MUHAMMAD IQMAL BIN MOHD AZAMLI | G1919801 | PENGKALAN KUBOR CROSS-BORDER TRADE CENTER MAGAZINE

Copyright 2021 Master Design Thesis 1 Master Design Thesis 2 Department of Architecture Kuliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design KAED, IIUM First Printed 2021

All right reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in a review written for inclusion in magazines, newspapers, or journals.

Supervisor Dr. Nayeem Asif Co-supervisor Dr. Sufian Bin Hamat Course Coordinator Asst. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Binti Denan Design Layout and Creative Direction Muhammad Iqmal Bin Mohd Azamli

[ ABSTRACT ] Pengkalan Kubor is a small town in Jajahan Tumpat with a total population of 20642 people. Pengkalan Kubor is a unique crossborder town between Malaysia and Thailand. Located in the North of Kelantan Bordering Thailand Tak Bai, Narathiwat west and north (Kuala Tabal). The town is blessed with many potential cross-border trades, tourist attractions. Because of the overlapping fluidity between nationality and ethnicity, Pengkalan Kubor consists of many variations of activities. However, the livability of Pengkalan Kubor town is low despite the huge potential as a border town for cross-border tourism and trade.

Thus, part of the design thesis will focus on how to enhance cross-border trade and tourism. The objectives of this study are; To create a designated place for commercial and enhancing cross-border trade and tourism To create a designated place considering the security of border town. Therefore, the methodologies applied to achieve the objectives are the interview, observations, literature review, and case studies. These methodologies will help to build up the needs of the design for the desired proposed solution for the building program. There is a need to develop an integrated cross-border trade center at Pengkalan Kubor to enhance cross-border tourism and increase the livability of the town.

Keyword: Trade, Immigration, Custom, Pengkalan Kubor, Kelantan.

[ ACKNOWLEDGMENT ]

Alhamdullilah, I am grateful to Allah for The Most merciful gift that granted me rezq in many forms to complete this study. The successful completion of this research could not have been accomplished without supports of many individuals. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my supervisor Asst. Prof Dr. Nayeem Asif and Dr. Sufian Bin Hamat as well as my course coordinator, Asst. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Binti Denan for their guidance on how to conduct this study throughout the semester. Dedicated to my parents, Mohd Azamli Bin Jamaluddin and Tuan Maznah Binti Tuan Ibrahim, my sister Zakirah Binti Mohd Azamli, and all my friends for helping me. Thank you for never stop being the source of motivation for me in completing this study.

[ CONTENTS ]

1 2 3 4 INTRODUCTION The introduction of and overview of the background study Page 1 - 10

SITE STUDIES

The site study of the project Page 23 - 38

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature reviews of significant related tp the topic of the project Page 11 - 22

DESIGN BRIEF

Design intention of the project with thesis issues and objectives Page 39 - 50

[ CONTENTS ]

5 7

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Develop from the brief , inspiration of concept and massing development Page 51 - 62

SPECIAL STUDIES

Significan studies of highlight topic for Integrated Trade Center Page 79 - 89

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FINAL DESIGN Final outcome of project with drawings, diagram etc..

Page 63 - 78

CONCLUSION Conclusion with the summary solution of the objectives Page 90 - 98

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter will discuss the Introduction Aim and Objectives Research question Issues Design Thesis framework Design Thesis structure

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[ cross-border trade ] Cross-border trade is an activities that occur when there are exchange of goods or currency between two or more countries.

Located at the border of Malaysia and Thailand, Pengkalan Kubor has a huge potential for cross-border trade with many kind of trade activities. Cross-border trade need to be enhance to meet the purpose of Pengkalan Kubor as a Border town.

