ismael olivares
ismael olivares
A great building must begin with the unmeasurable, must go through measurable means when it is being designed and in the end must be unmeasurable. Louis Kahn
4’ 4’
4x4
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paisano garden corridor austin boutique hotel
29 49
top of the hill national high school of art science and entrepreneurship for girls resume
97
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4x4
re-FORM
: re-invention through typological dissections
Essay addmitted into ARCC 2017 architecture of complexity design, systems, society and environment June 14-17, 2017
02
Architecture as a Contradiction
in program and spatial opportunities to
“We cannot create new form where there is
causes as defined by LEED but also against
no new content” – Alvar Aalto (i)
Contradiction is deeply woven
within the tapestry of architectural
pedagogy and practice. Modernists created “new forms” and yet used classical ideas and proportion systems to organize their
buildings, such as Mies van der Rohe’s use of the Golden Ratio (ii). Postmodernist,
Michael Graves argued that historical forms could be design more welcoming spaces
and yet his building in Portland has been criticized for being uncomfortable and unwelcoming
ever-changing human needs (v). The current
linear system begins at a regional scale and magnifies down to the detail level leading to buildings that are often inefficient and
lacking in a level of comprehensiveness that would create adaptable solutions. A more dynamic method is needed that
incorporates the needs of different scales of spaces.
Architectural Taxonomy / Typological Dissections
. Theoretical foundations of
(iii)
practice and pedagogy are open to
interpretation and in constant opposition to one another.
As standard building-components
have made architecture more affordable, traditional craftsmanship and local
industries have been diminished if not eliminated. This change requires new
specialists to ensure quality, performance, and aesthetics meet contemporary
standards. In Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture, a building must maintain
firmness and stability to ensure longevity
and healthy well-built spaces for its users
. Buildings are encouraged to be flexible
(iv)
promote resiliency not only against natural
This paper posits that a system of
architectural taxonomy through spatial
dissection can be used to create a more
robust understanding for a design prompt
before any schematic design that extends
beyond context and into the inner workings
of a building. In doing so, the linearity of the
design process is broken as all scales of a project are taken in consideration at each step of the way to promote modularity,
accessibility, and flexibility.
Architecture can be described and
studied in much the same way as the field of biology with its classification of
organisms through taxonomy allowing for a
03
careful record of historical, contextual, and sociological factors that influence the
evolutionary traits of the different organisms. In doing so scientists of various fields can
specialize and focus on specific organisms and groups while understanding their
relationship to the overall animal kingdom. This system is regulated and officiated by the Integrated Taxonomic Information
System by Domain / Kingdom / Phylum /
Class / Order / Family / Genus / Species. Although no official governing body
has created a database to encompass the broad notion of architectural taxonomy, it
might be stratified in this manner, Region / City / Community / Typology / Program /
(Fig 1) architectural dissection of a boutique hotel
about individual scales of architectural
influenced spaces. Regionalists have used
Component / Detail / Material. Discourses taxonomy are at the forefront of theory and
practice and there are opportunities to create relationships between them. XL / L / M:
The larger scales of the
architectural Taxonomy (Region / City /
Community / Typology) are often the most
discussed scales in architecture. Legally,
codes and zoning laws have defined how
and where building types are built based on historical precedent and socioeconomic influences. In theoretical circles, the
04
influence of the region and the context have
materiality, craft, and form to relate
buildings to nature, culture, and community and Peter Eisenman’s “artificial
explorations” explored regional and cultural connections through abstract diagramming .
(vi)
Small and its importance:
In contrast, the smaller scales
(Component / Detail / Material) are often
addressed only for construction purposes;
while, in pedagogic circles they are studied in the context of a void. Extracted out of a
building, different components of buildings
such as chairs, windows, and doors, are related to the human scale and how we
pieces of the biological anatomies, not only
in isolation, but as they relate to the whole is
interact with them. Charles and Rae Eames
key to the effectiveness of a medical
how furniture could facilitate and comfort
creating new tissues with stem cell
of Ten by the Eames explored the
imperative that architects understand the
were careful in their investigations to see
people’s everyday proceedings (vii). Powers
procedure from fixing a broken bone to
technology. In much the same way, it is
relationship between scales of elements
breakdown of spaces and programs, how
of space and down to the subatomic level;
integrated contextually.
from the human scale out to the expanses however, this video does not leave an
understanding on how this affects different
they work internally, and how they are
A dissection starts with an
spatial programs outside of that of a picnic
investigation that unveils information on the
Fundamentals at the 2014 Venice Biennale
The architectural equivalent would be the
in the park (viii). Rem Koolhaas’
explored the “elemental” components of
buildings through history and geography (ix).
time and place in which the specimen lived. contextual research that usually precedes a project. Biologists study the specimen by
In their isolation, architects often neglect
system, observing their relationships to
and/or systems (power, plumbing, etc.)
design process this would be the
construction that may affect a project’s
where spaces are defined and categorized
spatial (clearances, accessibility, etc.) requirements that lead to issues in
design intent, feasibility, legality, and/or
cost.
The process of dissection in biology
can be applied to the field of architecture to
help weave together the varying scales of
research before the design process begins.
The importance of dissection in the medical field is a paramount piece of the
educational journey of a future professional. The value in getting to know the individual
each other before separating them. In the
programmatic development of a project
as per the requirements of a design prompt.
Finally, biologists would break down
biological systems into individual organs to
study their properties and functions as they relate to the system and the overall life of
the organism. Architecturally this would be
a study and record of the components and subcomponents that are conducive to the overall success of a space.
05
4 x 4 / Modularity / Accessibility / Scale / Flexibility 4 x 4 is a dissection process that
focuses the Program / Component / Detail
scales in architectural taxonomy. It places
programmatic components within a 4’
module to create a kit-of-parts that can then
be arranged into spaces or used as a spatial frame of reference between
components and spaces. In pursuance of this goal the system is defined by four
different traits: modularity, scale, accessibility, and flexibility.
