The Constitution of the State of Iowa

1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa

ORIGINAL

PROVIDED BY THE OFFICE OF THE IOWA SECRETARY OF STATE

1857Constitution ofthe StateofIowa Original

Withtheexceptionofthesummarywhichappearsatthebeginningofthe Constitutionandthecatchwordswhichprecedeeachsection,the ConstitutionasitappearshereisaliteralprintoftheoriginalConstitution onfileintheOfficeoftheSecretaryofState.

Theamendmentsappearattheend,followingtheoriginaltext,inthis versionoftheConstitution.

RepealedorsupersededpartsoftheConstitutionhavebeenprintedin italics.

PREAMBLE

Boundaries.

ARTICLE I. - BILL OF RIGHTS.

1.

Rightsofpersons. SeeAmendment[45]. Politicalpower. Religion. Religioustest witnesses. Dueling.[Repealed] Amendment[43]. Lawsuniform. Libertyofspeechandpress. Personalsecurity-searches andseizures. Rightoftrialbyjury dueprocessoflaw. Rightsofpersonsaccused. Whenindictmentnecessary. SeeAmendments[9]&[46]. Twicetried bail. Habeascorpus. Military. Quarteringsoldiers. Treason. Bail punishments. Eminentdomain. SeeAmendment[13]. Imprisonmentfordebt. Rightofassemblage-petition. Attainder-expostfactolawobligationofcontract. Residentaliens. Slavery penalservitude. Agriculturalleases. Rightsreserved.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

ARTICLE II. RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. Electors. SeeAmendments[1]&[30]. Privilegedfromarrest. Frommilitaryduty. Personsinmilitaryservice. Disqualifiedpersons. SeeAmendment[47]. Ballot.

SEC. 1. SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. II

LEGISLATIVEDEPARTMENT.

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Officerssubjectto impeachment judgement. Membersnotappointedtooffice. Disqualifications. Failuretoaccount. Appropriations. Compensationofmembers. SeeAmendment[28]. Timelawstotakeeffect. SeeAmendments[23]&[40]. Divorce. Lotteries.[Repealed] Amendment[34]. Acts onesubject expressedintitle. Localorspeciallaws generaland uniform boundariesofcounties. Extracompensation paymentof claims appropriationsforlocal orprivatepurposes. Oathofmembers. Census.[Repealed] Amendment[17]. Senators-numbermethodofapportionment. SeeAmendments[3],[12],[16],& [26]. Senators representatives number apportionment districts. SeeAmendments[4],[12],&[26]. Ratioofrepresentation. SeeAmendment[26]. Districts. SeeAmendment[26]. Electionsbygeneralassembly.

ARTICLE IV. EXECUTIVE

DEPARTMENT.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Governor. Electionandterm. SeeAmendments[32]&[41]. Lieutenantgovernorreturnsofelections. SeeAmendments[32]&[41]. Electionbygeneralassembly. SeeAmendments[19]&[41]. Contestedelections. SeeAmendment[41]. Eligibility. Commanderinchief. Dutiesofgovernor. Executionoflaws. Vacancies. Conveninggeneralassembly. SeeAmendment[36(2)]. Message. Adjournment. Disqualification. Terms-compensationof lieutenantgovernor. SeeAmendments[32]&[42]. Pardons reprieves commutations. Lieutenantgovernorto actasgovernor. Presidentofsenate. SeeAmendment[42]. Vacancies. SeeAmendments[20]&[42]. Sealofstate. Grantsandcommissions. Secretary auditor treasurer. SeeAmendment[32].

ARTICLE V. - JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Courts. Supremecourt. Electionofjudges term. [Repealed]Amendment[21]. Jurisdictionofsupremecourt. SeeAmendment[21]. Districtcourtandjudge. [Repealed]Amendment[21]. Jurisdictionofdistrictcourt. Conservatorsofthepeace. Styleofprocess. Salaries.[Repealed] Amendment[21]. Judicialdistricts-supremecourt. SeeAmendment[8]. Judges whenchosen. [Repealed]Amendment[21]. Attorneygeneral. SeeAmendment[32]. Districtattorney.[Repealed] Amendment[31]. Systemofcourtpractice.

SEC. 1. 2. 3.

ARTICLE VI. - MILITIA. Composition training. SeeAmendment[5]. Exemption. Officers.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ARTICLE VII. STATE DEBTS. Creditnottobeloaned. Limitation. Lossestoschoolfunds. Wardebts. Contractingdebt submissiontothepeople. Legislaturemayrepeal. Taximposeddistinctlystated.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

ARTICLE VIII.CORPORATIONS. Howcreated. Taxationofcorporations. Statenottobea stockholder. Municipalcorporations. Bankingassociations. Statebank. Speciebasis. Generalbankinglaw. Stockholders'responsibility. Billholderspreferred. Speciepayments suspension. Amendmentorrepealof laws-exclusiveprivileges.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

1st.Education Secretary. Rulesandregulations. Powertolegislate. Governorexofficio amember. Expenses. Stateuniversity. Commonschools. Compensation. Quorum styleofacts. Boardmaybeabolished. IV

2nd.SchoolFundsandSchoolLands.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control management. Permanentfund. Perpetualsupportfund. Fines howappropriated. [Repealed]Amendment[35]. Proceedsoflands. Agentsofschoolfunds. Distribution[Repealed] Amendment[39].

ARTICLE X. - AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

SEC. 1. 2. 3.

Howproposed submission. Morethanoneamendment. Convention. SeeAmendment[22].

ARTICLE XI.MISCELLANEOUS.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

ARTICLE XII. SCHEDULE. Supremelaw constitutionality ofActs. Lawsinforce. Proceedingsnotaffected. Finesinuretothestate. [Repealed]Amendment[35]. Bondsinforce. Firstelectionforgovernorand lieutenantgovernor. Firstelectionofofficers. Forjudgesofsupremecourt. Generalassembly-firstsession. Senators. Officesnotvacated. Judicialdistricts. Submissionofconstitution. Propositiontostrikeoutthe word"white". Millscounty.

Justiceofthepeace jurisdiction. Counties. Indebtednessofpoliticalor municipalcorporations. Boundariesofstate. Oathofoffice. Howvacanciesfilled. Landgrantslocated. Seatofgovernment established stateuniversity.

AMENDMENTS

AMENDMENTS OF 1868.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Qualificationsofelectors.[1]. Census.[2]. Senators apportionment.[3]. Senators representatives apportionment.[4]. Militia composition.[5].

AMENDMENT OF 1880.

1. 2. 3. 4.

SEC. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Representatives qualifications.[6]. Generalelection.[7]. [Repealed]Amendment[14]. Judicialdistricts.[8]. Grandjury.[9]. Countyattorney.[10]. [Repealed]Amendment[31].

AMENDMENTS OF 1904. 1. 2.

Generalelection.[11]. [Superseded]

SeeAmendment[14]. Numberofsenators.[12]. SeeAmendments[16]&[26]. Numberofrepresentatives districts.[12]. SeeAmendment[26]. Ratioandapportionment.[12]. SeeAmendment[26].

AMENDMENT OF 1908. Generalelection.[14].

Drainageditchesandlevees.[13].

AMENDMENT OF 1916. Legislativedepartment.[15].

AMENDMENT OF 1926. Legislativedepartment.[16]. [Repealed]Amendment[26].

AMENDMENT OF 1928. Censusrepeal.[17].

AMENDMENT OF 1936. Motorvehiclefeesandfueltaxes. [18].

AMENDMENT OF 1942. Deathofgovernorelector failuretoqualify.[19].[Repealed] Amendment[41]. Gubernatorialsuccession.[20]. SeeAmendment[42].

AMENDMENTS OF 1952. 1. 2. Judicialdepartment.[21].

AMENDMENT OF 1962. Constitutionalconvention.[22].

AMENDMENT OF 1964. EffectivedateofActs.[23].

AMENDMENT OF 1966.

AMENDMENTS OF 1968. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Legislativedistricts.[29]. Electors.[30]. Countyattorney.[31].

Annualsessionsof GeneralAssembly. SeeAmendment[36]. Municipalhomerule.[25]. GeneralAssemblymembership. [26].Congressionaldistricts.[26]. ItemvetobyGovernor.[27]. Compensationandexpensesof GeneralAssembly.[28].

AMENDMENTS OF 1970. 1. 2. 3.

AMENDMENTS OF 1972. 1. 2. 3. Apportionmentoffines.[35]. AnnualsessionsofGeneral Assembly specialsessions.[36].

Electionandterm[governor]. [32]. SeeAmendment[41]. Lieutenantgovernor returnsof elections.[32]. SeeAmendment[41]. Terms compensationof lieutenantgovernor.[32]. SeeAmendment[42]. Secretary auditor treasurer. [32].Attorneygeneral.[32]. Retirementanddisciplineof judges.[33]. Lotteryprohibition.[34].

AMENDMENTS OF 1974. 1. 2. Countieshomerule.[37].

AMENDMENTS OF 1984. 1. 2.

1.

2.

Timelawstotakeeffect.[40].

AMENDMENTS OF 1988.

Electionandterm.[41]. Governorandlieutenant governorelectedjointly returns ofelections.[41]. Electionbygeneralassemblyin caseoftie successionby lieutenantgovernor.[41]. Contestedelections.[41]. Terms compensation.[42]. Dutiesoflieutenantgovernor. [42]. Successiontoofficeofgovernor andlieutenantgovernor.[42].

AMENDMENT OF 1992.

AMENDMENT OF 1986. Dueling.[43].

1. 2.

AMENDMENT OF 1996. Fishandwildlifeprotection funds.[44].

AMENDMENT OF 1998. Rightsofpersons.[45]. Whenindictmentnecessary grandjury.[46]

AMENDMENT OF 2008. Disqualifiedpersons.[47].

AMENDMENT OF 2010. NaturalResources.[48].

AMENDMENT OF 2022. Righttokeepandbeararms.[49].

PREAMBLE

WE THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF IOWA,

gratefultotheSupremeBeingfortheblessingshitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuationofthoseblessings,doordainandestablishafree andindependentgovernment,bythenameoftheStateof Iowa,theboundarieswhereofshallbeasfollows:

Boundaries: BeginninginthemiddleofthemainchanneloftheMississippiRiver, atapointdueEastofthemiddleofthemouthofthemainchanneloftheDes MoinesRiver,thenceupthemiddleofthemainchannelofthesaidDesMoines River,toapointonsaidriverwheretheNorthernboundarylineoftheStateof Missouri—asestablishedbytheconstitutionofthatState—adoptedJune12th. 1820—crossesthesaidmiddleofthemainchannelofthesaidDesMoinesRiver; thenceWestwardlyalongthesaidNorthernboundarylineoftheStateof Missouri,asestablishedatthetimeaforesaid,untilanextensionofsaidline intersectsthemiddleofthemainchanneloftheMissouriRiver;thenceupthe middleofthemainchannelofthesaidMissouriRivertoapointoppositethe middleofthemainchanneloftheBigSiouxRiver,accordingtoNicollett’sMap: thenceupthemainchannelofthesaidBigSiouxRiver,accordingtothesaid map,untilitisintersectedbytheparalleloffortythreedegreesandthirtyminutes Northlatitude;thenceEastalongsaidparalleloffortythreedegreesandthirty minutesuntilsaidparallelintersectsthemiddleofthemainchannelofthe MississippiRiver;thencedownthemiddleofthemainchannelofsaidMississippi Rivertotheplaceofbeginning.

ARTICLE I.

BILLOFRIGHTS

Rights of Persons. SECTION1.Allmen*are,bynature,freeandequal,and havecertaininalienablerights amongwhicharethoseofenjoyingand defendinglifeandliberty,acquiring,possessingandprotectingproperty,and pursuingandobtainingsafetyandhappiness.

In 1998, this section was amended by adding the words "and women": see Amendment 45 In 2022, this section was amended by adding the right to bear arms: see Amendment 49

Political Power. SEC. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Governmentisinstitutedfortheprotection,security,andbenefitofthepeople, andtheyhavetheright,atalltimes,toalterorreformthesame,wheneverthe publicgoodmayrequireit.

Religion. SEC.3.TheGeneralAssemblyshallmakenolawrespectingan establishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof;norshallany personbecompelledtoattendanyplaceofworship,paytithes,taxes,orother ratesforbuildingorrepairingplacesofworship,orthemaintenanceofany minister,orministry.

Religious test witnesses. SEC.4.Noreligioustestshallberequiredasa qualificationforanyoffice,orpublictrust,andnopersonshallbedeprivedofany ofhisrights,privileges,orcapacities,ordisqualifiedfromtheperformanceofany ofhispublicorprivateduties,orrenderedincompetenttogiveevidenceinany courtoflaworequity,inconsequenceofhisopinionsonthesubjectofreligion; andanypartytoanyjudicialproceedingshallhavetherighttouseasawitness, ortakethetestimonyof,anyotherpersonnotdisqualifiedonaccountofinterest, whomaybecognizantofanyfactmaterialtothecase;andpartiestosuitsmaybe witnesses,asprovidedbylaw.

Dueling. SEC.5.[AnycitizenofthisStatewhomayhereafterbeengaged,either directly,orindirectly,inaduel,eitherasprincipal,oraccessorybeforethefact, shallforeverbedisqualifiedfromholdinganyofficeundertheConstitutionand lawsofthisState.]*

*This section repealed by Amendment [43].

Laws uniform. SEC.6.Alllawsofageneralnatureshallhaveauniform operation;theGeneralAssemblyshallnotgranttoanyCitizen,orclassof Citizens,privilegesorimmunities,which,uponthesametermsshallnotequally belongtoallCitizens.

Liberty of speech and press. SEC.7.Everypersonmayspeak,write,and publishhissentimentsonallsubjects,beingresponsiblefortheabuseofthatright. Nolawshallbepassedtorestrainorabridgethelibertyofspeech,orofthepress. Inallprosecutionsorindictmentsforlibel,thetruthmaybegiveninevidenceto thejury,andifitappeartothejurythatthematterchargedaslibellouswastrue, andwaspublishedwithgoodmotivesandforjustifiableends,thepartyshallbe acquitted.

Personal security - searches and seizures. SEC.8.Therightofthepeopleto besecureintheirpersons,houses,papersandeffects,againstunreasonable seizuresandsearchesshallnotbeviolated;andnowarrantshallissuebuton probablecause,supportedbyoathoraffirmation,particularlydescribingtheplace tobesearched,andthepersonsandthingstobeseized.

Right of trial by jury. SEC.9.Therightoftrialbyjuryshallremaininviolate; buttheGeneralAssemblymayauthorizetrialbyajuryofalessnumberthan twelvemenininferiorcourts;butnopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,liberty,or property,withoutdueprocessoflaw.

Rights of persons accused. SEC.10.Inallcriminalprosecutions,andincases in volvingthelife,orlibertyofanindividualtheaccusedshallhavearighttoa speedyandpublictrialbyanimpartialjury;tobeinformedoftheaccusation againsthim,tohaveacopyofthesamewhendemanded;tobeconfrontedwith thewitnessesagainsthim;tohavecompulsoryprocessforhiswitnesses;and,to havetheassistanceofcounsel.

When indictment necessary. SEC.11.Alloffenceslessthanfelonyandin whichthepunishmentdoesnotexceedafineofOnehundreddollars,**or imprisonmentforthirtydays,shallbetriedsummarilybeforeaJusticeofthe Peace,**orotherofficerauthorizedbylaw,oninformationunderoath,without indictment,ortheinterventionofagrandjury,savingtothedefendanttheright ofappeal;andnopersonshallbeheldtoanswerforanyhighercriminaloffence, unlessonpresentmentorindictmentbyagrandjury,*exceptincasesarisingin thearmy,ornavy,orinthemilitia,wheninactualservice,intimeofwaror publicdanger.

*In 1884, an amendment regarding indictment and the number of grand jurors was adopted and ratified, see Amendment 9

**In 1998, this section was amended to eliminate references to the one hundred dollar fine and justices of the peace, see Amendment 46.

Tried twice - bail. SEC.12.Nopersonshallafteracquittal,betriedforthesame offence.Allpersonsshall,beforeconviction,bebailable,bysufficientsureties, exceptforcapitaloffenceswheretheproofisevident,orthepresumptiongreat.

Habeas corpus. SEC.13.Thewritofhabeascorpusshallnotbesuspended,or re fusedwhenapplicationismadeasrequiredbylaw,unlessincaseofrebellion, orinvasionthepublicsafetymayrequireit.

Military. SEC.14.Themilitaryshallbesubordinatetothecivilpower.No standingarmyshallbekeptupbytheStateintimeofpeace;andintimeofwar, noappropriationforastandingarmyshallbeforalongertimethantwoyears.

Quartering Soldiers. SEC.15.Nosoldiershall,intimeofpeace,bequarteredin anyhousewithouttheconsentoftheowner,norintimeofwarexceptinthe mannerprescribedbylaw.