[ cross-border tourism ] Pengkalan Kubor consists of multi races because of its location at the international border. Pengkalan Kubor has various elements of culture. The richness of resources in Pengkalan Kubor is important to generate the local economy and income by enhancing the livability of Pengkalan Kubor

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[ ECONOMY ISSUE ] UNSUCCESSFUL COMMERCIAL APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE CROSS-BORDER TRADE AND ATTRACT TOURISM The condition and quality of the Pengkalan Kubor city center which is less prominent compared to the function of the city borders and business areas (Special Area Plan Pengkalan Kubor). Pengkalan Kubor is a town located at the border between Malaysia-Thailand. Furthermore, the image of Pengkalan Kubor as city borders and entrances of the country are quite weak and heavily influenced by the State of Thailand.

[ SECURITY ISSUE ] LACK OF SYSTEMATIC SECURITY TO CONTROL THE BORDER FROM SMUGGLING ACTIVITIES

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The position of Pengkalan Kubor which borders Sungai Golok, Thailand harms the country because most of its goods brought in and out were illegal despite various preventive and establishment efforts statutory bodies to prevent this activity but still less effective. Inspection and control from the AntiSmuggling Unit, Royal Customs and Excise Department, Immigration Department, and The Royal Malaysian Police have still failed to curb drug, rice, sugar, and smuggling activities, etc. because it is said many illegal bases are being here to do illegal activities along the Malaysia-Thailand border.

[ THESIS AIM ] To create a space which can form the node for holding and experiencing trade activities from Thailand and Malaysia. Integrated Cross Boder Trade Centre aims to enhance cross border trade and solve the security issue.

[ THESIS OBJECTIVES ] In order to achieve the targeted aim, few objectives have been listed as follow: To create a designated place for commercial and enhancing crossborder trade and tourism To create a designated place considering the security of border town

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[ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ] The theoretical framework of the thesis basically comprises the whole idea of the research which mainly focuses on the border town at Pengkalan Kubor to provide a designated place for commercial considering the security of border town to enhance crossborder trade and tourism.

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[ CHAPTER SUMMARY ] This chapter presented the research questions, aims and objectives. The study's significance followed, highlighting how this study fills the gap in the research literature on the Integrated Cross border trade center.

Finally, the thesis structure was illustrated in diagram to show the relationship from background study until possible solutions for the thesis.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction to Cross-border trade tourism Malaysia- Thailand relationship Malaysia-Thailand economic relation Special Area Plan Pengkalan Kubor Function of a border town Border security Principle of design for security Summary

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[ introduction to cross border trade and tourism ] The development of tourism and trade in the two countries' borderlands is intimately connected to cross-border cooperation. When INTERREG, a community project, was founded in 1990 (Wassenberg & Reitel, 2015), it became a vehicle for establishing "Europe without borders," with an emphasis on the EU external border (Herrschel, 2011). (Bellini & Hilpert, 2013).

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[ The concept of cross-border cooperation ]

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[ kelantan strategic positioning ]

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[ relation of Malaysia & thailand]

[ economic relations of Malaysia and Thailand ]

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[ economy activities at Malaysia & Thailand border ] Choen's findings indicate that, from 1996 to 2007, cross-border trade between Malaysia and Thailand (which comprises eight major border checkpoints) was heavily in support of Thailand. The value of crossborder trade between Malaysia and Thailand was 180 billion Baht in 2007, accounting for over 45 percent of total cross-border trade between Thailand and its bordering countries. In comparison to other Thailand-Malaysia border crossings, Hatyai, Sadao, and Sg. Kolok is a popular destination for Malaysians and Singaporeans seeking vacations or cross-border trade. Other border crossings, such as Padang Besar, Tak Bai, Betong, Wang Prachan, and Satun, had a larger role as retail trading centres for consumers or people who settled on the respective borders. In terms of cross-border trade, Thailand's southern Thailand region exports the great majority of its goods to Malaysia. Sadao is regarded as a key trading route by traders and merchants since it is located on the path that connects Bukit Kayu Hitam town and, as a result, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore. Choen (2018) went on to say that the Sadao district might be developed as a free special economic zone. Resource-based industries and electrical and electronic industries are examples of industries that can be created in relevant zones.