Modularity is by no means a novel
idea or process. The most recognized example in nature is the hexagonal
structure of beehives usually associated
with the term modular. In architecture, a
grid usually goes hand in hand with the idea of modularity. Frank Lloyd Wright’s “organic architecture” operated on a 3 ft. x 3 ft. grid
to create a fluid system that could be
applied to all the elements of a house while making it easy to manufacture each
orthogonal element (x). Unfortunately, many
of these modular forms are based on a 6 ft. module that relate to the height of an ideal
man. Even Frank Lloyd Wright was known to design to that module because it made
spaces comfortable for him even though he
06
was only 5 ft. tall (xi). Le Corbusier’s modular
man provided a similar system that was
then paired off with the golden ratio, but
once again it was an aesthetic decision as he based it off a 6 ft. module because “in
English Detective Novels, the good-looking
men, such as the policemen, are always six feet tall” (xii).
Thomas Lomee, an industrial
designer, used a 4 cm. module in his approach to finding a “common
denominator” derived through measurement and a study of existing elements stating that “if they exist, they make sense: they are used by a lot of people so they work.
Second because then it’s easier to build on what already exists” (xiii). In much the same way 4 x 4 was derived from a standard measurement that is prevalent in
accessibility standards as set by the
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
(ADA) (xiv). By using 48 in. (the minimum
width that is required for accessible
walkways that turn or need to allow for 90
degree turns) this system aims at creating a basic understanding of requirements that
accommodate for spaces that can be used by all (xv). As a system of measurement, it
must provide opportunities for subdivisions that ease the transition from Program to Material in the overall architectural
taxonomy. The 48 in. / 4 ft. module also
allows for subdivisions by halving the size of
rearrange or repurpose spaces as is
subdivisions allowing for integration of other
more efficient or convenient to combine and
the module into 2 ft.,1 ft., and 6 in. primary requirements found in ADA standards
.
(xvi)
Secondary subdivisions related to the
imperial system (3 in, 1in, ½ in., etc.) are used to relate to the scale of detail work. With an understanding that there are all
kinds of existing anomalies and systems out
there at varying scales, 4 x 4 aims at being
a system of measurement and reference
rather than a formula for design. The need for customization is expressed by Alvar
Aalto’s famous quote stating that his module of design was the millimeter (xvii). 4 x 4 provides a methodology for spatial
understanding and necessities that is
related to accessibility but are not to strict
guidelines that must be followed. In doing
needed. Along the same lines it may be
transform the base components that are
available into new special components that not only address the specific needs of a challenge at hand but may lead to new
discoveries and uses in the future. The Sou Fujimoto designed Final Wooden House in
Kumamoto, Japan and House NA in Tokyo, Japan are spaces that serve as examples as to how a modular method can lead to
creative reinventions and combinations of
spaces within modular limitations (xviii). Here even floor slabs and walls take on new
functions as part of the furnishings of the
space (xix). These are traits that run deep in Japanese architecture as is seen in the
House of Sugimoto in Kyoto where spaces
so components such as toilets, which are
were always fluid as movable partitions
manufacturers, can be incorporated.
accommodate for different occasions and
irregular and often pre-defined by
The final trait addressed is
flexibility. As buildings age and
contemporary needs and requirements
change, spaces must be able to adapt to new scenarios that sometimes require
mobility and flexibility. As these pieces are contained in 4 x 4 modules it becomes
could be moved or put away to
users (xx). In the most extreme example of flexibility, Yona Friedman provides an interesting system that allows for
architecture to be in a constant state of flux always adapting and changing within an infrastructural framework (xxi). Within this
framework spaces could be created and
destroyed as is necessary without the need
easier to consider more lightweight
for formal architects and planners (xxii). In
foldable tables to address the need to
overall urban context provides that system
components such as stackable chairs and
many ways, the idea of plots within the
07
at the larger scales without deregulating the building industry and the 4 x 4 system
provides tools for similar freedom within the
confines of the site.
compositions of 4 ft. cubes and their
relationship to humans. A 4-ft. cube can
enclose a child or an adult sitting on the
floor. Two vertically aligned 4-ft. cubes allow
for an adult to stand up and when the same cubes are aligned horizontally the same
adult may lie down. Consequently, an 8-ft. x 8-ft. space is suited for private and/or
intimate spaces that can enclose a small group of people and/or some pieces of
furniture. A 12 ft. x 12 ft. space or more are
less intimate spaces and are better suited
for public functions. Additionally, the paths
of travel of humans can be 4 ft. wide to
comfortably accommodate people with disabilities. Finally, there must be an
understanding that people come in all
shapes and sizes and designs should try
and provide opportunities for adjustments to be made by users for safer and more pleasant use.
From top to bottom: (Fig 2) House NA in Tokyo Japan by Sou Fujimoto Architects (Fig 3) Villa Spatiale by Yona Friedman
Proportion / Scale The success of 4 x 4 is dependent
on being proportionally related to the
humans. The base diagrams of the system serve as a spatial reference for different
08
Constructability / Materiality / Furnishings After the typological requirements
for a design prompt are worked out each program must be dissected into its
constituents. Each component then shows
its volumetric, accessibility, and any
building system requirements. For example,
a hotel room for one person could be broken down as follows:
•
Hotel Room (TYPOLOGY) •
•
plumbing
Administrative Area (PROGRAM) •
•
Check Out Counter
Bath Tub optional (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 8 ft. x 8 ft.
(COMPONENT) varies
•
•
Room (PROGRAM) •
•
4 ft. (Fig. 4) Requires accessible
•
Living Area optional (PROGRAM) •
and approach
•
Toilet (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 4 ft.
•
Requires 5 ft. radius and
•
approach
• •
8 ft.
•
centerline to each side Requires connections to
•
28” tall
•
Shower (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.
•
Requires 4 ft. walkway and approach
Counter (COMPONENT) varies Counter height must be
Kitchenette (COMPONENT) varies
plumbing
•
Requires 4 ft. walkway and approach
clearance from
•
Sofa (COMPONENT) varies •
Requires 4 ft. walkway
and approach and 18 in
•
Requires 4 ft. walkway and approach
Sink (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 4 ft. x •
Chair (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.
Requires connections to plumbing
•
Requires connections to electricity and Ethernet
4 ft. walkway and
•
Requires 4 ft. walkway and approach
x 8 ft.
•
Desk (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.