Treason. SEC.16.TreasonagainsttheStateshallconsistonlyinlevyingwar againstit,adheringtoitsenemies,orgivingthemaidandcomfort.Noperson shallbeconvictedoftreason,unlessontheevidenceoftwowitnessestothesame overtact,orconfessioninopenCourt.

Bail punishments. SEC.17.Excessivebailshallnotberequired;excessivefines shallnotbeimposed,andcruelandunusualpunishmentshallnotbeinflicted.

Eminent Domain. SEC.18.Privatepropertyshallnotbetakenforpublicuse with outjustcompensationfirstbeingmade,orsecuredtobemadetotheowner thereof,assoonasthedamagesshallbeassessedbyajury,whoshallnottakeinto considerationanyadvantagesthatmayresulttosaidowneronaccountofthe improvementforwhichitistaken.*

In 1908, this section was amended by adding a paragraph relating to levees, drains, and ditches for agricultural, sanitary, or mining purposes, see Amendment 13

Imprisonment for debt. SEC.19.Nopersonshallbeimprisonedfordebtinany civilaction,onmesneorfinalprocess,unlessincaseoffraud;andnopersonshall beimprisonedforamilitiafineintimeofpeace.

Right of assemblage - petition. SEC.20.Thepeoplehavetherightfreely toassembletogethertocounselforthecommongood;tomakeknowntheir opinionstotheirrepresentativesandtopetitionforaredressofgrievances.

Attainder Ex post facto obligation of contract. SEC.21.Nobillof attainder,expostfactolaw,orlawimpairingtheobligationofcontracts,shallever bepassed.

Resident aliens. SEC.22.Foreignerswhoare,ormayhereafterbecomeresidents ofthisState,shallenjoythesamerightsinrespecttothepossession,enjoyment anddescentofproperty,asnativeborncitizens.

Slavery - penal servitude. SEC.23.ThereshallbenoslaveryinthisState;nor shalltherebeinvoluntaryservitude,unlessforthepunishmentofcrime.

Agricultural leases. SEC.24.Noleaseorgrantofagriculturallands,reservingany rent,orserviceofanykind,shallbevalidforalongerperiodthantwentyyears.

Rights reserved. SEC.25.Thisenumerationofrightsshallnotbeconstruedto impairordenyothers,retainedbythepeople.

In 1882, an additional section (SEC. 26) providing for a prohibition of intoxicating liquors was added to this original Constitution, Art. I by an amendment proposed by the general assembly in 1880 Acts, JR 8, readopted in 1882 Acts, JR 8, and ratified by the electorate in a special election held on June 27, 1882; the supreme court, however, in the case of Koehler v. Hill, 60 Iowa 543, on April 21, 1883, held that, owing to certain irregularities, the amendment was not legally submitted to the voters and did not become a part of the Constitution.

ARTICLE II.

RIGHTOFSUFFRAGE

Electors. SECTION1.[Every[white]*malecitizenoftheUnitedStates,ofthe ageoftwentyoneyears,whoshallhavebeenaresidentofthisStatesixmonths nextprecedingtheelection,andoftheCountyinwhichheclaimshisvotesixty days,shallbeentitledtovoteatallelectionswhicharenoworhereaftermaybe authorisedbylaw.]**

*In 1868, this section was amended by striking the word “white”, see Amendment 1

In 1916, a proposal made in 1913 Acts, HJR 6 and SJR 10, and 1915 Acts, ch 18, to strike the word “male” was defeated; for information regarding votes cast on the amendment, see 1917 1918 Iowa Official Register, pp. 462 481

**In 1970, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 30

Privileged from arrest. SEC.2.Electorsshall,inallcasesexcepttreason,felony, orbreachofthepeace,beprivilegedfromarrestonthedaysofelection,during theirattendanceatsuchelection,goingtoandreturningtherefrom.

From military duty. SEC.3.Noelectorshallbeobligedtoperformmilitaryduty onthedayofelection,exceptintimeofwar,orpublicdanger.

Persons in military service. SEC.4.Nopersoninthemilitary,naval,ormarine serviceoftheUnitedStatesshallbeconsideredaresidentofthisStatebybeing stationedinanygarrison,barrack,ormilitaryornavalplace,orstationwithinthis State.

Disqualified persons. SEC.5.[Noidiot,orinsaneperson,orpersonconvicted ofanyinfamouscrime,shallbeentitledtotheprivilegesofanelector.]*

*In 2008, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 47 Ballot. SEC.6.Allelectionsbythepeopleshallbebyballot.

An additional section (SEC. 7) pertaining to the general election was added to this original Constitution, Art. II, by the amendments of 1884, but was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof in 1916, see Amendments 7 and 14

ARTICLE III.

OFTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPOWERS

Departments of government. SECTION1.Thepowersofthegovernmentof Iowashallbedividedintothreeseparatedepartments theLegislative,the Executive,andtheJudicial:andnopersonchargedwiththeexerciseofpowers properlybelongingtooneofthesedepartmentsshallexerciseanyfunction appertainingtoeitheroftheothers,exceptincaseshereinafterexpresslydirected orpermitted.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

General Assembly. SECTION1.TheLegislativeauthorityofthisStateshallbe vestedinaGeneralAssembly,whichshallconsistofaSenateandHouseof Representatives;andthestyleofeverylawshallbe,“BeitenactedbytheGeneral AssemblyoftheStateofIowa”.

Sessions. SEC.2.[ThesessionsoftheGeneralAssemblyshallbebiennial,andshall commenceonthesecondMondayinJanuarynextensuingtheelectionofits members;unlesstheGovernoroftheStateshall,inthemeantime,convenethe GeneralAssemblybyproclamation.]*

**In 1968 and 1974, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 24 and 36 Special sessions, see this original Constitution, Art. IV, §11 and Amendment 36

Representatives. SEC.3.ThemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbe choseneverysecondyear,bythequalifiedelectorsoftheirrespectivedistricts,[on thesecondTuesdayinOctober,*excepttheyearsofthePresidentialelection, whentheelectionshallbeontheTuesdaynextafterthefirstMondayin November;]*andtheirtermofofficeshallcommenceonthefirstdayofJanuary nextaftertheir

election,andcontinuetwoyears,anduntiltheirsuccessorsareelectedand qualified.

*In 1884 and 1916, amendments adding and then replacing section 7 of Art. II changed the time for holding the general election; in 1904, an amendment to Art XII established a time for the holding of biennial general elections and was effective until it was repealed by the 1916 amendment, see Amendments 7, 11, and 14

Qualifications. SEC. 4. No person shall be a member of the House of Representativeswhoshallnothaveattainedtheageoftwentyoneyears,bea [free white] [male]* citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitantofthisStateoneyearnextprecedinghiselection,andatthetimeofhis electionshallhavehadanactualresidenceofsixtydaysintheCounty,orDistrict hemayhavebeenchosentorepresent.

**In 1880, the words “free white” were stricken; the word “male” was stricken in 1926, see Amendments 6 and 15

Senators qualifications. SEC.5.Senatorsshallbechosenforthetermoffour years,atthesametimeandplaceasRepresentatives;theyshallbetwentyfive yearsofage,andpossessthequalificationsofRepresentativesastoresidenceand citizenship.

Number and classification. SEC.6.[ThenumberofSenatorsshallnotbeless thanonethird,normorethanonehalftherepresentativebody;andshallbeso classifiedbylot,thatoneclass,beingasnearlyonehalfaspossible,shallbeelected everytwoyears.WhenthenumberofSenatorsisincreased,theyshallbeannexed bylottooneortheotherofthetwoclasses,soastokeepthemasnearlyequalin numbersaspracticable.]*

**In 1968, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 26

Officers - elections determined. SEC.7.Eachhouseshallchooseitsown officers,andjudgeofthequalification,election,andreturnofitsownmembers.A contestedelectionshallbedeterminedinsuchmannerasshallbedirectedbylaw. Quorum. SEC.8.Amajorityofeachhouseshallconstituteaquorumtotransact business;butasmallernumbermayadjournfromdaytoday,andmaycompelthe attendanceofabsentmembersinsuchmannerandundersuchpenaltiesaseach housemayprovide.

Authority of the houses. SEC. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments,keepajournalofitsproceedings,andpublishthesame;determine itsrulesofproceedings,punishmembersfordisorderlybehavior,and,withthe consentoftwothirds,expelamember,butnotasecondtimeforthesame offense;andshallhaveallotherpowersnecessaryforabranchoftheGeneral AssemblyofafreeandindependentState.

Protest - record of vote. SEC.10.EverymemberoftheGeneralAssemblyshall havethelibertytodissentfrom,orprotestagainstanyactorresolutionwhichhe maythinkinjurioustothepublic,oranindividual,andhavethereasonsforhis dissententeredonthejournals;andtheyeasandnaysofthemembersofeither house,onanyquestion,shall,atthedesireofanytwomemberspresent,be enteredonthejournals.

Privileged from arrest. SEC.11.SenatorsandRepresentatives,inallcases, excepttreason,felony,orbreachofthepeace,shallbeprivilegedfromarrest duringthesessionoftheGeneralAssembly,andingoingtoandreturningfrom thesame.

Vacancies. SEC.12.Whenvacanciesoccurineitherhouse,theGovernororthe personexercisingthefunctionsofGovernor,shallissuewritsofelectiontofill suchvacancies

Doors open. SEC.13.Thedoorsofeachhouseshallbeopen,exceptonsuch occasions,as,intheopinionofthehouse,mayrequiresecrecy.

Adjournments. SEC.14.Neitherhouseshall,withouttheconsentoftheother, adjournformorethanthreedays,nortoanyotherplacethanthatinwhichthey maybesitting.

Bills. SEC.15.Billsmayoriginateineitherhouse,andmaybeamended,altered, orrejectedbytheother;andeverybillhavingpassedbothhouses,shallbesigned bytheSpeakerandPresidentoftheirrespectivehouses.

Executive approval - veto. SEC.16.Everybillwhichshallhavepassedthe GeneralAssembly,shall,beforeitbecomesalaw,bepresentedtotheGovernor.If heap prove,heshallsignit;butifnot,heshallreturnitwithhisobjections,to thehouseinwhichitoriginated,whichshallenterthesameupontheirjournal, andproceedtoreconsiderit;if,aftersuchreconsideration,itagainpassboth houses,byyeasandnays,byamajorityoftwothirdsofthemembersofeach house,itshallbecomealaw,notwithstandingtheGovernors*objections.Ifany billshallnotbereturnedwithinthreedaysafteritshallhavebeenpresentedto him,Sundayexcepted,thesameshallbealawinlikemannerasifhehadsigned it,unlesstheGeneralAssembly,byadjournment,preventsuchreturn.Anybill submittedtotheGovernorforhisapprovalduringthelastthreedaysofasession oftheGeneralAssembly,shallbedepositedbyhimintheofficeoftheSecretary ofState,withinthirtydaysaftertheadjournment,withhisapproval,ifapproved byhim,andwithhisobjections,ifhedisapprovesthereof.**

*According to original document

Passage of bills. SEC17.Nobillshallbepassedunlessbytheassentofamajority ofallthememberselectedtoeachbranchoftheGeneralAssemblyandthe questionuponthefinalpassageshallbetakenimmediatelyuponitslastreading, andtheyeasandnaysenteredonthejournal.

Receipts and expenditures. SEC18.Anaccuratestatementofthereceiptsand expendituresofthepublicmoneyshallbeattachedtoandpublishedwiththelaws, ateveryregularsessionoftheGeneralAssembly.

Impeachment. SEC.19.TheHouseofRepresentativesshallhavethesolepower ofimpeachment,andallimpeachmentsshallbetriedbytheSenate.Whensitting forthatpurpose,thesenatorsshallbeuponoathoraffirmation;andnoperson shallbeconvictedwithouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthememberspresent.

Referred to in Amendment [33]

Officers subject to impeachment. SEC.20.TheGovernor,Judgesofthe Supreme and District Courts, and other State officers, shall be liable to impeachmentforanymisdemeanorormalfeasanceinoffice:butjudgmentin suchcasesshallextendonlytoremovalfromoffice,anddisqualificationtohold anyofficeofhonor,trust,orprofit,un-derthisState;butthepartyconvictedor acquitted shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment, accordingtolaw.Allothercivilofficersshallbetriedformisdemeanorsand malfeasanceinoffice,insuchmannerastheGeneralAssemblymayprovide.

Referred to in Amendment [33]

Members not appointed to office. SEC.21.Nosenatororrepresentativeshall, duringthetimeforwhichheshallhavebeenelected,beappointedtoanycivil officeofprofitunderthisState,whichshallhavebeencreated,ortheemoluments ofwhichshallhavebeenincreasedduringsuchterm,exceptsuchofficesasmay befilledbyelectionsbythepeople.

Disqualification. SEC.22.Nopersonholdinganylucrativeofficeunderthe UnitedStates,orthisState,oranyotherpower,shallbeeligibletoholdaseatin theGeneralAssembly:butofficesinthemilitia,towhichthereisattachedno annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster whose compensationdoesnotexceedonehundreddollarsperannum,ornotarypublic, shallnotbedeemedlucrative.

Failure to account. SEC.23.Nopersonwhomayhereafterbeacollectoror holderofpublicmonies,shallhaveaseatineitherHouseoftheGeneral Assembly,orbeeligibletoholdanyofficeoftrustorprofitinthisState,untilhe shallhaveaccountedforandpaidintothetreasuryallsumsforwhichhe maybeliable.

Appropriations. SEC.24.Nomoneyshallbedrawnfromthetreasurybutin consequenceofappropriationsmadebylaw.

Compensation of members. SEC.25.[EachmemberofthefirstGeneral AssemblyunderthisConstitution,shallreceivethreedollarsperdiemwhilein session;andthefurthersumofthreedollarsforeverytwentymilestraveled,in goingtoandreturningfromtheplacewheresuchsessionisheld,bythenearest traveledroute;afterwhichtheyshallreceivesuchcompensationasshallbefixed bylaw;butnoGeneralAssemblyshallhavepowertoincreasethecompensation ofitsownmembers.Andwhenconvenedinextrasessiontheyshallreceivethe samemileageandperdiemcompensation,asfixedbylawfortheregularsession, andnoneother.]*

*In 1966 this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof: See Amendment [28]

Time laws to take effect. SEC.26.NolawoftheGeneralAssembly,passedata regularsession,ofapublicnature,shalltakeeffectuntilthefourth*dayofJuly nextafterthepassagethereof.Lawspassedataspecialsession,**shalltakeeffect ninetydaysaftertheadjournmentoftheGeneralAssemblybywhichtheywere passed.IftheGeneralAssemblyshalldeemanylawofimmediateimportance, theymayprovidethatthesameshalltakeeffectbypublicationinnewspapersin theState.***

*In 1966, the effective date language was changed to “July first”, see Amendment 23

**The punctuation in the original document is not clear

***In 1986, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 40

Divorce. SEC.27.NodivorceshallbegrantedbytheGeneralAssembly. Lotteries. SEC.28.[NolotteryshallbeauthorizedbythisState;norshallthesale oflotteryticketsbeallowed.]*

*In 1972, this section was repealed, see Amendment [34]

Acts - one subject - expressed in title. SEC.29.Everyactshallembracebut onesubject,andmattersproperlyconnectedtherewith;whichsubjectshallbe expressedinthetitle.Butifanysubjectshallbeembracedinanactwhichshall notbeexpressedinthetitle,suchactshallbevoidonlyastosomuchthereofas shallnotbeexpressedinthetitle.

Local or special laws - general and uniform - boundaries of counties.SEC. 30.TheGeneralAssemblyshallnotpasslocalorspeciallawsinthefollowing cases:

FortheassessmentandcollectionoftaxesforState,County,orroad purposes;Forlayingout,opening,andworkingroadsorhighways;

Forchangingthenamesofpersons;

Fortheincorporationofcitiesandtowns;

Forvacatingroads,townplats,streets,alleys,orpublicsquares;

Forlocatingorchangingcountyseats.

Inallthecasesaboveenumerated,andinallothercaseswhereagenerallawcan bemadeapplicable,alllawsshallbegeneral,andofuniformoperationthroughout theState;andnolawchangingtheboundarylinesofanycountyshallhaveeffect untiluponbeingsub mittedtothepeopleofthecountiesaffectedbythechange, atageneralelection,itshallbeapprovedbyamajorityofthevotesineach county,castforandagainstit.

Laws uniform, see this original Constitution, Art. I, §6

Extra compensation — payment of claims — appropriations for local or private purposes. SEC.31.Noextracompensationshallbemadetoanyofficer, publicagent,orcontractor,aftertheserviceshallhavebeenrendered,orthe contractenteredinto;nor,shallanymoneybepaidonanyclaim,thesubject matterofwhichshallnothavebeenprovidedforbypreexistinglaws,andno publicmoneyorpropertyshallbeappropriatedforlocal,orprivatepurposes, unlesssuchappropriation,compensation,orclaim,beallowedbytwothirdsof thememberselectedtoeachbranchoftheGeneralAssembly.

