Valletta’s Century Old Shops: Delia, D’Amato and Preca
“Beyond the Square and Compass; unravelling the tapestry of Malta’s secret Freemasonry trails”A new product for dark, historical and socio-cultural tourism?
Breathing Gas Quality and Monitoring in Dive Centres of the Maltese Islands
Interwoven Wonders: Exploring Alternative Tourism Potential Along the Natural Fault of the Victoria Lines 38 42 46 50 54
ITS Events Timeline Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta by ITS Tourist Guiding Students
Heritage Interpretation for Children in the 21st Century: the case of how we can interpret heritage differently to our younger audience
A Walk Under the Saints: A Look at the Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Facade and Corner Niches in Qormi
Fresh look at Gozo’s role in World War II
The Value of the Traditional Travel Agency in the Digital Age in Malta
The Backstory to the Backlot: Where History Meets Hollywood at Fort Ricasoli
Organic Farming: Does it provide safer food than conventional farming? (Part 2)
Welcome to the latest issue of Futouristic, the official journal of the Institute of Tourism Studies, dedicated to promoting academic research and innovation within Malta’s vital tourism industry and to society at large. This is the 10th edition and this important milestone is being celebrated on the cover of this issue.
This edition presents a rich tapestry of research by both academics and students, offering insightful perspectives on the preservation of cultural heritage, the emergence of new tourism niches, and the ongoing dialogue surrounding sustainability and adaptation in a rapidly evolving world. Among the central topics in tourism and hospitality, the content here puts a particular focus on the research done by our alumni of the Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding.
A prominent theme woven throughout these pages is the profound importance of safeguarding Malta’s unique identity and heritage. The research on ‘Valletta’s Century Old Shops’ by Theresa Hoban vividly illustrates how historic commercial outlets, such as Carmelo Delia, Preca Jewellery, and D’Amato Records, are integral to the city’s cultural heritage and collective memory. These family-run businesses, some established as early as the 1860s, face marginalisation from international franchises and online shopping, threatening Valletta’s unique character. The public outcry following damage to the iconic D’Amato Record Shop sign underscores the deep emotional connection locals have to these handcrafted testaments to a bygone era, serving as family emblems and visual attractions that must be preserved. Similarly, the study on religious niches in Qormi by Irena Cassar, titled ‘A Walk Under the Saints’, highlights their significance
A message from the Editor-in-Chief
not only as architectural features but also as bearers of traditions, rituals, and narratives that reflect community devotion and contribute to the intangible cultural heritage.
This issue also casts a discerning eye on innovation and the exploration of new tourism products and interpretative methods. A study on Freemasonry trails in Malta by Simon Cusens proposes a new product for dark, historical, and sociocultural tourism, leveraging the island’s authentic 300-year Masonic history. This niche is identified as being particularly well-suited for special interest and historical tours, attracting a particular audience with specific demographic characteristics. Meanwhile, Jenna Buissine demonstrates how the military Victoria Lines in the north of Malta have significant potential for alternative tourism, including adventure, eco, rural, and cultural experiences. This historical trail, though facing challenges with degradation and accessibility, is poised for enhancement with the tendering of a Conservation and Management Plan.
Tourist guiding students have successfully held the exhibition ‘Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta’ which focused on the analysis of the transformation of the Maltese islands over time. The contents of the exhibition are highlighted in the next few pages.
The research by Stephen Grech on Fort Ricasoli also reveals the ongoing challenge of balancing its dual identity as a crucial historical fortification and a functional filming backlot. While its cinematic appearances bring international recognition and economic benefits, preserving its debilitated state and ensuring public access remain critical concerns.
The master’s thesis by Georgette Farrugia on Heritage Interpretation for Children in the 21st Century advocates for tailored, interactive programmes to engage younger audiences, stressing that learning about heritage is most effective when it is enjoyable and draws on methods like storytelling, role-play, and hands-on activities, ideally facilitated by a museum educator rather than solely by technology.
Innovation and development must be balanced with critical consideration of their impacts. The second part of this edition deals with organic farming and draws from a complex debate, challenging the popular perception that organic food is inherently safer or healthier. The author, our late colleague David J. Pace, highlights the ongoing discussion surrounding microbial contamination and pesticide use, noting that organic products can still contain pesticide residues and that some organic pesticides may not be as safe or environmentally friendly as commonly believed. This complexity underscores the need for more precise quantitative research.
The enduring relevance of traditional travel agencies in the digital age in Malta is highlighted by Gabrielle Hili in her undergraduate dissertation. The research reveals a nuanced picture where, despite the dominance of online platforms, traditional agencies retain a distinct advantage in providing personalised service, expert guidance, and a sense of security, particularly for older demographics and those with complex travel plans. Their ability to adapt by integrating online tools while maintaining strong customer relationships is key to their continued success.
Finally, this issue presents a new book by distinguished Gozitan author Charles Bezzina. He provides a fresh look at Gozo’s role in World War II, shedding light on the often-overlooked aspects of the rapid construction of an airfield for Operation Husky, i.e. the invasion of Sicily, in July 1942. This period brought both tragedies and transformative social changes to Gozitan society, highlighting the island’s resilience amidst wartime challenges to transport and daily exchanges.
This compendium of articles provide a rich, multi-faceted understanding of Malta’s tourism sector. Such work demonstrates the Institute of Tourism Studies’ commitment to fostering research that not only celebrates the island’s unique tourism and heritage product but also explores innovative pathways for its future, always striving for a harmonious balance between tradition and modernity.
I cannot conclude this editorial without honouring the memory of our colleague David J. Pace who left us last April. He was a regular contributor to this journal. I first met David more than a quarter of a century ago during my secondary school days. Over the years, we grew to become good friends and colleagues. David was a dedicated academic, known for his passion for natural sciences and sustainability. He was a pioneer of Tourism Sustainability within the Institute, contributing meaningfully to both academic and institutional life.
As one of the editors of the Futuoristic Journal and an active member of the Ethics Committee within the Academic Research and Publications Board, David played a vital role in shaping scholarly discourse and ensuring ethical research standards.
His commitment to sustainable development extended beyond the classroom. David was an avid promoter of climate-conscious practices and a researcher whose impact was felt at both the organizational and national levels. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field, the ITS Board of Governors recently conferred upon him a Diploma honoris causa in Climate Friendly Travel — a tribute to his pioneering work in this important area.
Glen Farrugia Editor-in-Chief & ITS Chief Operating Officer –Academia
Sales and Marketing: Tel: +356 23793100 Email: marketing@its.edu.mt
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Futouristic is the official journal of the Institute of Tourism Studies (Malta). The aim of this publication is to promote academic research and innovation at ITS, not just to the partners and stakeholders in the tourism industry but also to society at large. Therefore, ITS fulfills its mission to be at the forefront of this vital industry with its contribution that goes beyond the training of the workforce.
Futouristic is free of charge and is distributed to all stakeholders in the Maltese travel, tourism, hospitality, and higher educational sectors.
The views expressed in Futouristic do not reflect the views of the Board of Governors or of the Management or the Editorial Board of the Institute of the Tourism Studies but only that of the individual authors.
This publication is governed by the Creative Commons Licence 4.0 BY-NC-ND. Anyone can share this publication in any medium, reproduce, and reuse the content with the following conditions: full attribution is given to Futouristic and the individual authors; content is reproduced as is without any remixing or modification; and such reuse does not lead to financial gains.
The Institute of Tourism Studies shall have no liability for errors, omissions, or inadequacies in the information contained herein or for interpretations thereof.
ISBN: – 978-99957-1-961-6
978-99957-1-962-3
David J. Pace (1963-2025)
Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta by ITS Tourist Guiding Students
Agroup of Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding students at the Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) have designed an exhibition of photographs with locations in Malta back in time and how we can see them today.
The students have meticulously researched historical photographs of Malta and captured modern-day images of the same locations, offering visitors a compelling visual journey through the island’s transformation over time.
HIS EMINENCE DOMENICO CARDINAL FERRATA ARRIVES AT THE CHURCH OF ST MARK IN RABAT
In the old photograph you can see a crowded street scene where the Cardinal Ferrata J.U.D. Papal Legate has just arrived at the Augustinian Convent in Rabat where there is St Mark’s Church. The year is 1913 when the International Eucharist Congress was being held in Malta. The cardinal is still inside the Archbishop’s carriage where just outside its doors there is Marquis of Gnienis-Sultan, Paul Apap Bologna waiting to welcome him. Next to him there is the Baron of Budach Giuseppe de Piro Gourgion with two of his nephews, Captain Igino de Piro d’Amico and Mgr Giuseppe de Piro, Dean of the cathedral and founder of the Missionary Society of St Paul. On the far left of the crowd around the carriage stand female
The exhibition was held at ITS and at the Ramla Bay Hotel, and guided by ITS lecturer Tara Darmanin. Futouristic is presenting the images and the story behind them.
members of the Apap Bologna and de Piro families. They are notably wearing hats, in stark contrast to the other crowd further back in the scene where all the women can be seen wearing the traditional għonella. The crowd they make part of are clearly the common people of Rabat who are being held back by police officers. Behind them are people standing in doorways, one is standing on a balcony, while another is climbing the façade of the building. All are trying to get a better view of the arrival of the Cardinal. We have a village scene depicting an important arrival of a religious figure at a time in Malta when religion dominated people’s everyday lives. This was also clearly a time of class division as can be seen, quite literally, with the separation of the crowd.
RAINY DECEMBER DAY ON ST WISTIN STREET, RABAT
While we do not have a similar crowd in the new photograph, we can clearly see the passage of time just by taking a look at the growth of the trees on the far right behind the grating. What were initially planters in 1913 have grown into decently large trees by 2024. Instead of a dirt road there is a road paved with tarmac and instead of horse carriages there are several parked cars. The façade of the church looks smoother and more cared for in 2024 after restoration that is still ongoing, which can be seen with the presence of scaffolding.
His Eminence Domenico Cardinal Ferrata arrives at the Church of St Mark in Rabat (1913) Personal collection of [Nicholas de Piro].
Grech, S. (2024) Rainy December Day in Rabat. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Stephen Grech].
PJAZZA REPUBBLIKA
Republic Square, located in the heart of Valletta, Malta’s capital, is a historic and cultural centrepiece reflecting the island’s vibrant past. Originally, in the time of the Knights of St. John, it was called Pjazza Tesoreria, because the Treasury’s office was in the building known as the Casino Maltese today. For some time during the British period however, it was colloquially called Pjazza Regina, as it holds a statue of Queen Victoria, that replaces an earlier statue of Grandmaster Vilhena in the same spot, symbolizing Malta’s period under British rule. The square is surrounded by architectural gems like the National Library, which houses valuable manuscripts from the Knights of St. John, an influential order that governed Malta from the 16th to the 18th centuries and left a profound legacy on Maltese identity and culture.
FRENCH CREEK UNDER FIRE: THE SIEGE OF HMS ILLUSTRIOUS
This photo, taken from St. James Counterguard in Valletta, Malta, captures a dramatic moment in French Creek, part of Grand Harbour, on January 16, 1941, during World War II. The aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious, believed to be positioned near the towering crane on the right side of the image, was under relentless attack by Nazi dive bombers. This marked the first time Luftwaffe Stuka bombers launched a major offensive over Malta. The strategically crucial harbour became a primary target as HMS Illustrious arrived to support
PJAZZA REPUBBLIKA
Today, known as Republic Square, it is not only a gathering place for locals and visitors but also a space where Maltese traditions, like ‘festas’ and religious processions, bring life to the city. It embodies Valletta’s evolution from a fortified Renaissance city built by the Knights to a modern hub, serving as a reminder of Malta’s resilience and adaptability throughout history. This square deserves special attention as it stands as testimony to three different eras in Maltese history, each one leaving a long-lasting imprint on our culture today.
FRENCH
CREEK: A HARBOR OF RESILIENCE AND RENEWAL
This evocative photo captures Grand Harbour with French Creek in focus, as seen from St. James Counterguard in Valletta, Malta. To the left, the seaward bastion of Fort St. Michael in Senglea stands tall, a testament to resilience. On 16 January 1941, during World War II, the fort and town were devastated by relentless bombing, leaving the area in ruins. Today, Senglea has risen from the ashes, rebuilt into a peaceful residential enclave and a beloved tourist destination where history and tranquillity coexist.
Ellis, R. (n.d.) Pjazza Repubblika. [Photography]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].
Cusens, R. (2024) Pjazza Repubblika. [Photography]. Personal collection of [Rebecca Cusens].
French Creek Under Fire: The Siege of HMS Illustrious (1941) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].
French Creek: A Harbor of Resilience and Renewal (2023) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Jenna Buissinne].
operations on the besieged island. During the fierce Luftwaffe air raids on January 16, 1941, HMS Illustrious, already battered from multiple attacks days earlier while crossing the Mediterranean, continued to face relentless assaults while moored in Grand Harbour. Meanwhile, Senglea, visible on the left side of the image, endured catastrophic destruction. The town’s historic fortifications were severely bombed, with many explosives landing off-target, causing widespread devastation to its surrounding areas. Fires and explosions consumed key infrastructure, including the dry docks, visible toward the centre and right of the image, as the Axis powers aimed to cripple Malta’s naval and logistical capabilities.
This image vividly captures the intensity of the bombing, and the destruction inflicted on French Creek and Senglea, marking a pivotal moment in the Siege of Malta. Amidst the chaos, the survival of HMS Illustrious symbolized Allied resilience in defending this critical Mediterranean stronghold.