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[ SPECIAL AREA PLAN PENGKALAN KUBOR ] The size of Pengkalan Kubor district is 29.6 square km with a population of approximately more than 20000 people in Pengkalan Kubor District consists of Malays (90%), Siamese (8%), and the Chinese and Indians (2%).

Pengkalan Kubor which is a small settlement in Tumpat received special attention explained about the existence of Free Duty Zone (FDZ) as well as the function of the National Border Town. Overall a major development in the area is trade, residential, and economic activities agriculture, and fisheries.

Overall, the main trade development is concentrated in FDZ. This trade center is developed and organized in the FDZ. In addition to the area, there is also a small business area consisting of rows of several more functional neighborhood store units in two the main roads are Jalan Pengkalan Kubor and Jalan Pantai Sri Tujoh. Along the main road is also the focus of informal trade consisting of food and merchandise stalls daily, rows of board shops, and few permanent shops (stone) built unplanned and poorly managed.

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[ PRINCIPLES IN DESIGN FOR SECURITY ]

CLEAR DISTINCTION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES

OPPORTUNITY TO SURVEY THE SURROUNDINGS

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[ PRINCIPLES IN DESIGN FOR SECURITY ] PROPER SITE LAYOUT

THE THREE-LINE OF DEFENSES BY RICHARD J. HEALY

LIGHTING

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[ CHAPTER SUMMARY ] This chapter has presented and discussed topics related to the project. The summarizations from this chapter.

Action needs to be taken to enhance crossborder trade and tourism at border town Trade activity have been identified at the border town Principles that have been highlighted for successful integrated trade centre acted as part of the solutions to the thesis issues.

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CHAPTER 3

SITE STUDIES

Introduction Location of the Proposed Site History & Culture of Contextual Site Proposed Site Information Demographic & Economic Link Climate Analysis Urban Character Circulation & Zoning Site Analysis & Synthesis Summary

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[ INTRODUCTION ] The key aim of this chapter shall be to clarify the planned location for the design process. An analysis of the site analyses the site’s state, the natural and man-made features, the local history, the social and economic factors in the community, and the site’s capacity restrictions.

Furthermore, the section presents the proposed site and explains why the decisions have been taken on the site selection. This chapter lists the site inventory, its history, legal aspects, and problems on the site where the projects were initiated. Lastly, all the natural and aesthetic factors have been comprehensively analyzed on the site. the chapter summarizes the site study to create the best guide for the design proposal.

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[ SITE LOCATION ] The proposed site for integrated cross-border trade centre is located at the Pengkalan Kubor, Tumpat, Kelantan. The best way getting to Pengkalan Kubor is by daily flights from KLIA to Kota Bharu and rent a car or taxi to reach Pengkalan Kubor. The simpliest route is by using Karak Highway until Bentong. Then by using Bentong-Kota Bharu before proceed to Pengkalan Kubor, Tumpat. Travel distance between Kota Bharu to Pengkalan Kubor is about 30 minutes travel duration.

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[ HISTORY AND CULTURE ] Jajahan of Tumpat is located in the northernmost portion of Kelantan which is about 169.5 km2 in area. The Kelantan River forms the eastern boundary of the jajahan, while bordering Thailand across the Golok River to the west. Kota Bharu State Capital, which is the state's political, administrative, and commercial centre, lies 15 km from the Golok River.

Pengkalan Kubor is a small town in jajahan Tumpat with a total population of 20642 people. Pengkalan Kubor is a Border Town and District within the Tumpat Colony.

Located in the North of Kelantan Bordering Thailand Tak Bai, Narathiwat west and north (Kuala Tabal) 'Pengkalan' means a place for ships, canoes, boats, ferries, or barges to anchor and unload goods and passengers.

'Kubor' is where the dead are buried.

The size of Pengkalan Kubor district is 29.6 square km with a population of approximately more than 20000 people in Pengkalan Kubor District consists of Malays (90%), Siamese (8%), and the Chinese and Indians (2%).