Oath of members. SEC.32.MembersoftheGeneralAssemblyshall,beforethey enteruponthedutiesoftheirrespectiveoffices,takeandsubscribethefollowing oathoraffirmation:“Idosolemnlyswear,oraffirm,(asthecasemaybe,)thatI willsupporttheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,andtheConstitutionofthe StateofIowa,andthatIwillfaithfullydischargethedutiesofSenator,(or Representative,asthecasemaybe,)accordingtothebestofmyability”.And membersoftheGeneralAssemblyareherebyempoweredtoadministertoeach otherthesaidoathoraffirmation.

Census. SEC.33.[TheGeneralAssemblyshall,intheyearsOnethousandeight hundredandfiftynine,Onethousandeighthundredandsixtythree,One thousandeighthundredandsixtyfive,Onethousandeighthundredandsixty seven,Onethousandeighthundredandsixtynine,andOnethousandeight hundredandseventyfive,andeverytenyearsthereafter,causeanenumerationto bemadeofallthewhite*inhabitantsoftheState.]**

*In 1868, this section was amended by striking the word “white”, see Amendment 2 **In 1936, this section was repealed, see Amendment 17

Senators - number - method of apportionment. SEC.34.[Thenumberof senators shall, at the next session following each period of making such enumeration,andthenextsessionfollowingeachUnitedStatescensus,befixed bylaw,andapportionedamongtheseveralcounties,accordingtothenumberof white*inhabitantsineach.]**

*In 1868, this section was amended by striking the word “white”, see Amendment 3

**In 1904 and 1968, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 12 and 26

**In 1928, the 1904 version of this section was amended to limit each county to no more than one senator, but this limitation was eliminated by the 1968 repeal and replacement of this section, see Amendments 16 and 26

Senators - representatives - number - apportionment - districts. SEC.35. [TheSenateshallnotconsistofmorethanfiftymembers,northeHouseof Representativesofmorethanonehundred;andtheyshallbeapportionedamong theseveralcountiesandrepresentativedistrictsoftheState,accordingtothe numberofwhite*inhabitantsineach,uponratiostobefixedbylaw;butno representativedistrictshallcontainmorethanfourorganizedcounties,andeach districtshallbeentitledtoatleastonerepresentative.Everycountyanddistrict whichshallhaveanumberofinhabitantsequaltoonehalfoftheratiofixedby law,shallbeentitledtoonerepresentative;andanyonecountycontainingin additiontotheratiofixedbylaw,onehalfofthatnumber,ormore,shallbe entitledtooneadditionalrepresentative.Nofloatingdistrictshallhereafterbe formed.]**

*The above section has been amended twice. In 1868 it was amended ty striking the word “white” therefrom: See Amendment [4]

**In 1904 this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof: See Amendment [12]: See also Amendment [26]

Ratio of representation. SEC.36.[AtitsfirstsessionunderthisConstitution, andateverysubsequentregularsession,theGeneralAssemblyshallfixtheratioof representation,andalsoformintorepresentativedistrictsthosecountieswhich willnotbeentitledsinglytoarepresentative.]*

**In 1868, this section was amended by striking the word “white”, see Amendment 4

**In 1904 and 1968, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 12 and 26 Districts. SEC.37.[Whenacongressional,senatorial,orrepresentativedistrict shallbecomposedoftwoormorecounties,itshallnotbeentirelyseparatedby by*anycountybelongingtoanotherdistrict;andnocountyshallbedividedin formingacongressional,senatorial,orrepresentativedistrict.]**

*According to original document

**In 1968, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 26 Elections by general assembly. SEC.38.InallelectionsbytheGeneral Assembly,themembersthereofshallvotevivavoceandthevotesshallbeentered onthejournal.

*Additional sections (SEC 38A, SEC 39, SEC 39A, and SEC 40) pertaining to municipal home rule, legislative districts, counties home rule, and nullification of administrative rules were added to this original Constitution, Art III, by the amendments of 1968, 1970, 1978, and 1984 respectively, see Amendments 25, 29, 37, and 38

ARTICLE IV. EXECUTIVE

DEPARTMENT

Governor. SECTION1.TheSupremeExecutivepowerofthisStateshallbe vestedinaChiefMagistrate,whoshallbestyledtheGovernoroftheStateof Iowa.

Election and term. SEC.2.[TheGovernorshallbeelectedbythequalified electorsatthetimeandplaceofvotingformembersoftheGeneralAssembly,and shallholdhisofficetwoyearsfromthetimeofhisinstallation,anduntilhis successoriselectedandqualified.]*

*In 1972 and 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 32 and 41

Lieutenant governor — returns of elections. SEC.3.[Thereshallbea LieutenantGovernor,whoshallholdhisofficetwoyears,andbeelectedatthe sametimeastheGovernor.InvotingforGovernorandLieutenantGovernor,the electorsshalldesignateforwhomtheyvoteasGovernor,andforwhomas LieutenantGovernor.ThereturnsofeveryelectionforGovernor,andLieutenant Governor,shallbesealedupandtransmittedtotheseatofgovernmentofthe State,directedtotheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,whoshallopenand publishtheminthepresenceofbothHousesoftheGeneralAssembly.]*

*In 1972 and 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 32 and 41

Election by general assembly. SEC.4.[Thepersonsrespectivelyhavingthe highestnumberofvotesforGovernorandLieutenantGovernor,shallbedeclared dulyelected;butincasetwoormorepersonsshallhaveanequalandthehighest numberofvotesforeitheroffice,theGeneralAssemblyshall,byjointvote, forthwithproceedtoelectoneofsaidpersonsGovernor,orLieutenantGovernor, asthecasemaybe.]*

*In 1952, this section was amended to add language regarding the death of a governor elect or failure to qualify, see Amendment 19

*In 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 41 Contested elections. SEC.5.[ContestedelectionsforGovernor,orLieutenant Governor,shallbedeterminedbytheGeneralAssemblyinsuchmannerasmay beprescribedbylaw.]*

*In 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 41

Eligibility. SEC.6.NopersonshallbeeligibletotheofficeofGovernor,or LieutenantGovernor,whoshallnothavebeenacitizenoftheUnitedStates,and aresidentoftheState,twoyearsnextprecedingtheelection,andattainedtheage ofthirtyyearsatthetimeofsaidelection.

Commander in chief. SEC.7.TheGovernorshallbecommanderinchiefofthe militia,thearmy,andnavyofthisState.

Duties of governor. SEC.8.Heshalltransactallexecutivebusinesswiththe officersofgovernment,civilandmilitary,andmayrequireinformationin writingfromtheofficersoftheexecutivedepartmentuponanysubjectrelatingto thedutiesoftheirrespectiveoffices.

Execution of laws. SEC.9.Heshalltakecarethatthelawsarefaithfully executed.

Vacancies. SEC.10.Whenanyofficeshall,fromanycause,becomevacant,and nomodeisprovidedbytheConstitutionandlawsforfillingsuchvacancy,the Governorshallhavepowertofillsuchvacancy,bygrantingacommission,which shallexpireattheendofthenextsessionoftheGeneralAssembly,oratthenext electionbythepeople.

Convening general assembly. SEC.11.Hemay,onextraordinaryoccasions, convenetheGeneralAssemblybyproclamation,andshallstatetobothHouses, whenassembled,thepurposeforwhichtheyshallhavebeenconvened.

*This section may have been modified by the 1968 and 1974 repeals and replacements of Art. III, §2, each of which provided for the convening of the general assembly in special session by proclamation of the governor, see Amendments 24 and 36 Message. SEC.12.Heshallcommunicate,bymessage,totheGeneralAssembly, ateveryregularsession,theconditionoftheState,andrecommendsuchmatters asheshalldeemexpedient.

Adjournment. SEC.13.IncaseofdisagreementbetweenthetwoHouseswith respecttothetimeofadjournment,theGovernorshallhavepowertoadjournthe GeneralAssemblytosuchtimeashemaythinkproper;butnosuchadjournment shallbebeyondthetimefixedfortheregularmeetingofthenextGeneral Assembly.

Disqualification. SEC.14.Nopersonsshall,whileholdinganyofficeunderthe authorityoftheUnitedStates,orthisState,executetheofficeofGovernor,or LieutenantGovernor,exceptashereinafterexpresslyprovided.

Terms — compensation of lieutenant governor. SEC.15.[Theofficialtermof theGovernor,andLieutenantGovernor,shallcommenceonthesecondMonday ofJanuarynextaftertheirelection,andcontinuefortwoyears,anduntiltheir successorsareelectedandqualified.TheLieutenantGovernor,whileactingas Governor,shallreceivethesamepayasprovidedforGovernor;andwhile presidingintheSenate,shallreceiveascompensationtherefor,thesamemileage anddoubletheperdiempayprovidedforaSenator,andnoneother.]*

*In 1972 and 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 32 and 42 Pardons reprieves commutations. SEC.16.TheGovernorshallhave powertograntreprieves,commutationsandpardons,afterconviction,forall offencesexcepttreasonandcasesofimpeachment,subjecttosuchregulationsas maybeprovidedbylaw.Uponconvictionfortreason,heshallhavepowerto suspendtheexecutionofthesentenceuntilthecaseshallbereportedtotheGeneral Assemblyatitsnextmeeting,whentheGeneralAssemblyshalleithergranta pardon,commutethesentence,directtheexecutionofthesentence,orgranta furtherreprieve.Heshallhavepowertoremitfinesandforfeitures,undersuch regulationsasmaybeprescribedbylaw;andshallreporttotheGeneralAssembly, atitsnextmeeting,eachcaseofreprieve,commutation,orpardongranted,andthe reasonstherefor;andalsoallpersonsinwhosefavorremissionoffinesand forfeituresshallhavebeenmade,andtheseveralamountsremitted.

Lieutenant governor to act as governor. SEC.17.Incaseofthedeath, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability of the Governor,thepowersanddutiesoftheofficefortheresidueoftheterm,oruntil heshallbeacquitted,orthedisabilityremoved,shalldevolveupontheLieutenant Governor.

President of senate. SEC.18.[TheLieutenantGovernorshallbePresidentof theSenate,butshallonlyvotewhentheSenateisequallydivided;*andincaseof hisabsence,orimpeachment,orwhenheshallexercisetheofficeofGovernor, theSenateshallchooseaPresidentprotempore.]**

**Majority vote required on passage of a bill in general assembly, see original Constitution, Art III, §17 **In 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 42 Vacancies. SEC.19.[IftheLieutenantGovernor,whileactingasGovernor,shall beimpeached, displaced, resign, or die, or otherwisebecomeincapableof performingthedutiesoftheoffice,thePresidentprotemporeoftheSenateshall actasGovernoruntilthevacancyisfilled,orthedisabilityremoved;andifthe PresidentoftheSenate,foranyoftheabovecauses,shallberenderedincapableof performingthedutiespertainingtotheofficeofGovernor,thesameshalldevolve upontheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives.]*

*In 1952 and 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendments 20 and 42

Seal of state. SEC.20.ThereshallbeasealofthisState,whichshallbekeptby theGovernor,andusedbyhimofficially,andshallbecalledtheGreatSealofthe StateofIowa.

Grants and commissions. SEC.21.Allgrantsandcommissionsshallbeinthe nameandbytheauthorityofthepeopleoftheStateofIowa,sealedwiththe GreatSealoftheState,signedbytheGovernor,andcountersignedbythe SecretaryofState.

Secretary — auditor — treasurer. SEC.22.[ASecretaryofState,AuditorofState andTreasurerofState,shallbeelectedbythequalifiedelectors,whoshallcontinue inofficetwoyears,anduntiltheirsuccessorsareelectedandqualified;andperform suchdutiesasmayberequiredbylaw.]*

*In 1972 this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 32

ARTICLE V.

JUDICIALDEPARTMENT

Courts. SECTION1.TheJudicialpowershallbevestedinaSupremeCourt, DistrictCourts,andsuchotherCourts,inferiortotheSupremeCourt,asthe GeneralAssemblymay,fromtimetotime,establish.

Supreme court. SEC.2.TheSupremeCourtshallconsistofthreeJudges,twoof whomshallconstituteaquorumtoholdCourt.

But see this original Constitution, this Art., Art. V, §10

Election of judges — term. SEC.3.[TheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtshallbe electedbythequalifiedelectorsoftheState,andshallholdtheirCourtatsuch timeandplaceastheGeneralAssemblymayprescribe.TheJudgesofthe SupremeCourtsoelected,shallbeclassifiedsothatoneJudgeshallgooutof officeeverytwoyears;andtheJudgeholdingtheshortesttermofofficeunder suchclassification,shallbeChiefJusticeoftheCourt,duringhisterm,andsoon inrotation.Aftertheexpirationoftheirtermsofoffice,undersuchclassification, thetermofeachJudgeoftheSupremeCourtshallbesixyears,anduntilhis successorshallhavebeenelectedandqualified.TheJudgesoftheSupremeCourt

shallbeineligibletoanyotherofficeintheState,duringthetermforwhichthey shallhavebeenelected.]*

**In 1962, this section was repealed, see Amendment 21

Jurisdiction of supreme court. SEC.4.TheSupremeCourtshallhaveappellate jurisdictiononlyincasesinchancery,andshallconstituteaCourtforthe correctionoferrorsatlaw,undersuchrestrictionsastheGeneralAssemblymay, bylaw,prescribe;andshallhavepowertoissueallwritsandprocessnecessaryto securejusticetoparties,andexerciseasupervisory*controloverallinferior JudicialtribunalsthroughouttheState.

*In 1962, this section was amended to require administrative, in addition to supervisory, control by the supreme court over inferior courts, see Amendment 21

District court and judge. SEC.5.[TheDistrictCourtshallconsistofasingle Judge,whoshallbeelectedbythequalifiedelectorsoftheDistrictinwhichhe resides.TheJudgeoftheDistrictCourtshallholdhisofficeforthetermoffour years,anduntilhissuccessorshallhavebeenelectedandqualified;andshallbe ineligibletoanyotheroffice,exceptthatofJudgeoftheSupremeCourt,during thetermforwhichhewaselected.]*

*In 1962, this section was repealed, see Amendment 21

Jurisdiction of district court. SEC.6.6.TheDistrictCourtshallbeacourtof lawandequity,whichshallbedistinctandseparatejurisdictions,andhave jurisdictionincivilandcriminalmattersarisingintheirrespectivedistricts,in suchmannerasshallbeprescribedbylaw.

Conservators of the peace. SEC.7.TheJudgesoftheSupremeandDistrict CourtsshallbeconservatorsofthepeacethroughouttheState.

Style of process. SEC.8.Thestyleofallprocessshallbe,“TheStateofIowa”,and allprosecutionsshallbeconductedinthenameandbytheauthorityofthesame. Salaries. SEC.9.[ThesalaryofeachJudgeoftheSupremeCourtshallbetwo thousanddollarsperannum;andthatofeachDistrictJudge,onethousandsix hundreddollarsperannum,untilthey*yearEighteenhundredandSixty;after whichtime,theyshallseverallyreceivesuchcompensationastheGeneralAssembly may,bylaw,prescribe;whichcompensationshallnotbeincreasedordiminished duringthetermforwhichtheyshallhavebeenelected.]**

*According to original document

**In 1962, this section was repealed, see Amendment 21

Judicial districts — supreme court. SEC.10.TheStateshallbedividedinto elevenJudicialDistricts;andaftertheyearEighteenhundredandsixty,the GeneralAssemblymayreorganizetheJudicialDistrictsandincreaseordiminish thenumberofDistricts,orthenumberofJudgesofthesaidCourt,andmay increasethenumberofJudgesoftheSupremeCourt;butsuchincreaseor diminutionshallnotbemorethanoneDistrict,oroneJudgeofeitherCourt,at anyonesession;andnore-organizationofthedistricts,ordiminutionofthe numberofJudges,shallhavetheeffectofremovingaJudgefromoffice.Such reorganizationofthedistricts,oranychangeintheboundariesthereof,orin

increaseordiminutionofthenumberofJudges,shalltakeplaceeveryfouryears thereafter,ifnecessary,andatnoothertime.*

*In 1884, language was added that permitted new judicial district divisions and numbers of judges, appearing to supersede many of the requirements in this section, see Amendment 8.

Judges— when chosen. SEC.11.[TheJudgesoftheSupremeandDistrict Courtsshallbechosenatthegeneralelection;andthetermofofficeofeach JudgeshallcommenceonthefirstdayofJanuarynext,afterhiselection.]*

*In 1962, this section was repealed, see Amendment 21

Attorney general. SEC.12.[TheGeneralAssemblyshallprovide,bylaw,forthe electionofanAttorneyGeneralbythepeople,whosetermofofficeshallbetwo years,anduntilhissuccessorshallhavebeenelectedandqualified.]*

*In 1972, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 32

District attorney. SEC.13.[Thequalifiedelectorsofeachjudicialdistrictshall, atthetimeoftheelectionofDistrictJudge,electaDistrictAttorney,whoshallbe aresidentofthedistrictforwhichheiselected,andwhoshallholdhisofficefor thetermoffouryears,anduntilhissuccessorshallhavebeenelectedand qualified.]*

*In 1884, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 10

*In 1970, this substitute was repealed, see Amendment 31

System of court practice. SEC.14.ItshallbethedutyoftheGeneralAssembly toprovideforthecarryingintoeffectofthisarticle,andtoprovideforageneral systemofpracticeinalltheCourtsofthisState.