THE ATMOSPHERE ALONG STRAIT
STREET
Strait Street, known by the locals as Strada Stretta, is a street located in the capital city of Valletta. Valletta was built by the knights of the Order of St John six months after the Great Siege of 1565, a siege between the Knights and the Ottomans. Valletta is approximately 450 years old and is named after the Grandmaster la Vallette, who was the leader of Malta during the siege. Valletta has been recognised as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980. Strait Street was frequented mainly by British sailors as it offered them entertainment, which significantly contributed to our economy. As depicted in the photo taken by Jack Birns in 1950, various barmaids can be seen waiting for the British sailors at the bar’s entrance; one of the bar’s names, as indicated, is May West. Barmaids who worked in the bars of Strait Street used to welcome sailors at the bar entrance and persuade the sailors to buy the barmaid a drink. For each drink the sailor buys, the barmaid would cash out as Landa, and at the end of the night, each Landa would
In the centre and right of the image, the dry docks hum with modern activity, hosting cruise liners awaiting repair or servicing. Bright yellow cranes tower over the docks, their bold hues adding vibrancy to the scene, a far cry from the grim days of war. One crane stands out with its striking design, offering a touch of whimsy to the dynamic atmosphere.
In the foreground, a Maltese flag flies high and proud, a poignant new addition since the days of British rule. It stands as a symbol of Malta’s independence and enduring identity. Nearby, parked cars line the road, a stark contrast to the wartime desolation when this area was void of vehicles and filled with uncertainty. The peaceful waters of French Creek now reflect a bustling yet serene harbour, showcasing Malta’s enduring spirit and modern vitality.
turn into the salary of the barmaid. Throughout the years, this street acquired a lousy reputation characterised by prostitution; however, as declared by many barmaids, everything was legal and under the control of the police force. Notwithstanding, Strait Street became deserted after Malta became an independent country.
REGENERATION OF BARS IN STRAIT STREET
What seemed to be lost, started reviving again because various bars began functioning once again. The bars have retained some of the characteristics of the past, such as keeping the same furniture, the same style of music and trying to employ Maltese workers as much as possible. The bar May West still exists to the present day and is open to the public from Wednesday to Sunday. The opening of the bars brought life back to Strait Street again.
Birns, J. (1950) The atmosphere along Strait Street as barmaids, male and female awaited punters. The bar on the right is called May West (1883-1980) after the Hollywood icon. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].
Strait Street: Regeneration of bars in Strait Street (2024) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Marija Vella].
PAOLA SQUARE WITH THE ARCH DOMINATING THE ENTRANCE TO ‘TRIQ L-ARKATA’
The arch dominating the entrance to ‘Triq l-Arkata’ or ‘Arcade Street’ was built during the time of Grandmaster Antoine de Paule (16231636). This was used to provide access to the street, as well as for the storage of hunting equipment. Unfortunately, the arch was demolished in the 1960s and no traces of it can be seen today. On the left of the photo, one can find a building with an unknown use, however this also no longer exists today. On the right, one can find the Antoine de Paule Band Club, which was opened in 1898. This building still exists to this day and retains its original use.
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PAOLA SQUARE SHOWING ‘TRIQ L-ARKATA’ TODAY
Nowadays, the arch at the entrance of ‘Triq l-Arkata’ can no longer be seen, as it was demolished in the 1960s. Instead, one can find a regular entrance to the road and a gap between the two building which were formerly linked by the arch. On the left, the structure has been reconstructed and currently accommodates various dining establishments. The Antoine de Paule Band Club building still survives to this day, still retains its original design from the late 19th century, which was shown in the previous photo. One major difference between the two photographs is the increase in traffic, with part of the square being used for traffic linking ‘Triq Hal-Luqa’ and ‘Triq il-Belt Valletta’
One major difference between the two photographs is the increase in traffic
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Paola Square with the arch dominating the entrance to ‘Triq l-Arkata’. (Early 20th century). [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Saviour Busuttil].
Mizzi, K. (2024) Paola Square showing ‘Triq l-Arkata’ today. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Karl Mizzi].
TYPICAL HARBOUR SCENE AT VALLETTA
The image, titled “Typical Harbour Scene at Valletta”, shows Pinto Wharf and the Central Power Station. In the foreground, barefooted stevedores are unloading/ loading cargo to a boat on the left, possibly a widely used, traditional Gozo boat - dgħajsa tal-latini. Pinto Wharf was the area where boats from Gozo arrived and departed with their cargo, including that of animals. The cage in the foreground seems to be a case in point, constructed to transport animals such as poultry or rabbits, placed here sideways with the straw having fallen to the bottom, presumably being returned after delivery of animals. In the background, at the foot of Crucifix Hill, Floriana, Malta’s first power station (1894) is seen, used today as an event venue and parking. The two tall, smoking chimneys indicate that the photo must have been taken before 1960’s when it stopped operating (but after 1946 when the author of the photograph, the British European Airways company, was founded). The chimneys were dismantled approximately 20 years ago, therefore only the base of one of them is visible to the left of the road uphill (Crucifix Hill) in the contemporary photo (taken from the upper floor of the Malta Custom House in December 2024).
VIEW OF PINTO WHARF, OLD POWER STATION AND CRUCIFIX HILL
Kalkara Gate was demolished in 1888, shortly before the power station was built to make way for a new road. The architecture of the fortifications remains the same in both photographs. The chimneys of the very first power station, however, were dismantled around 20 years ago. What remains visible in the photograph is a stump of the right chimney to the left of Crucifix Hill.
The town of Floriana has meanwhile grown, to which the buildings at the top of Crucifix Hill are a testament. Architectural evolution has also involved the quays, which are currently being extended. Instead of a boat service between Malta and Gozo, this location now welcomes cruise liners of impressive sizes from the Mediterranean countries and more distant lands.
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” The chimneys were dismantled approximately 20 years ago, therefore only the base of one of them is visible to the left of the road uphill (Crucifix Hill)
British European Airways. (n.d.) Typical Harbour Scene at Valletta. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].
Cassar, I. (2024) View of Pinto Wharf, Old Power Station and Crucifix Hill. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Irena Cassar].
L’ ASSEMBLEA NAZIONALE DEL POPOLO MALTESE
The Lija Belvedere Tower, a striking 19th-century landmark in Malta, served as the backdrop for the National Assembly of February 25–March 1, 1919, a defining moment in Maltese history. Convened amidst economic hardship and political unrest, it marked Malta’s demand for constitutional reform under British colonial rule.
In the photo, at the forefront was Dr. Filippo Sceberras, supported by figures like Canon Giovanni Borg, Enrico Mizzi, and Mgr. Ignazio Panzavecchia, who were all instrumental in articulating Malta’s aspirations. The Assembly arose from grievances deepened by the Sette Giugno uprisings of June 1919, fuelled by economic distress and British resistance to Maltese demands. It highlighted tensions between the pro-Italian cultural factions, led by Nationalists like Mizzi, and the rising Maltese nationalism seeking greater self-rule. The Assembly’s legacy culminated in the 1921 Self-Government Constitution, introducing Malta’s first bicameral legislature. Despite British reluctance, it marked a step toward autonomy, though political struggles persisted, leading to its suspension in 1933. This rare photograph, set at the Lija Belvedere Tower, symbolizes Maltese unity and determination during a pivotal period that laid the groundwork for independence. Figures like Sceberras, Mizzi, and Panzavecchia shaped Malta’s constitutional identity.
THE LIJA BELVEDERE TOWER
The Lija Belvedere Tower, also known as Torri Belvedere, is an outstanding cultural and architectural icon located in Malta. Constructed in 1857 by the architect Giuseppe Bonavia, it was originally part of the Villa Gourgion estate owned by Marquis Depiro, conceived as an ornamental folly. After the gardens of the villa were redeveloped in the 1950s, the tower became a prominent feature of a roundabout situated on Transfiguration Avenue. Designated as a Grade 1 property and listed in Malta’s National Inventory of Cultural Property, the tower underwent a restoration process between 1995 and 1996. This effort underscores Malta’s dedication to preserving its architectural and cultural heritage in the face of evolving urban landscapes. The Belvedere Tower today stands as a symbol of the island’s resilience and its commitment to honouring historical legacies, reflecting sentiments similar to those expressed during Malta’s self-governance movement under the 1921 Constitution. This historical context enhances the tower’s role as a connection between Malta’s architectural beauty and its wider cultural and political narrative.
L’ assemblea nazionale del Popolo maltese (1921) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Nicholas de Piro].
Bonnici, R. (2024) The Lija Belvedere Tower. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Rebecca Bonnici].
Student Rebecca Bonnici explaining the photos to ITS CEO Pierre Fenech
Group photo of the student-exhibitors with Toursit Guiding coordinator Ms Tara Darmanin and ITS CEO Pierre Fenech
Valletta’s Century Old Shops: Delia, D’Amato and Preca
THERESA HOBAN HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN TOURIST GUIDING
INTRODUCTION
This research explores three historic shops in Valletta that have operated for over a century, aiming to highlight their importance to the city’s retail atmosphere and cultural heritage. The study seeks to determine if identifying their original authentic features can help interpret these commercial outlets to visitors and locals, celebrating them as integral components of Malta’s cultural heritage before they are potentially lost. The shops examined are Carmelo Delia, a carpenter shop, Preca Jewellery, and D’Amato Records.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Valletta, Malta’s capital, has been a significant commercial centre since the 16th century, adapting through periods of rule by the Order of St John, the French, and the British. Commerce has persisted, with merchants, hawkers, and importers trading extensively, supported by services like shipping, legal counsel, and notarial services. Notarial records and surviving shop signs offer valuable insights into past businesses and commercial activity. The inspiration for this study came from discovering old shop receipts in the Notarial Archives, highlighting an opportunity to preserve and share the city’s cultural heritage through signage and research.
The city has undergone significant transformation due to societal shifts, online shopping, gentrification, and tourism, leading to a marginalisation of local businesses by international franchises and entertainment venues. This puts the city’s historical legacy at risk. Although Maltese residents shop less in Valletta today, it
remains a popular tourist destination. The study questions if preserving historical shop signs can link the past and present, offering a tangible connection to Valletta’s history for both locals and visitors.
The author views visiting old shops, both locally and abroad, as a way to glimpse past experiences and contribute to collective memory. Visitors enjoy discovering these “unique treasures”. This perspective is shared when walking in Valletta and observing it through a visitor’s eyes, sparking curiosity about past shopping life.
Preservation efforts for historic shops exist in various European countries. Italy, for instance, has dedicated regulations to protect historic shops and prevent the impoverishment of their urban image. Turin began cataloguing historic shops as early as 1985, later incorporating this into a digital map. Examples also exist in Lucca, Tuscany, Bologna, and Veneto, with the latter offering an app highlighting historical commercial places. Similar practices are found in Amsterdam and Portugal. Historic shops are considered cultural heritage with strong identity value. Losing them can mean losing the city’s identity. This sentiment is echoed by shop owners in Valletta.
At the turn of the 20th century, Valletta offered a diverse range of goods, from luxury items to daily necessities, evidenced by photographs and advertisements. Shops like Carmelo Delia (est. 1890) and Gio.Batta Delia (est. 1901) provided furniture, while D’Amato (est. 1885), originally a furniture importer, became a record store, now the sole survivor of its kind in Valletta. Jewellery, gold, and silver shops included
Giorgio Preca (est. 1860) on Strada Santa Lucia, where the business continues under generational names.
There is limited local written material on the importance of shop signs in Malta, yet they offer curiosity. Some Maltese businesses are incorporating traditional signage into their branding, finding value in preserving historical signs, even if unrelated to the current business. An example is Captain’s Cut Leather in St Mark’s Street, which installed its sign under the original British Boot and Shoe Factory signage. Matthew Demarco notes that some owners want to tap into the strong Maltese identity associated with these signs, feeling they are part of the country’s identity and provide brand credibility by offering a “true experience of Malta”.
Fabrizio Tabone writes about positive experiences of Valletta shop owners, including Manuel Busuttil, who feels his shop’s façade significantly attracts customers. His shop sells locally made lace and jewellery, supporting the idea of authenticity. However, not all owners share this view; the owner of Tal-Ħwawar (est. 1888), an herb and spice shop, did not see positive impact from their traditional front. The cost of restoring and maintaining façades according to regulations is high, posing a threat if there is no perceived value. A common sentiment is that Valletta is losing its identity to international chains, and owners feel unsupported in maintaining traditional structures, despite these being key attractions.
Past attempts to preserve old shop fronts occurred, with the Planning Authority
granting Grade 2 scheduling to 62 wooden shopfronts, kiosks, and painted signs in 2011, increasing the protected total to 11,223. However, many shops have lost their authentic appearance. This study aims to extend insights on the cultural significance of historic shop signage in Valletta.
METHODOLOGY
The study used a mixed-methods approach combining secondary and primary research. Secondary research reviewed literature on historical signage and shop heritage to inform questions and provide context. Primary data collection was necessary due to limited existing information on preserving older shop signs and the histories of traditional retailers in the area.
Qualitative research involved semistructured interviews with shop owners to understand their experiences and
perspectives on sign preservation and their role in Valletta’s identity. These interviews allowed participants to share experiences and opinions freely. Face-toface interviews were conducted with family members of the original owners, focusing on signage, products, and family stories. Further questions were asked based on the information shared.
The first interview was with Ms Claudia Preca and her sister Daniela Preca, fourthgeneration owners of Preca Jewellery, on 6 November 2024. This interview lasted about 40 minutes as little literature was available on the shop. The second interview was with Mr Stephen D’Amato, fifth-generation owner of D’Amato Record Shop, on 13 November 2024, lasting a similar duration, verifying and elaborating on information already available from articles. The final main interview was with
Mrs Valerie Cauchi Inglott, granddaughter of Carmelo Delia, on 6 December 2024.
Contacting a direct descendant took time. A further interview was held with Mr Patrick Delia, great-grandson of Gio.Batta Delia, on 15 November 2024, as his shop is a key stop on a proposed tour and related to Carmelo. Two informal interviews were also conducted with Keith Caruana of Captain’s Cut Leather and a descendant of Francis D’Agata.
