=!3m6!

1e1!3m4!1sJNOH6Qaaljox8QlGjCqfBA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=nl (accessed September 21, 2020).

J. van den B. Laurens Alan Hanjalic, Mark Neerinx, Marcel Reinders, Lodewyk Wessels, Boudewijn, Elmar Eisemann, Piet Van Mieghem, Rob Kooij, Systems, 1 Delft University of Technology Faculty of EEMCS. ppt download, (n.d.). https://slideplayer.com/slide/11452756/ (accessed September 16, 2020).

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Own pictures, (n.d.).

Façade Leasing pilot project at TU Delft, TU Delft. (n.d.). https://www.tudelft.nl/en/architecture-and-the-builtenvironment/research/projects/green-building-innovation/facade-leasing/facadeleasing-pilot-project-at-tu-delft/ (accessed September 21, 2020).

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[22] Les pilotis de Le Corbusier à la Fondation Suisse - Foto di Cité Universitaire, Parigi - Tripadvisor, (n.d.). https://www.tripadvisor.it/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g187147-d4918663-i139862652Cite_Universitaire-Paris_Ile_de_France.html (accessed September 22, 2020).

[23] (39) Pinterest, Pinterest. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.it/pin/429671620683377798/ (accessed September 22, 2020).

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[30] https://image.freepik.com/free-photo/modern-old-architecture-cityluxembourg_105865-624.jpg [31] https://hoteljakarta.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2018/08/hotel-jakartaamsterdam-westcord-hotels-hortus-botanicus-subtropische-tuin-1.jpg (Picture) [32]https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5374/4b46/c07a/806f/5b00/009c/large_jpg/Ad dInc_WestfieldState_2.jpg?1400130343 [33]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum

[34]

https://www.archdaily.com/896048/15-impressive-atriums-and-their-sections

[35]

https://www.dearchitect.nl/projecten/kantoor-imd

[36]

https://hvgfacades.com.au/product/mondoclad/

[37]

https://danpal.com/category/facade-material/

[38]

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https://commercial.velux.nl/producten/modulaire-lichtstraten

[40]

https://commercial.velux.nl/inspiratie/referentieproject/green-solution-house

[41]

https://www.kraaijvanger.nl/en/projects/tu-delft-sports-culture-center-X/

46

[42]

LocationPhotoDirectLink-g187861-d7984703-i214574708-NH_TrentoTrento_Province_of_Trento_Trentino_Alto_Adige.html

[43]

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel365.it%2F20-libreriepiu-belle-delmondo.htm&psig=AOvVaw2nCVBWoqZkuZE9asA6X3ns&ust=1601286975775000&source =images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCKiZ1f-IiewCFQAAAAAdAAAAABBQ

Appendix A

A

B

1700

2500

1500 300

2

2

T6

T6

T3

T3

3

3

C

6000

D

6000

350 1450

E

2500

A

B

D

E

5200

800

6000

6000

800

5200

5000

1000

6000

6000

1000

5000

1500

6000

6000

1500

1500 300

6000

6000

300 1500

4500

1700

C

1700

2500

4500 2500

1700

UP

DN

2000

UP

2000

DN

6000

1500 2500

2500

UP

2013

UP

6000

6000

2488

1500

1

1500

1

1618 2382

4000

1631 2370

2

4000

4000

4000

2

2000

2000

4

6000

3275

2726

2

4787 1213

6000

4787

4465 1535

60000 6000

4465

2115 3885

6000

2115 3885

6000

2300

3300 2700

6000

3300 6000

2300

6000

2700

9

3700

9

6000

4500

1500

12

Ground and first floor

12 4000

6000

6000

6000

6000

11

6000

6000

6000

11

6000

TUDelft EWI Atrium

1500

4500

10

6000

6000

6000

10

6000

7

8

3300

6000

1535

6000

7

8

400

4800

6000

1200

60000

5200

1

1213

T3

6000

2200 2200

1

6

2000

1600

6

T3

T3

2726

6000

6000

T3

3600

2

6000

4495 1346

5

T6

3275

2400

1

5

4495

co C u de67 code679701 0 n m 97 Cun module Frid7gedraw o du 0 1 28 le 0 drawer x6 er Frid 04 728x604 h95 ge 0 h9 50