*In 1884, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 10

*In 1970, this substitute was repealed, see Amendment 31

Additional sections (SEC. 15, SEC. 16, SEC. 17, SEC. 18, and SEC. 19) pertaining to vacancies in courts; state and district nominating commissions; terms and judicial elections; salaries, qualifications, and retirements; and retirement and discipline of judges were added to this original Constitution, Art. V, by the amendments of 1962 and 1972 respectively, see Amendments 21 and 33.

ARTICLE VI.

MILITIA.

Composition - training. SECTION1.ThemilitiaofthisStateshallbe composedofallablebodied[white]*malecitizens,betweentheagesofeighteen andfortyfiveyears,exceptsuchasareormayhereafterbeexemptbythelawsof theUnitedStates,orofthisState,andshallbearmed,equipped,andtrained,as theGeneralAssemblymayprovidebylaw.

*In 1868, this section was amended by striking the word “white”, see Amendment 5. Exemption. SEC.2.Nopersonorpersonsconscientiouslyscrupulousofbearing armsshallbecompelledtodomilitarydutyintimeofpeace:Provided,thatsuch personorpersonsshallpayanequivalentforsuchexemptioninthesamemanner asothercitizens.

Officers. SEC. 3. All commissioned officers of the militia, (staff officers excepted,)shallbeelectedbythepersonsliabletoperformmilitaryduty,andshall becommissionedbytheGovernor.

ARTICLE VII.

STATEDEBTS.

Credit not to be loaned. SECTION1.ThecreditoftheStateshallnot,inany manner,begivenorloanedto,orinaidof,anyindividual,association,or corporation;andtheStateshallneverassume,orbecomeresponsiblefor,thedebts orliabilitiesofanyindividual,association,orcorporation,unlessincurredintime ofwarforthebenefitoftheState.

Limitation. SEC.2.TheStatemaycontractdebtstosupplycasualdeficitsor failuresinrevenues,ortomeetexpensesnototherwiseprovidedfor;butthe aggregateamountofsuchdebts,directandcontingent,whethercontractedby virtueofoneormoreactsoftheGeneralAssembly,oratdifferentperiodsoftime, shallneverexceedthesumoftwohundredandfiftythousanddollars;andthe moneyarisingfromthecreationofsuchdebts,shallbeappliedtothepurposefor whichitwasobtained,ortorepaythedebtssocontracted,andtonoother purposewhatever.

Limitation. SEC.2.TheStatemaycontractdebtstosupplycasualdeficitsor failuresinrevenues,ortomeetexpensesnototherwiseprovidedfor;butthe aggregateamountofsuchdebts,directandcontingent,whethercontractedby virtueofoneormoreactsoftheGeneralAssembly,oratdifferentperiodsoftime, shallneverexceedthesumoftwohundredandfiftythousanddollars;andthe moneyarisingfromthecreationofsuchdebts,shallbeappliedtothepurposefor whichitwasobtained,ortorepaythedebtssocontracted,andtonoother purposewhatever.

Losses to school funds. SEC.3.Alllossestothepermanent,School,or UniversityfundofthisState,whichshallhavebeenoccasionedbythedefalcation, mismanagementorfraudoftheagentsorofficerscontrollingandmanagingthe same,shallbeauditedbytheproperauthoritiesoftheState.Theamountso auditedshallbeapermanentfundeddebtagainsttheState,infavorofthe respectivefund,sustainingtheloss,uponwhichnotlessthansixpercent.annual interestshallbepaid.Theamountofliabilitysocreatedshallnotbecountedasa partoftheindebtednessauthorizedbythesecondsectionofthisarticle.

War debts. SEC.4.Inadditiontotheabovelimitedpowertocontractdebts,the Statemaycontractdebtstorepelinvasion,suppressinsurrection,ordefendthe Stateinwar;butthemoneyarisingfromthedebtssocontractedshallbeapplied tothepurposeforwhichitwasraised,ortorepaysuchdebts,andtonoother purposewhatever.

Contracting debt — submission to the people. SEC.5.Exceptthedebtsherein beforespecifiedinthisarticle,nodebtshallbehereaftercontractedby,oronbehalf ofthisState,unlesssuchdebtshallbeauthorizedbysomelawforsomesinglework orobject,tobedistinctlyspecifiedtherein;andsuchlawshallimposeandprovide forthecollectionofadirectannualtax,sufficienttopaytheinterestonsuchdebt, asitfallsdue,andalsotopayanddischargetheprincipalofsuchdebt,within twentyyearsfromthetimeofthecontractingthereof;butnosuchlawshalltake effectuntilatageneralelectionitshallhavebeensubmittedtothepeople,andhave

receivedamajorityofallthevotescastforandagainstitatsuchelection;and allmoneyraisedbyauthorityofsuchlaw,shallbeappliedonlytothespecific objectthereinstated,ortothepaymentofthedebtcreatedthereby;andsuchlaw shallbepublishedinatleastonenewspaperineachCounty,ifoneispublished therein,throughouttheState,forthreemonthsprecedingtheelectionatwhichit issubmittedtothepeople.

Legislature may repeal. SEC.6.TheLegislaturemay,atanytime,afterthe approvalofsuchlawbythepeople,ifnodebtshallhavebeencontractedin pursuancethereof,repealthesame;andmay,atanytime,forbidthecontractingof anyfurtherdebt,orliability,undersuchlaw;butthetaximposedbysuchlaw,in proportiontothedebtorliability,whichmayhavebeencontractedinpursuance thereof,shallremaininforceandbeirrepealable,andbeannuallycollected,until theprincipalandinterestarefullypaid.

Tax imposed distinctly stated. SEC.7.Everylawwhichimposes,continues,or revivesatax,shalldistinctlystatethetax,andtheobjecttowhichitistobe applied;anditshallnotbesufficienttorefertoanyotherlawtofixsuchtaxor object.

Additional sections (SEC. 8, SEC. 9, and SEC. 10) pertaining to motor vehicle fees and fuel taxes, fish and wildlife protection funds, and natural resources were added to this original Constitution, Art. VII, by the amendments of 1942, 1996, and 2010 respectively, see Amendments 18, 44, and 48.

ARTICLE VIII. CORPORATIONS.

How created. SECTION1.Nocorporationshallbecreatedbyspeciallaws;but theGeneralAssemblyshallprovide,bygenerallaws,fortheorganizationofall corporationshereaftertobecreated,exceptashereinafterprovided.

Taxation of corporations. SEC.2.Thepropertyofallcorporationsforpecuniary profit,shallbesubjecttotaxation,thesameasthatofindividuals.

State not to be a stockholder. SEC.3.TheStateshallnotbecomeastockholder inanycorporation,norshallitassumeorpaythedebtorliabilityofany corporation,unlessincurredintimeofwarforthebenefitoftheState.

Municipal corporations. SEC.4.Nopoliticalormunicipalcorporationshall becomeastockholderinanybankingcorporation,directlyorindirectly.

Banking associations. SEC.5.NoactoftheGeneralAssembly,authorizingor creatingcorporationsorassociationswithbankingpowers,noramendments theretoshalltakeeffect,orinanymannerbeinforce,untilthesameshallhave beensubmitted,separately,tothepeople,atageneralorspecialelection,as providedbylaw,tobeheldnotlessthanthreemonthsafterthepassageoftheact, andshallhavebeenapprovedbyamajorityofalltheelectorsvotingforand againstitatsuchelection.

State Bank. SEC. 6.Subjecttotheprovisionsoftheforegoingsection,the GeneralAssemblymayalsoprovidefortheestablishmentofaStateBankwith branches.*

*Original Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102

Specie basis. SEC.7.IfaStateBankbeestablished,itshallbefoundedonan actualspeciebasis,andthebranchesshallbemutuallyresponsibleforeachothers liabilitiesuponallnotes,bills,andotherissuesintendedforcirculationasmoney.*

*Original Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102

General banking law. SEC.8.IfageneralBankinglawshallbeenacted,itshall providefortheregistryandcountersigning,byanofficerofState,ofallbills,or papercreditdesignedtocirculateasmoney,andrequiresecuritytothefull amountthereof,tobedepositedwiththeStateTreasurer,inUnitedStatesstocks, orininterestpayingstocksofStatesingoodcreditandstanding,toberatedat tenpercent.belowtheiraveragevalueintheCityofNewYork,forthethirty daysnextprecedingtheirdeposit;andincaseofadepreciationofanyportionof saidstocks,totheamountoftenpercent.onthedollar,thebankorbanks owningsuchstockshallberequiredtomakeupsaiddeficiencybydepositing additionalstocks:andsaidlawshallalsoprovidefortherecordingofthenamesof allstockholdersinsuchcorporations,theamountofstockheldbyeach,thetime ofanytransfer,andtowhom.*

*Original Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102

Stockholders' responsibility. SEC. 9. Every stockholder in a banking corporationorinstitutionshallbeindividuallyresponsibleandliabletoits creditors,overandabovetheamountofstockbyhimorherheld,toanamount equaltohisorherrespectivesharessoheldforallofitsliabilities,accruingwhile heorsheremainssuchstockholder.*

*Original Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102

Bill-holders preferred. SEC.10.Incaseoftheinsolvencyofanybanking institution,thebillholdersshallhaveapreferenceoveritsothercreditors.*

*Original Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102

Specie payments — suspension. SEC.11.Thesuspensionofspeciepaymentsby bankinginstitutionsshallneverbepermittedorsanctioned.*

*Original Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102

Amendment or repeal of laws — exclusive privileges. SEC.12.Subjecttothe provisionsofthisarticle,theGeneralAssemblyshallhavepowertoamendor repealalllawsfortheorganizationorcreationofcorporations,orgrantingof specialorexclusiveprivilegesorimmunities,byavoteoftwothirdsofeach branchoftheGeneralAssembly;andnoexclusiveprivileges,exceptasinthis articleprovided,shalleverbegranted.

ARTICLE IX.

EDUCATIONANDSCHOOLLANDS.

1ST.EDUCATION.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1.

Board of Education. SECTION 1.TheeducationalinterestoftheState, includingCommonSchoolsandothereducationalinstitutions,shallbeunderthe managementofaBoardofEducation,whichshallconsistoftheLieutenant Governor,whoshallbethepresidingofficeroftheBoard,andhavethecasting voteincaseofatie,andonemembertobeelectedfromeachjudicialdistrictin theState.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Eligibility. SEC.2.NopersonshallbeeligibleasamemberofsaidBoardwho shallnothaveattainedtheageoftwentyfiveyears,andshallhavebeenoneyeara citizenoftheState.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Election of members. SEC.3.OnememberofsaidBoardshallbechosenbythe qualifiedelectorsofeachdistrict,andshallholdtheofficeforthetermoffour years,anduntilhissuccessoriselectedandqualified.Afterthefirstelectionunder thisConstitution,theBoardshallbedivided,asnearlyaspracticable,intotwo equalclasses,andtheseatsofthefirstclassshallbevacatedaftertheexpirationof twoyears;andonehalfoftheBoardshallbechoseneverytwoyearsthereafter.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

First session. SEC.4.ThefirstsessionoftheBoardofEducationshallbeheldat theSeatofGovernment,onthefirstMondayofDecember,aftertheirelection; afterwhichtheGeneralAssemblymayfixthetimeandplaceofmeeting.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Limitation of sessions. SEC.5.ThesessionoftheBoardshallbelimitedto twentydays,andbutonesessionshallbeheldinanyoneyear,exceptupon extraordinaryoccasions,when,upontherecommendationoftwothirdsofthe Board,theGovernormayorderaspecialsession.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Secretary. SEC.6.TheBoardofEducationshallappointaSecretary,whoshall betheexecutiveofficeroftheBoard,andperformsuchdutiesasmaybeimposed uponhimbytheBoard,andthelawsoftheState.Theyshallkeepajournalof theirproceedings,whichshallbepublishedanddistributedinthesamemanneras thejournalsoftheGeneralAssembly.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Rules and regulations. SEC. 7.AllrulesandregulationsmadebytheBoard shallbepublishedanddistributedtotheseveralCounties,Townships,andSchool Districts,asmaybeprovidedforbytheBoard,andwhensomade,publishedand distributed,theyshallhavetheforceandeffectoflaw.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Power to legislate. SEC.8.TheBoardofEducationshallhavefullpowerand authoritytolegislateandmakeallneedfulrulesandregulationsinrelationto CommonSchools,andothereducationalinstitutions,thatareinstituted,to receiveaidfromtheSchoolorUniversityfundofthisState:butallacts,rules,and regulationsofsaidBoardmaybealtered,amendedorrepealedbytheGeneral Assembly;andwhensoaltered,amended,orrepealedtheyshallnotbereenacted bytheBoardofEducation.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Governor ex officio a member. SEC.9.TheGovernoroftheStateshallbe,ex officio,amemberofsaidBoard*

*Original document does not include a period

*See this original Constitution, Art IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Expenses. SEC.10.TheBoardshallhavenopowertolevytaxes,ormake appropriationsofmoney.Theircontingentexpensesshallbeprovidedforbythe GeneralAssembly.*

*See this original Constitution, Art IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

State university. SEC.11.TheStateUniversityshallbeestablishedatoneplace withoutbranchesatanyotherplace,andtheUniversityfundshallbeappliedto thatInstitutionandnoother.*

*See this original Constitution, Art IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1; the governance of the state university remained under a board of trustees appointed at the last session of the board of education pursuant to the terms of 1864 Acts, ch 59, until it was transferred, together with management of the university fund, in 1870, to a board of regents by 1870 Acts, ch 87.

See also Code of 1897 [enacted], §2640, that did not include language previously contained in the Code of 1873 [enacted], §1585, referring to the establishment of the state university at Iowa City by the Constitution; see also, Code 2019, §263.1, that does not include language establishing the state university of Iowa at Iowa City

Common schools. SEC.12.TheBoardofEducationshallprovideforthe educationofalltheyouthsoftheState,throughasystemofCommonSchools andsuchschoolshallbeorganizedandkeptineachschooldistrictatleastthree monthsineachyear.Anydistrictfailing,fortwoconsecutiveyears,toorganize andkeepupaschoolasaforesaidmaybedeprivedoftheirportionoftheschool fund.

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Compensation. SEC.13.ThemembersoftheBoardofEducationshalleach receivethesameperdiemduringthetimeoftheirsession,andmileagegoingto andreturningtherefrom,asmembersoftheGeneralAssembly.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

Quorum — style of acts. SEC.14.AmajorityoftheBoardshallconstitutea quorumforthetransactionofbusiness;butnorule,regulation,orlaw,forthe governmentofCommonSchoolsorothereducationalinstitutions,shallpass withouttheconcurrenceofamajorityofallthemembersoftheBoard,which shallbeexpressedbytheyeasandnaysonthefinalpassage.Thestyleofallactsof theBoardshallbe,“BeitenactedbytheBoardofEducationoftheStateof Iowa”.* Board may be abolished. SEC.15.AtanytimeaftertheyearOnethousand eighthundredandsixtythree,theGeneralAssemblyshallhavepowertoabolish orreorganizesaidBoardofEducation,andprovidefortheeducationalinterestof theStateinanyothermannerthattothemshallseembestandproper.*

*See this original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1

*The board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1 2ND.SCHOOLFUNDSANDSCHOOLLANDS.

Control — management. SECTION1.Theeducationalandschoolfundsand lands,shallbeunderthecontrolandmanagementoftheGeneralAssemblyofthis State.

Permanent fund. SEC.2.TheUniversitylands,andtheproceedsthereof,andall moniesbelongingtosaidfundshallbeapermanentfundforthesoleuseofthe StateUniversity.Theinterestarisingfromthesameshallbeannuallyappropriated forthesupportandbenefitofsaidUniversity.

Perpetual support fund. SEC.3.TheGeneralAssemblyshallencourage,byall suitablemeans,thepromotionofintellectual,scientific,moral,andagricultural improvement.Theproceedsofalllandsthathavebeen,orhereaftermaybe, grantedbytheUnitedStatestothisState,forthesupportofschools,whichmay havebeen,orshallhereafterbesold,ordisposedof,andthefivehundred thousandacresoflandgrantedtothenewStates,underanactofCongress, distributingtheproceedsofthepubliclandsamongtheseveralStatesofthe Union,approvedintheyearofourLordonethousandeighthundredandforty one,andallestatesofdeceasedpersonswhomayhavediedwithoutleavingawill orheir,andalsosuchpercent.ashasbeenormayhereafterbegrantedby Congress,onthesaleoflandsinthisState,shallbe,andremainaperpetualfund, theinterestofwhich,togetherwithallrentsoftheunsoldlands,andsuchother meansastheGeneralAssemblymayprovide,shallbeinviolablyappropriatedto thesupportofCommonschoolsthroughouttheState.