Observational research was also conducted by monitoring Facebook groups where local residents discuss Valletta’s shops, focusing on comments and recollections about the selected shops.
Interview data was analysed thematically, reviewing transcripts to identify recurring themes regarding signage, family history, and product evolution. Observational data from Facebook was analysed qualitatively,
An invoice by Giorgio Preca dated 1885 (Image of a document at the Notarial Archives of Malta)
identifying sentiment (positive, negative, neutral) and topics like nostalgia and the impact of modernisation.
Limitations included the small sample size of three main shops, which limits the generalisability of findings. Reliance on family recollections might introduce memory bias. Limited archival material for some shops, particularly Preca, made corroboration challenging. Social media analysis was limited by the self-selecting nature of online communities. Despite these, the methodology effectively addressed research objectives, providing rich qualitative data from interviews, historical context from archival research, and public sentiment insights from social media.
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Data collected covered shop signage, family business history, and product changes, enhancing understanding of these businesses’ value to local history and
Valletta’s colonial visual heritage. All three families are deeply committed to continuing their century-old traditions, which mark their identity as people, families, and retailers, contributing to the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of Valletta.
Preca Jewellery Shop was established in 1860 by Giorgio Preca. Its current signage in Santa Lucia Street, changed in the 1980s, does not reflect its age, so people stop for the jewellery, not the shop front. A receipt from the Notarial Archives confirmed the 1860s establishment date. The current store is said to have been stables of the Knights of St John, a story passed down by the father of the current fourth-generation owners, Claudia and Daniela Preca. The name Giorgio Preca is also linked to Malta’s first saint and a famous artist. The shop’s name changed with each generation, from Giorgio to Edgar to Anthony, the father of the interviewee8. Jewellery has evolved from handmade pieces like filigree, long
chains (‘barbazzale’), and ‘fili’ bangles to lighter, simpler designs due to trends and gold prices. Older pieces, like a 1920s/30s Fabiola brooch, were for sale. An 1870 receipt mentions “Best Malta; filigree work, lava and shell cameos.” The shop relies on repeat customers, often third or fourth generation, including those who migrated. Anecdotes include an Australian customer whose parents bought there and a visit by Valentina Tereshkova. Word-of-mouth is crucial, fostering a community spirit.
D’Amato Record Shop, established in 1885, claims to be the world’s oldest record store, though it didn’t start selling records initially and its claim is disputed by a shop in Wales which has moved location. Its sign is iconic for locals and visitors. The HMV dog ‘Nipper’ sign is also well-known globally. The sign, which had hung since the 1950s, was damaged by a crane on 4 July 2024, upsetting the family and many Maltese. The public outpouring of anger and support
Facade of Anthony D’Amato (Image by author)
Facade of Preca Jewellery (Image by author)
highlighted the sign’s importance as part of the street fabric and collective memory. The sign has been replaced by the original company, and the old one is on display. The business started with Giovanni D’Amato selling furniture in 1885, transitioning to phonographs and gramophones in the 1890s. The shop expanded by buying surrounding properties. Passed down through generations to Stephen D’Amato (fifth generation), it survived challenges like WWII, technological changes, and Covid. The shop only closed for six weeks during Covid. D’Amato sent Maltese artists to Italy to record local music in the 1930s. During WWII, owner William D’Amato’s request for more supplies to keep the business running was refused due to import controls. The family remained passionate about the business even when record demand declined. Early purchases, like a 1923 receipt for 9 records and needles costing £2.5.0, were expensive, equivalent to about €180 today. Music halls supplied by D’Amato, especially with Juke Boxes in the
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Historic shops are considered cultural heritage with strong identity value. Losing them can mean losing the city’s identity. This sentiment is echoed by shop owners in Valletta.
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1950s, allowed the working class to enjoy music. Today, demand for vinyl and CDs is increasing, especially among younger generations. The shop is known for sourcing rare records and attracts celebrities.
Carmelo Delia Furniture Shop’s signage is still visible, though the shop is closed. The manufacturing workshop in St Mark’s Street, still operational and producing handmade furniture, is now owned by another family. The workshop is in an old stable block of the Knights and on a busy ferry route. Its large, traditional signage states, “The Best Equipped Furniture factory in Malta,” while the shop front sign said, “House Furnisher”. Mrs Valerie Cauchi Inglott, Carmelo Delia’s granddaughter, finds the neglect of the signage saddening. The business was started in 1890 by Carmelo Delia Senior (Sr.). Carmelo Jr. ran the factory, while his brothers handled sales. Carmelo Sr.’s brother, Gio.Batta Delia, also had a furniture shop in Valletta, but they did not work together. Carmelo
Jr.’s daughters included Malta’s first female architect, and the family seems to have inherited artistic traits; Valerie Cauchi Inglott practices traditional Maltese crafts. Carmelo Delia designed manufactured pieces, ensuring quality materials by personally selecting and marking wood from the UK. Worker specialisation was used to prevent replication. The furniture was highly sought-after and considered the best. Customers could furnish an entire home with Delia pieces, which were accessible despite being a luxury. Some ready-made furniture was later imported in limited quantities. Many Maltese have fond memories of buying from or inheriting Delia furniture, often labelled on the back or underside. British service personnel also shopped there frequently. A notable piece is the table on which George Borg Olivier signed Malta’s Independence treaty in 1964. The business was sold in the 1960s to Carmelo’s nephew, then in the 1970s to the Big Bon group, who kept the “Carmelo Delia” name due to its reputation.
Old shopfront of Carmelo Delia (Image by author)
The workshop continues as Carmelo Delia Joinery, owned by the Gauci brothers, maintaining the name and tradition.
Further interviews with owners like Gio. Batta Delia and Captain’s Cut highlighted the importance of preservation. Social media showed local residents’ fond memories and sadness over lost shops, reinforcing the cultural significance of signs for the Maltese community and supporting the value of a proposed tour.
FINAL ARGUMENTS
The research concludes that Valletta’s historic retail shops and their families significantly contribute to the city’s character. They have the potential to enrich tourism by being integrated into the visitor experience rather than displaced by ‘touristification’. This study offers a starting point for further exploration
and developing policies to preserve these shops. To safeguard this heritage, initiatives like plaques for centennial shops providing historical information could be implemented. The narratives, including signage, stories, and customer memories, should be documented and incorporated into the National Archives of Malta’s ‘Memorja’ project for recording underrepresented life stories.
There is a strong consensus among interviewees on preserving and restoring shop signage. The public reaction to the D’Amato sign incident shows the deep emotional connection to these signs, which are handcrafted testaments to a bygone era of craftsmanship, serving as family emblems and visual attractions. Protecting them helps Valletta retain its distinct identity. A key theme is the profound connection between
the shops, families, and community; they are integral to local life, embodying stories of how people lived, what they bought, and the relationships formed. Continued loyalty from customers and their descendants underscores the shops’ importance as living links to the past. Prioritising their preservation allows this engaging history to enrich experiences for locals and visitors.
Recommendations for further research include a detailed visual analysis of surviving shop signs focusing on typography, iconography, materials, and placement. Archival research should expand beyond notarial records to include sources like business ledgers and photographs. Consumer studies using oral history or surveys could explore customer experiences and memories, providing insights into the businesses’ social and cultural significance.
Old building housing Carmelo Delia (Image by author)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anon, 2014. The Times of Malta. [Online] Available at: https://timesofmalta.com/ article/Preserve-Valletta-s-old-shopfronts.530210 [Accessed 08 August 2024].
Barata-Salguieiro, T., 2021. Shops with history and public policy. The Internation Review of retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 31(4), pp. 393-410.
Barry, D., 2011. Times of Malta. [Online] Available at: https://timesofmalta.com/ article/independence-day-table-under-thehammer.357679 [Accessed 01 November 2024].
Berlardi, P. et al., 2021. AR+AI = Augmented (Retail + Identity) for Historical Retail Heritage, Milan: FrancoAngeli.
Malta, N. A., 2024. Memorja. [Online] Available at: https://memorja.com/about-us [Accessed 01 November 2024].
Monisse, N., 2024. Signs of the Times s.l.:Monocle Mediterraneo.
Nasser, N., 2003. Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Planning LIterature, 17(4), pp. 467469.
Petrini, C., 2020. Slowfood.it. [Online] Available at: https://www.slowfood.it/ carlo-petrini-se-litalia-perde-le-botteghe-noiperdiamo-litalia-per-come-la-conosciamo/ [Accessed 28 September 2024].
Tabone, F., 2022. WHOSWHO.MT. [Online] Available at: https://whoswho.mt/en/we-arebeing-pushed-away-iconic-valletta-stores-
fear-malta-s-capital-is-losing-its-identit y [Accessed 28 July 2024].
Veneto, U., 2015. unioncamereveneto. it. [Online] Available at: https://www. unioncamereveneto.it/veneto-su-misurascaricabile-la-app/ [Accessed 21 August 2024].
An invoice by Gio. Batta. Delia dated 1930 (Image of a document at the Notarial Archives of Malta)
An invoice by Anthony D’Amato dated 1923 (Image of a document at the Notarial Archives of Malta)
“Beyond the Square and Compass; unravelling the tapestry of Malta’s secret Freemasonry trails” - A new product for dark, historical and socio-cultural tourism?
LITERATURE REVIEW
The research begins by exploring existing studies on Malta’s potential for dark and mystery tourism genres, highlighting the island’s rich history and atmospheric settings. Several authors have confirmed significant tourism prospects in unusual sites. For instance, Alamango (2014) found great potential in sites such as cemeteries, the Inquisitor’s Palace, and the old Corradino Prisons. Cacciattolo (2023) further supported the sustained interest in dark tourism in Malta, particularly of a mysterious nature, noting that the island possesses many sites with a dark history due to its tumultuous past.
Attard (2009) delved into various crimes committed across the Maltese islands, offering narratives that could potentially enhance crime-themed tours, especially in Valletta. Complementing this, William Zammit’s book ‘Kissing the Gallows’ (Zammit, 2016) examines crimes like murder, robbery, and theft during the era of the Knights of St. John (1600–1798), providing historical context relevant to dark tourism narratives. Cini (2009) explored the history of Valletta’s notorious Strait Street, known for its nightlife and illicit activities, offering insights into the city’s darker past. This street has since been revived, proving highly effective in attracting youthful crowds.
Contemporary authors have also utilised Malta’s unique atmosphere for mystery narratives. Paul Vincent Lee, a crime novelist based in Malta, sets his stories on the island (Lee, 2014). US action-adventure author Chris Kuzneski describes Malta as a fascinating location of historical significance, particularly concerning the Knights of Malta and its strategic importance (Kuzneski, 2018).
Specifically concerning Freemasonry, Mollier (2013) discusses the significant role Malta played in 18th-century Freemasonry, stressing that the island served as a crucial hub for masonic activity, extending to broader European networks. Broadley (1880) remarked that “there is probably
SIMON CUSENS
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN TOURIST GUIDING
no part of the world in which Freemasonry has so greatly prospered during the present century as in Malta,” highlighting its historical legacy. The Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta’s website provides insights into the history and current state of Freemasonry on the island, detailing the establishment of lodges and rituals over the past 300 years.
Overall, the literature review suggests that Malta’s historical sites, particularly those associated with darker or mysterious aspects of its past, from the early 18th to the mid-20th century, align with the periods when Freemasonry was prevalent in Malta. The author notes that emerging tour operators in Malta are already investing in the ‘Dark’ genre, offering tours focused on ghosts, corsairs, and condemned individuals, often drawing on events from the same era as early Maltese Freemasonry. This suggests that Freemasonry tourism, with its real and authentic 300-year history, could be a perfect fit to augment and compliment the existing dark tourism offerings with a new, original niche.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study coincides with the Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta’s recent decision to become more transparent about its history and tradition.
sample size was determined by assignment guidelines, with six expert respondents invited, anticipating a 70-80% response rate. The identity of respondents was not visible to the author.
The questionnaire was structured into sections covering Demographic Information (age, gender, religion, education, job type), Tourism Interest (categories and product types relevant to Freemasonry), and Target Markets (perceived interest based on country of origin). Questions primarily used Likert-scale and multiple-choice formats to facilitate qualitative analysis. Data was collected over four weeks.
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influencing their responses compared to younger participants. These limitations were partially addressed through careful questionnaire design and providing context, but a larger, more diverse sample was recommended for future research.
DATA REPORTING AND DISCUSSION
The results from the questionnaire provided significant insights into the potential for Freemasonry tourism in Malta. All six respondents confirmed they had read the provided summary of Malta’s Freemasonry history before answering the questions. The respondents primarily consisted of those aged 36-70 (83.3%), with a smaller percentage aged 18-35 (16.7%). Most respondents were female (66.7%) and believed in a religion (83.3%), although the specific religion was not asked. The majority were highly educated, with almost 67% having a 2nddegree level education, and were experienced tourism professionals, with 66.7% being entrepreneurs or business executives and 60% having worked in the sector for over 10 years.
Malta’s historical sites, particularly those associated with darker or mysterious aspects of its past, from the early 18th to the mid20th century, align with the periods when Freemasonry was prevalent in Malta.
The author employed a qualitative approach to collect and analyse data, primarily using a structured six-question questionnaire with ten sub-questions in the final section. The questionnaire was chosen for its effectiveness in gathering structured opinions and perspectives within a short response period. Responses were collected anonymously via a Google Doc form.