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[ site justification ] The site is surrounded by the Pengkalan Kubor Marine Police department and ICQS complex. High security for cross-border tourism and trade. Accessible by land and water. The site is facing Tak Bai of Thailanf across the river.

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[ CLIMATE, TEMPERATURE & RAINFALL ANALYSIS ] [ TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY ANALYSIS ]

[ WINDROSE ANALYSIS ] malaysia standard 1525 Recomended thermal comfort range

0.25m/s - 1.5 m/s

[ SUNPATH ANALYSIS ]

[ SHADOW ANALYSIS ]

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[ URBAN CHARACTERISTICS] The proposed site's location is under the masterplan of Pengkalan Kubor Special Area Plan. The masterplan is to elevate the town image and livability. Pengkalan Kubor received special attention about the existence of Free Duty Zone (FDZ) as well as the function of the National Border Town. Overall a major development in the area is trade, residential, and economic activities agriculture, and fisheries.

Overall, the main trade development is concentrated in FDZ. This trade center is developed and organized in the FDZ. In addition to the area, there is also a small business area consisting of rows of several more functional neighborhood store units in two the main roads are Jalan Pengkalan Kubor and Jalan Pantai Sri Tujoh. Along the main road is also the focus of informal trade consisting of food and merchandise stalls daily, rows of board shops, and few permanent shops (stone) built unplanned and poorly managed.

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[ NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT ] Golok River Gallery

Duty Free Complex

ICQS quarters

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Marine Police

[ ARCHITECTURE FEATURES ] Has local features with the shape of the’Bumbung Limas Kelantan’.

But the situation is a bit bad, the dull color drowns out its beauty.

The covered area is quite modern and attractive which gives a bit of an injection of user-friendly city design.

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[ LAND USE ] TRADE Overall, the main trade development is concentrated in KBC. This trade center was developed and organized within the Duty-Free Zone (KBC).

However, there are also small business areas consisting of rows of several more functional shop units neighborhood

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HOUSING Traditional (unplanned) village housing is the largest residential area in Pengkalan Kubor which covers about 92 percent of the total residential area. It consists of villages based on fishing activities and agriculture.

For planned type housing, overall is a residential area for government institutions such as UPP, Customs, and JKR quarters area near KBC.

INDUSTRIAL The percentage of industrial land use is the second lowest compared to land use other land (only 1%.)

There is only one planned industrial area in the area RKK operated by the Malaysian Fisheries Development Authority (LKIM) at Kg. Geting with seafood-based products. While otherwise is an unplanned industrial area that grows scattered around Kg. Geting.

Most of the industrial activities available in the RKK area working on seafood products such as salted fish, crackers and budu.

There are manufacturing industries such as fiber boats and cement furniture.

In addition there are also types of service industries such as workshop

AGRICULTURAL & AQUACULTURE Agricultural areas are concentrated in the western areas which mostly consists of paddy crops outside drainage system area. However part of the area paddy farming has been neglected and not cultivated especially in ‘PulauUlar” Kg. Geting is an area of focus for fishing activities.

While for aquaculture, it is found in Sungai Geting and Sungai Mentua is aquaculture through the “sangkar air payau” system

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[ ACCESSABILITY ] The site is surrounded by the Pengkalan Kubor Marine Police department and ICQS complex. High security for cross-border tourism and trade.

Accessible by land and water.

[ WATER TRANSPORTATION ] With its strategic location, Sungai Golok is a busy river with local community from Malaysia and Thailand use the boat as the main transportation to move around Sungai Golok beside the Fisherman.

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[ VISTAS ] The views mostly positive.

Surrounded by river.

Facing Takbai across the river.

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[ NATURAL & MAN MADE FEATURES ] Pengkalan Kubor at the riverbank estuary, the type of tree are coconut tree, pine, palm, ketang and fern.

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[ STRENGHT ] Has a good view of the river and Geting beach. The site facing Thailand across the river.

Good accessibility because located at the town center.

The site next to Immigration and Marin Police. High security for cross-border trade and tourism.