Fines — how appropriated. SEC.4.[Themoneywhichmayhavebeenorshall bepaidbypersonsasanequivalentforexemptionfrommilitaryduty,andthe clearproceedsofallfinescollectedintheseveralCountiesforanybreachofthe penallaws,shallbeexclusivelyapplied,intheseveralCountiesinwhichsuch moneyispaid,orfinecollected,amongtheseveralschooldistrictsofsaid

Counties,inproportiontothenumberofyouthssubjecttoenumerationinsuch districts,tothesupportofCommonSchools,ortheestablishmentoflibraries,as theBoardofEducationshall,fromtimetotimeprovide.]*

*In 1974, this section was repealed, see Amendment 35

Proceeds of lands. SEC.5.TheGeneralAssemblyshalltakemeasuresforthe protection,improvement,orotherdispositionofsuchlandsashavebeen,ormay hereafterbereserved,orgrantedbytheUnitedStates,oranypersonorpersons, tothisState,fortheuseoftheUniversity,andthefundsaccruingfromtherents orsaleofsuchlands,orfromanyothersourceforthepurposeaforesaid,shallbe, andremain,apermanentfund,theinterestofwhichshallbeappliedtothe supportofsaidUniversity,forthepromotionofliterature,theartsandsciences,as maybeauthorizedbythetermsofsuchgrant.Anditshallbethedutyofthe General Assembly as soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvementandpermanentsecurityofthefundsofsaidUniversity.

Agents of school funds. SEC.6.Thefinancialagentsoftheschoolfundsshallbe thesame,thatbylaw,receiveandcontroltheStateandcountyrevenueforother civilpurposes,undersuchregulationsasmaybeprovidedbylaw.

Distribution. SEC.7.[Themoneysubjecttothesupportandmaintenanceof commonschoolsshallbedistributedtothedistrictsinproportiontothenumberof youths,betweentheagesoffiveandtwentyoneyears,insuchmannerasmaybe providedbytheGeneralAssembly.]*

*In 1984, this section was repealed, see Amendment 39

ARTICLE X.

AMENDMENTSTOTHECONSTITUTION.

How proposed — submission. SECTION1.Anyamendmentoramendments tothisConstitutionmaybeproposedineitherHouseoftheGeneralAssembly; andifthesameshallbeagreedtobyamajorityofthememberselectedtoeachof thetwoHouses,suchproposedamendmentshallbeenteredontheirjournals, withtheyeasandnaystakenthereon,andreferredtotheLegislaturetobechosen atthenextgeneralelection,andshallbepublished,asprovidedbylaw,forthree monthsprevioustothetimeofmakingsuchchoice;andif,intheGeneral Assemblysonextchosenasaforesaid,suchproposedamendmentoramendments shallbeagreedto,byamajorityofallthememberselectedtoeachHouse,thenit shallbethedutyoftheGeneralAssemblytosubmitsuchproposedamendmentor amendmentstothepeople,insuchmanner,andatsuchtimeastheGeneral Assemblyshallprovide;andifthepeopleshallapproveandratifysuchamendment oramendments,byamajorityoftheelectorsqualifiedtovoteformembersofthe GeneralAssembly,votingthereon,suchamendmentoramendmentsshallbecome apartoftheConstitutionofthisState.

More than one amendment. SEC.2.Iftwoormoreamendmentsshallbe submittedatthesametime,theyshallbesubmittedinsuchmannerthattheelectors shallvotefororagainsteachofsuchamendmentsseparately.

Convention. SEC.3.[Atthegeneralelectiontobeheldintheyearonethousand eighthundredandseventy,andineachtenthyearthereafter,andalsoatsuch timesastheGeneralAssemblymay,bylaw,provide,thequestion,“Shalltherebe aConventiontorevisetheConstitution,andamendthesame?”shallbedecided bytheelectorsqualifiedtovoteformembersoftheGeneralAssembly;andincase amajorityoftheelectorssoqualified,votingatsuchelection,forandagainstsuch proposition,shalldecideinfavorofaConventionforsuchpurpose,theGeneral Assembly,atitsnextsession,shallprovidebylawfortheelectionofdelegatesto suchConvention.]*

*In 1964, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 22

ARTICLE XI.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Justice of peace - jurisdiction. SECTION1.ThejurisdictionofJusticesofthe Peaceshallextendtoallcivilcases,(exceptcasesinchancery,andcaseswherethe questionoftitletorealestatemayarise,)wheretheamountincontroversydoes notexceedonehundreddollars,andbytheconsentofpartiesmaybeextendedto anyamountnotexceedingthreehundreddollars.

Nonindictable misdemeanors, jurisdiction, see this original Constitution, Art I, §11 The office of justice of peace was abolished by 1972 Acts, ch 1124

Counties. SEC.2.NonewCountyshallbehereaftercreatedcontaininglessthan fourhundredandthirtytwosquaremiles;norshalltheterritoryofanyorganized countybereducedbelowthatarea;excepttheCountyofWorth,andthecounties westofit,alongtheNorthernboundaryofthisState,maybeorganizedwithout additionalterritory.

Indebtedness of political or municipal corporations. SEC.3.Nocounty,or otherpoliticalormunicipalcorporationshallbeallowedtobecomeindebtedin anymanner,orforanypurpose,toanamount,intheaggregate,exceedingfive per centum on the value of the taxable property within such county or corporation tobeascertainedbythelastStateandcountytaxlists,previousto theincurringofsuchindebtedness.

Boundaries of state. SEC.4.TheboundariesoftheStatemaybeenlarged,with theconsentofCongressandtheGeneralAssembly.

Oath of office. SEC.5.Everypersonelectedorappointedtoanyoffice,shall, beforeenteringuponthedutiesthereof,takeanoathoraffirmationtosupportthe ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,andofthisState,andalsoanoathofoffice.

How vacancies filled. SEC.6.Inallcasesofelectionstofillvacanciesinoffice occurringbeforetheexpirationofafullterm,thepersonsoelectedshallholdfor theresidueoftheunexpiredterm;andallpersonsappointedtofillvacanciesin office,shallholduntilthenextgeneralelection,anduntiltheirsuccessorsare electedandqualified.

Land grants located. SEC.7.TheGeneralAssemblyshallnotlocateanyofthe publiclands,whichhavebeen,ormaybegrantedbyCongresstothisState,and thelocationofwhichmaybegiventotheGeneralAssembly,uponlandsactually settled,withouttheconsentoftheoccupant.Theextentoftheclaimofsuch occupant,soexempted,shallnotexceedthreehundredandtwentyacres.

Seat of government established — state university. SEC.8.Theseatof Governmentisherebypermanentlyestablished,asnowfixedbylaw,attheCity ofDesMoines,intheCountyofPolk;andtheStateUniversity,atIowaCity,in theCountyofJohnson.

*In January of 1855, the fifth general assembly established a commission to relocate the seat of government to within two miles of the junction of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers in Polk county, see 1855 Acts, ch 72

ARTICLE XII. SCHEDULE.

Supreme law — constitutionality of acts. SECTION1.ThisConstitutionshallbe thesupremelawoftheState,andanylawinconsistenttherewith,shallbevoid. TheGeneralAssemblyshallpassalllawsnecessarytocarrythisConstitutioninto effect.

Laws in force. SEC.2.Alllawsnowinforceandnotinconsistentwiththis Constitution,shallremaininforceuntiltheyshallexpireorberepealed.

Proceedings not affected. SEC.3.Allindictments,prosecutions,suits,pleas, plaints,process,andotherproceedingspendinginanyofthecourts,shallbe prosecutedtofinaljudgement*andexecution;andallappeals,writsoferror, certiorari,andinjunctions,shallbecarriedonintheseveralcourts,inthesame mannerasnowprovidedbylaw;andalloffences,misdemeanors,andcrimesthat mayhavebeencommittedbeforethetakingeffectofthisConstitution,shallbe subjecttoindictment,trialandpunishment,inthesamemannerastheywould havebeen,hadnotthisConstitutionbeenmade.

Fines inure to the state. SEC.4.[Allfines,penalties,orforfeituresdue,orto becomedue,oraccrueing*totheState,ortoanyCountytherein,ortotheschool fund,shallinuretotheState,county,orschoolfund,inthemannerprescribedby law.]**

*According to original document *According to original document **In 1974, this section was repealed, see Amendment 35

Bonds in force. SEC.5.AllbondsexecutedtotheState,ortoanyofficerinhis officialcapacity,shallremaininforceandinuretotheuseofthoseconcerned.

First election for governor and lieutenant governor. SEC.6.Thefirstelection underthisConstitutionshallbeheldonthesecondTuesdayinOctober,intheyear onethousandeighthundredandfiftyseven,atwhichtimetheelectorsoftheState shallelecttheGovernorandLieutenantGovernor.Thereshallalsobeelectedat suchelection,thesuccessorsofsuchStateSenatorsaswereelectedattheAugust election,intheyearonethousandeighthundredandfifty-four,andmembersof theHouseofRepresentatives,whoshallbeelectedinaccordancewiththeactof apportionment,enactedatthesessionoftheGeneralAssemblywhichcommenced onthefirstMondayofDecemberOnethousandeighthundredandfiftysix.

First election of officers. SEC.7.ThefirstelectionforSecretary,Auditor,and TreasurerofState,AttorneyGeneral,DistrictJudges,MembersoftheBoardof Education,DistrictAttorneys,membersofCongressandsuchStateofficersas shallbeelectedattheAprilelection,intheyearOnethousandeighthundredand fiftyseven,(excepttheSuperintendentofPublicInstruction,)andsuchcounty officersaswereelectedattheAugustelection,intheyearOnethousandeight hundredandfiftysix,exceptProsecutingAttorneys,shallbeheldonthesecond TuesdayofOctober,onethousandeighthundredandfifty-eight:Provided,That thetimeforwhichanyDistrictJudgeorotherStateorCountyofficerelectedat theAprilelectionintheyearOnethousandeighthundredandfiftyeight,shall notextendbeyondthetimefixedforfillinglikeofficesattheOctoberelectionin theyearonethousandeighthundredandfiftyeight.

For judges of supreme court. SEC.8.ThefirstelectionforJudgesofthe SupremeCourt,andsuchCountyofficersasshallbeelectedattheAugust election,intheyearonethousandeighthundredandfiftyseven,shallbeheldon thesecondTuesdayofOctober,intheyearOnethousandeighthundredandfifty nine.

General assembly — first session. SEC.9.Thefirstregularsessionofthe GeneralAssemblyshallbeheldintheyearOnethousandeighthundredandfifty eight,commencingonthesecondMondayofJanuaryofsaidyear.

Senators. SEC.10.SenatorselectedattheAugustelection,intheyearone thousandeighthundredandfiftysix,shallcontinueinofficeuntilthesecond TuesdayofOctober,intheyearonethousandeighthundredandfiftynine,at whichtimetheirsuccessorsshallbeelectedasmaybeprescribedbylaw.

Offices not vacated. SEC.11.Everypersonelectedbypopularvote,byvoteof theGeneralAssembly,orwhomayholdofficebyexecutiveappointment,which officeiscontinuedbythisConstitution,andeverypersonwhoshallbesoelected orappointed,toanysuchoffice,beforethetakingeffectofthisconstitution, (exceptasinthisConstitutionotherwiseprovided,)shallcontinueinofficeuntil thetermforwhichsuchpersonhasbeenormaybeelectedorappointedshall expire:butnosuchpersonshallcontinueinofficeafterthetakingeffectofthis Constitution,foralongerperiodthanthetermofsuchoffice,inthisConstitution prescribed.

Judicial districts. SEC.12.TheGeneralAssembly,atthefirstsessionunderthis Constitution,shalldistricttheStateintoelevenJudicialDistricts,forDistrictCourt purposes;andshallalsoprovidefortheapportionmentofthemembersofthe GeneralAssembly,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConstitution.

Submission of constitution. SEC.13.ThisConstitutionshallbesubmittedtothe electorsoftheStateattheAugustelection,intheyearonethousandeighthundred andfiftyseven,intheseveralelectiondistrictsinthisState.Theballotsatsuch electionshallbewrittenorprintedasfollows:ThoseinfavoroftheConstitution, “NewConstitution—Yes.”ThoseagainsttheConstitution,“NewConstitution— No.”Theelectionshallbeconductedinthesamemannerasthegeneralelections oftheState,andthepollbooksshallbereturnedandcanvassedasprovidedinthe twentyfifthchapterofthecode,andabstractsshallbeforwardedtotheSecretary ofState,whichabstractsshallbecanvassedinthemannerprovidedforthecanvass

ofStateofficers.Andifitshallappearthatamajorityofallthevotescastatsuch electionforandagainstthisConstitutionareinfavorofthesame,theGovernor shallimmediatelyissuehisproclamationstatingthatfact,andsuchConstitution shallbetheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,andshalltakeeffectfromandafter thepublicationofsaidproclamation.

Proposition to strike out the word “white”. SEC.14.Atthesameelectionthat thisConstitutionissubmittedtothepeopleforitsadoptionorrejection,a propositiontoamendthesamebystrikingouttheword“White”fromthearticle ontheRightofSuffrage,shallbeseparatelysubmittedtotheelectorsofthisState foradoptionorrejectioninmannerfollowing Namely: Aseparateballotmaybegivenbyeverypersonhavingarighttovoteatsaid election,tobedepositedinaseparatebox;andthosegivenfortheadoptionof suchpropositionshallhavethewords,“Shalltheword‘White’bestrickenoutof the Article on the Right of Suffrage? Yes.” And those given against the propositionshallhavethewords,“Shalltheword‘White’bestrickenoutofthe ArticleontheRightofSuffrage?No.”Andifatsaidelectionthenumberof ballotscastinfavorofsaidpropositionshallbeequaltoamajorityofthosecast forandagainstthisConstitution,thensaidword“White”shallbestrickenfrom saidArticleandbenopartthereof.

This proposition failed to be adopted but see Amendment 1

Mills county. SEC.15.Untilotherwisedirectedbylaw,theCountyofMillsshall beinandapartofthesixthJudicialDistrictofthisState.

In 1904, an additional section (SEC. 16) providing for biennial elections was added to this original Constitution, Art. XII, but appears to have been superseded, see Amendments 11 and 14

DoneinConventionatIowaCity,thisfifthdayofMarchintheyearofourLord Onethousandeighthundredandfiftyseven,andoftheIndependenceofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica,theeightyfirst.

Intestimonywhereofwehavehereuntosubscribedournames.

TIMOTHYDAY

S.G.WINCHESTER DAVIDBUNKER D.P.PALMER GEO.W.ELLS J.C.HALL

JOHN.H.PETERS WM.A.WARREN H.W.GRAY

ROBT.GOWER HD.GIBSON THOMASSEELY

Attest;

A.H.MARVIN J.H.EMERSON R.L.B.CLARKE

JAMESAYOUNG D.H.SOLOMON M.W.ROBINSON LEWISTODHUNTER

JOHNEDWARDS J.C.TRAER

JAMESF.WILSON AMOSHARRIS JNOT.CLARK

ASAYERS

HARVEYJ.SKIFF A.A.PARVIN W.PENN.CLARKE JEREMIAHHOLLINGSWORTH WM.PATTERSON D.W.PRICE. ALPHEUSSCOTT GEORGEGILLASPY EDWARDJOHNSTONE AYLETTRCOTTON,

FRANCISSPRINGER, President

TH:J.SAUNDERS, Secretary E.N.BATES Asst. Secretary

PROCLAMATION

September 3, 1857

WhereasaninstrumentknownastheNewConstitutionoftheStateofIowa adoptedbytheconstitutionalConventionofsaidStateonthefifthdayofMarch AD1857wassubmittedtothequalifiedelectorsofsaidStateattheannual electionheldonMondaythethirddayofAugust1857fortheirapprovalor rejection

Andwhereasanofficialcanvassofthevotescastatsaidelectionshowsthatthere wereFortythousandthreehundredandelevenvotescastfortheadoptionofsaid ConstitutionandThirtyeightthousandsixhundredandeightyonevoteswere castagainstitsadoption,leavingamajorityofsixteenhundredandthirtyvotesin favorofitsadoption.

Now.thereforeIJamesW.GrimesGovernorofsaidState,byvirtueofthe authorityconferreduponme,herebydeclarethesaidNewConstitutiontobe adopted,anddeclareittobethesupremelawoftheStateofIowa

IntestimonywhereofIhavehereuntosetmyhandandaffixedtheGreatSealof theStateofIowa

L.S. Done at Iowa City this Third day of September AD. 1857 of the IndependenceoftheUnitedStatestheEightysecondandoftheStateofIowathe Eleventh.BytheGovernor.