Bathroom (PROGRAM) •
Requires connections to plumbing
side with 4 ft. walkway
•
Requires 4 ft. walkway and approach
Bed (COMPONENT) 4 ft. x 8 ft. x •
Requires connections to
• •
Requires plumbing and
GYM optional (PROGRAM) •
Equipment (COMPONENT) varies
Requires 4’ walkway and approach
The components that were then
identified can now be used as a kit-of-parts
09
to quantify the furnishings and spaces
needed. Even if the size, scope, or cost of
the project varies the pieces can be added,
Testing When designing a space a 4-ft. grid
removed, modified, and/or combined to
is not necessary to effectively use the 4 x 4
final red-lines are carried out in a design
else. In the following projects, it is used as a
and can be accounted for. The materiality of
interchangeability of the kit-of-parts through
parts. Gypsum board, corrugated metal,
specific reinterpretation of each component.
rammed earth are examples of construction
for climactic, social, and economic factors
standards in the construction industry in
produce three unique variants that were
and time estimates may be supervised
requirements.
better suit the design prompt at hand. As firm the requirements are already listed out
system as it is a measurement tool above all rigid framework to express and explore the
a project may also be added to this kit-of-
the overall composition and/or project
and formwork for both concrete walls and
In these applications 4 x 4 had to account
methods that are available or already
that would influence the base kit-of-parts to
variant 4 ft. increments. In doing so cost
better suited to their distinct site specific
throughout the design process.
The Garden of Knowledge – Paisano Garden Corridor Project description:
Texas Tech University College of
Architecture at El Paso formed a
partnership with the City of El Paso to be able to conduct a study of the possible
development of four city-owned properties
in downtown El Paso along Paisano Street,
111 Anthony Street (Site A), 325 S Santa Fe
Street (Site B.1), 200 S Santa Fe Street (Site (Fig 4) typological dissection of a bed for a boutique hotel
B.2), and 222 S Campbell Street (Site C).
The challenge for the semester was the restitching of the urban fabric along Paisano Street which has long been a barrier not
10
only physically but socioeconomically. For
Application:
be a beacon within the urban landscape
reimagines the bookstore as a space for
each site to be an effective catalyst it must attracting users into underutilized areas.
Gardens serve as beacons in an
urban landscape which is mostly geometric in form. As such a chain of gardens
connecting the three sites would help to
The Garden of Knowledge
people instead of books by eliminating
traditional, space consuming stacks. Books
are stored under a plaza that mechanically
stores and retrieves books that a client can access through a mechanized system or
guide the energy of the city along Paisano
employee assistance. Space is then free to
manner. Finally, a geometric piece sitting
that may serve as display or vending
St. and its arterial corridors in a cohesive
within the garden at each site would act as
a beacon within the garden microcosm. Site
be inhabited by clients or by modular kiosks stations for product/theme specific
exhibitions run by “book sommeliers” or
C was then explored and developed in
vendors. The plaza was formed by
that blurred the boundaries between private
site that was turned 45° to guide people to
detail by creating a Garden of Knowledge and public areas using a 24-hour
bookstore, eateries and a plaza that would adapt to different uses.
inscribing a square within the bounds of the the adjacent gardens in the corridor. The resultant 112 ft. x 112 ft. plaza was then
subdivided using a 4-foot grid that resulted in modifiable “blocks” that could be
adjusted into variant configurations that
allowed for different plaza programs and
events. The 4-ft. grid was used as it could
account for 4-ft. walkways that would allow for accessible paths between each
modifiable block. This grid was then
extended into the rest of the site providing a framework and an overall proportion system for all the components and systems in the project. The kiosks were enclosed by a
system of adjustable and movable walls that (Fig 5) operable plaza blocks + variant plaza configurations
could accommodate to different
11
requirements while allowing for accessible entrances and components.
Austin Boutique Hotel
form is then manipulated to co-exist with existing natural elements and adapt to
human interactions. The building acts as a transition from the urban (Red River St.) to
the natural (Waller Creek) through a series
of open and interconnected public spaces on the ground plane. The building then
transitions from public and unmovable to private and adaptable spaces through materiality and porosity in the vertical direction.
Application:
Hotels are driven by cost and
spatial efficiency. The contradiction of a boutique hotel is that it must be both
repetitive for economic and branding (Fig 6) the kit-of-parts for a hotel room + a floor plan of the hotel that shows its adaptation to unique conditions
experiences and opportunities for different
users. To create a hotel that balances these opposing needs a study was conducted
Project description:
The Austin Boutique Hotel sits at the
into what components were essential in
corner of Red River and 8 St. The hotel
hotel rooms. The 4 x 4 system was used to
process of an initial urban form extracted
make-up a hotel room to be able to create a
developed as the organizational system for
spaces and needs without being restricted
encompassed the entire site which is a
were then combined and modified into
dimensions and bound vertically by a 6-
could then be manipulated by guests to
location within the capital view corridor. This
needs. Having done so the shape of the
th
12
purposes and yet it must provide unique
takes its shape through a transformative
understand the basic components that
from the 320 ft. x 320 ft. city grid that was
kit-of-parts that can be applied in different
the city at its inception. The initial form
to a single combination. These components
quarter of a city block with 80 ft. x 80 ft.
multi-purpose elements and partitions that
story zoning restriction set due to its
create configurations that best suit their
building could then be left free of
programmatic restrictions and allow for
spaces to be generated by site specific forces.
With the final form the kit-of-parts
could be applied and adapted to the unique conditions that were created. The first floors
were all public and as such could be more static and permanent in nature as the
quality of the experience is based on the
interaction of people with each other and
not necessarily the comfort of the individual. This also allows for more porous spaces
that can invite passersby to take part in the
communitarian events of the public spaces.
The site is a hill in rural Kenya that
was inherited by Professor Murimi and
holds a spiritual significance to her. The top of the hill is covered with tall grasses and trees. In the steep sides of the hill to the west, north and east, the trees become
denser forming a forest. The basis of this
studio is to design a high school for girls.