[ OPPOTURNITY ] Located near the border and have the opportunity for cross-border trade and tourism.

[ WEAKNESS ] Complicated construction because of the location of the site at water bank

[ THREAT ] The site is at risk of flooding due to the location at the riverbank.

A new landmark for the town

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CHAPTER 4 DESIGN BRIEF

Introduction Project Brief Regulatory & Programme Framework Precedent studies Case Studies Schedule of Accomodations Summary

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[ INTRODUCTION ] This chapter mainly aims to provide a list of requirements, instructions, and directions to fulfill the project's needs. A clear vision with the aid of case and precedent studies will guide this thesis to achieve the objectives of this thesis. Equally, a short brief or program would help the author to understand the vital role and point of reference for the project's developments. all this necessary information will then proceed to the next stage, which is the schematic design

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[ DESIGN THESIS PROJECT BRIEF ]

Market wholesaler Retailers

[ TARGET CLIENT ] Kelantan State Economic Development Corporation or simply PKINK. PKINK began operations on 10 November 1969. A corporate body responsible for leading the development and economic growth of the State of Kelantan, based on Islamic principles, for the welfare of the Ummah.

Focusing tourist from Thailand.

Local tourist Organisation visit

Neighborhood community

[ TARGET USER ] The main target of the integrated trade center is to attract tourist in the culture of trade. Especially for tourist from Thailand, the number of tourist seen in Pengkalan Kubor , seems to decrease compared to previous time

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[ sustainable development goals ]

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[ building programs ] Integrated Trade Center has four main components of building programs in order to achieve the desired objectives. Integrated Trade Center programs consist of retail, institutional, urban square and services

RETAIL Clothing Houseware Toyshop Food & Baverage

INSTITUTIONAL Immigration Custom

URBAN SQUARE Waterfront park Public amenities

SERVICES Warehouse Loading bay Waste management

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[ precedent studies ] Chadstone Shopping Centre / CallisonRTKL + The Buchan Group The commercial hub includes more than 100 new merchants, as well as a variety of recreational and cuisine businesses. The multi-disciplinary partnership of designers, architects, and engineers working with research departments from the University of Stuttgart and the University of Bath resulted in a 31-meter high, 7,000-square-meter roof.

The unique gridshell roof of Chadstone is a distinguishing aspect of the design. Its structure is built on a lattice framework with a twofold curvature that gives it strength.

Shopping Nord Graz / BEHF Corporate Architects It is about upgrading to a smart shopping center, which maximizes shopping, gastronomic, work, and leisure experiences, and it is about location development, refurbishment, and sustainability .Huge glass facades and wider, inviting entrances have modified the main building's former closed construction, promoting greater user orientation. This is a one-of-a-kind shopping center renovation that exceeds expectations in terms of all criteria and nuances.

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Sultan Iskandar Building The building consists of an Immigration checkpoint, custom checkpoint, and commercial area. the study of Sultan Iskandar Building extracted for Schedule of Accommodation. Besides, the study of the special layout of the building is used as zoning for private (immigration and custom) and public (commercial area). For security reasons, there is circulation for public users and private circulation for immigration and customs staff.

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[ case studies ] Warehouse system study : TOYOTA warehouse Automated Facilities Bastian Solutions' automated systems are designed using advanced computer technologies that take structural specs, predicted routes, and material touchpoints into account to create a specific facility that caters for forklift and equipment routing as well as new automated efficiency solutions..

Structure study The assembly-focused method relies heavily on the building's sheer size. The ideal approach for accommodating the myriad of functions in the terminal, including check-in counters, security checks, retail units, toilets, and baggage reclaim, was a flexible, loose-fit system – employing large-scale modular repetition on an 18-by-9meter (60-by-30-foot) structural grid

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Spatial planning & layout study : KLIA2 The concept of the commercial area after the immigration checkpoint at Kuala Lumpur International Airport is a case study for spatial layout applied at the Pengkalan Kubor integrated trade center. This special area could enhance trade at Pengkalan Kubor

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[ schedule of accommodations ]

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CHAPTER 5

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Introduction Site synthesis & Planning Strategies Site influences & Design Concept Form Development Summary

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[ INTRODUCTION ] Design development is a part of the process which forces all decisions to be evaluated for their practicality and execution. Next, design development as the point at which decisions are made and concepts are solidified into actions. Schematic design is all about getting ideas on paper that represent the goals outlined during programming and fit within the restrains defined through site planning. While schematic design focuses on broad goals and larger concepts, design development hones these ideas into realistic and tangible options.