1 T6

1346

6000

2800

6000

3200

160

4

160

2000

3

2000

2000

2000

3

6000

24000

2000

6000

6000

2000

4000

5000

1000

6000

6000

1000

5000

5200

800

6000

6000

800

5200

6000

6000

6000

Project number

CIE4202

Date

12-10-20

6000

1

00 Ground Floor 1 : 100

4

4

T3

T3

2

Drawn by

01 First Floor 1 : 100

Scale

IZ and WS 1 : 100

23-10-2020 11:18:58

24000

T3

2

T3

T6

3

A

B 6000

1000

5000 2500

1500 300

3

C 5000

D 5000

E

1000

6000

6000

6000

6000

A

B

C

D

E

6000 1000

300 1500

5000 2500

1700

1700

2500

1525 275

6000

6000

275 1525

2500

1700

DN

6000

DN 2013

UP 2013

DN

2488

6000

2488

3988

3988

DN

2013

UP

1500

1 1500

1

2 4000

4000

4000

2800

4000

6013

1200

2

code668101 code668101 module BORA professional - 230V Cun module BORACun professional - 230V 0 drawer 0 drawer 992x604 h950 992x604 h950

2000

2000

2000

3

2000

2000

2000

3

6000 6000

T3

6000

1

60000

60000

6000

T3

7

6000

6000

6000

6000

146 2361

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

9

6000

6000

6000

10

6000

6000

6000

10

12 6000 6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

11

TUDelft EWI Atrium

12

Second and Third floor

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

11

6000

6000 24000

24000

4

Project number

CIE4202

Date

12-10-20

4

T3

1 : 100

7

8

9

1

T3

6

6000

6

8

02 Second Floor

2

3493

140 2361

3500

5

T6

6000

6000

6000 5500

1 5500

T3

2

500

500

6000

T6

6000

6000 1

5

6000

1

6000

1613 4388

4

6000

1613 4388

4

T3

2

03 Third Floor 1 : 100

Drawn by

Scale

IZ and WS 1 : 100

23-10-2020 11:18:59

1700

1000

2 T6

1 T6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

60000 6000

4000

2000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

04 Roof 16000 Truss 14500

03 Third Floor 12000

02 Second Floor 9000

01 First Floor 4500

00 Ground Floor 0

1

West 1 : 100 1 T6

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

60000 6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

2000

4000

6000

04 Roof 16000 Truss 14500

03 Third Floor 12000

02 Second Floor 9000

01 First Floor 4500

00 Ground Floor 0

1 : 100

E

D

2

2

T6

T6

C

B

A

A

B

C

24000 6000

3

North 1 : 100

6000

D

E

24000 6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

04 Roof

04 Roof

16000

16000

Truss

Truss

14500

14500

03 Third Floor

03 Third Floor

12000

12000

02 Second Floor

02 Second Floor

9000

9000

01 First Floor

01 First Floor

4500

4500

00 Ground Floor

00 Ground Floor

0

0

4

South 1 : 100

TUDelft EWI Atrium Side views Project number

CIE4202

Date

12-10-20

Drawn by

Scale

IZ and WS 1 : 100

23-10-2020 11:19:07

2

East

T3

2 T6

3

A

B

1713

2475

1813

C

6000

D

6000

E

1813

2475

1713

2475 2013

1513

2475 2013

1513

1

4000

4000

2

2000

2000

3

6000

6000

4

1

5

6000

6000

T6

2

T3

7

6000

6000

60000

1

6000

T3

6000

6

6000

6000

8

6000

6000

9

6000

11

TUDelft EWI Atrium

12

Roof

6000

6000

6000

10

6000

6000 24000

4

6000

Project number

CIE4202

Date

12-10-20

T3

1

04 Roof 1 : 100

Drawn by

Scale