The school strives to be at the forefront of
education for young women in Kenya and
will need a campus that embodies the same spirit of the forward yet sensible
philosophies of the school. The school as a village will incorporate strategies of
community cooperation, self-sustaining
As one travels up the hotel the requirements
systems, and hierarchy to produce a
intimate and as such more dependent on
landscape and a safe learning environment
of the spaces of the hotel become more
personal needs. Here the spaces use
dynamic systems such as operable window shades and louvers to regulate their
campus that is integrated into the
for the girls. By identifying the crucial
components of the typologies of the local schools, a kit-of parts can be developed
privacy, and a component that combines
that will be familiar to the girls as a learning
their experience in their room as needed.
construction methods, and allow for the
storage, a bed, and a desk to customize
environment, provide economical
school to grow as it gains funding and
Top of the Hill National High School of Art, Science, and Entrepreneurship for Girls
support. Historically societies around the
Project description:
crucial elements that help to orient, direct,
“It takes a village to raise a child� -
African proverb
world have been organized and planned around a main public space, such as
plazas or main streets. These spaces are and provide hierarchy to different urban
components. By breaking up the school’s
13
form and functions into smaller masses,
they can be arranged around a main public space.
Conclusion Architecture will always reside in
contradiction as it is equally subjective and
The school as a village, growing as a community.
objective. To create a balance in the
discourse of architecture there needs to be a foundation of spatial understanding that
lies in real values and substantive research. Architects are freed to focus on qualitative
performance of their designs by quantifying
the subcomponents of architecture using an architectural taxonomy to create a map of
(Fig 7) water collection systems, solar energy harvesting, passive heating systems, + urban farming in a classroom building
different components and variants to better understand and reinvent the spaces that are needed in contemporary design.
Application:
The rural context of the project
meant that resources and methods of
construction were to be conservatively
factored into the overall design. As such the 4 x 4 kit of parts provides a system that quantifies the materials and labor of
construction of the campus as well as the utilities that are needed and/or being
harvested using water collection systems
and photovoltaics. It also provided a system that could reflect the modern spirit of education that requires spaces and
components that are either versatile and/or
portable.
14
Robert Venturi writes “An
architecture of complexity and contradiction has a special obligation towards the whole: its truth must be in its totality or in its
implications of totality (xxiii). It must embody
the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion�. An architecture focused on inclusiveness is one that
understands not only what it must be but also how its constituent parts work and
interact. As architecture becomes more
self-aware it will imbue a deeper connection
to its community.
Endnotes Aalto, Alvar, and Göran Schildt. Alvar Aalto in his own words. New York: Rizzoli, 1998. Pg. 62
i
ii Elam, Kimberly. Behance. n.p., n.d. https://www.behance.net/gallery/12471003/Mies-vander-Rohes-Farnsworth-House.
“Preserve or Demolish: A Guide to Contested Architecture,” Architizer, January 15, 2014, accessed December 27, 2017, http://architizer.com/blog/preserving-contestedarchitecture/.
iii
Meltzer, Burkhard, and Tido Oppeln. Rethinking the Modular : Adaptable Systems in Architecture and Design. New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2016. Pgs. 32-43 xiii
“2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design,” May 2017, accessed January 3, 2017, https://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/20 10ADAstandards.htm.
xiv
xv
Ibid.
xvi
Ibid.
iv
Vitruvius, et al. Vitruvius : Ten Books On Architecture. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
xvii
“Resiliency | U.S. Green Building Council,” U.S. Green Building Council, 2016, accessed January 3, 2017, http://www.usgbc.org/advocacy/priorities/resiliency.
xviii
v
Eisenman, Peter, Bédard, and Alan Balfour. Cities of Artificial Excavation : the Work of Peter Eisenman, 1978-1988. Montréal New York: Canadian Centre for Architecture Rizzoli International, 1994. vi
Madman Films, Eames: The Architect & the Painter, August 13, 2013, https://youtu.be/txJXhW737to.
vii
Eames Office, “Powers of Ten™ (1977),” YouTube, August 26, 2010, posted December 27, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fKBhvDjuy0.
viii
Koolhaas, Rem. Fundamentals : 14th international architecture exhibition. Venice, Italy: Marsilio, 2014. Pgs. 187-312
ix
Curtis, William J. Modern Architecture Since 1900. London: Phaidon, 1996. Pgs. 120-121
x
xi
Ibid.
Smith, Korydon H. Introducing Architectural Theory : Debating a Discipline. New York: Routledge, 2012. Pg. 221
xii
Aalto, Alvar, and Göran Schildt. Alvar Aalto in his own words. New York: Rizzoli, 1998. Pg 202 Pollock, Naomi R., and Sōsuke Fujimoto. Sou Fujimoto. London: Phaidon Press, 2016. Pgs. 54-59, 76-81.
(Fig. 2) http://www.archdaily.com/230533/house-na-sou-fujimotoarchitects xix
Ibid.
ACB, “The House of Sugimoto,” YouTube, February 12, 2016, posted December 10, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxF1g05cCUE&t= 112s.
xx
Orazi, Manuel, Nader Seraj, and Yona Friedman. Yona Friedman : the dilution of architecture. Zurich Lausanne: Park Books Archizoom, 2015. Pgs. 43-153
xxi
(Fig. 3) http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/56a8/a505/e58e/cee7/e100/0034 /newsletter/IMG_1052.jpg?1453892860 xxii
Ibid.
xxiii Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. New York Boston: Museum of Modern Art Distributed by New York Graphic Society, 2011. Pg. 16
*All other images by author
15
4x4
kit-of-parts
private standing sitting personal conversations
4’ 4’
familiar walking sleeping informal conversations
public physical activities gatherings
8’
4’
8’
8’ 16
12’-0” open and provides ample room for structure + systems 10’-0” comfortable for all heights and provides minimal clearances for structure + systems to allow for an 8’ ceiling above finished floor 8’-0” minimum height that is comfortable to most heights and allows for some natural light 6’-0”
17
basic living amenities + materiality
A twin bed and a bunk bed fit in the 4’ x 8’ module. Sizes bigger than this must use the 8’ x 8’ module.