The target population consisted of adults with an interest and track record in tourism, history, or cultural heritage. To ensure respondents had sufficient context, they were provided with a condensed summary of the history of Freemasonry in Malta The
Limitations of the study included potential response bias, as participants might provide answers influenced by the collective memory or societal views on Freemasonry if they lacked prior knowledge. The small sample size of six respondents limited the generalisability of findings, although their extensive experience in the tourism sector (many over 10 years) was intended to enhance objectivity and accuracy. A generational gap was also noted as a potential limitation, as older respondents might have been exposed to more hostile publicity about Freemasonry, potentially
Regarding tourism genres, respondents overwhelmingly agreed that Freemasonry is highly relevant to Cultural and Heritage Tourism, with five out of six ranking it as the most relevant (score of 1).
When asked about specific prospective tourism products, respondents felt Freemasonry had the highest potential in Special Interest Tours, followed by Lectures & Conferences, and then Historical Tours. Cultural & Educational Programmes and Themed Accommodations & Restaurants were ranked lower.
Identifying the potential target market, most respondents believed tourists from the British Isles and the USA would be most likely to appreciate Freemasonryrelated tourism products, in that order.
The potential with local residents was also noted as an opportunity not to be ignored.
A key finding was that an overwhelming majority, five out of six respondents (83%), agreed that Freemasonry presents an original and exciting opportunity for a new socio-cultural tourism genre for both locals and tourists. Respondents were divided on whether the opportunity was only for tourists or only for locals, ultimately confirming a belief in potential for both, but with the biggest interest expected from visiting tourists.
Respondents strongly agreed (83%) that Freemasonry would be an original and innovative addition to Malta’s socio-cultural historical elements. However, they were divided on whether it would appeal to all age groups. The data strongly suggested the appeal would be limited to a specific age bracket, with almost 70% disagreeing that it would be popular with those under 40. Conversely, 83.3% felt it would mostly interest tourists aged 40 or over.
Regarding gender appeal, the results were clear: respondents felt Freemasonry tourism would mostly appeal to predominantly male tourists. Only one respondent believed it would be popular with persons of any gender, and all respondents unanimously agreed it would not be predominantly popular with female tourists.
In discussion, the author notes the increasing demand for unconventional tours in Malta offered by operators like Malta Themed Tours and Colour my Travel, which focus on mystery and historical intrigue. Freemasonry, with its aspects of mystery, controversy, and intrigue, blending with historical events and figures from the Knights-era, fits well within this genre. Historical records, such as Inquisitor Lante’s ‘processo’ against Freemasons, offer authentic material for storytelling. Masonic graves and headstone monuments in colonial-era cemeteries also represent potential tour sites.
In conclusion, the research findings strongly support the hypothesis that Freemasonry tourism is an original and exciting product well-suited for Special Interest Tours, Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Lectures & Conferences, and Historical Tours. The primary target demographic identified is males aged 40 and older, predominantly from the British Isles and the USA. While the potential with local residents is considered less significant, it is still deemed an opportunity not to be overlooked. Further research with a larger sample is recommended to confirm and expand upon these results.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alamango, M. C. (2014) ‘Dark tourism on the Maltese Islands: prison as case studies’, BA thesis. Malta: University of Malta.
Attard, E. (2009) Murder in Malta 1800-1966 Malta: Book Distributors Ltd.
\Broadley, A.M. (1880) The History of Freemasonry in the District of Malta: from the year 1800 up to the present time. London, UK: George Kenning “Freemason” Office.
Cacciattolo, M. (2023) ‘ The Appeal of Dark Tourism in Malta ‘, Long Essay. Malta: Institute of Tourism Studies.
Cini G. (2009) Strada Stretta: It-Triq li darba xegħlet il-Belt. Malta: Allied Publications.
Kuzneski, C. (2018) The Malta Escape. USA: Paynes & Jones.
Lee P.V. (2014) The Maltese Orphans- An Inspector Thea Spiteri Crime Story. Weeryan Ltd.
Mollier, P. (2013) Malta, the Knights and Freemasonry. Available at: https:// pierremollier.wordpress.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/04/pm-81-malte-fm-english. pdf (Accessed: 17 January 2025).
Zammit W. (2016) Kissing the gallows, A cultural history of crime, torture and punishment in Malta 1600- 1798. Malta: BDL publishers.
Tsar Paul I wearing a masonic apron Emperor of Russia from 1796 till 1801 and de facto Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of St John from 1799-1801
English freemasons wearing their regalia - Malta
“The research findings strongly support the hypothesis that Freemasonry tourism is an original and exciting product well-suited for Special Interest Tours, Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Lectures & Conferences, and Historical Tours.
Recent banner from the Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta’s Facebook group page
Two examples of several masonic graves located at Pieta’ and Ta’ Braxia cemetery
Breathing Gas Quality and Monitoring in Dive Centres of the Maltese Islands
ARTHUR GAUCI BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN DIVING SAFETY MANAGEMENT
LITERATURE REVIEW
The research begins with a review of existing literature concerning breathing gas quality and monitoring in SCUBA diving. It highlights that SCUBA diving requires high-quality breathing air due to the unique challenges and risks posed by the underwater environment to human physiology. The evolution of diving, particularly the quest to extend its limits, necessitates the use of various breathing
gases like nitrox and trimix, which introduce new possibilities but also require careful management to minimise risks. The quality of these gases is paramount for diver health and safety, leading to the development of breathing gas quality standards outlined by International and European norms. These standards typically specify permissible levels for contaminants such as oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oil, and water vapour, aiming to mitigate safety concerns
and potential short or long-term health risks.
The review delves into the European Norm (EN) standards relevant to breathing gas and equipment. EN 12021:2014 is presented as the key standard for respiratory protective devices, outlining specifications for breathing air used in SCUBA diving, including limits for contaminants like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oil, and water vapour. This standard also discusses requirements for compressed gas used for
mixing or in respiratory protective devices, applicable to normal, hyperbaric, and hypobaric pressures, though it excludes aerospace and medical applications. It sets the permissible composition of breathing gas mixtures and maximum thresholds for contaminants to minimise health risks. The standard includes tables detailing acceptable levels for various components and water content, and specifies that when mixing gases, the resulting mixture must be evaluated for oxygen and potentially helium content to ensure correctness. It also defines specifications for oxygen-compatible air, noting more rigorous requirements for water and oil content compared to standard breathing air, which are necessary for safety during blending, for divers, and for equipment functionality. A significant omission highlighted in the standard is the failure to set frequencies for gas purity testing on breathing air compressors.
EN ISO 18119:2018+AM1:2021 is identified as the most current standard in the European Union for the testing and inspection of SCUBA and other high-pressure cylinders. The integrity and performance of cylinders are non-negotiable due to the extreme pressures they hold. The standard lays out proven testing methods including pressure tests, visual inspections, and non-destructive testing, providing guidelines for rejecting or accepting cylinders based on their condition. It also includes cleaning and drying procedures to avoid contaminating the contained gases. The standard specifies testing periods, noting that SCUBA cylinders require annual visual inspections and hydrostatic tests every five years in the Maltese Islands, as no specific local procedure has altered this frequency. These rigorous standards are deemed crucial for mitigating the severe repercussions of cylinder failures, protecting personnel and divers alike, and requiring everyone involved to understand their responsibilities regarding cylinder handling and maintenance.
The standards EN 144-1-2-3 are discussed in relation to improving interoperability and safety in SCUBA diving equipment use. EN 144-1:2018 specifies requirements for the design of SCUBA cylinder valves, including interface threads (17E, 25E, M18x1.5,
M25x2 Parallel), material strength, testing procedures, and required markings. EN 144-2:2018 specifies essential criteria for outlet connections, referring to EN ISO 12209 for compressed breathable air connections, commonly known as the DIN fitting. EN 144-3:2003 specifically describes specifications for outlet connections used with diving gases containing more than 22% oxygen, commonly referred to as the M26 x 2 nitrox regulator fitting. Adherence to these standards ensures product safety, quality, and compatibility between equipment from different manufacturers.
The Maltese Recreational Diving Services Regulations (Subsidiary Legislation 409.13) establish licensing and requirements for recreational diving service providers. These regulations mandate routine and meticulous upkeep of all facilities and equipment used for diving services. A systematically updated log of service for all apparatus must be maintained, detailing maintenance performed according to manufacturer guidelines. All dive gear must comply with EU safety regulations and manufacturer specifications. Although the legislation references numerous EN standards, it only
Image credit: SurfaceWarriors is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.
indirectly refers to EN 12021 and does not stipulate a specific interval for evaluating air purity from compressors, though it requires maintenance plans in line with standards and manufacturer guidelines.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) of the UK’s guidance on diver’s breathing gas standard and testing frequency is reviewed as a potential benchmark. HSE standards aim to mitigate risks from gas toxicity and other hazards. They specify required levels for oxygen, contaminants, oil, and water vapour, emphasising that breathing gas composition must be carefully controlled and monitored. Recommended checks include pre-use checks before each dive or filling operation, continuous monitoring during operations, periodic air testing at intervals of not more than three months (or more frequently based on risk assessment), post-dive analysis for certain high-risk operations, and detailed record keeping of examinations, tests, and remedial actions. This comprehensive approach to safety monitoring is vital for protecting divers from contaminated gas.
METHODOLOGY
The study adopted a mixed-methods research design, combining both qualitative and quantitative elements to address the research objectives comprehensively. The research followed a structured process involving question formulation, data collection, and data analysis. Primary data was collected specifically for this study. The first part of the study involved distributing a structured online questionnaire to dive centres across the Maltese Islands. This questionnaire aimed to gather details on SCUBA gas-filling practices, including the types of gases dispensed, equipment maintenance, awareness and adherence to regulations and standards. Predominantly, closed-ended questions were used for consistent, quantifiable data, supplemented by a small number of open-ended questions to allow participants to express opinions and avoid researcher bias. The questionnaire was disseminated via email, maintaining respondent anonymity, and included a consent form outlining study procedures and data protection.
The target participants were primarily dive centres that are members of the Professional Dive School Association (PDSA), and other dive centres located across the Maltese Islands. All 42 PDSA members were invited to participate, aiming for a strong representative sample to understand local gas-filling practices. Due to an insufficient initial response via email, a strategic adjustment was made to use a direct method involving visiting dive centres in person to request participation, which proved highly effective with no centres declining.
A component of the study also involved collecting and evaluating random air samples from consenting dive centres to assess actual air quality and identify potential contaminants. This was intended to corroborate the questionnaire findings and provide a realistic basis for conclusions. The air testing was conducted on-site using a DE-OX test unit (serial number: 90102121), with the procedure developed in consultation with the manufacturer. Samples were taken from pre-filled cylinders prepared for customers. While this provided insight, the study notes that more precise lab analysis and more extensive sampling over different periods would be beneficial for a full understanding of air quality characteristics.
Quantitatively, the study required the analysis of breathing gases, equipment, and monitoring methods, using precise measurements of contaminants and qualityrelated questions to assess compliance with European standards. Quantitative questions were crucial for detailed data collection and objective evaluation. Qualitative questions were included to gather insights into participants’ perspectives and motivations, allowing for analysis of themes and patterns not captured by numerical data alone The mixed-methods approach, by integrating qualitative insights with quantitative data, aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis identifying gaps and understanding contributing factors to develop effective, realistic recommendations.
Data analysis involved graphic statistics using Google Forms visualisations to outline
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” This comprehensive approach to safety monitoring is vital for protecting divers from contaminated gas.
data aspects, trends, and variability for statistical verification. Content analysis was used for open-ended questions to extract themes and understand general perceptions. Cross-tabulation was intended to highlight deficiencies in operations and standards.
Ethical considerations were observed, ensuring informed consent from participating dive centres, clearly explaining the research purpose, methods, and risks. Participation was voluntary, with the right to withdraw. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained to protect identities and prevent harm or competitive disadvantage. Potential conflicts of interest were to be addressed, and findings reported honestly. The research adhered to local laws and regulations. The study aimed to contribute positively to breathing gas quality and monitoring, improving safety for staff and customers without causing unwarranted alarm.
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The survey involved 33 questions and received responses from 33 out of 42 invited dive centres, representing a 78.6% participation rate and indicating a high level of engagement within the industry.
Regarding gas filling, the survey found that not all dive centres perform compressed air fills in-house. Four centres (12.1%) stated they do not own a compressor and thus lack gas-filling facilities, while one centre owned a compressor but did not use it. All survey participants stated they owned their diving cylinders. Centres without filling facilities rely on other dive centres, citing the prohibitive cost of running a compressor or awaiting permits and equipment. While this arrangement shifts operational burden, it does not remove the responsibility of the cylinder-owning centre for the gas quality provided to their customers. Independent verification of gas purity by these centres
is recommended. Cylinder ownership places maintenance responsibility on the dive centre, shared with the filling facility when cylinders are filled elsewhere. Proper cylinder maintenance is crucial for gas purity and general safety due to high pressures. Dive centres must be familiar with EN ISO 18119:2018 regarding periodic inspection and testing of cylinders. The variety of cylinders owned (air, nitrox, trimix, heliox) indicated widespread use of blended gases alongside air.
The study investigated gas blending practices. Most dive centres with compressors also have gas blending capabilities. Data showed that 69.7% of dive centres have blending facilities, meaning approximately 79.3% of centres that fill gases also blend them. This suggests an evolution towards more technical diving activities within dive centres, with centres increasingly adding blending capabilities
alongside compressors. The most common blending method reported was partial pressure blending. Other methods like oxygen generators or continuous flow blenders are often limited to lower oxygen percentages suitable for recreational but not technical diving. Blending gases requires extra care and a thorough understanding of the process, including familiarisation with EN 12021:2014. Training in gas blending, such as courses covering methods, oxygen handling hazards, risk management, and equipment cleaning, is necessary.
Monitoring gas quality is vital, with oxygen content being a key parameter. Incorrect oxygen levels are extremely dangerous. Other parameters like moisture (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) should also be monitored to ensure purity standards. None of the participating dive centres indicated they do not monitor
Image credit: Miami Scuba Diving
breathing gases at all, suggesting some level of checking is performed, but impurity parameter monitoring is low. This highlights an opportunity for improvement in monitoring potentially contaminating impurities.