IZ and WS 1 : 100

23-10-2020 11:19:08

6000

1

3D model 1

2

3D model 2

TUDelft EWI Atrium

3

Project number

CIE4202

Date

12-10-20

3D model 3 Drawn by

Scale

IZ and WS

23-10-2020 11:20:08

3D model

2 T6

A

B

C

D

E

04 Roof 16000 Truss 14500

03 Third Floor 12000

02 Second Floor 9000

01 First Floor 4500

00 Ground Floor 0

1

1-1 1 : 100

1 T6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

04 Roof 16000 Truss 14500

03 Third Floor 12000

02 Second Floor 9000

01 First Floor 4500

TUDelft EWI Atrium

00 Ground Floor 0

Sections

1 : 100

Project number

CIE4202

Date

12-10-20

Drawn by

Scale

IZ and WS 1 : 100

23-10-2020 11:20:10

2

2-2

APPENDIX ROUTES Students

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Third Floor

Tu-related staff

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Third Floor

Other staff

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Third Floor

Visitors

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Third Floor

Appendix B

T4

T4

Bar 30mm C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

HCS320+20 screed

C1

I

C1

H

C1

G

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

I

H

C1

C1

C1

6000

C1

6000

C1

J

6000

C1

K

C1

6000

C1

16 Bar 30mm

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

J

C1

910 11 12 13 1415

6000

C1

K

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

2 3 45 67 8 Bar 30mm

6000

Bar 30mm

1

6000

16

6000

910 11 12 13 1415

3 Mekelweg view

Bar 30mm

2 3 45 67 8

2

HEB340

1

3 Mekelweg view

HEB340

2

C1

C1

C1

G

C1

C1

C1

HCS200+60 screed

HCS200+60 screed

C1

C1

F

6000

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

60000

6000

E

C1

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

E

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

12000

C1

T4

1

2

D

C1

1

1

Side view 1

T4

C1

1

HEB260

T4

D

C1

C1

6000

1

2

Side view 2

Side view 2

T4

Side view 1

6000

C1

F

6000

C1

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

60000

6000

HCS200+60 screed

1

HEB260

C1

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

HEB260 C1

A

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

C1

6000 6000

12000

12000

Bar 30mm

C1

C1: HEB400 R1: Round bar 90 mm

B

C1

C1

HEB260

Bar 30mm

6000

Bar 30mm Bar 30mm

C1

HEB260

C1

B

C1

C

C1

C1

Bar 30mm

6000

C1

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

C1

6000

C1

TUDelft 6000

C

C1

C1

C1

HEB260

C1

EWI Atrium A

Ground and first floor

6000

6000 24000

24000

Project number 2

Feldmannweg view 4

2

Feldmannweg view 4

Date T4

1

Ground floor 1 : 100

T4

2

First floor 1 : 100

Drawn by Scale

CIE4202 9-10-20 RV and SP 1 : 100

T4 Mekelweg 3 view

C1

C1

C1

K C1

C1

C1

6000

C1

J

C1

I

C1

C1

H

C1

C1

G

C1

C1

F

C1

C1

E

C1

6000

C1

H EB 2

C1

C1

G

C1

F

E

C1

C1

C1

6000

B

C1

R1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

6000

12000

Bar 30mm

C1

Bar 30mm

6000

Bar 30mm

HEB260

Bar 30mm

Bar 30mm

A

C1

C1 12000

Feldmannweg view 4

2

T4

2

Second floor 1 : 100

B

Bar 30mm

C1

TUDelft EWI Atrium

A

6000