ElijahSells, SecretaryofState

JamesW.Grimes

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

AMENDMENTSOF1868

[1] 1stStriketheword“white,”fromsection1ofarticletwo[II] thereof:[Electors]

[2] 2d.Striketheword“white,”fromsection33ofarticlethree[III] thereof;[Census]

[3] 3d.Striketheword“white,”fromsection34ofarticlethree[III] thereof;[Senators]

[4] 4thStriketheword“white,”fromsection35ofArticlethree[III] thereof;[Apportionment]

[5] 5thStriketheword“white,”fromSection1ofArticlefour[VI] thereof;[Militia]

Amendments 1 5 were proposed in 1866 Acts, ch 98, and readopted in 1868 Acts, ch 68 The first of these amendments was submitted to the electorate with the Constitution in 1857 but was defeated, see Art. XII, §14

[6] Strikeoutthewords“freewhite”fromthethirdlineofsectionfour(4)of articlethree(3)(III)ofsaidconstitution,relatingtothelegislativedepartment.

Amendment 6 was proposed in 1878 Acts, JR 5, and readopted in 1880 Acts, JR 6

AMENDMENTOF1880 AMENDMENTSOF1884

[7] General election. [AMENDMENT1.Thegeneralelectionforstate, districtcountyandtownshipofficersshallbeheldontheTuesdaynextafterthe firstMondayinNovember.*]

*Amendment 7 was proposed in 1882 Acts, JR 12, and readopted in 1884 Acts, JR 13

*This amendment, published as section 7 of original Constitution, Art. II was repealed by Amendment 14

[8] Judicial districts. AMENDMENT2.Atanyregularsessionofthegeneral assembly,thestatemaybedividedintothenecessaryjudicialdistrictsfordistrict courtpurposes,orthesaiddistrictsmaybereorganizedandthenumberofthe districtsandthejudgesofsaidcourtsincreasedordiminished;butno reorganizationofthedistrictsordiminutionofthejudgesshallhavetheeffectof removingajudgefromoffice.

Amendment 8 was proposed in 1882 Acts, JR 12, and readopted in 1884 Acts, JR 13 See original Constitution, Art. V, §10

[9] Grand jury. AMENDMENT3.Thegrandjurymayconsistofanynumber ofmembersnotlessthanfive,normorethanfifteen,asthegeneralassemblymay bylawprovide,orthegeneralassemblymayprovideforholdingpersonsto answerforanycriminaloffensewithouttheinterventionofagrandjury.

Amendment 9 was proposed in 1882 Acts, JR 12, and readopted in 1884 Acts, JR 13 See original Constitution, Art. I, §11

AMENDMENT 4. Thatsection13ofarticle5[V]oftheconstitutionbe strickentherefrom,andthefollowingadoptedassuchsection.

Countyattorney.SEC.13.[Thequalifiedelectorsofeachcountyshall,atthe generalelectionintheyear1886,andeverytwoyearsthereafterelectacounty attorney,whoshallbearesidentofthecountyforwhichheiselected,andshall holdhisofficefortwoyears,anduntilhissuccessorshallhavebeenelectedand qualified.]*

*In 1970 this section was repealed: See Amendment [31]

AMENDMENTSOF1904

[11]Addassection16,toarticle12[XII]oftheconstitution,thefollowing:

General election. SEC.16.[Thefirstgeneralelectionaftertheadoptionofthis amendmentshallbeheldontheTuesdaynextafterthefirstMondayinNovember intheyearonethousandninehundredandsix,andgeneralelectionsshallbeheld bienniallythereafter.Intheyearonethousandninehundredandsixthereshallbe electedagovernor,lieutenantgovernor,secretaryofstate,auditorofstate, treasurerofstate,attorneygeneral,twojudgesofthesupremecourt,thesuccessors ofthejudgesofthedistrictcourtwhosetermsofofficeexpireonDecember31st, onethousandninehundredandsix,statesenatorswhowouldotherwisebechosen intheyearonethousandninehundredandfive,andmembersofthehouseof representatives.Thetermsofofficeofthejudgesofthesupremecourtwhich wouldotherwiseexpireonDecember31st,inoddnumberedyears,andallother electivestate,countyandtownshipofficerswhosetermsofofficewouldotherwise expireinJanuaryintheyearonethousandninehundredandsix,andmembersof thegeneralassemblywhosesuccessorswouldotherwisebechosenatthegeneral electionintheyearonethousandninehundredandfive,areherebyextendedone yearanduntiltheirsuccessorsareelectedandqualified.Thetermsofofficesof senatorswhosesuccessorswouldotherwisebechosenintheyearonethousand ninehundredandsevenareherebyextendedoneyearanduntiltheirsuccessorsare electedandqualified.Thegeneralassemblyshallmakesuchchangesinthelaw governingthetimeofelectionandtermofofficeofallotherelectiveofficersas shallbenecessarytomakethetimeoftheirelectionandtermsofofficeconformto thisamendment,andshallprovidewhichofthejudgesofthesupremecourtshall serveaschiefjustice.Thegeneralassemblyshallmeetinregularsessiononthe secondMondayinJanuary,intheyearonethousandninehundredandsix,and alsoonthesecondMondayinJanuaryintheyearonethousandninehundredand seven,andbienniallythereafter.]*

Amendment 11 was proposed in 1902 Acts, JR 5, and readopted in 1904 Acts, JR 1 Practically the same amendment as the above was proposed in 1898 Acts, JR 1, readopted in 1900 Acts, JR 1, and ratified in 1900, but the supreme court, in the case of State ex rel Bailey v Brookhart, 113 Iowa 250, held that said amendment was not proposed and adopted as required by the constitution, and did not become a part thereof *This amendment from 1904 appears to have been superseded by Amendment 14

[12] Thatsectionsthirty-four(34)thirty-five(35)andthirty-six(36)ofarticle three(3)oftheconstitutionofthestateofIowa,berepealedandthefollowingbe adoptedinlieuthereof:

Number of senators. SECTION34.[Thesenateshallbecomposedoffifty memberstobeelectedfromtheseveralsenatorialdistricts,establishedbylawand atthenextsessionofthegeneralassemblyheldfollowingthetakingofthestate andnationalcensus,theyshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralcountiesor districtsofthestate,accordingtopopulationasshownbythelastpreceding census.]*

*See Amendment 16 which limited representation to one senator per county in 1928; also original Constitution, Art. III, §6

Number of representatives — districts. SEC.35.[Thehouseofrepresentatives shallconsistofnotmorethanonehundredandeightmembers.Theratioof representationshallbedeterminedbydividingthewholenumberofthe populationofthestateasshownbythelastprecedingstateornationalcensus,by thewholenumberofcountiesthenexistingororganized,buteachcountyshall constituteonerepresentativedistrictandbeentitledtoonerepresentative,but eachcountyhavingapopulationinexcessoftherationumber,ashereinprovided ofthreefifthsormoreofsuchrationumbershallbeentitledtooneadditional representative,butsaidadditionshallextendonlytotheninecountieshavingthe greatestpopulation.]*

Ratio and apportionment. SEC.36.[Thegeneralassemblyshall,atthefirst regularsessionheldfollowingtheadoptionofthisamendment,andateach succeedingregularsessionheldnextafterthetakingofsuchcensus,fixtheratio ofrepresentation,andapportiontheadditionalrepresentatives,ashereinbefore required.]*

Amendment 12 was proposed in 1902 Acts, JR 2, and readopted in 1904 Acts, JR 2 *In 1968, sections 34, 35, and 36 of Art. III were repealed and substitutes adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 26

AMENDMENTOF1908

[13] Thattherebeaddedtosectioneighteen(18)ofarticleone(1)ofthe constitutionofthestateofIowa,thefollowing:

Drainage ditches and levees. Thegeneralassembly,however,maypasslaws permittingtheownersoflandstoconstructdrains,ditches,andleveesfor agricultural,sanitaryorminingpurposesacrossthelandsofothers,andprovide fortheorganizationofdrainagedistricts,vesttheproperauthoritieswithpower toconstructandmaintainlevees,drainsandditchesandtokeepinrepairall drains,ditches,andleveesheretoforeconstructedunderthelawsofthestate,by specialassessmentsuponthepropertybenefitedthereby.TheGeneralAssembly mayprovidebylawforthecondemnationofsuchrealestateasshallbenecessary fortheconstructionandmaintenanceofsuchdrains,ditchesandlevees,and prescribethemethodofmakingsuchcondemnation.

Amendment 13 was proposed in 1904 Acts, JR 6, and readopted in 1906 Acts, JR 1, and in 1907 Acts, HJR 2

AMENDMENTOF1916

[14] Torepealsectionseven(7)ofarticletwo(2)oftheconstitutionofIowa andtoadoptinlieuthereofthefollowing,towit:

General election. [SEC.7.]Thegeneralelectionforstate,district,countyand townshipofficersintheyear1916shallbeheldinthesamemonthandonthe samedayasthatfixedbythelawsoftheUnitedStatesfortheelectionof presidentialelectors,orofpresidentandvicepresidentoftheUnitedStates;and thereaftersuchelectionshallbeheldatsuchtimeasthegeneralassemblymayby lawprovide.

Amendment 14 was proposed in 1913 Acts, HJR 3, and readopted in 1915 Acts, ch 210 This amendment repealed Amendment 7; see also Amendment 11

A proposed amendment to extend the election franchise to women was proposed in 1913 Acts, HJR 6 and SJR 10, readopted in 1915 Acts, ch 18, but defeated by the people in a special election held on June 5, 1916; for information regarding votes cast on the amendment, see 1917 1918 Iowa Official Register, pp. 462 481

A second proposed prohibition amendment was proposed in 1915 Acts, ch 19, readopted in 1917 Acts, ch 321, but defeated by the people in a special election held on October 15, 1917; for information regarding votes cast on the second proposed prohibition amendment, see 1925 1926 Iowa Official Register, p 39; the first proposed prohibition amendment was proposed in 1880 Acts, JR 8, readopted in 1882 Acts, JR 8, submitted to the electorate at a special election held on June 27, 1882, and ratified, but was held by the supreme court in Koehler and Lang v Hill, 60 Iowa 543, not to have been legally submitted to the electors and, as a consequence, did not become part of the constitution In 1919, a second proposed amendment to enfranchise women was proposed in 1917 Acts, ch 153, readopted in 1919 Acts, ch 110, but was nullified by a procedural defect caused by failure to publish the 1917 resolution

AMENDMENTOF1926

[15] Strikeouttheword“male”fromsectionfour(4)ofarticlethree(3)of saidconstitution,relatingtothelegislativedepartment.

Amendment 15 was proposed in 1923 Acts, ch 387, and readopted in 1925 Acts, ch 282

AMENDMENTOF1928

[16] [Thattheperiod(.)attheendofsaidsectionthirtyfour(34)ofarticlethree (3)oftheconstitutionofthestateofIowabestrickenandthefollowinginserted: “,butnocountyshallbeentitledtomorethanone(1)senator.”]*

Amendment 16 was proposed in 1925 Acts, ch 279, and readopted in 1927 Acts, ch 353 This amendment applies to Amendment 12

*This amendment was repealed by Amendment 26

See also original Constitution, Art. III, §6

AMENDMENTOF1936

[17] Amendarticlethree(III)byrepealingsectionthirty-three(33)relatingto thestatecensus.

Amendment 17 was proposed in 1933 Acts, ch 268, and readopted in 1935 Acts, ch 223

AMENDMENTOF1942

[18] ThatArticleSeven(VII)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowabeamended byaddingthereto,asSectioneight(8)thereof,thefollowing:

Motor vehicle fees and fuel taxes. [SEC.8.]Allmotorvehicleregistrationfees andalllicensesandexcisetaxesonmotorvehiclefuel,exceptcostof administration,shallbeusedexclusivelyfortheconstruction,maintenanceand supervisionofthepublichighwaysexclusivelywithinthestateorforthepayment ofbondsissuedortobeissuedfortheconstructionofsuchpublichighwaysand thepaymentofinterestonsuchbonds.

Amendment 18 was proposed in 1939 Acts, ch 307, and readopted in 1941 Acts, ch 342

AMENDMENTSOF1952

[19] Amendment1.Sectionfour(4)ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionofIowais amendedbyaddingtheretothefollowing:

Death of governor-elect or failure to qualify. [If,uponthecompletionofthe canvassofvotesforGovernorandLieutenantGovernorbytheGeneralAssembly, itshallappearthatthepersonwhoreceivedthehighestnumberofvotesfor Governorhassincedied,resigned,isunabletoqualify,failstoqualify,orforany otherreasonisunabletoassumethedutiesoftheofficeofGovernorforthe ensuingterm,thepowersanddutiesoftheofficeshalldevolveupontheperson whoreceivedthehighestnumberofvotesforLieutenantGovernoruntilthe disabilityisremovedand,uponinauguration,heshallassumethepowersand dutiesofGovernor.]*

Amendment 19 was proposed in 1949 Acts, ch 309, and readopted in 1951 Acts, ch 268 *In 1988 the above amendment was repealed by Amendment [41]

[20] Amendment2.Sectionnineteen(19)ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionofthe StateofIowaisrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof: Gubernatorial succession. SEC.19.[Iftherebeavacancyintheofficeof GovernorandtheLieutenantGovernorshallbyreasonofdeath,impeachment, resignation,removalfromoffice,orotherdisabilitybecomeincapableof performingthedutiespertainingtotheofficeofGovernor,thePresidentpro temporeoftheSenateshallactasGovernoruntilthevacancyisfilledorthe disabilityremoved;andifthePresidentprotemporeoftheSenate,foranyofthe abovecauses,shallbeincapableofperformingthedutiespertainingtotheofficeof GovernorthesameshalldevolveupontheSpeakeroftheHouseof Representatives;andiftheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,foranyofthe abovecauses,shallbeincapableofperformingthedutiesoftheofficeofGovernor, theJusticesoftheSupremeCourtshallconvenetheGeneralAssemblyby proclamationandtheGeneralAssemblyshallorganizebytheelectionofa PresidentprotemporebytheSenateandaSpeakerbytheHouseof

Representatives.TheGeneralAssemblyshallthereuponimmediatelyproceedto theelectionofaGovernorandLieutenantGovernorinjointconvention.]*

Amendment 20 was proposed in 1949 Acts, ch 309, and readopted in 1951 Acts, ch 268 *In 1988, this section was repealed and a substitute was adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 42

AMENDMENTOF1962

[21] ArticleFive(V)isamendedinthefollowingmanner: 1. 2. 3.

Sectionfour(4)isamendedbystrikingfromlineseight(8)andnine(9)of suchsectionthewords,“exerciseasupervisory”andinsertinginlieuthereof thewords,“shallexerciseasupervisoryandadministrative”.

Sectionsthree(3),five(5),nine(9)andeleven(11)arerepealed. Thefollowingsectionsareaddedthereto:

Vacancies in courts. SECTION15.VacanciesintheSupremeCourtand DistrictCourtshallbefilledbyappointmentbytheGovernorfromlistsof nomineessubmittedbytheappropriatejudicialnominatingcommission.Three nomineesshallbesubmittedforeachSupremeCourtvacancy,andtwonominees shallbesubmittedforeachDistrictCourtvacancy.IftheGovernorfailsforthirty daystomaketheappointment,itshallbemadefromsuchnomineesbytheChief JusticeoftheSupremeCourt.

State and district nominating commissions. SECTION16.Thereshallbea StateJudicialNominatingCommission.Suchcommissionshallmakenominations tofillvacanciesintheSupremeCourt.UntilJuly4,1973,andthereafterunless otherwiseprovidedbylaw,theStateJudicialNominatingCommissionshallbe composedandselectedasfollows:Thereshallbenotlessthanthreenormorethan eightappointivemembers,asprovidedbylaw,andanequalnumberofelective membersonsuchCommission,allofwhomshallbeelectorsofthestate.The appointivemembersshallbeappointedbytheGovernorsubjecttoconfirmationby theSenate.Theelectivemembersshallbeelectedbytheresidentmembersofthe barofthestate.ThejudgeoftheSupremeCourtwhoisseniorinlengthofservice onsaidCourt,otherthantheChiefJustice,shallalsobeamemberofsuch Commissionandshallbeitschairman.

ThereshallbeaDistrictJudicialNominatingCommissionineachjudicialdistrict ofthestate.Suchcommissionsshallmakenominationstofillvacanciesinthe DistrictCourtwithintheirrespectivedistricts.UntilJuly4,1973,andthereafter unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw,DistrictJudicialNominatingCommissionsshall becomposedandselectedasfollows:Thereshallbenotlessthanthreenormore thansixappointivemembers,asprovidedbylaw,andanequalnumberofelective membersoneachsuchcommission,allofwhomshallbeelectorsofthedistrict. TheappointivemembersshallbeappointedbytheGovernor.Theelective membersshallbeelectedbytheresidentmembersofthebarofthedistrict.The

districtjudgeofsuchdistrictwhoisseniorinlengthofserviceshallalsobea memberofsuchcommissionandshallbeitschairman.Dueconsiderationshallbe giventoarearepresentationintheappointmentandelectionofJudicial NominatingCommissionmembers.AppointiveandelectivemembersofJudicial NominatingCommissionsshallserveforsixyearterms,shallbeineligiblefora secondsixyeartermonthesamecommission,shallholdnoofficeofprofitofthe UnitedStatesorofthestateduringtheirterms,shallbechosenwithoutreference topoliticalaffiliation,andshallhavesuchotherqualificationsasmaybe prescribedbylaw.Asnearasmaybe,thetermsofonethirdofsuchmembers shallexpireeverytwoyears.