Logging breathing gas composition data was found to be lower than the reported monitoring level. Gas logging can help identify deviations and trends, serving as an early warning system. Collecting data on oxygen, CO2, and other gases provides essential information for monitoring air purity standards and preventing issues with improper gas levels or excessive impurities. Gas fill logs are crucial for monitoring breathing gas mixtures and ensuring dive safety, as incorrect mixes pose health risks. The study indicated that prevalent gas logging practices in Maltese dive centres are poor. Detailed logs could aid in identifying root causes of problems and should be promoted.
Awareness of gas quality purchased from suppliers is important. Regarding helium quality, 24.2% of participants were not sure of the grade used. Using Grade 5 helium (99.999% purity) or better is crucial for diving to ensure minimal contaminants (not more than 30 ppm) that could affect physiology at depth. Medical grade helium may contain unsafe impurities at pressure. Awareness was higher for oxygen quality compared to helium. EN 12021:2014 regulates oxygen quality for SCUBA breathing gases in the EU. Using medical grade oxygen (99.5%) from industrial gas suppliers is recommended for life support gases to meet necessary standards. Medical oxygen might require a doctor’s prescription and may be perceived by suppliers as only permissible in their packaging. Dive centres must ensure purchased gases meet required standards and verify the type of gas aligns with EN standards.
All surveyed dive centres confirmed they possess emergency oxygen kits, complying with Maltese regulations A small number obtain emergency oxygen fills from gas suppliers, but the majority fill in-house or at other dive centres. Concerns were raised
that some centres use industrial-grade oxygen in their facilities, potentially using it for emergency oxygen cylinders, which is inappropriate for breathing or medicinal use. This situation warrants further investigation.
Air purity tests are required to ensure compressors produce air meeting EN standards. Most participants reported conducting air purity tests annually, often after the compressor’s annual service. Crucially, both Maltese regulations and EN 12021:2014 do not specify a frequency for these tests, highlighting an ambiguity. Consulting guidance like the UK HSE, which recommends tests every three months or after maintenance, would be advisable.
Random air samples were collected from 21 consenting dive centres. The majority of samples had contaminant levels within acceptable limits. However, two sets of results showed one parameter notably exceeding the limit: one sample had high carbon monoxide (CO) from an internal combustion engine-driven compressor, likely due to exhaust aspiration, and another had high volatile organic compounds (VOC) from an electric compressor with persistent issues and a compromised filter. Another centre had elevated but within-limit CO and VOCs, potentially due to location in a busy area and filter nearing replacement. The involved dive centres expressed concern and pledged to address the issues. The random testing exercise revealed that current testing frequencies might be insufficient to adequately address the need to satisfy EN standards, suggesting that more frequent testing is warranted. The HSE model and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) programs are valuable resources for improving safety and proactively mitigating risks. Incorporating parameters for air purity analysis into data logs could help prevent contamination issues, though the cost of such systems can be substantial.
Awareness of local regulatory and standard quality requirements is essential for conformity. A sizeable portion of participants perceived themselves as
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” However, the discrepancy between perceived and actual knowledge of EN standards, supported by the air test data, could create a misleading sense of security regarding gas quality.
knowledgeable about EN standards. However, the study notes that awareness does not equate to knowledge of content or adherence. An examination of responses indicated that the perceived level of knowledge regarding standards might not match the actual knowledge level, highlighting a gap. For example, regarding EN 144-3:2003 which requires M26 x 2 outlet connections for cylinders with over 22% oxygen, only 21.2% showed some conformity. Reasons for non-compliance included client demands (using non-EU equipment or standard DIN fittings).
Dive centres expressed a high level of satisfaction with the quality of their air supply and the state of their gas-filling and blending equipment. However, the discrepancy between perceived and actual knowledge of EN standards, supported by the air test data, could create a misleading sense of security regarding gas quality. Open comments from participants highlighted a need for better inspections, more maintenance, concerns about local regulations and analysis costs, and some satisfaction with current air quality. A common theme was that inspections were inadequate, particularly needing divingoriented inspectors. Concerns about inadequate equipment maintenance and a desire for more training were also noted.
The study concluded that while commitment to breathing gas quality, monitoring, and maintenance is evident, there are opportunities for improvement, particularly in gas logging practices and testing frequencies. Enhanced awareness of EN standards and local regulations and proactive measures are needed. The random air tests, revealing instances of parameter exceedance, strengthened the argument for evaluating and increasing air purity testing frequency schedules. Recommendations included further research into equipment maintenance, gas blending techniques, cylinder safety, and the effectiveness of standards like EN ISO 18119:2018+AM1:2021 to continually improve safety standards and protect divers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burman, F., 2013a. Scuba air quality Part 1: What do the limits really mean? Alert Diver, Issue Autum, pp. 14-181.
Burman, F., 2013b. Scuba air quality Part 2: How do we analyse the air we are breathing? Alert Diver, Issue Spring, pp. 14-15.
Burman, F., 2023. Alert Diver, Helium Gas Purity: What Is Pure Enough? [Online] Available at: https://dan.org/alert-diver/ article/helium-gas-purity-what-is-pureenough/#:~:text=We%20can%20skip%20 grade%20L,for%20diving%20and%20 respirator%20applications . [Accessed 25 02 2024].
CEN, 2014. Respiratory equipmentCompressed gases for breathing apparatus (EN 12021:2014). Brussels, EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION. CEN, 2018a. Gas cylinders - Seamless steel and seamless aluminium-alloy gas cylinders and tubes - Periodic inspection and testing (ISO 18119:2018). Brussels, EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION.
Heine, J. N., 2000. Scientific Diving Techniques. Marine Technology Society Journal, 34(4), pp. 23-37126.
Lippmann, J. & Millar, I., 2022. Severe carbon monoxide poisonings in scuba divers: AsiaPacific c cases and causation. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 49(3), p. 3411.
MALTA TRAVEL AND TOURISM SERVICES ACT, 2004. (CAP. 409) Legal Notice 153. Valletta, GOVERNMENT OF MALTA128. McKim, C. C., 2017.
PADI, 2024. Technical Diving Tec Gas Blender. [Online] Available at: https://www. padi.com/courses/tec-gas-blender [Accessed 7 3 2024]129. PDSA, 2017. Diving Centres. [Online] Available at: https://pdsa.org.mt/ diving-centres/ [Accessed 15th February 2024].
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REGULATIONS, 2012. SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION 409.13. VALLETTA, GOVERNMENT OF MALTA.
Reja, U., Manfreda, K. L., Hlebec, V. & Vehovar, V., 2003. Open-ended vs. closeended. Developments in applied statistics, 19(1), pp. 159-177129. VisitMalta, 2021. VisitMalta. [Online] Available at: https:// www.visitmalta.com/en/diving-in-malta/ [Accessed 30 October 2022].
WHO, 2022. Working document QAS/20.867/ Rev6: MEDICINAL OXYGEN. Geneva, World Health Organisation.
Interwoven Wonders: Exploring Alternative Tourism Potential Along the Natural Fault of the Victoria Lines
JENNA BUISSINNE
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN TOURIST GUIDING
This long essay examines the potential for alternative tourism along the Victoria Lines in Malta.
The study aims to identify suitable types of alternative tourism for the area, explore potential benefits for local communities, and consider possible environmental and cultural impacts. The Victoria Lines, a twelve-kilometre fortified wall spanning Malta’s Great Fault, offers a trail that attracts both locals and tourists due to its scenic beauty and historical significance, featuring a significant concentration of military architecture. Although opportunities currently exist, concerns regarding accessibility, conservation, and individual actions remain. A significant recent development is the tender for a Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) for the Victoria Lines, which could bolster tourism potential. The study draws on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists, analysed thematically, and contributes insights and recommendations for alternative tourism development.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review establishes alternative tourism as a sustainable approach that integrates local populations and respects natural and human environments, contrasting with mass tourism by focusing on unique, immersive experiences. It contributes to conservation and values recipient cultures with minimal impact, especially in protected areas. Driven by travellers’ unconventional interests, alternative tourism encompasses types such as eco, Agri, rural, adventure, and cultural tourism. The Victoria Lines, with their historical importance and natural beauty, are presented as an ideal location for such initiatives.
A historical overview details the Victoria Lines’ construction between 1875 and 1899 by the British along the Great Fault, a natural geological barrier featuring various landscapes and historical sites. The fortification, initially comprising three forts (Madliena, Binġemma, Mosta), later included Fort Pembroke and other military
structures. A connecting wall was added for troop movement, intended to prevent invasion from the north, but the lines were abandoned by 1907. Over time, they fell into disrepair due to factors including partial collapse and degradation from quarrying, although features and portions of the wall remain accessible. Initially named the NorthWest Front, they were renamed Victoria Lines in 1897.
The current status highlights the Victoria Lines’ Grade 1 scheduled property status and designation as a heritage trail with a buffer zone, affording them the highest level of protection and preventing new developments nearby Despite this, the site has suffered from degradation and vandalism. The potential for developing the Victoria Lines into Malta’s first National Trail has been proposed, which could enhance their tourism value. Although restoration works began in 2019, progress has been slow. The tendering for a CMP, opened in January 2025, aims to develop the Victoria
Lines into a sustainable tourism product.
Enhancing adventure tourism is explored through the concept of linear properties, which the Victoria Lines possess, comprising nodes, corridors, and radiation surfaces that help distribute visitors. The site includes intrinsic locations suitable for adventure activities, such as cliffs popular for climbing and abseiling (between Forts Mosta and Madliena, and at Fomm ir-Riħ) and Mosta Bridge for abseiling. Ziplining across Wied ilGħasel is practiced, with potential expansion to other valleys. Potholing opportunities exist in various tombs and catacombs. Hiking and biking face challenges due to obstacles like private gates, obliterated wall sections, and terrain difficulty, although detours and nearby roads can facilitate these activities. The linear structure and connecting routes could disperse visitors into surrounding hamlets, fostering interest in less-explored areas and potentially supporting commercial amenities and Agritourism collaborations with local farms.
Seasonal tourism management is relevant, as alternative tourism can manage tourist influx seasonality. While Malta’s tourist volumes peak in August, distribution is more even, compared to other nations, although
peak season strains infrastructure. The optimal seasons for visiting the Victoria Lines are autumn, winter, and spring, aligning with Malta’s strategy for year-round tourism.
The impact on local communities and site management considers attracting “highquality tourists” who are more economically, socially, and environmentally responsible. Effective management could lead all surrounding localities to embrace tourism and benefit economically, socio-culturally, and environmentally. Engaging residents in planning is crucial for preserving traditions and offering valuable insights. However, increased visitation could lead to resident resistance and challenges like vandalism, potentially requiring security measures that might detract from authenticity.
Implications for site accessibility, environmental impact, and cultural preservation suggest that alternative tourism could drive improvements leading to an accessible coast-to-coast pathway, benefiting locals and tourists through reduced traffic and pollution. The surrounding land could gain protection against construction, preserving ecosystems. Conversely, improper management might cause site degradation, including soil erosion
and habitat damage. Vandalism remains a risk to cultural heritage. Improved awareness through educational tours for locals, particularly children, could strengthen cultural identity and foster respect. Increased demand could revitalise local traditions and crafts, enhancing cultural heritage and appeal.
The literature concludes that significant potential exists for alternative tourism along the Victoria Lines, offering benefits but also challenges. Restoration efforts enhance potential, but research gaps exist concerning visitor management, environmental impact, and community engagement. Addressing these is key to maximising benefits and mitigating risks.
METHODOLOGY
The study employed a qualitative research approach to gather insights from various stakeholders, blending adventure, heritage, and sustainability perspectives. Semistructured one-on-one interviews were chosen over questionnaires to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. The number of participants was limited to three due to word count constraints, reduced from an initial plan of eleven. Primary data came from these interviews, while secondary data was sourced from scholarly articles.
The research design adopted a qualitative approach due to its suitability for exploring complex, context-specific issues and personal experiences, which was essential for understanding alternative tourism in this context. A quantitative approach, presenting data numerically, would not have yielded adequate results. Participants were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling strategy, targeting individuals with specialised knowledge or experiences relevant to the research objectives, such as heritage administrators, authors on the subject, and an adventure tourism specialist This crosssectional approach gathered data through individual, one-time interviews.
The qualitative data collected from the interviews was analysed using thematic analysis, enabling the identification and interpretation of common themes and patterns in participants’ responses to gain a deeper understanding of key ideas related to alternative tourism along the Victoria Lines.
Fort Mosta from Ġnien l-Għarusa tal-Mosta (Image by Frank Vincentz on Wikimedia Commons).
Limitations included the small sample size, which may not fully capture the diversity of perspectives. Although three recorded interviews were planned, one participant provided written answers only, and another provided both written and recorded responses.
Ethical considerations were addressed by ensuring the research was conducted responsibly and safely. Participant identities were kept confidential and anonymised in the report, informed consent was obtained before interviews, confidentiality agreements were signed, and collected data is stored securely.
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Findings from the three interviews regarding the potential for alternative tourism along the Victoria Lines were presented and discussed, covering local communities, environmental and cultural impacts, restoration, protection, vandalism, potential as a national trail, government support, tourism opportunities, challenges, transport, and environmental management.