Second and third floor

24000

24000

2

C1: HEB400 R1: Round bar 90 mm

HCS200+60 screed

C1

6000

6000

C

C1

HEB340

HEB260

C1

HCS320+20 screed

HEB340

HCS200+60 screed

1

6000

R1

C

C1

C1

1

6000

C1

HEB260

C1

HEB260

C1

1

T4

D

C1

C1

HEB260

1

Side view 1

6000

D

C1

1

2

Bar 30mm

C1

T4

HEB260

C1

6000

C1

T4

6000

1

2

Side view 2

Side view 2

T4

Side view 1

6000

H EB 2

60

C1

Bar 30mm

HCS200+60 screed

HCS200+60 screed

Bar 30mm

60000

C1

6000

C1

Bar 30mm

C1

60

Bar 30mm

C1

H

6000

C1

I

6000

6000 6000

C1

6000

C1

J

C1

60000

C1

16

6000

C1

910 11 12 13 1415

K

C1

C1

2 3 45 67 8

6000

C1

1

Bar 30mm

C1

16

Bar 30mm

C1

910 11 12 13 1415

Mekelweg 3 view

6000

2 3 45 67 8

2

6000

2

1

T4

Feldmannweg view 4 T4

1

Third floor 1 : 100

Project number

Date

Drawn by Scale

CIE4202 9-10-20 RV and SP 1 : 100

T4 2

1

Mekelweg 3 view

2 3 45 67 8

910 11 12 13 1415

16

6000

K

6000

J

6000

I

6000

H

60000

6000

G

6000

F

Side view 2

T4

Side view 1

6000

E

1

2

T4

D

6000

Truss

1

1

C1: HEB400 R1: Round bar 90 mm

6000

HEB160

HEB160

HEB160

HEB160

C

TUDelft

6000

Bar 30mm

Bar 30mm

B

EWI Atrium

A Truss

3000

3000

3000

3000

6000

3000 12000

3000

3000

3000

Roof

6000

24000

2

Feldmannweg view 4 T4

1

Roof 1 : 100

Project number

Date

Drawn by Scale

CIE4202 9-10-20 RV and SP 1 : 100

1

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

FFL 16.000 Roof

FFL 12.000 Third floor

FFL 9.000 Second floor

FFL 4.500 First floor

FFL 0.000 Ground floor

1

1

Side view 1 1 : 100

1

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

FFL 16.000 Roof

FFL 12.000 Third floor

FFL 9.000 Second floor

FFL 4.500 First floor

FFL 0.000 Ground floor

2

Side view 2

1

1 : 100

1

2 3 45 67 8

2

910 11 12 13 1415

16

16

1514 13 1211 109

2

FFL 16.000

8 76 54 3 2

1

FFL 16.000 Roof

Roof

FFL 12.000

FFL 12.000 Third floor

Third floor

TUDelft FFL 9.000

FFL 9.000 Second floor

Second floor

EWI Atrium FFL 4.500

FFL 4.500 First floor

First floor

FFL 0.000

FFL 0.000 Ground floor

4

Feldmannweg view 1 : 100

Side views

Ground floor

2

3

Mekelweg view 1 : 100

Project number

Date 2

Drawn by Scale

CIE4202 9-10-20 RV and SP 1 : 100

1

3D model 1

3

3D model 2

TUDelft EWI Atrium 3D models Project number

Date

2

3D model 3 Drawn by Scale

CIE4202 9-10-20 RV and SP

16

1514 13 1211 109

2

8 76 54 3 2

1

FFL 16.000 Roof

FFL 12.000 Third floor

FFL 9.000 Second floor

FFL 4.500 First floor

FFL 0.000 Ground floor

1

1-1

2

1 : 100

1

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

FFL 16.000 Roof

FFL 12.000 Third floor

FFL 9.000

TUDelft

Second floor

EWI Atrium FFL 4.500 First floor

Sections FFL 0.000 Ground floor

Project number Date

2

2-2 1 : 100

1

Drawn by Scale

CIE4202 9-10-20 RV and SP 1 : 100

Appendix C

Appendix C

Calculations Structural schemes At the next page, an overview of the loads are shown. These loads will be taken into account for the structural schemes. Important to add is that the self weight is included in software with 1.35 coefficient for ULS and 1.0 for SLS.