A toilet, sink, and a shower use a 4’ x 4’ module but the shower requires an extra 4’x 4’ module for circulation or an open shower configuration. A tub may also fit in a 4’ x 8’ module but as they are less sanitary and wasteful they are not part of the system. 18
typical gyp stud construction
corrugated steel
concrete
Most materials are already available in standard sizes that are divisible by 4’. Formwork is usually done in increments of 4’ as well. This is useful when estimating costs, labor, and time before and during the construction process. Quality control is also easier as the contractors are not having to rely on often difficult or conflicting dimensions.
rammed earth 19
application
Paisano Garden of Knowledge
The rental bike station + bench is a 6’ x 4’ unit that allows for both bikes and at least 4 people to use the same mass. Double functionality make bike rental stations easier to quantify from a budgetary standpoint.
easy-assemble shading canopy + storage compartment table + glass viewport into book distribution system bench + kiosk shelving
flat
picnic
The plaza is split up into 8’ x 8’ units that are separated by a 4’ circulation grid. Designated units would be able to transform into the configurations above to be able to accommodate for different programmatic possibilities. 20
retail
stage
flat plaza variant
end stage variant (all 4 corners possible)
center stage variant
ceremonial variant
market variant (default configuration)
21
application
Paisano Garden of Knowledge
The movable partition system at the Paisano Garden of Knowledge is aimed at providing a flexible system that can adapt to many different programs and combinations. The two axons show how a 32’ x 32’ space can change depending on furniture layouts. The wall system is mounted on a rail system that allows for the walls to slide into place and have panels that are interchangeable and operable to allow for unique compositions and variable levels of openness.
22
grass planting soil drain pan insulation concrete structure
green roof detail
rail system
wall section retail kiosk detail
23
application
Austin Boutique Hotel
bed configuration
desk configuration
The base room is a simple space that is divided by a partition that is composed of a bed, a desk, + storage. The door opens up towards the living area while the partition screens the bathroom on the other half of the room. 24
storage configuration
This study used the different components of the kit of parts and adapted to different hypothetical situations. 25
application
Top of the Hill National High School of Art, Science, and Entrepreneurship For Girls The size and the uncertainty of the program for this project was at times overbearing. The 4 x 4 system helped to create smaller more manageable pieces that could be better understood or quantified when funding and infrastructural calculations would come into play. It also revolved around elements that could be movable or adaptable to better suit the needs of the ever changing education system. The classrooms and more importantly the laboratories serve as the archetype of these ideas. The base unit here is the desk in it’s various forms. Two standard lecture desks and/or a laboratory/ drawing/administrative desk fit within a 4’ x 4’ module. The idea here is to have simple yet stackable or fold-able elements that could be stored or moved as is needed. Laboratories are designed to be flexible for multiple uses through the use of a large open floor plan and interchangeable envelope options. The top variation uses corrugated steel inserts to create a dark room that can be used for events such as photography while the bottom uses translucent corrugated plastic that can be used for botany classes or other light intensive courses. Other panel options include wood and insulated panels.
translucent corrugated plastic paneling
26
corrugated metal paneling
Physical model showing different uses of corrugated steel and corrugated translucent plastic panels in different configurations. Below is an interior view showing a casual layout of standard laboratory desks.
27
Paisano Garden Corridor
Paisano Garden of Knowledge ARCH5501 comprehensive studio Prof. Daniela Quesada
Texas Tech University College of Architecture at El Paso formed a partnership with the City of El Paso to be able to conduct a study of the possible development of four city owned properties in downtown El Paso along Paisano St., 111 Anthony Street (Site A), 325 S Santa Fe St (Site B.1), 200 S Santa Fe St. (Site B.2), and 222 S Campbell Street (Site C). The challenge for the semester was the restitching of the urban fabric along Paisano Street which has long been a barrier not only physically but socioeconomically. In order for each site to be an effective catalyst it must be a beacon within the urban landscape. Gardens serve as beacons in an urban landscape which is mostly geometric in form. As such a chain of gardens connecting the three sites would help to guide the energy of the city along Paisano St. and it’s arterial corridors in a cohesive manner. Finally a geometric piece sitting within the garden at each site would act as a beacon within the garden microcosm. Site C was then explored and developed in detail by creating a Garden of Knowledge that blurred the boundaries between private and public areas through the use of a 24-hour bookstore, eateries and a plaza that would adapt to different uses.
existing conditions + proposed urban strategy
AIN ST
S VR
SAN
NIO ST
ANTO
ST NCE
ORE
ELL MPB S CA
ST
ST
NSAS
S KA
OA ST
S OCH
AVE.
ST
A ST
EGON
S OR ST
SO ST
EL PA
N ANTO S ST
E.
1ST AV
1ST
ST
A ST
UAHU
ST
NGO
DURA
LEON
ET
A FE SANT
STRE
ST CHIH
AND
VERL
WO
B.1
ST
S MES
NIO
ANTO
ONY
ANTH
SAN
W OV
S FL
C ND ST
ERLA
A
ST
B.2
MEXICO
32
A
site
entertainment/performance
residential
Site A impact zone
restaurant/bar
parking
Site B impact zone
government
hotel
Site C impact zone
public amenities
religion
commercial/retail
education
existing green spaces
future green spaces
C A
B.2
B.1
MEXICO
sites
existing buildings
proposed garden
Site A impact zone
existing green areas
views between gardens
Sites B/C impact zone
future green areas
bike rental terminal
Site D impact zone
proposed mixed use
bus terminal
33
overall concept + site development
Gardens are beacons in an urban landscape.
Geometric forms are beacons in the garden microcosm.
Union Depot
34
Site A
Site B
Site C
Second Baptist Church
All three sites were developed using a single methodology. Gardens act as beacons in the overall urban context which is geometric and within these garden microcosms a geometric mass is inserted that will become a secondary beacon. Site C is unique in that it was the one site that would not have acted as a beacon with a mass sitting in the garden. Instead it was a voided form to juxtapose among the tall skyscrapers that surround it that was defined by elevating the ground plane to create a roof garden that would help define a new urban plaza. Additionally each of the three sites react programmatically to the needs of their distinct surroundings. Site A was the Garden of Entertainment a garden that contained pockets of public spaces and food. Site B was the Garden of the Arts and Retail providing spaces that would help to populate downtown with new inhabitants. Site C was the Garden of Knowledge tying together the schools and libraries south of Paisano and the civic buildings to the north.