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[ SITE SYNTHESIS ] The overall synthesis based on the analysis is to orientate the building based on the location of Thailand to attract the tourist from Thailand.

The orientation of the scheme shall face North West as an approach of the building from across the river.

Beside that, there shall be opening at North East for prevailing wind as the average wind from North East with the minimum speed of 3m/s.

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[ DESIGN CONCEPT ]

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[ SITE ZONING ] The site consist of three zones of trade; Layer 1, layer 2 and layer 3. Layer 1 of trade is focusing on local trade where there are no immigration or custom checkpoint to enter the trade area. The Layer 2 trade is focusing for tourist from Malaysia and Thailand. It is the existing Duty Free Complex. To enter this trade area, the tourist need to go through a custom checkpoint.

For the layer 3 trade that is the main building, tourist from Malaysia need to go through immigration checkpoint however this trade area can be access from Thailand without immigration checkpoint. The intention is to attract tourist from Thailand and enhance cross-border tourism.

Masterplan Zonning

Site Synthesis

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Concept Zonning

Masterplanning

Vertical zonning

[ SITE PLANNING ] At Layer 1 of Trade, from local traded culture at Pengkalan Kubor, parking area can be converted to night market to enhance local trade. To enhance trade at Layer 2, the existing Duty Free Complex will be given a new life based on the demand of the current trade. The trade pods need for this area with the fusion culture of Thailand and Malaysia to increase the trade.

Layer 3 is the main trade building focusing tourist from Thailand. Before entering Layer 2 from Thailand, tourist need to go through trade area at Layer 3 trade. This approach will enhance cross border trade and tourism.

For vertical zoning, ground floor will be private zone and consists of office and service area for transferring goods from warehouse to the trade area.

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[ DESIGN MORPHOLOGY ] The main form follow the function and circulation between water taxi terminal to the immigration check point. The continuity flow of the planning from the immigration checkpoint to the trade area and water taxi. The frontage of the building will be facing the river and Thailand. The building form and design at the frontage is important to attract tourist from across the river. The main water taxi terminal entrance will be at south west side and the visitor will go through trade area and immigration checkpoint at north east side. The service entrance will come from the south east. The main axis is then split into three zones with all zones interconnected. The main spaces that is trade area will be the datum of the zone

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[ CHAPTER SUMMARY ] There are few summarizations from this chapter: The synthesis and site planning responded to the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the site. This action is to maximize positive benefits and minimize any negative outcomes.

The design concept guided the massing form that follows the site planning strategies. By designing layout and zoning based on security would help building programs reach the thesis objectives.

The design schematic developments show the initial layout planning of the Integrated Cross-border trade Center.

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CHAPTER 6

FINAL DESIGN Introduction Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Elevation Section Structural Details Services Summary

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[ INTRODUCTION ] This chapter shows the final design of this project that explained the zoning of spaces, the flow of function, and necessary drawings as a medium to explain scale, space usage, connection to the surrounding context, etc.

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[ GROUND FLOOR ] The ground floor is a service floor that main activity is for goods distribution from the warehouse. The floor plan is split into three zones; ferry terminal for vehicles, water taxi terminal, distribution area, and the warehouse. Based on the function and zoning, the area is divided by water channel to increase the security between public and private areas. The warehouse is connected using a horizontal belt to the main building for horizontal transportation to secure the goods from the warehouse to the trade area.