Figure 2 The purlin and load on it

The results that are of interest are the moment values, axial force values and reactions which we will later transfer onto the truss. Due to the simplicity of the model, the diagrams will not be shown, only forces will be taken for the following calculations. đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ??¸đ??ˇ = 56.54 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;; đ?&#x2018; đ??¸đ??ˇ = 4.37 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; ; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;Ľ = 3.78 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; ; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;§ = 37.25 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; By engineering reasoning we assume that the M + N interaction with LTB will be the governing case only that check will be shown. Assumed profile is HE160B.

Figure 1 The model in ROBOT

Verifying elements Purlins The purlins are modeled as simply supported beams that are taking the loads from the glass panels, wind and snow.

ULS: 1.35*Permanent +1.5*wind+ 1.5*0*snow = 1.35*1.6+1.5*1.2 = 3.96 kN/m2 SLS: 1.0*Permanent + 1.0*wind + 1.0*0*snow = 1.0*1.6+1.0*1.2 = 2.80 kN/m2

ULS: q=3.96*3,0 m=11.88 kN/m SLS: q=2.80*3,0 m=8.40 kN/m One important remark is that the purlins are not horizontally positioned, instead they are inclined for an angle of 6.84 degrees. For that reason the permanent and wind loads are separated in the ROBOT model, to get more accurate results. The model is shown in Figure 1 above

Procedure: Chosen section HEB160 h (mm) 160 bf (mm) 160 tw (mm) 8.0 tf (mm) 13.0 r(mm) 15.00 A(mm2) 5425 Iy(mm4) 24.92*106 Iz(mm4) 8.892*106 Wel,y (mm3) 311.5*103 Wel,z (mm3) 111.2*103 Wpl,y (mm3) 354.0*103 Wpl,z (mm3) 170.0*103 It (mm3) 312.4*103 Iw (mm6) 46667*106 Figure 3 Steel profile section Steel Grade 355 Some of the parameters that has to be calculated will be taken from the standard tables:

Figure 4 Equivalent uniform moment factors

Cross section class: 1

đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; = 110.58 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; = 1925.93 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; Buckling curve for buckling about major axis y-y: b The buckling lengths are the same for flexural buckling around both axis and for lateral torsional buckling and it is 6.0 m.

đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x;

đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 2 Ă&#x2014; đ??¸ Ă&#x2014; đ??źđ?&#x2018;Ś đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 2 Ă&#x2014; 210000 Ă&#x2014; 24.92 Ă&#x2014; 106 = = = 1434.71 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; 60002 đ??ż2đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x;

đ?&#x2018; đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x;

=

4.37 1434.71

= 0.003 < 0.04

Therefore, according to clause 6.3.1.2 (4)(Eurocode 3), flexural buckling around the strong axis y doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to be checked. The same procedure is followed for weak axis, and it does not need to be calculated as well.

The formula for M+N interaction looks like this: đ?&#x2018; đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;

đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

+ đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;1

đ?&#x2018; đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;

đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;§ Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;1

+ đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;§đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;Ś,đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2030;¤ 1.0 đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;Ś,đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;1 đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;Ś,đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2030;¤ 1.0 đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;Ś,đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;1

For Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections, the non-dimensional slenderness coefficient đ??´ Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;Ś đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;Ś = â&#x2C6;&#x161; = 1.16 đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ??´ Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;Ś đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;§ = â&#x2C6;&#x161; = 1.94 đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;§

Critical bending moment will be calculate by standard formula for simply supported beam:

đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x; =

đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ??śđ?&#x2018;¤ â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x161;đ??¸ â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ??źđ?&#x2018;§ â&#x2C6;&#x2014; (đ??ş â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ??źđ?&#x2018;Ą + đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 2 ) đ??żđ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ??ż