Site A
PAISANO ST
collector pockets underground parking bicycle rental terminal car gallery
Site B
open plaza underground parking bicycle rental terminal El Paso gift shop luxury shops and eateries public art gallery luxury apartments
T
NO S
A PAIS
Site C
bookstore cafe bus shelter open plaza bike rental terminal restaurant retail kiosks
NO ST
PAISA
35
site C massing diagram
36
EXPOSED
open plaza is uprotected from the elements
SHELTER
the plaza through a raised mass to protect from cold winter winds
CALIBRATE
COOL
by readjusting the mass to protect from uncomfortable spring winds
the plaza by remaining open to cool summer winds
37
programming
The Garden of Knowledge is envisioned as a 24 hour bookstore that is run by machines. With the book stored below the plaza and delivered to the buyer through a series of belts and elevators, the building is free to address and accommodate the people that come to buy the books. Smaller galleries made out of movable partitions that can be re-sized and readjusted for different needs provide spaces for temporary spaces for new products or exhibits and the residual space is free to allow people to linger and relax. Two eateries at either side of the plaza provide options to the visitors. The one on the west at the galleries is a vertical restaurant that transports food and beer vertically from a kitchen and a microbrewery in the basement level transported to the customers on elevator systems similar to those that deliver the books. On the East there is a high scale restaurant overlooking the plaza from the second floor that caters to more conservative or formal clientelle. The plaza itself became a dynamic element on it’s own as it provided windows that would overlook the stacks of books and the machines that allowed for the bookstore to operate. In addition to this the plaza had movable components that would become benches, tables, retail kiosks, and stage areas as depending on how they were raised from their flat positions. This would allow for different events and uses to occupy the plaza.
38
rooftop garden that rises out of the ground extending the public space
bookstore galleries + tapas/microbrewery (blue) high end restaurant + rental bike terminal (red)
plaza that tops the bookshelves and the mechanisms that bring them to the bookstore
39
floor plans
site plan
40
level 3
level 2
ground level
41
basement plan + book distribution system
basement level
42
order through salesperson
pick up book at dispense towers
order through mobile device
BOOK TITLE AUTHOR
$$$
book retrieval paths
book redirection system
PRESS HERE TO PURCHASE NOW
order through interactive glass facade
book retrieval arm
43
elevations + sections
southwest elevation
southeast elevation
northeast elevation
44
longitudinal section
west interior elevation
east interior elevation
northwest elevation
transverse section
45
physical model + digital renderings
46
As the bookstore became more and more open and free the building lost bits of it’s facade to the erosion of pedestrian flow. The pixelated facade features large and cragged pieces at the top but as the facade gets closer to the pedestrian it gets smoother and more transparent. This imitates the way that water carves away at a cliff.
47
Austin Boutique Hotel
Austin Boutique Hotel ARCH5501 comprehensive studio Prof Peter Raab
The Austin Boutique Hotel is an urban form extracted from the city grid that is manipulated to coexist with nature and adapt to human interactions. The building acts as a transition from the urban (Red River St.) to the natural (Waller Creek) through a series of open and interconnected public spaces on the ground plane. The building then transitions from public and unmovable to private and adaptable spaces through the use of materiality and porosity in the vertical direction. The Austin Boutique Hotel allows for a unique experience with integrated and dynamic interactions between people and the city of Austin.
study models
After dissecting the boutique hotel room typology, study models were used to analyze differnt ways in which the building could engage Waller Creek. Model a explored the use of an elevated mass that inhabits the spatial limits of the site as per zoning laws with a void in the Waller Creek facing portion of the site to create a platform that engages and celebrates its connection to nature. Model b investigates an elevated mass that instead tapers down as it meets the ground to allow for nature to coexist with the hotel. Model c used an elevated mass and a tapered form but with the use of a central courtyard. Model d opens up the courtyard from model c and opens it up towards the creek creating a “U� shaped form that opens up the building to more natural light Model e disposed of the courtyard and began to dissolve from both the Waller Creek facade and the street-adjacent facade to engage nature and people. * Models b to e use materiality to represent the following programmatic functions wood - hotel massing white poster board - public areas wire - circulation a
52
b
c
d
e
53
concept diagram Waller Creek
URBAN FORM
LIFT
54
DISSOLVE
following the orthagonal organizationof the city of Austin from 1887
for pedestrian circulation from the street to the creek and back
to allow existing vegetation to coexist
CUT
sound spheres from the surrounding music venues
LOWER
ENGAGE
the loose pieces to create new public places
Waller Creek by creating a public space that celebrates the creek
55
programming + code analysis
private - solid - sanctuary People manipulate their environments in private spaces to suit their own needs and comforts. Kimber Modern Austin, Texas Burton Baldridge Architects
1104 E. 6th St. Austin, Texas
56
public - transparent - community Spaces guide people’s actions and activities in public spaces.
bar (3136 sqft) occupancy type A-2 assembly load factor 15 occupant load 209 WC (male) 1 WC (female) 2 lavatories 1 hotel business center gym
occupancy type load factor occupant load WC (male) WC (female) lavatories
bar restaurant utilities circulation
ground level
occupancy type load factor occupant load WC (male) WC (female) lavatories
restaurant (2432 sqft) A-2 assembly 15 162 1 1 1 kitchen (1024 sqft) A-2 assembly 200 6 1 1 1
hotel (6237 sqft) occupancy type R-1 residential load factor 200 occupant load 31 WC 31 lavatories 31 gym (316 sqft) occupancy type A-2 assembly load factor 50 occupant load 6 WC (male) 1 WC (female) 1 lavatories 1 business center (425 sqft)
occupancy type load factor occupant load WC (male) WC (female) lavatories
717 Red River central business district 1:8 FAR type 2B construction 14082 sqft 452 occupants wic - 44 hotel - 31 male - 6 urinals - 1 female - 5
A-2 assembly 100 4 1 1 1
bar (512 sqft) occupancy type A-2 assembly load factor 15 occupant load 34 WC (male) 1 WC (female) 1 lavatories 1
57
roof + floor plans 1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
roof plan
dn.
elev. elev.
58
dn.
level 6
dn.
elev. elev.
dn.
level 5
dn.
elev. elev.
dn.
level 3
59
floor plans
meditation meditation space space
total totalbody body machine machine
dn.
gym gym
business center center elev. elev. dn.
level 3
elev. elev.
bar
dn.
elev. elev.
dn.
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
1/12
60
1/12
level 2
E 8th Street
restaurant
T. O. SLAB
dn.
dn.
dn.
dn.
dn.
elev.
fridge.
Red River Street
kitchen front desk
T. O. SLAB
T. O. SLAB - 6’ - 0”
dn.
dn. T. O. SLAB
dn.
dn.
T. O. SLAB - 3’ - 0”
dn. elec. transform.