Regarding restoration, protection, and vandalism, it was noted that these aspects are crucial for determining tourism potential. Subject A, an author, explained that the current restoration focuses on conserving what remains and preventing further damage, such as a one-kilometre stretch in the Għargħur area chosen for its accessibility. Restoring the entire twelvekilometre wall is not the aim. Preventative maintenance is challenging due to difficult access in many areas. While construction is prohibited in the buffer zone, unprotected bordering land allows development that could impact the landscape. Vandalism is deemed manageable, but activities like camping, barbeques, and off-road biking cause similar adverse effects. Subject B, from the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage, confirmed a CMP is at the tendering stage, which will cover touristic potential and valorisation. Permits are required for activities in the buffer zone. Subject C, an adventure company owner, observed that during restoration, rubble is sometimes dumped at the ridge base, creating an eyesore. Little education is provided to locals, leading to disrespect. Squatters in Fort Binġemma prevent intervention The analysis
indicates that the Victoria Lines have strong tourism potential despite their vulnerable state.
The potential for a national trail requires government support. Subject A stated that the current government’s electoral manifesto includes the Victoria Lines as an objective, and progressing to a national trail would put Malta on the European Ramblers Map, offer an innovative tourism product, and provide greater protection. A managed trail would make the area accessible to a wider audience. This aligns with the CMP call.
Tourism opportunities and challenges are central, with all participants agreeing on the strong potential. Subject A noted that conservation, restoration, and management are costly, and tourism income could support these efforts. Recent signposts are part of an upcoming MTA project. The Victoria Lines offer a diversified and unique product for shoulder and winter months. Subject B highlighted that the current state, with unsafe areas, overgrowth, and squatters, impacts potential. However, sensitive adventure activities like horse-riding, rock-climbing, abseiling, and ziplining are possible. Existing ancillary structures could be developed into “spartan” or “parador” style accommodation. Subject C described visiting as potentially a “negative experience” due to challenges like dangerous dogs and overgrown sections, making walking impossible in parts. Obliterated sections also exist. Opportunities include Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives where visitors could participate in clean-up or restoration efforts after learning about the site, creating a mutually beneficial experience.
Transport, tourism impacts, and environmental management are important considerations. Subject A suggested increased vehicular traffic could be a problem and public transport to key locations and extremities must improve. Defined circular walking routes starting from public transport points could encourage visits to nearby towns, benefiting localities economically. Subject B proposed signposting and regular maintenance to minimise traffic effects. CCTV and patrolling environmental wardens could also be introduced. Subject C mentioned implementing time slots for activities to
avoid crowding in one location. The analysis suggests that increased tourism should not lead to increased vehicular traffic.
Local communities’ awareness and potential support for increased activity were explored. Subject A felt most locals know about the Victoria Lines but see it merely as “another wall,” lacking awareness of its full heritage. It’s unlikely residents of surrounding areas will broadly support increased activity, preferring their quiet life. However, farmers in the western parts might realise economic benefits from selling local produce. Hunters will likely oppose increased visitors, even on a delineated path. Subject B agreed most locals know about the site but not the full extent of its historical value. Subject C believed residents probably wouldn’t mind increased activity, but squatters and hunters would, with hunters known to damage activity installations to discourage presence. The analysis indicates that while locals are aware, their appreciation and support for increased activity are questionable, though some may see economic benefits. Education could strengthen cultural identity and foster respect.
The discussion synthesises these findings. The CMP is a positive development for enhancing potential. Restoration efforts are ongoing but face challenges with accessibility and the handling of materials. Vandalism is manageable, but other activities cause similar negative effects. The Grade 1 protection status is questioned due to ongoing degradation and the presence of squatters. Government support for a national trail is encouraging. The Victoria Lines offer opportunities for off-peak tourism and adventure activities. Repurposing buildings for accommodation and using CSR initiatives for education and maintenance were suggested. Improving public transport and using measures like signposting, CCTV, and wardens are recommended to manage increased visitation and minimise environmental impact. Education is needed to increase local respect and understanding of the site’s significance and potential benefits. Opposition is anticipated from hunters and squatters. Despite challenges, parts of the site are suitable for activities, and the forthcoming CMP should provide solutions. The enforcement of Grade 1 protection is not always clear.
FINAL ARGUMENTS
The study concludes that while the Victoria Lines’ potential for alternative tourism is affected by their current state, particularly in certain inaccessible sections, this does not necessarily hinder overall appeal as not the entire site is intended for full restoration. The forthcoming CMP is seen as a crucial development to boost tourism potential. Despite Grade 1 protection, the site suffers from actions by uncontrolled groups like hunters and squatters, negatively impacting visitors, while respectable companies require permits.
Adventure tourism opportunities already exist, and the CSR initiative is highlighted as a notable suggestion for combining tourism with education and restoration efforts. Enhancements beyond structural repairs, such as improved public transport, security cameras, and patrolling wardens, could improve visitor experience, safety, and site preservation.
Local awareness of the Victoria Lines exists, but educational tours are needed to deepen knowledge, strengthen cultural identity, and foster greater respect and awareness of economic potential. While broad local support for increased activity is unclear, opposition is expected from hunters and squatters. The study contributes by examining current potential and exploring environmental
and cultural impacts, offering practical recommendations for development, visitor management, infrastructure enhancement, and conservation. Further research is recommended on local community support, collaborations between adventure companies and farms, and comparisons with similar sites in Europe.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aiden, S., Camilleri, J. and Haston, S. (2013) Sport climbing in Malta & Gozo. 1st edn. Gudja: Tufa Publications.
Anon. (2006) North West Local Plan. Marsa: Malta Environment and Planning Authority.
Cachia Zammit, R. (2017) The Victoria Lines Revisited. Birkirkara: Times of Malta.
Cachia Zammit, R. (2021) The Victoria Lines. 1st edn. Santa Venera: Heritage Books.
Cachia Zammit, R. (2023) The Victoria Lines: From Conception to Demise. What Future? Birkirkara: Times of Malta.
Caruana, J. (2017) The Victoria Lines National Trail: A Proposal for the Development and Management of a New Self-Guided Heritage Trail and an Innovative Tourism Product for Malta University of Malta: Institute for Tourism, Travel and Culture.
Chimbanrai, H. (2021) Destination Strategic Positioning and Marketing Strategy for Foreign High-Quality Tourist. Bangkok: National Institute of Development Administration, Graduate
School of Tourism Management. Chung, J.Y. (2009) ‘Seasonality in Tourism: A Review’, e-Review of Tourism Research, 7(5), p. 88. Development Planning Act (2001) [Online]. Available at: https://www.gov.mt/en/ Government/Documents/PA%20Listings%20 Notices/2001/gn85_01.pdf (Accessed: 07 August 2024).
Local Councils Act (2002) Protection of Wied id-Dis Bridge (Għargħur Local Council) Bye-Laws. Valletta: Department of Information.
Maas, S. and Attard, M. (2022) ‘Shared Mobility Services in Malta: User Needs and Perceptions’, in Tsoutsos, T. (ed.) Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations. Crete: Creative Commons, pp. 87–100.
Malta Tourism Authority (2024) Tender for the Drafting of a Conservation Management Plan for the Victoria Lines Including the Surrounding Areas and Facilities. Floriana: Sectoral Procurement Directorate.
Media Consulta Malta Ltd. (2024) MC Adventure. [Online]. Available at: https:// mcadventure.com.mt (Accessed: 03 September 2024).
Nunes Medeiros, H.M. et al. (2021) ‘Alternative Tourism and Environmental Impacts: Perception of Residents of an Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazonia’, Sustainability, 13(2076), pp. 1–29.
Nyimbili, F. and Nyimbili, L. (2024) ‘Types of Purposive Sampling Techniques with Their Examples and Application in Qualitative Research Studies’, British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies: English Language, Teaching, Literature, Linguistics & Communication, 5(1), pp. 90–99.
Pekkala, E. (2015) Developing Sustainable Tourism on the Mediterranean Island of Malta Helsinki: Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences.
Ruggieri, G. & Platania, M. (2024) Islands’ Tourism Seasonality: A Data Analysis of Mediterranean Islands’ Tourism Comparing Seasonality Indicators (2008–2018). Sustainability, 16(3674), pp. 1-14
Spiteri, S. (2004) The Victoria Lines. ARX- Online Journal of Military Architecture, 7(1-4), p. 20.
Spiteri, S. (2014) The Stolen Stones of the Victoria Lines. In: G. Bonello, ed. Timeless Gentlemen. Valletta: Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malta, pp. 385-395.
ITS Events Timeline
The past few months have been a season of milestones, memories, innovation and momentum for the Institute. This timeline shows the highlights and the progression of things since the previous issue.
5 FEBRUARY
Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta – An Exhibition by ITS Tourist Guiding Students
The Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding students at the Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) presented Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta, an exhibition at the Ramla Bay Resort, Mellieħa, showcasing an intriguing blend of past and present.
11 FEBRUARY
ITS Partners with Heritage Malta to Offer Free Guided Tours to the Public
The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) has collaborated with Heritage Malta to offer free guided tours to the public. These tours were led by students following the Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding at ITS, providing them with invaluable practical experience whilst showing Malta’s rich cultural and historical heritage.
13 FEBRUARY
Career Expo held at ITS for students to meet organisations within the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
The expo offered valuable experience to ITS students and brought them closer to the leading employers in the tourism and hospitality sector. Students had the opportunity to network and explore potential career paths and secure their internships.
21 FEBRUARY
ITS launches international partnership for new courses on Mediterranean culinary excellence
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Tourism Ian Borg announced that the Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) is joining forces with two internationally renowned educational institutions to introduce innovative study programmes focused on Mediterranean culinary excellence.
18 MARCH
Open Doors at the Institute of Tourism Studies
The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) opened its doors to the public on the 18th of March, giving prospective students the opportunity to explore its diverse academic offerings, a tour of the campus and its facilities, and first-hand information about the institute’s academic programmes, while also engaging with students, staff and lecturers.
2 MAY
Events and Culinary Arts Students
Present New Orleans-themed event to perfection
Under the guidance of their esteemed lecturers, students from the Events and Culinary Arts departments planned and executed an evening of jazz, exquisite cuisine and an unforgettable experience.
24 MARCH
Malta Institute of Tourism Studies and Beijing
Sport University Sign Landmark MOU in Presence of Malta’s Ambassador
Malta Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) and Beijing
Sport University (BSU) have signed a groundbreaking Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) aimed at fostering academic collaboration and cultural exchange. The signing ceremony took place at Beijing
Sport University and was honoured by the presence of H.E. John Busuttil, Ambassador of Malta to China.
9 MAY
Academic Excellence Symposium 2025
The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) hosted the 2025 Academic Excellence Symposium, providing graduates of the Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding the opportunity to present their final research projects. The abstracts focused on important tourism niches in Malta, from Masonic history and heritage retail to cinematic landmarks, alternative trails, and religious architecture. Themes include cultural preservation, experiential storytelling, and new touristic potentials of Malta’s local identity.
Heritage Interpretation for Children in the 21st Century: the case of how we can interpret heritage differently to our younger audience
INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT
The study investigates how cultural heritage sites, often referred to interchangeably with museums, can attract more children by interpreting heritage differently to a younger audience. It examines questions surrounding effective interpretation techniques for children’s programmes, how these programmes can be improved, whether children learn and enjoy them, and if cultural heritage sites in Malta are adapting to children’s preferences. The research looks at different outreach programmes compared to independent museum visits to determine effectiveness
in terms of learning and enjoyment. A key aim is to explore best practices in heritage interpretation for children aged 8-12 in museums. The Domvs Romana in Rabat, managed by Heritage Malta, was chosen as the site for a case study, given its universal theme relevant to both Maltese and foreign children.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review delves into key theories and methods of heritage interpretation relevant to children’s museum programmes, both on-site and digital. Heritage interpretation is defined as a form of mediation between the visitor and a heritage site, aiming to build a bridge
through information that leads to deeper emotional and cognitive connections and experiential learning. Interpretation can be delivered through various means, including guided tours, panels, audio guides, or digital media. Interpreters, such as guides or museum educators, aim to enhance visitor enjoyment, providing engaging activities that add value to the historical experience.
Freeman Tilden’s six principles of heritage interpretation (1957) are foundational, initially for natural heritage but extended to cultural heritage. Key principles relevant to this study include relating interpretation to the visitor’s personality or experience, viewing interpretation as revelation based
GEORGETTE FARRUGIA MASTER OF ARTS IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION
The Domvs Romana in Rabat (Photo by Heather Cowper on Flickr).
on information (not just information itself), considering interpretation an art, aiming for provocation rather than instruction, presenting a whole rather than a part, and most importantly, addressing children (up to age twelve) with a fundamentally different approach and a separate programme.
Characteristics unique to children that interpreters must consider include learning quickly, enjoying superlatives, using senses, acting spontaneously (leading to better engagement), thriving in groups, and loving adventure. Effective interpreters for children need patience, creativity, a sense of adventure, and enjoy storytelling and animation. Keeping groups engaged is crucial for information retention. Small group sizes, opportunities to connect with the interpreter, short, fast-paced programmes, and elements of surprise can enhance interpretation. Engaging children through hands-on activities, role-play, and handling artifacts helps them feel part of the story.
Different methods of interpretation include storytelling, which is effective for information retention and linking tangible and intangible heritage. Digital storytelling is also suggested as an efficient educational tool. Dialogues activate memory and promote collective knowledge formation. Scaffolding, achieved through steps like provoking attention, asking openended questions, providing explanations, and guiding children to link experiences to exhibits, is an effective strategy for maximising learning and creating dialogue Parent-child conversational interactions are also a technique, with parents guiding children through questions and linking artifacts to experiences, though not all parents are inclined to do this. Reconstruction of environments or using digital illustrations can also aid interpretation.
Learning theories are also discussed, including the socio-cultural approach and the Contextual Model of Learning (CML) by Falk & Dierking (2000). The CML highlights eight factors facilitating museum learning, divided into three contexts: Personal (motivation, prior knowledge, choice/control), Sociocultural (mediation
by group and others), and Physical (design, orientation, reinforcing events). The study aims to see if applying constructivist theories like CML and Vygotsky’s sociocultural approach, along with scaffolding, improves learning.