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[ FIRST FLOOR ] The main activities on the first floor focusing the trade area. From the water taxi terminal, tourists from Thailand will go through the trade area on this floor before going through an immigration checkpoint at the north wing. At this floor level, the goods from the warehouse will be distributed at every wing of the building. For every trade space, there is a service route for horizontal service circulation on this floor level. Besides, this floor level also has the main entrance from Malaysia, the visitor will going through the gallery and immigration checkpoint before entering the trade area.

[ SECOND FLOOR ] The second floor level consists of trade area and semi-private spaces such as musolla and utility room. Same as the First-floor level, the second-floor level consist of the service area for goods distribution.

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CHAPTER 7

SPECIAL STUDIES

This chapter will discuss the special study of: Kinetic facade Flow of system Trade configuration Passive and Active design strategies

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[ INTRODUCTION ] This chapter shows the special studies that are significant for this project. The analysis and synthesis for specific cases have been done to achieve the objectives and to enhance the purpose of the integrated trade center.

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[ flow of system ]

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[ passive COOLING design strategies ] Passive cooling strategies for integrated trade center can be seen in the figure below by taking advantage of natural ventilation. By applying stack ventilation, the cool air from the lower level will go through atrium and exit at top-level louvers as hot air

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[ kinetic facade ] This chapter shows the final design of this project that explained the zoning of spaces, the flow of function, and necessary drawings as a medium to explain scale, space usage, connection to the surrounding context, etc.

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[ water taxi ]

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[ water taxi ]

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[ water taxi ]

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The thesis's general objective is to attract tourists from Thailand besides solving security issues to enhance cross-border trade. The two issues; economy and security have provided objectives and solutions.

With rebranding Pengkalan Kubor and better systematic security, Pengkalan Kubor can be a high attraction for international tourists thus enhance cross-border trade and tourism.

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REFERENCES Rancangan Kawasan Khas Pengkalan Kubor 2020 Malaysia-Thailand Cross Border Trade and Cross Border Special Economic Zone Potential: A Case Study of Rantau PanjangSungai Kolok Cross Border Town Abdul Rahim Anuar 2018 Border Economy: Issues and Problems Faced by Traders in The Rantau Panjang Duty-free Zone Fauzi Husin 2012 MANAGING MALAYSIAN BORDER: THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN MAINTAINING SECURITY Nor Azmi Mohd Zainol 2019 Aktiviti Ekonomi Sempadan di Perairan Sg. Golok Fauzi Husin 2013 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL COOPERATION IN THAIMALAYSIAN BORDER: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES Ibrahima Lamine Sano Space allocation for commercial activities at international passenger terminals. Chaug-Ing Hsu , Ching-Cheng Chao 2005 The Impact of Institutional Regulation and Facilitation on Cross-border Trade. S. Sivapalan, J. Hamzah, A. Habibah, A. Buang, A.C. Er, M.J. Mohd Fuad and N. Lyndon 2011 ECER Master Plan 2.0 2018-2025 Border Economy: Issues and Problems Faced by Traders in The Rantau Panjang Duty-free Zone. Fauzi Hussin 2012 IMPROVING BEHAVIOUR AT BORDERS TO PROMOTE TRADE FORMALIZATION: The Charter for Cross-Border Traders Malaysia-Thailand Cross Border Trade and Cross Border Special Economic Zone Potential: A Case Study of Rantau Panjang Sungai Kolok Cross Border Town. Abdul Rahim Anuar & Azhar Harun. 2018 SECURITY PRINCIPLES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT FOR CUSTOM CHECKPOINTS. Adele Teo Yan Ni a* , Ahmad Sanusi Hassan a , Ku Azhar Ku Hassan a , and Mazran Ismail.

2018 Designing Urban Customs and Border Marketplaces: A Model and Case Study From Lotfabad, Iran. Parisa Borzooie, Azadeh Lak & Dallen J. Timothy. 2019 MANAGING MALAYSIAN BORDER: THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN MAINTAINING SECURITY. Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol, Anwar Zamani Jusop, Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Sofian Kamaruddin. 2019

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APPENDIX

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