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś = đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014; (1 + (đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.2) Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018; đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ) â&#x2030;¤ đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014; (1 + 0.8 Ă&#x2014; ) đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;1 đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;1

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś1 = 0.95 Ă&#x2014; (1 + (1.16 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.2) Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x; = 119 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś2 = 0.95 Ă&#x2014; (1 + 0.8 Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018;&#x160;đ?&#x2018;Ś Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;Ś =â&#x2C6;&#x161; = 0.96 đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x; 2

đ?&#x203A;ˇ = 0.5 [1 + đ?&#x203A;ź(đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.4) + 0.75 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; ] = 0.5 [1 + 0.34(0.96 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.4) + 0.75 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 0.962 ] = 0.94 đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; = đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021;,đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; =

đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;

1 0.94 + â&#x2C6;&#x161;0.942 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.75 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 0.962

= 0.73

; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; = 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.5 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.94) â&#x2C6;&#x2014; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; (đ?&#x153;&#x2020;Ě&#x2026; đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.8)2 ) đ?&#x153;&#x2019;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021;,đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; = 0.75

The interaction factors đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś and đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;§đ?&#x2018;Ś can be obtained using two methods. According to Clause 6.3.3 (5) in EC3-1-1, any of the two methods could be adopted to calculate the above factors.

The second method was used, from Annex B (EC3-1-1).

ď š=

0 =0 0

ď Ąđ?&#x2018; =

4.37 ) = 0.95 1925.93 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 1

4.37 ) = 0.95 1925.93 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 1

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;§đ?&#x2018;Ś = 0.6 Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś = 0.57 Thus, đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś = 0.95 and đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;§đ?&#x2018;Ś = 0.6.

As for the unity checks: 4.37 56.54 + 0.95 Ă&#x2014; = 0.65 â&#x2030;¤ 1.0 110.98 1925 0.75 Ă&#x2014; 1Ă&#x2014; 1 1 4.37 56.54 + 0.6 Ă&#x2014; = 0.41 â&#x2030;¤ 1.0 110.98 1925 0.75 Ă&#x2014; 1 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 1 So, we can conclude that chosen section is valid.

SLS:

0 =0 56.54

đ?&#x2018;¤=

đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;Ś = đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2021; = 0.95 + 0.05 Ă&#x2014; ď Ąđ?&#x2018; = 0.95 + 0.05 Ă&#x2014; (0) = 0.95

Figure 5 Interaction factors

5 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x17E; â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ??ż4 5 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 8.88 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 60004 đ??ż = = 28.4 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; < = 30 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 6 384 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ??¸đ??ź 384 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 210000 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 24.92 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 10 200

In Figures below the calculation made by the software are shown which proves that our calculations are correct.

Figure 7 The purlin ULS verification

Figure 6 The purlin SLS verification

Beams The beams are modeled as simply supported beams that are taking the loads from the floor consisting of permanent and live load. The procedure and results will be shown only for the most loaded beam which is one that is under the museum and is taking HCS320. The calculation will be conservative so, we will assume that HCS320 are on the both sides of the beam, even if in the real case the HCS200 should be on one side. The floor width that depends to this beam is 9m.

The chosen beam is HE340B. Only 6 beams in the structure are HE340B, all others are HE260B. Furthermore, structural screed is not taken into account, but calculations are too very conservative, so beams have sufficient capacity for sure.

ULS: 1.35*Permanent +1.5*live = 1.35*5.29+1.5*4.8= 14.34 kN/m2 SLS: 1.0*Permanent + 1.0*live = 1.0*5.29+1.0*4.8 = 10.09 kN/m2

ULS: q=14.34*9,0 m=129 kN/m SLS: q=10.09*9,0 m=90.81 kN/m The calculation from the software is shown in Figures below.