WALLER CREEK - 24’ - 0”
dn.
dn.
dn.
stage T. O. SLAB - 12’ - 0”
dn.
dn. T. O. SLAB - 9’ - 0”
elev. dn.
trash
coffee bar
recycle
ground level
elev.
mechanical equipment
elev.
dn.
dn.
WALLER CREEK - 24’ - 0”
basement level
elevations + sections parapet level 72’ - 0”
A
B C
D
E
F G H
I
J
K
L M
4
5
6
8
9 10 11 12 13
E
F
H
I
level 6 60’ - 0” level 5 48’ - 0” level 4 36’ - 0” level 3 24’ - 0” level 2 12’ - 0” ground level 0’ - 0”
northeast elevation parapet level 72’ - 0”
1
2
3
7
level 6 60’ - 0” level 5 48’ - 0” level 4 36’ - 0” level 3 24’ - 0” level 2 12’ - 0” ground level 0’ - 0”
creek level -24’ - 0”
southwest elevation A parapet level 72’ - 0” level 6 60’ - 0” level 5 48’ - 0” level 4 36’ - 0” level 3 24’ - 0” level 2 12’ - 0” ground level 0’ - 0” basement level -16’ - 0” creek level -24’ - 0”
transverse section
62
B
C
D
G
J
K
L
M
parapet level 72’ - 0”
M
L
K
J
I
H G
F E
D C
B
A
level 6 60’ - 0” level 5 48’ - 0” level 4 36’ - 0” level 3 24’ - 0” level 2 12’ - 0” ground level 0’ - 0”
creek level -24’ - 0”
northeast elevation elevation
13 12 11 10
parapet level 72’ - 0”
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
level 6 60’ - 0” level 5 48’ - 0” level 4 36’ - 0” level 3 24’ - 0” level 2 12’ - 0”
ground level 0’ - 0”
creek level -24’ - 0”
northwest elevation elevation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
parapet level 72’ - 0” level 6 60’ - 0” level 5 48’ - 0” level 4 36’ - 0” level 3 24’ - 0” level 2 12’ - 0” ground level 0’ - 0” basement level -16’ - 0” creek level -24’ - 0”
longitudinal section
63
materiality + axon
Materiality is fairly limited to concrete, wood and glass to be able to adhere to the Austin pattern of limited materials arranged and rearranged in layers. Concrete is versatile and clean and is the primary material. A smooth form of board formed concrete is used to be ble to provide texture and a level of craftsmanship that is seen in Austin’s buildings. Concrete is also readily available well within a 500’ radius. Wood acts as an accent to be able to provide a warmth and comfort for the visitor. It represents the human component of the building. Any aspect of the private spaces that areconcerned with the personalization to the user’s needs is made of wood as are the public ammenities meant to accomodate for human experiences. Kebonied wood uses a treatment that includes alcohol, pressure, and heat to be able to harden pine and other hardwoods allowing for the use of more sustainable wood options. Glass is used to create permeability in the public spaces and as a gateway between the rooms and the City of Austin. Metal + Porcelain are used in utilitarian components such as the sinks and toilets and to help ease transitions between the wood and the concrete.
Example of materiality and layering in Austin Texas
64
Example of board formed concrete contrasted by wood. Pio Pio Restaurant New York, New York Sebastian Marsical Studio
bed configuration
desk configuration
storage configuration el
et lev
parap
smooth board-formed concrete
roller shades
kebonied pine
brushed aluminum/steel
l6
leve
operable wooden louvers operable window
l5
leve
operable window with black out shades
operable wooden louvers privacy and solar shading l4
fixed wooden louvers
leve
open to experience Austin l3
leve
closed for pricvacy + rest
wall axon
65
wooden louvers closed v open
66
67
transition + circulation
a
Main entrances Hotel San Jose Austin, Texas Lake/Flato Architects
b
Spaces in Austin tend follow similar progressions between public and pivate spaces using a semipublic courtyard providese a space of transition and relief between both.
Lobby space and main axis from the street to the creek.
68
c
Courtyard Entrance Sequence Haywood Hotel Austin, Texas KRDB
The hotel uses the stairs as a vertical courtyard that is open to the views of the city while protecting the guests from the elements. The floors with the rooms would require a key card to be able to access them but the stairs would be open to the public. The guardrail also provides a visual stimuli as it conveys the verticality of the space and it is a point of intereest for someone looking at it from the outside as people will appear and disappear as they travel up the stairs.
69
structure
tree force diagram
structure column force diagram
extruded lighting concrete waffle grid
hotel force diagram
70
concrete column
connection detail
pavilion structure
glass roof structure
waffle slab
hotel structure
waffle slabs
vertical structure and foundation
bar structure
bar waffle slab
vertical structure
vertical structure
71
systems + emergency egress + physical model
circulation condenser BC connector register main supply/return zone a zone b zone c
ground level
HVAC plumbing fixture clean supply greywater blackwater
clean water from city
greywater for irrigation greywater cisterns and filters
72
plumbing
blackwater sewage
emergency egress
solar study - morning
solar study - midday
solar study - afternoon
Top of the Hill National High School of Art, Science, and Entrepreneurship For Girls
Top of the Hill National High School of Art, Science, and Entrepreneurship For Girls ARCH5502 topical studio Prof. Urs Peter Flueckiger
It takes a village to raise a child. - African proverb The site is a hill in rural Kenya that was inherited by Professor Murimi and holds a spiritual significance to her. The top of the hill is covered with tall grasses and trees. In the steep sides of the hill to the west, north and east, the trees become denser forming a forest. The basis of this studio is to design a high school for girls. The school strives to be at the forefront of education for young women in Kenya and will need a campus that embodies the same spirit of the forward yet sensible philosophies of the school. The school as a village will incorporate strategies of community cooperation, self-sustaining systems, and hierarchy to produce a campus that is integrated into the landscape and a safe learning environment for the girls. By studying and breaking down the crucial components of the typologies of the local schools, a KIT OF PARTS can be developed that will not alienate the girls to a completely new learning environment, provide economical construction methods, and allow for the school to grow as it gains funding and support. Historically societies around the world have been organized and planned around a main public space, such as plazas or main streets. These spaces are crucial elements that help to orient, direct, and provide hierarchy to different urban components. By breaking up the school’s form and functions into smaller masses, they can be arranged around a main public space. The school as a village, growing as a community. 76
77
concept diagram
78
TRADITIONAL
one all encompassing mass with a field for sports
MONASTERY
one large mass completing the field’s enclosure with a field in the center
CAMPUS
campus of large masses recreational field on the edge
VILLAGE
masses blend into nature to enclose a public plaza
with
a
79
context
equator
Africa 80
a
Kenya
site location 81
site plan
chapel
(3)
(3) (2) faculty housing
(2) faculty housing
(1) guest housing
The school is organized around a 4’ x 4‘ grid that starts at Prof. Murimi’s spiritual spot and is pivoted 60˚ from vertical to maximize the area that sits within the forest. (1) Chapel (2) Prof. Murimi’s House (3) Student Housing (4) Flexible Laboratories (5) Classrooms 82
(6) Cafeteria/Kitchen (7) Faculty Housing (8) Administrative Complex (9) Reception Checkpoint (10) Visitor Housing
83
administrative complex
The lion and its cubs is used as a concept for the administrative complex. The lion’s mane represented by the auditorium/conference room is the image of the lion. It’s open and transparent nature is reflective of how a school should operate. The library forms the body of the lion and the body of knowledge that guides the school. Last but not least the administrative offices are as cubs to the lion and must uphold the responsible image of the school and help to carry on the body of knowledge that has been passed on to them from previous generations. Words that promote success and a sense of moral responsibility would be displayed around the complex so as to remind the staff and the students to uphold positive life choices for themselves and those around them.