Audience segmentation based on age is stressed, aligning with Tilden’s principle 6, as different age groups have varied needs and learning preferences. Technology, such as digital storytelling, virtual reality, and augmented reality, can transform museums into hybrid spaces, providing interactive, engaging, and accessible experiences, both virtually and physically. Edutainment, combining education and entertainment, is seen as crucial for attracting young audiences and satisfying both affective and cognitive elements of consumer behaviour. While education is the core, entertainment complements it. Serious Games are presented as an edutainment approach to improve focus and facilitate cultural awareness
RESEARCH METHODS
The study adopted a thematic approach based on qualitative data collected from children aged 8-12 Participants were divided into three groups of 14 children each:
Group One: On-site tour tailor-made for children, including interactive narrative, roleplay.
Group Two: Interactive Virtual Learning (IVL) session via Zoom, including a presentation, video, Kahoot quiz, and a hands-on mosaic activity kit sent by mail.
Group Three: Independent visit accompanied by an adult, using only available interpretation panels.
The theoretical framework was guided by Tilden’s principle 6 (tailor-made programmes), storytelling and dialogues as effective methods, free choice learning, informal learning priority, and learning by doing. These principles were integrated through the Inspiring Learning for All (ILFA) Framework (Arts Council England, reviewed 2014), used to evaluate programmes based on Generic Learning Outcomes (GLOs). The GLOs used were Knowledge and Understanding,
Skills, Attitudes and Values, Enjoyment/ Inspiration/ Creativity, and Activity/ Behaviour/ Progression.
The CML (Falk & Dierking, 2000) and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural approach using scaffolding were applied to Group One and Two’s programmes and evaluated. The Domvs Romana was chosen for its universal theme, manageable size, and available resources like togas and worksheets.... The specific activities for Group One involved a guided tour covering themes like Roman dwellings, clothing, food, and mosaics, using flashcards to prompt discussion and dialogue, applying scaffolding techniques. A hands-on mosaic activity and dress-up were included. Group Two’s IVL session followed principles for virtual learning, using a narrative presentation, a video from a curator, a Kahoot quiz, and the mosaic activity performed at home. Group Three used the museum’s interpretation panels and personal mobile devices.
Data was collected through focus groups with the participating children two weeks after their visit/session. Observation of the children was also used. A standard set of questions assessed prior museum experience, enjoyment rating (1-10), recall of the visit, and recommendation likelihood. Additional questions probed specific activities for Groups One and Two, and views on technology for all groups. Ethical considerations included information letters and consent forms for parents/guardians, ensuring anonymity and voluntary participation.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
The effectiveness of the interpretation methods was measured by children’s learning and enjoyment. Learning was seen not just as memorising facts, but as gaining a meaningful experience.
ENJOYMENT, INSPIRATION, AND CREATIVITY (GLO IV):
Group One (On-site): All children gave high enjoyment scores (mostly 8+). They enjoyed all parts of the activity but overwhelmingly preferred having a museum educator over using technology like QR codes for interpretation. They found the on-site tour
very enjoyable and wanted more such activities.
Group Two (IVL): Enjoyment scores varied, but most were 7+92. Children enjoyed the mosaic activity and the Kahoot quiz, which helped them focus. Comparing to previous on-site visits, they felt the social aspect of being in a group on-site was missing and preferred visiting physically. They still preferred an educator to just digital devices.
Group Three (Independent): Enjoyment scores were lower (5-7). They agreed they would have preferred visiting with a group of children their age and a tailored programme. Some found the interpretation panels tiring to read. While some used mobile devices for photos/videos for school projects, they believed an on-site group programme would be more fun.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
(GLO I):
Group One (On-site): Showed very evident knowledge and understanding, linking topics and recalling details discussed during the tour. They could answer specific questions about the Domvs Romana, Roman life, and artifacts, demonstrating effective retention. The storytelling and scaffolding techniques contributed to this learning.
Group Two (IVL): Also increased knowledge, particularly from the educator’s presentation and the video/quiz. However, some topics were not retained if they didn’t interest the child. They recalled facts about the Domus, clothing, and the discovery.
Group three (Independent): Acquired information from the interpretation panels and accompanying adults. However, they had no prior knowledge, and the limited tools (panels) hindered deeper understanding. They struggled with questions related to areas they gave little importance to, like clothing or artifacts in
showcases placed too high. Only one child could describe the peristyle mosaic well.
Skills (GLO II): This was harder to measure. Group One benefited from teamwork and interacting with new children. Group Two had some social interaction online. Group Three lacked facilitated skill-building. Professional interpretation in Groups One and Two facilitated learning better than adult interpretation in Group Three.
and sociocultural contexts and interactive methods like scaffolding and role-play. The IVL (Group Two) was also effective but less engaging than onsite and missed the physical/social aspects. The independent visit (Group Three) was the least effective due to limited interpretation tools and lack of tailored content or guidance. Children preferred a guide to relying solely on technology like QR codes or audio guides.
The study highlighted that children in Malta visit museums more often abroad than locally, potentially due to a lack of resources or engaging programmes for families and low awareness of existing activities. Heritage Malta’s current children’s programmes are often for school groups, with limited resources and staff for individual/family visitors.
The study highlighted that children in Malta visit museums more often abroad than locally, potentially due to a lack of resources or engaging programmes for families and low awareness of existing activities.
Attitudes and Values (GLO III) & Activity, Behaviour, Progression (GLO V): These were also challenging to fully assess within the study timeframe. However, Groups One and Two expressed interest in joining future programmes, suggesting positive attitudes. Group Two specifically wanted future sessions to be physical. Group Three had mixed views on visiting again. Parents generally saw value in the visits for increasing knowledge. Children saw tailored programmes as fun, while parents prioritised the learning aspect.
The onsite tour (Group One) was the most successful interpretation mode in terms of learning and enjoyment, benefiting from the physical, personal,
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings, the study makes several recommendations for improving heritage interpretation for children:
Provide specialised training for guides and staff interested in delivering tailormade programmes for children, equipping them with appropriate interpretation skills.
Increase promotion of children’s activities through nationwide campaigns, potentially using social media and influencers to raise awareness.
Develop more resources specifically for children, especially for sites with low child attendance like Domvs Romana and Muża.
Introduce feedback forms for children visiting independently or participating in activities to gather input for improvement.
Explore the potential of implementing technology like QR codes or augmented reality at sites to enhance the independent visitor experience for children, providing tailored information.
CONCLUSION
The research concludes that tailoring heritage interpretation to children is crucial for making museum visits enjoyable and educational. The onsite, facilitated programme proved most effective, leveraging interactive methods and the full museum environment. A hybrid model combining virtual and physical experiences could also be beneficial, with virtual sessions serving as preparation for visits. Significant challenges remain in Malta regarding dedicated resources, staff, and awareness for children’s heritage programmes. Investing in tailored activities, staff training, and appropriate resources is necessary to increase children’s engagement and foster a sense of connection to their heritage, aligning with the Heritage Cycle concept.
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Moorhouse, N., tom Dieck, M.C. and Jung, T. (2019) ‘An experiential view to children learning in museums with augmented reality’, Museum Management and Curatorship, 34(4), pp. 1–17.
Mortara, M. et al. (2014) ‘Learning cultural heritage by serious games’, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15(3), pp. 1–8.
Tilden, F. (1957) Interpreting Our Heritage Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Weier, K. (2004) ‘Empowering young children in art museums: Letting them take the lead’, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), pp. 106–116.
Children at a museum in Malta. (Photo credit: Heritage Malta)
A Walk Under the Saints: A Look at the Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Facade and Corner Niches in Qormi
IRENA CASSAR HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN TOURIST GUIDING
This research explores the meaning and significance of religious niches in Qormi, Malta, considering both their tangible aspects as architectural features and structural elements, and their intangible role in bearing traditions, rituals, and narratives. The study aims to provide an understanding of structural elements like lighting and indulgence, the motivation behind choosing a saint for a niche, and how niche-related traditions, including passer-by interaction and the use of niches as landmarks, have evolved. The author concludes that niches significantly contribute to both the tangible and intangible heritage of Qormi, serving as key architectural features showcasing diverse styles and functions, while also reflecting the local community’s devotion to particular saints.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review presents a study of the tangible and intangible heritage associated with niches across Malta and Gozo, drawing upon books specifically on niches by Tony Terribile and Nikol Ciantar, as well as articles from various publications accessed via the University of Malta website. The review is structured around themes including structural elements, residents’ decisions on the saint, how niches were adorned and adored, and their role in streetscapes and stories.
Several structural elements of niches are discussed, beyond the basic mensola, pedestal, pilasters, pediment, and cross6. Lighting is an optional but common element of particular interest6. From the late 19th century, niches were adorned with oil lamps (tazzi taż-żejt) on feast days, hung
on hooks (grampuni). These oil lamps were often multicoloured and difficult to keep lit in strong winds. Remnants of the hooks are still visible today. Other pre-electricity illumination methods included torches (fjakkli) and lanterns, often mounted in wrought iron brackets (ferro-battuto). Before electric streetlights, a government lamplighter (il-kebbies tal-fanali) would light street lanterns and niches daily. Lighting served as both an expression of devotion and a way to illuminate dark streets. With the advent of electricity in the late 1940s, niches transitioned to electric lanterns and bulbs.
Another significant element is the inscription, which can feature next to or beneath a niche, indicating the date of placement, ejaculatory prayers (ġakulatorja), or more typically, indulgences. Indulgences grant a partial remission of purgatory time when specific prayers are recited. These are usually inscribed on limestone or marble plaques, sometimes referred to as a ‘cartouche’. Indulgences offer insights into religious, social, and historical aspects. Older niches may lack indulgences as the practice was not yet common, but their presence can help in dating the niches. Indulgences became particularly common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were issued by bishops, archbishops, or the Pope.
The literature review also examines the factors influencing the choice of saints for niches and residents’ preferences. Nearly half of Qormi’s niches honour Our Lady under various titles, reflecting a prevalent Marian cult. St. George, the patron saint of Qormi’s older parish, is also frequently chosen, aligning with the view that local
devotion to the patron saint dictates niche content. Despite the 19th-century origins of the newer St. Sebastian parish, it has few statues of its patron saint. During epidemics, residents erected niches for saints like St. Roque and St. Sebastian; Qormi has a notable number of St. Roque niches. Confraternities in Qormi have also influenced niche dedications, with lay members often naming their houses after their confraternity’s saint and erecting niches through their efforts. Religious orders also introduced niches to promote devotion to specific saints, such as Franciscans favouring the Immaculate Conception or Dominicans Our Lady of the Rosary. Some niches in Qormi are dedicated to uncommon saints for Malta. Niches may also honour a person’s namesake saint.
Concerning traditions and rituals, the literature mentions statues in front of churches being inaugurated and blessed. One source describes a specific ritual for a corner niche involving land fireworks, mortars, mass, vespers, and a procession. Regular lighting of niches often fulfilled vows made after receiving a favour (grazzja). Illumination (mixegħla) on the saint’s feast day is also noted, along with floral bouquets, red velvet decorations, banners, and even bonfires. Some traditions included shooting (sparar), musical performances by bands, and musketry (‘firing blank cartridges of black powder to salute the statue’). Indulgences encouraged passers-by to pray. There was a tradition of gathering in front of niches to recite the rosary, particularly in October. Some sources mention people greeting niches by removing their caps or praying mentally.
Finally, the literature explores the local significance and folklore of niches in Qormi. Niches often influenced street names and areas, serving as landmarks. Large, attractive statues on pedestals are said to have inspired area nicknames. An example in Qormi is Kuncizzjoni Street. Even if a niche has disappeared, street names can recall its presence. Niches have named several Qormi locations, such as the area of ‘Ħdejn l-Erba’ Qaddisin’ (By the Four Saints), named after four niches in the corners of a large garden.
METHODOLOGY
To address the knowledge gap regarding the significance of niches specifically in Qormi, the author designed the research using a mixed methodology approach, applying both inductive and deductive methods. The initial plan involved interviewing three specialists (past or present priests and an
architect) using a qualitative method, and twenty residents with structured interviews for quantifiable data. This approach aimed for a comprehensive understanding from different perspectives.
For the quantitative part, twenty residents of Qormi (ten from each parish) were selected across most age groups, excluding those under 18 and struggling to include Generation Z (18-27). Participants were purposively sampled based on demonstrating some level of awareness regarding niches; those who stated they never noticed niches were excluded. Although quantitative research usually uses probabilistic sampling for generalisation, purposive sampling was deemed valid due to research constraints. Structured face-to-face interviews with multiplechoice or short-answer responses were
used to produce quantifiable data and ensure consistency. These approximately ten-minute interviews were conducted in Maltese, with responses marked on a hard copy questionnaire. While some questions aimed to collect data on intangible heritage, these barely produced any results. The author realised a focus group might have been more practical for collecting such data.
Data from the semi-structured interview was analysed using thematic analysis, while structured interview data was analysed using descriptive analysis.
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The results and analysis chapter addresses the sub-research questions by examining the collected data through the themes established in the literature review.
Regarding structural elements, the author confirmed the English name for ‘tazza taż-żejt’ as ‘oil lamp’, using olive oil or other combustible oil with a string. Mr. Peresso confirmed that niches were a key source of street lighting alongside petroleum lamps and that the ritual of lighting niches for devotional purposes, such as for a saint’s feast, has faded.