Terms — judicial elections. SECTION17.Membersofallcourtsshallhavesuch tenureinofficeasmaybefixedbylaw,buttermsofSupremeCourtJudgesshall benotlessthaneightyearsandtermsofDistrictCourtJudgesshallbenotless thansixyears.Judgesshallserveforoneyearafterappointmentanduntilthefirst dayofJanuaryfollowingthenextjudicialelectionaftertheexpirationofsuch year.Theyshallatsuchjudicialelectionstandforretentioninofficeonaseparate ballotwhichshallsubmitthequestionofwhethersuchjudgeshallberetainedin officeforthetenureprescribedforsuchofficeandwhensuchtenureisatermof years,ontheirrequest,theyshall,atthejudicialelectionnextbeforetheendof eachterm,standagainforretentiononsuchballot.PresentSupremeCourtand DistrictCourtJudges,attheexpirationoftheirrespectiveterms,mayberetained inofficeinlikemannerforthetenureprescribedforsuchoffice.TheGeneral Assemblyshallprescribethetimeforholdingjudicialelections.

Salaries — qualifications — retirement. SECTION18.JudgesoftheSupreme CourtandDistrictCourtshallreceivesalariesfromthestate,shallbemembersof thebarofthestateandshallhavesuchotherqualificationsasmaybeprescribed bylaw.JudgesoftheSupremeCourtandDistrictCourtshallbeineligibletoany otherofficeofthestatewhileservingonsaidcourtandfortwoyearsthereafter, exceptthatDistrictJudgesshallbeeligibletotheofficeofSupremeCourtJudge.

Otherjudicialofficersshallbeselectedinsuchmannerandshallhavesuch tenure,compensationandotherqualificationasmaybefixedbylaw.The GeneralAssemblyshallprescribemandatoryretirementforJudgesofthe SupremeCourtandDistrictCourtataspecifiedageandshallprovidefor adequateretirementcompensation.Retiredjudgesmaybesubjecttospecial assignmenttotemporaryjudicialdutiesbytheSupremeCourt,asprovidedby law.

Amendment 21 was proposed in 1959 Acts, ch 420, and readopted in 1961 Acts, ch 343

AMENDMENTOF1964

[22] Sectionthree(3)ofArticleten(X)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowais repealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Constitutional convention. Section.3.Atthegeneralelectiontobeheldinthe yearonethousandninehundredandseventy,andineachtenthyearthereafter, andalsoatsuchtimesastheGeneralAssemblymay,bylaw,provide,the question,“ShalltherebeaConventiontorevisetheConstitution,andpropose amendmentoramendmentstosame?”shallbedecidedbytheelectorsqualifiedto voteformembersoftheGeneralAssembly;andincaseamajorityoftheelectors soqualified,votingatsuchelection,forandagainstsuchproposition,shalldecide infavorofaConventionforsuchpurpose,theGeneralAssembly,atitsnext session,shallprovidebylawfortheelectionofdelegatestosuchConvention,and forsubmittingtheresultsofsaidConventiontothepeople,insuchmannerandat suchtimeastheGeneralAssemblyshallprovide;andifthepeopleshallapprove andratifysuchamendmentoramendments,byamajorityoftheelectorsqualified tovoteformembersoftheGeneralAssembly,votingthereon,suchamendment oramendmentsshallbecomeapartoftheconstitutionofthisstate.Iftwoormore amendmentsshallbesubmittedatthesametime,theyshallbesubmittedinsucha mannerthatelectorsmayvotefororagainsteachsuchamendmentseparately.

Amendment 22 was proposed in 1961 Acts, ch 345, and readopted in 1963 Acts, ch 372

AMENDMENTOF1966

[23] Sectiontwentysix(26)ofArticleIIIisamendedbystrikingfromlinefour (4)theword“fourth”andinsertinginlieuthereoftheword“first”.

Amendment 23 was proposed in 1963 Acts, ch 373, and readopted in 1965 Acts, ch 480

AMENDMENTSOF1968

[24] Sectiontwo(2)ofArticlethree(III)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowais herebyrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Annual sessions of General Assembly. Section2.[TheGeneralAssemblyshall meetinsessiononthesecondMondayofJanuaryofeachyear.TheGovernorof theStatemayconvenetheGeneralAssemblybyproclamationintheinterim.]*

Amendment 24 was proposed in 1965 Acts, ch 472, and readopted in 1967 Acts, ch 461

*In 1974, this section was repealed and a substitute adopted, see Amendment 36

[25] Articlethree(III),legislativedepartment,ConstitutionoftheStateofIowais herebyamendedbyaddingthefollowingnewsection:

Municipal home rule. [SEC.38A.]Municipalcorporationsaregrantedhome rulepowerandauthority,notinconsistentwiththelawsofthegeneralassembly, todeterminetheirlocalaffairsandgovernment,exceptthattheyshallnothave powertolevyanytaxunlessexpresslyauthorizedbythegeneralassembly.The ruleorpropositionoflawthatamunicipalcorporationpossessesandcanexercise onlythosepowersgrantedinexpresswordsisnotapartofthelawofthisstate.

Amendment 25 was proposed in 1965 Acts, ch 477, and readopted in 1967 Acts, ch 462

[26] Sectionsix(6)ofArticlethree(III)sectionthirtyfour(34)ofArticlethree (III)andthe1904and1928amendmentsthereto,sectionsthirty-five(35)and thirtysix(36)ofArticlethree(III)andthe1904amendmenttoeachsuchsection, andsectionthirtyseven(37)ofArticlethree(III)areherebyrepealedandthe followingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Senators number and classification. Section6.Thenumberofsenatorsshall totalnotmorethanonehalf(1/2)themembershipofthehouseofrepresentatives. Senatorsshallbeclassifiedsothatasnearlyaspossibleonehalf(1/2)ofthe membersofthesenateshallbeelectedeverytwo(2)years.

Senate and House of Representatives — limitation. Section34.Thesenateshall becomposedofnotmorethanfifty(50)andthehouseofrepresentativesofnot morethanonehundred(100)members.Senatorsandrepresentativesshallbe electedfromdistrictsestablishedbylaw.Eachdistrictsoestablishedshallbeof compactandcontiguousterritory.Thestateshallbeapportionedintosenatorial andrepresentativedistrictsonthebasisofpopulation.Thegeneralassemblymay providebylawforfactorsinadditiontopopulation,notinconflictwiththe constitutionoftheUnitedStates,whichmaybeconsideredintheapportioningof senatorialdistricts.Nolawsoadoptedshallpermittheestablishmentofsenatorial districtswherebyamajorityofthemembersofthesenateshallrepresentlessthan forty(40)percentofthepopulationofthestateasshownbythemostrecent UnitedStatesdecennialcensus.

Senators and representatives number and districts. Section35.Thegeneral assemblyshallin1971andineachyearimmediatelyfollowingtheUnitedStates decennialcensusdeterminethenumberofsenatorsandrepresentativestobeelected tothegeneralassemblyandestablishsenatorialandrepresentativedistricts.The generalassemblyshallcompletetheapportionmentpriortoSeptember1oftheyear sorequired.IftheapportionmentfailstobecomelawpriortoSeptember15ofsuch year,thesupremecourtshallcausethestatetobeapportionedintosenatorialand representativedistrictstocomplywiththerequirementsoftheconstitutionpriorto December31ofsuchyear.Thereapportioningauthorityshall,wherenecessaryin establishingsenatorialdistricts,shortenthetermofanysenatorpriortocompletionof theterm.Anysenatorwhosetermissoterminatedshallnotbecompensatedforthe uncompletedpartoftheterm.

Review by Supreme Court. Section36.Uponverifiedapplicationbyany qualifiedelector,thesupremecourtshallreviewanapportionmentplanadopted bythegeneralassemblywhichhasbeenenactedintolaw.Shouldthesupreme courtdeterminesuchplandoesnotcomplywiththerequirementsofthe constitution,thecourtshallwithinninety(90)daysadoptorcausetobeadopted anapportionmentplanwhichshallsocomply.Thesupremecourtshallhave originaljurisdictionofalllitigationquestioningtheapportionmentofthegeneral assemblyoranyapportionmentplanadoptedbythegeneralassembly.

Congressional districts. Section37.Whenacongressionaldistrictiscomposed oftwo(2)ormorecountiesitshallnotbeentirelyseparatedbyacounty belongingtoanotherdistrictandnocountyshallbedividedinforminga congressionaldistrict.

Amendment 26 was proposed in 1965 Acts, ch 473, and readopted in 1967 Acts, ch 463

[27] Sectionsixteen(16)ofarticlethree(III)oftheConstitutionoftheStateof Iowaisherebyamendedbyaddingthefollowingnewparagraphattheend thereof:

Item veto by Governor. Thegovernormayapproveappropriationbillsinwhole orinpart,andmaydisapproveanyitemofanappropriationbill;andthepart approvedshallbecomealaw.Anyitemofanappropriationbilldisapprovedby thegovernorshallbereturned,withhisobjections,tothehouseinwhichit originated,orshallbedepositedbyhimintheofficeofthesecretaryofstateinthe caseofanappropriationbillsubmittedtothegovernorforhisapprovalduringthe lastthreedaysofasessionoftheGeneralAssembly,andtheprocedureineach caseshallbethesameasprovidedforotherbills.Anysuchitemofan appropriationbillmaybeenactedintolawnotwithstandingthegovernor’s objections,inthesamemannerasprovidedforotherbills.

Amendment 27 was proposed in 1965 Acts, ch 474, and readopted in 1967 Acts, ch 464

[28] Sectiontwenty-five(25)ofArticlethree(III)oftheConstitutionoftheState ofIowaisherebyrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Compensation and expenses of General Assembly. Section25.Eachmemberof theGeneralAssemblyshallreceivesuchcompensationandallowancesforexpenses asshallbefixedbylawbutnoGeneralAssemblyshallhavethepowertoincrease compensationandallowanceseffectivepriortotheconveningofthenextGeneral Assemblyfollowingthesessioninwhichanyincreaseisadopted.

Amendment 28 was proposed in 1965 Acts, ch 475, and readopted in 1967 Acts, ch 466

AMENDMENTSOF1970

[29] Articlethree(III)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisherebyamended byaddingtheretothefollowingnewsection:

Legislative districts. Section39.Inestablishingsenatorialandrepresentative districts,thestateshallbedividedintoasmanysenatorialdistrictsasthereare membersofthesenateandintoasmanyrepresentativedistrictsasthereare membersofthehouseofrepresentatives.One(1)senatorshallbeelectedfrom eachsenatorialdistrictandone(1)representativeshallbeelectedfromeach representativedistrict.

Amendment 29 was proposed in 1967 Acts, ch 467, and readopted in 1969 Acts, ch 325

[30] Sectionone(1)ofArticletwo(II)oftheConstitution,asamendedin eighteenhundredsixtyeight(1868),isherebyrepealedandthefollowingis herebyadoptedinlieuthereof:

Electors. Section1.EverycitizenoftheUnitedStatesoftheageoftwentyone (21)years,whoshallhavebeenaresidentofthisStateforsuchperiodoftimeas shallbeprovidedbylawandofthecountyinwhichheclaimshisvoteforsuch periodoftimeasshallbeprovidedbylaw,shallbeentitledtovoteatallelections whicharenoworhereaftermaybeauthorizedbylaw.TheGeneralAssembly mayprovidebylawfordifferentperiodsofresidenceinordertovoteforvarious officersorinordertovoteinvariouselections.Therequiredperiodsofresidence shallnotexceedsix(6)monthsinthisStateandsixty(60)daysinthecounty.

Amendment 30 was proposed in 1967 Acts, ch 465, and readopted in 1969 Acts, ch 326

See United States Constitution, Amendments 19 and 26

[31] Sectionthirteen(13)ofArticlefive(V)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa asamendedbyAmendmentfour(4)oftheAmendmentsofeighteenhundred eightyfour(1884)isherebyrepealed.[CountyAttorney]

Amendment 31 was proposed in 1967 Acts, ch 468, and readopted in 1969 Acts, ch 327

AMENDMENTSOF1972

[32] Sectiontwo(2)ofArticlefour(IV)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowais repealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Election and term [governor]. Sec.2.[TheGovernorshallbeelectedbythe qualifiedelectorsatthetimeandplaceofvotingformembersoftheGeneral Assembly,andshallholdhisofficeforfouryearsfromthetimeofhisinstallation, anduntilhissuccessoriselectedandqualifies.]*

Sectionthree(3)ofArticlefour(IV)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowais herebyrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Lieutenant governor — returns of elections. Sec.3.[Thereshallbea LieutenantGovernorwhoshallholdhisofficeforthesameterm,andbeelected atthesametimeastheGovernor.InvotingforGovernorandLieutenant Governor,theelectorsshalldesignateforwhomtheyvoteasGovernor,andfor whomasLieutenantGovernor.ThereturnsofeveryelectionforGovernor,and LieutenantGovernor,shallbesealedupandtransmittedtotheseatof governmentoftheState,directedtotheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives, whoshallopenandpublishtheminthepresenceofbothHousesoftheGeneral Assembly.]*

Sectionfifteen(15)ofArticlefour(IV)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowais herebyrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Terms — compensation of lieutenant governor. Section15.[Theofficialterm oftheGovernor,andLieutenantGovernor,shallcommenceonthesecond MondayofJanuarynextaftertheirelection,andcontinueuntiltheirsuccessors areelectedandqualify.TheLieutenantGovernor,whileactingasGovernor,shall receivethesamecompensationasprovidedforGovernor;andwhilepresidingin

Senate,andbetweensessionssuchcompensationandexpensesasprovidedby law.]*

Sectiontwentytwo(22)ofArticlefour(IV)oftheConstitutionoftheStateof Iowaisrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Secretary — auditor — treasurer. Sec.22.ASecretaryofState,anAuditorof StateandaTreasurerofStateshallbeelectedbythequalifiedelectorsatthesame timethatthegovernoriselectedandforafouryeartermcommencingonthefirst dayofJanuarynextaftertheirelection,andtheyshallperformsuchdutiesasmay beprovidedbylaw.

Sectiontwelve(12)ofArticlefive(V)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowais repealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Attorney general. Section12.TheGeneralAssemblyshallprovide,bylaw,for theelectionofanAttorneyGeneralbythepeople,whosetermofofficeshallbe fouryears,anduntilhissuccessoriselectedandqualifies.

Amendment 32 was proposed in 1970 Acts, ch 1307, and readopted in 1971 Acts, ch 290 *In 1988, sections 2, 3, and 15 of Art. IV were repealed and substitutes adopted in lieu thereof, see Amendment 42

[33] Articlefive(V),ConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,isherebyamendedby addingtheretothefollowingnewsection:

Retirement and discipline of judges. [SEC.19.]Inadditiontothelegislative powerofimpeachmentofjudgesassetforthinArticlethree(III),sections nineteen(19)andtwenty(20)oftheConstitution,theSupremeCourtshallhave powertoretirejudgesfordisabilityandtodisciplineorremovethemforgood cause,uponapplicationbyacommissiononjudicialqualifications.TheGeneral Assemblyshallprovidebylawfortheimplementationofthissection.

Amendment 33 was proposed in 1970 Acts, ch 1306, and readopted in 1971 Acts, ch 291

[34] Sectiontwentyeight(28)ofArticlethree(III)oftheConstitutionofthe StateofIowaisherebyrepealed.[Lotteryprohibition]

Amendment 34 was proposed in 1970 Acts, ch 1308, and readopted in 1972 Acts, ch 1141

AMENDMENTSOF1974

[35] Apportionment of fines. 1. 2.

Sectionfour(4),subdivisiontwo(2)entitled“SchoolFundsandSchool Lands”,ofArticlenine(IX)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaishereby repealed.

Sectionfour(4)ofArticletwelve(XII)oftheConstitutionoftheStateof Iowaisherebyrepealed.

Amendment 35 was proposed in 1972 Acts, ch 1143, and readopted in 1974 Acts, ch 1282

[36] Sectiontwo(2)ofArticlethree(III)oftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa, asamendedbyamendmentnumberone(1)oftheAmendmentsof1968tothe

ConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,isrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieu thereof:

Annual sessions of General Assembly — special sessions. [SEC.2]TheGeneral AssemblyshallmeetinsessiononthesecondMondayofJanuaryofeachyear. Uponwrit tenrequesttothepresidingofficerofeachHouseoftheGeneral AssemblybytwothirdsofthemembersofeachHouse,theGeneralAssembly shallconveneinspecialsession.TheGovernorofthestatemayconvenethe GeneralAssemblybyproclamationintheinterim.