84
The administrative complex combines the auditorium and the conference hall so as to create a space that is not limited to specific functions. Additionally it opens up to allow for large events to accommodate more people. exterior perspective beauty
honesty leadership
e th d to fiel en er op cc so
auditorium + conference center inte breakin
grity
g barr
cour a
ge
grea tn
unities
en
to
th
e
vis
ito
ru
gth
iers
opport
op
stren
ess
ni
ts
library 85
chapel
inner sanctum
seating
seating
86
The chapel sits in a natural slope and as such only small stools will be provided to form an outdoor congregation space while the inner sanctum is a translucent pavilion that is meant to dissolve into nature. The plan is circular to demark Prof. Murimi’s religious experience with a reverse dome that directs people to the center. The Old Hellerup High School courtyard designed by the architecture firm BIG serves as a precedent study. The courtyard uses a man made hill and simple seating to create a space of assembly and casual gatherings. The seating surrounding the inner sanctum would use the natural slope of the site to create a similar atmosphere for formal and informal events
Old Hellerup High School
87
student housing Student housing is envisioned as a cluster of 6 smaller units that are blanketed by a translucent canopy. In doing so the students would feel safe to retreat to their private spaces or mingle with their fellow classmates in the garden pockets in-between the units. The units were derived from existing housing system but translated to a village ideology that allows for a separation between private and public functions while still being a cost effective solution.
floor plan
water closets
88
showers
bird’s eye view
conceptual sketches
interior view
garden corridor
transverse section 89
classrooms + laboratories Classrooms are large open areas with light and movable furniture that can be stored in closets between classrooms.
floor plan
transverse section
90
Classroom corridor protected by hydroponic garden screen + solar panel porch.
The long rammed earth walls would use small openings to frame the natural landscape outside at eye level for the students. 91
sustainability H2O
to we r
t to
sto
re d
in
wa te r
r te wa
e
pl
eo
p he
cistern and purifier
Each building collects and purifies rainwater on site then sends the water to a water tower for storage for later use. 2,574,375.55 gallons of water harvesting per year with current layout. At 650 inhabitants that means that each person would receive around 11 gallons of water per day 2x the 3rd world average. 92
Solar energy is used to generate electricity using solar panels mounted on the roofs and solar panels used as shading devices. 10% solar panel roof energy production = 374,882,812 kWh with the current layout.
gy ner
al e
rm the
geo
Solar energy is used to heat the buildings through the use of windows and skylights. The rammed earth walls and the concrete floors would store heat and release it during cooler hours. This system would also be aided by a geothermal heating; which, uses heat generated from the earth.
Each building has a component of urban farming. These components use rainwater and a hydroponic system. In doing so the buildings create shading and vitality for the students while aiding any other farming areas that are dispersed throughout the school.
93
research
A book that contains research about Kenya and schools is available in the top link on the next page and a video about a 16” x 32” x 20” rammed earth wall sample that was built is accessible through the bottom link on the next page.
94
https://issuu.com/iolivares_05/docs/research_-_top_of_the_hill
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tva8vOA_rgE
95
Ismael Olivares
1.915.244.9815 | iolivares_05@yahoo.com
Portfolio Website
http://ismaelolivares.wix.com/i-olivares-arch
software
Revit 2009 - 2015 AutoCAD 2011 - 2015 Rhino 4 ,5, and Mac Vray for Rhino 4 and 5 Adobe Photoshop/Illustrator/InDesign CS5, CS6, and CC
education
Texas Tech College of Architecture Class of 2017 - Master of Architecture, M.Arch Texas Tech College of Architecture at El Paso Class of 2015 - Bachelor of Science Architecture El Paso Community College Class of 2013 - Associate of Science Architecture EPISD Career & Technology - Architectural Drafting Program 2009-2011
honors
El Paso Builder’s Association 1st Place Scholarship (hs) El Paso Community College Dean’s List (fr/so) Texas Tech University Dean’s List (jr) TTU Proven Achiever’s Scholarship (jr/sr) Edmond and Helen Anderson Scholarship (jr/sr) Robert L. Coombs Bequest/Robert Leon Coombs Scholarship (jr/sr)
clubs
El Paso Community College Architecture Society general member (fr) secretary (so) PHI THETA KAPPA general member (so) AIAS secretary of liasons (jr) general member (sr) TAU SIGMA DELTA general member (sr)
volunteer work EPCC Rain Water Collection System 115 hours (so) Lydia Patterson Institute Design Charrette (jr) GRO El Paso 2014 20 hours (jr)
work TTU College of Architecture Feb. 08, 2016 to March 08, 2016 .... Graduate Assistant for Main Gallery NAAB Exhibition
internships
Alvidrez Architecture Inc. Aug. 2014 to July 2015 Dewberry June 2016 to Present
2016