Figure 8 The beam SLS verification Figure 9 The beam ULS verification

Columns and truss The columns and truss are modeled and calculated in ROBOT too. Only two reference â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;framesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are taken in consideration, because all others will be the same. In Figure 4.21 it can be seen how the systems will look like. The truss is loaded in the nodes where the purlins are placed, and in the nodes where beams are placed under the museum floor (One side of the beam is hanging on the truss, shown in Figure 10) The load is equivalent to the reactions of the beams that the truss is carrying. The top and bottom chords of the truss are modeled as continuous beams. The beams will be 12m long and they will be connected in the middle with the connection which will enable transfer of the moment. In the first idea the chords were not continuous but every 3.0 m there was a hinge and that option gives a little bit smaller profiles. The drawback of hinged beams is a very complex connection which would be necessary every 3.0 m, so we decided to choose continuous beam with bigger profiles but simpler connections. The exterior columns are loaded by wind force in x- and y-direction. Furthermore, they are loaded with the reaction forces from the beams that are connected to them, and that are carrying the floors. The profiles for columns are chosen to be HE400B. The upper chord of the truss is assumed to be HE260M profiles, and for the lower chord profiles HE240B are used. Furthermore, steel profiles used for chords have a steel

quality S420, which is different from all other elements in the structure which are S355. The reason for choosing S420 steel is to get smaller profiles and consequently to get more usable height.The HE220B profiles are used for the diagonals. The height of the truss is 1.20 m from axis to axis of the chords.

Figure 10 The third truss which is the most loaded

Figure 11 Loads on structure

In the next figures, diagrams of internal forces are shown.

Wind load on columns: ULS: 1.5*wind*6.0m=1.5*1.2*6.0=10.8 kN/m SLS: 1.0*wind*6.0m=1.0*1.2*6.0=7.2 kNm The load of 322 kN on the columns is from the floor beams. The load on top chord of the truss is 3.78 kN in y-direction and 37.25*2=74.5 kN (from the purlins reaction forces) The load from the hanging floor is 402 kN, which is the reaction force from the load on the HE340B beam. These numbers are for ULS, the same procedure is used for SLS calculation. All loads are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 12 My diagram

The whole structure is verified in the software, so the results from the software will be shown. The procedure is the same as is shown for the purlins where we proved that our hand calculations are the same as in the software. The verification for the columns is shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16. The governing case is the check for the stability of the element in case of M+N interaction, where buckling and lateral torsional buckling is taken into consideration. The hollow core slabs and braces provide restraints at some points, so the buckling lengths are reduced. The check shows that the efficiency ratio of the profile is 0.43. Which means that a smaller profile will satisfy too, but because the transversal bracings will not be placed in between all the gridlines, we wanted to have an extra load-bearing capacity in those columns. That is why the profiles are oriented to have a higher stiffness in transversal direction.

Figure 13 Mz diagram

Figure 15 The columns ULS verification

The verification for the upper chord of the truss is shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17. The governing case is the check for the stability of the element in case of M+N interaction, where buckling and lateral torsional buckling is taken into consideration. The buckling lengths around both axes and for LTB are 3.0 m, because diagonals are supporting the beam in z direction, while purlins are supporting it in y direction. The governing part of the truss are the beams in the middle, and their efficiency is 0.90 for the HEM260 profiles. The reason for choosing HEM profile is to reduce the height of the truss.

Figure 14 N diagram

Figure 16 The top chord ULS verification

Figure 17 The top chord SLS verification

The tension force is the only one acting in the bottom chord, and some small My moment can be found. The chosen profiles are HEB240 with steel quality of S420. The verification is shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19.

Figure 18 The bottom chord ULS verification

Figure 19 The bottom chord SLS verification

The diagonals of the truss are only loaded in axial force. The compression force and the length of 3.23 m, make them susceptible to buckling. Logically, flexural buckling is the governing case and the most loaded diagonal has efficiency of 0.84 for steel profile HEB220, which is shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20 The diagonals ULS verification