Amendment 36 was proposed in 1972 Acts, ch 1142, and readopted in 1974 Acts, ch 1283

AMENDMENTSOF1978

[37] Articlethree(III),legislativedepartment,ConstitutionoftheStateofIowais herebyamendedbyaddingthefollowingnewsection:

Counties home rule. [SEC.39A.]NEWSECTION.Countiesorjointcounty municipalcorporationgovernmentsaregrantedhomerulepowerandauthority, notinconsistentwiththelawsofthegeneralassembly,todeterminetheirlocal affairsandgovernment,exceptthattheyshallnothavepowertolevyanytaxunless expresslyauthorizedbythegeneralassembly.Thegeneralassemblymayprovide forthecreationanddissolutionofjointcounty-municipalcorporation governments.Thegeneralassemblymayprovidefortheestablishmentofcharters incountyorjointcountymunicipalcorporationgovernments.

Ifthepowerorauthorityofacountyconflictswiththepowerandauthorityofa municipalcorporation,thepowerandauthorityexercisedbyamunicipal corporationshallprevailwithinitsjurisdiction.

Thepropositionorruleoflawthatacountyorjointcountymunicipal corporationgovernmentpossessesandcanexerciseonlythosepowersgrantedin expresswordsisnotapartofthelawofthisstate.

Amendment 37 was proposed in 1976 Acts, ch 1263, and readopted in 1978 Acts, ch 1206 In 1980, a proposed amendment to Art. I, §1, proposed in 1978 Acts, ch 1205, readopted in 1979 Acts, ch 170, and relating to equal rights of men and women was defeated by the people; for information regarding votes cast on the amendment, see 1981 1982 Iowa Official Register, pp 161 262

AMENDMENTSOF1984

[38] ArticleIII,LegislativeDepartment,ConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,is amendedbyaddingthefollowingnewsection:

Nullification of administrative rules. [SEC.40.]NEWSECTION.Thegeneral assemblymaynullifyanadoptedadministrativeruleofastateagencybythe passageofaresolutionbyamajorityofallofthemembersofeachhouseofthe generalassembly.

Amendment 38 was proposed in 1982 Acts, ch 1266, and readopted in 1983 Acts, ch 209

[39] Distribution.Section7,subdivision2entitled“SchoolFundsandSchool Lands”,ofArticleIXoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisrepealed.

Amendment 39 was proposed in 1982 Acts, ch 1267, and readopted in 1983 Acts, ch 210

AMENDMENTOF1986

[40] Section26ofArticleIIIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,asamended bytheAmendmentof1966,isrepealedandthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof: Time laws to take effect. [SEC.26].Anactofthegeneralassemblypassedata regularsessionofageneralassemblyshalltakeeffectonJuly1followingits passageunlessadifferenteffectivedateisstatedinanactofthegeneralassembly. Anactpassedataspecialsessionofageneralassemblyshalltakeeffectninety daysafteradjournmentofthespecialsessionunlessadifferenteffectivedateis statedinanactofthegeneralassembly.Thegeneralassemblymayestablishby lawaprocedureforgivingnoticeofthecontentsofactsofimmediate importancewhichbecomelaw.

Amendment 40 was proposed in 1984 Acts, ch 1318, and readopted in 1985 Acts, ch 269

AMENDMENTSOF1988

[41] 1.Section2ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,as amendedbyamendmentnumber1oftheAmendmentsof1972,isrepealed beginningwiththegeneralelectionintheyear1990andthefollowingadoptedin lieuthereof:

Election and term. Section2.Thegovernorandthelieutenantgovernorshallbe electedbythequalifiedelectorsatthetimeandplaceofvotingformembersofthe generalassembly.Eachofthemshallholdofficeforfouryearsfromthetimeof installationinofficeanduntilasuccessoriselectedandqualifies.

2.Section3ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,asamendedby amendmentnumber1oftheAmendmentsof1972,isrepealedbeginningwiththe generalelectionintheyear1990andthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Governor and lieutenant governor elected jointly — returns of elections. Section3.Theelectorsshalldesignatetheirselectionsforgovernorand lieutenantgovernorasifthesetwoofficeswereoneandthesame.Thenamesof nomineesforthegovernorandthelieutenantgovernorshallbegrouped togetherinasetontheballotaccordingtowhichnomineeforgovernoris seekingofficewithwhichnomineeforlieutenantgovernor,asprescribedbylaw. Anelectorshallcastonlyonevoteforbothanomineeforgovernoranda nomineeforlieutenantgovernor.Thereturnsofeveryelectionforgovernorand lieutenantgovernorshallbesealedandtransmittedtotheseatofgovernmentof thestate,anddirectedtothespeakerofthehouseofrepresentativeswhoshall openandpublishtheminthepresenceofbothhousesofthegeneralassembly.

3.Section4ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,asamendedby amendmentnumber1oftheAmendmentsof1952,isrepealedbeginningwiththe generalelectionintheyear1990andthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Election by general assembly in case of tie — succession by lieutenant governor. Section4.Thenomineesforgovernorandlieutenantgovernorjointly havingthehighestnumberofvotescastforthemshallbedeclareddulyelected.If twoormoresetsofnomineesforgovernorandlieutenantgovernorhaveanequal andthehighestnumberofvotesfortheofficesjointly,thegeneralassemblyshall byjointvoteproceed,assoonasispossible,toelectonesetofnomineesfor governorandlieutenantgovernor.If,uponthecompletionbythegeneral assemblyofthecanvassofvotesforgovernorandlieutenantgovernor,itappears thatthenomineeforgovernorinthesetofnomineesforgovernorandlieutenant governorreceivingthehighestnumberofvoteshassincediedorresigned,is unabletoqualify,failstoqualify,orisforanyotherreasonunabletoassumethe dutiesoftheofficeofgovernorfortheensuingterm,thepowersanddutiesshall devolvetothenomineeforlieutenantgovernorofthesamesetofnomineesfor governorandlieutenantgovernor,whoshallassumethepowersanddutiesof governoruponinaugurationanduntilthedisabilityisremoved.Ifbothnominees forgovernorandlieutenantgovernorareunabletoassumethedutiesoftheoffice ofgovernor,thepersonnextinsuccessionshallactasgovernor.

Section5ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisrepealed beginningwiththegeneralelectionintheyear1990andthefollowingadoptedin lieuthereof: Contested elections. Section.5.Contestedelectionsfortheofficesofgovernor andlieutenantgovernorshallbedeterminedbythegeneralassemblyasprescribed bylaw.

Amendment 41 was proposed in 1986 Acts, ch 1251, and readopted in 1988 Acts, ch 1285

[42] 1.Section15ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowa,as amendedbyamendmentnumber1oftheAmendmentsof1972,isrepealed beginningwiththesecondMondayinJanuary,1991andthefollowingadoptedin lieuthereof:

Terms — compensation. Section15.Theofficialtermsofthegovernorand lieutenantgovernorshallcommenceontheTuesdayafterthesecondMondayof Januarynextaftertheirelectionandshallcontinueuntiltheirsuccessorsareelected andqualify.Thegovernorandlieutenantgovernorshallbepaidcompensationand expensesasprovidedbylaw.Thelieutenantgovernor,whileactingasgovernor, shallbepaidthecompensationandexpensesprescribedforthegovernor.

2.Section18ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisrepealed beginningwiththesecondMondayinJanuary,1991andthefollowingadoptedin lieuthereof:

Duties of lieutenant governor. Section.18.Thelieutenantgovernorshallhave thedutiesprovidedbylawandthosedutiesofthegovernorassignedtothe lieutenantgovernorbythegovernor.

3.Section19ofArticleIVoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaasamendedby amendmentnumber2oftheAmendmentsof1952isrepealedbeginningwiththe secondMondayinJanuary,1991andthefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

Succession to office of governor and lieutenant governor. Section19.If therebeavacancyintheofficeofthegovernorandthelieutenantgovernorshall byreasonofdeath,impeachment,resignation,removalfromoffice,orother disabilitybecomeincapableofperformingthedutiespertainingtotheofficeof governor,thepresidentofthesenateshallactasgovernoruntilthevacancyis filledorthedisabilityremoved;andifthepresidentofthesenate,foranyofthe abovecauses,shallbeincapableofperformingthedutiespertainingtotheoffice ofgovernorthesameshalldevolveuponthespeakerofthehouseof representatives;andifthespeakerofthehouseofrepresentatives,foranyofthe abovecauses,shallbeincapableofperformingthedutiesoftheofficeofgovernor, thejusticesofthesupremecourtshallconvenethegeneralassemblyby proclamationandthegeneralassemblyshallorganizebytheelectionofa presidentbythesenateandaspeakerbythehouseofrepresentatives.Thegeneral assemblyshallthereuponimmediatelyproceedtotheelectionofagovernorand lieutenantgovernorinjointconvention.

Amendment 42 was proposed in 1986 Acts, ch 1251, and readoped in 1988 Acts, ch 1285

AMENDMENT

OF1992

[43] Section5ofArticleIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisrepealed. [Dueling]

Amendment 43 was proposed in 1989 Acts, ch 325, and readopted in 1992 Acts, ch 1248 In 1992, a proposed amendment relating to the equality of rights of men and women under the law proposed in 1989 Acts, ch 327, and readopted in 1991 Acts, ch 272, was defeated by the electors at the general election; for information regarding votes cast on the amendment, see 1993-1994 Iowa Official Register, p. 449

AMENDMENTOF1996

[44] ArticleVIIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisamendedbyaddingthe followingnewsection:

FISH AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION FUNDS. Section.9.Allrevenue derivedfromstatelicensefeesforhunting,fishing,andtrapping,andallstate fundsappropriatedfor,andfederalorprivatefundsreceivedbythestatefor,the regulationoradvancementofhunting,fishing,ortrapping,ortheprotection, propagation,restoration,management,orharvestoffishorwildlife,shallbeused exclusivelyfortheperformanceandadministrationofactivitiesrelatedtothose purposes.

AMENDMENTSOF1998

[45] Section1ofArticleIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisamendedto readasfollows:

RIGHTS OF PERSONS. SECTION1.Allmenandwomenare,bynature,free andequal,andhavecertaininalienablerights amongwhicharethoseof enjoyinganddefendinglifeandliberty,acquiring,possessingandprotecting property,andpursuingandobtainingsafetyandhappiness.

Amendment 45 was proposed in 1995 Acts, ch 222, and readopted in 1997 Acts, ch 216

[46] Section11,unnumberedparagraph1,ArticleIoftheConstitutionofthe StateofIowaisamendedtoreadasfollows:

When indictment necessary — grand jury. SEC.11.Alloffencesoffenses lessthanfelonyandinwhichthepunishmentdoesnotexceedafineofone hundreddollars,ormaximumpermissibleimprisonmentfordoesnotexceedthirty days;shallbetriedsummarilybeforeajusticeofthepeace,orotheranofficer authorizedbylaw,oninformationunderoath,withoutindictment,orthe interventionofagrandjury,savingtothedefendanttherightofappeal;andno personshallbeheldtoanswerforanyhighercriminaloffenceoffense,unlesson presentmentorindictmentbyagrandjury,exceptincasesarisinginthearmy,or navy,orinthemilitia,wheninactualservice,intimeofwarorpublicdanger.

Amendment 46 was proposed in 1996 Acts, ch 1220, and readopted in 1997 Acts, ch 217

Proposed amendments relating to the state budget by limiting state general fund expenditures and restricting certain state tax revenue changes proposed in 1998 Acts, ch 1228, and readopted in 1999 Acts, ch 212, were defeated by the people at a special election held on June 29, 1999; for information regarding votes cast on the amendments, see 1999- 2000 Iowa Official Register, p. 441

AMENDMENTOF2008

[47] Section5ofArticleIIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisrepealedand thefollowingadoptedinlieuthereof:

DISQUALIFIED PERSONS. Section5.Apersonadjudgedmentally incompetenttovoteorapersonconvictedofanyinfamouscrimeshallnotbe entitledtotheprivilegeofanelector.

Amendment 47 was proposed in 2006 Acts, ch 1188, and readopted in 2007 Acts, ch 223

AMENDMENTOF2010

[48] ArticleVIIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisamendedbyadding thefollowingnewsection:

NATURAL RESOURCES. Section10.Anaturalresourcesandoutdoor recreationtrustfundiscreatedwithinthetreasuryforthepurposesofprotecting andenhancingwaterqualityandnaturalareasinthisStateincludingparks,trails, andfishandwildlifehabitat,andconservingagriculturalsoilsinthisState. Moneysinthefundshallbeexclusivelyappropriatedbylawforthesepurposes.

Thegeneralassemblyshallprovidebylawfortheimplementationofthissection, includingbyprovidingfortheadministrationofthefundandatleastannual auditsofthefund.

Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinthissection,thefundshallbeannuallycredited withanamountequaltotheamountgeneratedbyasalestaxrateofthree-eighths ofonepercentasmaybeimposedupontheretailsalespriceoftangiblepersonal propertyandthefurnishingofenumeratedservicessoldinthisState. Norevenueshallbecreditedtothefunduntilthetaxrateforthesalestax imposedupontheretailsalespriceoftangiblepersonalpropertyandthe furnishingofenumeratedservicessoldinthisStateineffectontheeffectivedate ofthissectionisincreased.Aftersuchanincreasedtaxratebecomeseffective,an amountequaltotheamountgeneratedbytheincreaseinthetaxrateshallbe annuallycreditedtothefund,nottoexceedanamountequaltotheamount generatedbyataxrateofthreeeighthsofonepercentimposedupontheretail salespriceoftangiblepersonalpropertyandthefurnishingofenumeratedservices soldinthisState.

Amendment 48 was proposed in 2008 Acts, ch 1194, and readoped in 2009 Acts, ch 185

AMENDMENTOF2022

ArticleIoftheConstitutionoftheStateofIowaisamendedbyaddingthe followingnewsection:

[49]

RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS. Section1A.Therightofthepeople tokeepandbeararmsshallnotbeinfringed.ThesovereignstateofIowaaffirms andrecognizesthisrighttobeafundamentalindividualright.Anyandall restrictionsofthisrightshallbesubjecttostrictscrutiny.

Amendment 49 was proposed in 2019 Acts, ch 168, and readopted in 2021 Acts, ch 185

PHOTO OF THE IOWA CONSTITUTION

Photo of the Original 1857 Iowa Constitution as on display in Room 105 of the Iowa Capitol in the Secretary of State's Office. Photo credit to Mirza Kudic of Des Moines, Iowa.

PIECESOFIOWA'SPAST SNIPPETSOFIOWACONSTITUIONALHISTORY

Iowa'sfirstconstitutionalconventionwasin1844andmayhavereshapedthe StateofIowamuchdifferentlythanweknowtoday.Theoriginaldocumentwas forwardedtoCongressandboundariesdesignatedbyJosephN.Nicolletwere substitutedfortheLucasboundaries.Ofthe14,893votescast,therewereonly 423votesthatdeniedIowa'sstatehood.Hadthe1844Constitutionbeenratified, Iowa'sboundarieswouldlooklikethemapsbelow.

In1846,Iowaonceagaintriedforstatehood,butrevisedtheboundariesfromthe 1844versiontotheboundariesweknownow.OnAugust3,1846,anelection washeldtodeterminethewillofthepeople.Onthatday,18,528voteswerecast. Ultimately,the1846Constitutionwasratifiedby456votesandonDecember28, 1846,Iowabecamethe29thstateadmittedtotheUnion.

IowaheldathirdConstitutionalConventionin1857.Therewere78,992votesin thatelectiononAugust3,1857andonceagainIowaratifiedit'sthirdandfinal Constitutionbyonly1,630votes.

LocatedinSection3,Article10oftheIowaConstitution,thereisaclausethat callsforadecennialreferendumonwhethertohaveaconstitutionalconvention. Onlyonceinourstate'shistoryhasthisquestioneverbeenansweredinthe affirmative.OnNovember2,1920thecitizensofIowaoverwhelminglyapproved aconventionwith279,652votesinfavorand221,673against.Dueto disagreementswithintheIowaLegislature,thisconventionwasneverheld.

Today,theIowaConstitutioncanbefoundondisplayintheSecretaryofState's OfficelocatedinRoom105onthefirstflooroftheIowaCapitol.

A P O F T H E S T A T E O F I O W A

A constitutional convention was held in Iowa City in 1857 to draft and ratify the document we still use today as the basis for Iowa's laws and form of government. You hold a copy of that important document in your hands. The original Iowa Constitution remains on display in the Secretary of State's Office inside our beautiful Capitol Building You are welcome to come by and view this Iowa treasure for yourself

Dear Iowans, Visitors from all over Iowa and across the world visit the office every year to learn more about the Iowa Constitution and the history of this great state The Iowa Constitution embodies those rights that we hold dear, as defined eloquently in our State Motto: "Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain"

I encourage every citizen in the state to read the Iowa Constitution and to get involved in your community and your government

Sincerely,

Paul D. Pate Iowa Secretary of State