Concerning the choice of saint, Mr. Peresso explained the presence of St. George niches in St. Sebastian parish by noting that all of Qormi was one parish under St. George until 1936, meaning these niches predate the new parish. He confirmed that the St. Julian niche was built by someone named Giuliano, and the St. Lawrence niche likely corresponded to the name of a person in the house, supporting the idea that niches may honour a person’s namesake. A resident added that the family who built the St. Lawrence niche in Triq San Bartolomew traditionally came from Birgu, commissioning it for protection. Resident interviews revealed personal motivations for choosing a saint, with preferences in St. George parish leaning towards Our Lady, St. George (due to local identity), and St. Joseph (sometimes linked to confraternity membership or personal devotion). In St. Sebastian parish, St. Sebastian was a strong preference (due to local identity, believed intercession during epidemics, or obsession), alongside Our Lady (for
protection), Padre Pio (personal devotion), St. Anthony the Abbot (associated with animals), and Nazju Falzon or Our Lady of Lourdes (linked to personal history or broader religious meaning).
Mr. Peresso provided insight into the choices behind the ‘rare’ St. Thomas the Apostle and St. Peter the Martyr niches. The St. Peter the Martyr niche might have
been ordered by someone named Peter or possibly was originally dedicated to St. Angelo. The St. Thomas the Apostle niche, depicting him with a carpenter’s square, might have been chosen because a mason who worked on the adjacent church resided in the house. On iconography, all 20 residents could identify common saints, most recognised various titles of Our Lady, and many identified less common saints.
Regarding niches being adorned and adored, Mr. Peresso clarified that niches could indeed be blessed, either at the house or by bringing the statue to church. While a procession and feast for St. Aloysius Gonzaga existed elsewhere, this was not the case in Qormi. An informal conversation with a resident revealed neighbours asking to light a niche to fulfil vows after a favour (grazzja), supporting literature on how niches were adored. When asked about neighbours gathering to say the Rosary under niches, most residents replied ‘no’ or noted this occurred elsewhere, suggesting facade/corner niches did not play a significant role in this ritual in Qormi.
Exploring contemporary interaction, the specialist noted that greeting niches is now rare, though communal devotion appeared during the COVID epidemic towards the free-standing statue of St. Sebastian. Residents’ responses indicated the ritual hasn’t entirely faded; some say ejaculatory prayers (e.g., ‘Pray for us’, ‘Ave Marija’, ‘Our Lady of the road’), some recite complete prayers (e.g., ‘Salve Regina’), and one described blowing a kiss towards a niche of Our Lady. Free-standing statues seem to have retained more religious meaning. Nine of the twenty residents would greet or pray at a niche of their patron saint seen in another town, or take a photo, suggesting continued interaction and recognition.
In terms of streetscapes and stories, the author sought insights into niche nicknames. The historian shared the story of the St. George niche in the valley, called St. George of the Spit (San Ġorġ tal-Beżqa), where children were encouraged to spit at the dragon. This was confirmed by a resident. Other residents referred to niches by location or family nicknames. The St. George story is the only nickname story obtained. Mr. Peresso highlighted St. George and St. Paul at the old town entrance as the most well-known facade/ corner niches. Residents also mentioned the niches of the Four Saints. Awareness of the ‘Ta’ L-Erba Qaddisin’ landmark varied, with St. Sebastian residents showing greater familiarity despite its location on a major route. The local historian supported the view that freestanding statues, rather than facade/corner niches, primarily name areas today, stating such references for niches are no longer used as landmarks.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Attard, A.F. (2000) In-niċeċ f’Għawdex: b’riferenza specjali għal dawk dedikati lill-Madonna. Festa (Santa Marija, Mosta) 2000, 98-104, 106-108. Mosta: Soċjetà Filarmonika Santa Marija. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/ handle/123456789/66361 (Accessed: 9 August 2024).
Bezzina, J. (1963) Street niches at Rabat, Gozo. Maltese Folklore Review, 1(2), 117-
126. Available at: https://www.um.edu. mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/123994 (Accessed: 9 August 2024).
Bonnici Cali, L. (1986) Drawwiet reliġjużi Maltin.Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor. L-Imnara: volume 2: issue 5: 1986. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/ handle/123456789/36329 (Accessed: 14 August 2024).
Briffa, C. (2000) Foreword to: T., Niċeċ U
Statwi Fir-Toroq Maltin, in Kullana Kulturali, Vol. 14. Malta: PIN, pp. ix–x.
Ciantar, N. (2004) Statwi u niċeċ Marjani flImqabba. Festa Madonna tal-Ġilju, Mqabba, 2004, 69-71. Mqabba: Soċjetà Mużikali Madonna tal-Ġilju. Available at: https://www.um.edu. mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/116279 (Accessed: 12 August 2024).69
Ciantar, N. (2013) Ġabra ta’ statwi u niċeċ reliġjużi: fit-toroq ta’ Malta u Għawdex. Malta: APS
Terribile, T. (1989) Niċeċ fl-Imqabba. Programm festa Santa Marija, Imqabba, 1989, 28-29. Mqabba: Soċjetà Santa Marija u Banda Re Ġorġ V. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/ oar/handle/123456789/114851 (Accessed: 5 August 2024).79
Terribile, T. (1996) Il-Madonna tar-Rużarju meqjuma fit-toroq tal-Gudja, ‘Programm (tal-) festa ġieħ il-Madonna tar-Rużarju, (Gudja,) 1996, pp. 81, 83. Gudja: Soċjetà Filarmonika ‘La Stella’. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/ oar/handle/123456789/64678 (Accessed: 7 August 2024).79
Terribile, T. (2000) Niċeċ U Statwi Fir-Toroq Maltin, in Kullana Kulturali, Vol 14. Malta: PIN.80
Terribile, T. (2002) Niċeċ u statwi fit-toroq talGħargħur. (Festa San Bartilmew, Għargħur,) 2002, 77-78. Għargħur: Soċjetà Filarmonika San Bartilmew. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/ library/oar/handle/123456789/57107 (Accessed: 2 August 2024).
Twitchell-Waas, J. (2012) Ħal Qormi: Four walks through a historic city. Malta: Din l-Art Ħelwa/ Qormi Local Council. Available at: https:// dinlarthelwa.org/publications-and-other-items/ books-and-other-printed-content/qormi-walk/ (Accessed: 20 August 2024).
Vella, S. (2021) Here’s All You Need To Know About The Traditional Maltese Niċċa. Lovin Malta. Available at: https://lovinmalta.com/ lifestyle/living-in-malta/maltese-nicca-statuestreet-traditional/ (Accessed: 17 January 2025).
Wirt iż-Żejtun (2025) Street Shrines. Available at: https://wirtizzejtun.com/street-shrines/ (Accessed: 16 January 2025).
Zammit, V. (1983) Nicca tal-Madonna tar-Rużarju. L-Imnara, 2, (1), 21-22. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/ handle/123456789/36249 (Accessed: 12 August 2024).
Fresh look at Gozo’s role in World War II
MARTIN DEBATTISTA SENIOR ACADEMIC AND EXECUTIVE EDITOR OF FUTOURISTIC
Charles Bezzina has just published his latest book about the airfield built in Gozo during World War II, shedding more light on a peculiar aspect of the war in the Maltese Islands that certainly left an important mark on Gozitan history. Futouristic spoke with the Gozitan author about his latest book and the role that Gozo played during the war.
WHY WAS THE AIRSTRIP BUILT IN GOZO IN 1943?
The airfield in Gozo constructed in less than 15 days in June 1943, was the idea of Sir Keith R. Park, air officer commanding Malta, since there was no more available space in Malta, he wished to have at least three other fighter squadrons in Gozo. The squadrons were needed for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, scheduled for 9/10 July. Because the nature of Gozo is very hilly, and since in May 1943, he feared that it was too late for the construction of the airfield, he sought the advice of an American expert, that happened to be in Malta. The American Engineer visited Gozo and noted the
appropriate place in Gozo, between Xewkija and Għajnsielem. He assured Park that the American Engineers could built an airstrip in two weeks.
DID THE AIRSTRIP FULFIL ITS MISSION?
The Gozo Airfield proved vital in Operation Husky. Several sorties were flown from this field for the conquest of Sicily. Three USSAF Spitfire squadrons, 307, 308 and 309, and all together consisting of about 78 Spitfires, with American markings, were parked on the two runways ready for the invasion. They landed on the Gozo Airfield on 30 June 1943, but left Gozo for Ponte Olivio Airfield, just captured, on 14 July 1943. During this period, three American pilots, who left Gozo for Sicily, never returned, probably they were shot down while attacking Sicily. I have just published a very detailed book about The Gozo Airfield, where I explained how it was built and how vital it proved to be during Operation Husky.
HOW WAS GOZO AFFECTED BY WWII ALTHOUGH IT DID NOT HAVE ANY SIGNIFICANT MILITARY VALUE?
Gozo did not endure the harsh and the great number of bombardments, Malta suffered. At first Gozo was skipped by the Italian aircraft, who did very little damage to Gozo. However, after the Illustrious Blitz, Gozo became the target of the Luftwaffe and eventually the villages of Nadur, Xaghra, Għajnsielem, Xewkija, Gharb, St Lawrence and Ta’ Sannat were hit by bombs, and a number of Gozitans lost their lives. The German planes used to come on Gozo at leisure, machine gunning goats, sheep, donkeys, boats, buses, cars and all that came under their eyes. They wanted to lower the moral of the Gozitans at all costs. But since the Gozitans and the Maltese sympathised with the British Empire, the enemy was doomed. In spite of that, Gozo was less affected by the war than Malta, it also suffered tragedies and problems, and the Gozitan’s main pre-occupation was because the island was defenceless.
Demolished buildings in Nadur in January 1942. Gozo also suffered collateral damage from the air raids. (Photo by Charles Bezzina).
HOW DID THE WAVE OF DISPLACED PERSONS FROM MALTA CHANGE THE FABRIC OF GOZITAN SOCIETY DURING THE WAR?
During the war about 5000 Maltese refugees crossed over to Gozo and sought refuge in this less battered island. Many villages in Malta were vulnerable to the enemy and sought refuge elsewhere. The majority of Maltese who decided to cross to Gozo were from the Cottonera area. At first there was a sense of distrust between the Gozitans and the Maltese, but after a while they became friends. The refugees were accommodated in primary schools, empty houses, hotels, and some even used to live in the same houses with the Gozitans not only for a week but for three years. Marsalforn where some Gozitans had their resort houses for the summer season was packed with refugees. The houses, there, were requisitioned by the Protection Officer as cases of emergency. Maltese and Gozitans became fast friends, and the former used to help the Gozitans decorate the interior of churches when the feast was approaching. The Maltese together with the Gozitans, also took part in theatrical shows that were organised from time to time and involved themselves in several social activities.
Maltese teachers started to teach in Gozo, and Maltese children attended schools with the Gozitans. They played football matches together and became friends. Many of those Maltese children received the sacraments of the holy communion and the confirmation in Gozo, and also served as altar boys or joined the church’s choir Till today several churches in Gozo still have tokens that refugees donated before leaving the island in 1943.
HOW WAS TRANSPORT AND THE DAILY EXCHANGES BETWEEN GOZO AND MALTA AFFECTED BY WWII? IS IT TRUE GERMAN FIGHTERS USED TO MACHINE GUN THE CROSSING BOATS?
The waters between Malta and Gozo were infested with mines. It was very dangerous to cross from Gozo to Malta and vice versa. Two Gozo boats in February 1941 and in March 1941 were sunk when on their way to Gozo from Valletta, they were hit by a mine. The schooner Marie Georgette was
also machine gunned on its way to Gozo. In every tragedy a number of Gozitans died. Since Gozo depended on Malta for oil, petrol, food etc, many Gozo boats that used to ply between the islands became the enemy target. The ship Anna Dacoutros was sunk in 1942, while the ferry boat Royal Lady after so many attempts by the enemy to sink it, went down on 6 May 1942. On that afternoon many boats moored at Mġarr and also the SS Franco, were badly hit. The main aim of the enemy was to cut the sea link between the islands and render life more difficult in Gozo. In various circumstances the enemy succeeded when for several days in 1942 the link between the islands was cut off completely. In spite of the danger, only the Gozo boats kept the link between the islands.
IS IT TRUE THAT MANY PRO-ITALIAN SYMPATHISERS WERE HIDING IN GOZO? WHAT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THIS?
With the thousands of Maltese refugees that crossed over to Gozo, there were dozens of pro-Italian sympathisers who preferred to dwell in Gozo, where they were less known. They did not want to be locked up or interned like many other Maltese. In a short time, they got to know Gozitan pro-Italians sympathisers, who all believed that the Maltese islands should be governed by Italy not Britain. These irredentist sympathizers were so, because they had grown up in families with strong Italian tendencies who never accepted the rule of Britain over Malta. Both Maltese and Gozitan pro-Italians used to meet up late evenings in several places. In Victoria they used to gather near the old cemetery, where you could find St. Augustine Square at the time. Today instead you will find the Don Bosco Oratory. Since Marsalforn was packed with Maltese refugees, a nucleus of them used to gather and meet secretly in a place nicknamed and called among them as Il-Bank tal-Meħudin. At Nadur they gathered in the remote area known as Ta’ Hida, and in Xagħra in the narrower part of Giants Street. These Italian sympathizers sometimes offended imperialist Gozitans’ sentiments, passing by, and even thoughsome cases were reported, the Police never took them seriously. This is because they had never
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” Effective interpreters for children need patience, creativity, a sense of adventure, and enjoy storytelling and animation.
organised any pro-Italian social activity in Gozo, nor harmed anyone. Neither did they ever plan an uprising in Gozo. Whenever they gathered, they just gossiped about the war. However, during the war there were also pro-Italians who just loved the Italian language but supported Britain because they were not Faxxisti.
THE ITALO-GERMAN PLANS FOR THE INVASION OF MALTA - OPERATION C3/ HERKULES - INCLUDED A LANDING IN GOZO. IF THIS PLAN HAD BEEN IMPLEMENTED, HOW WOULD HAVE THE GOZITANS REACTED?
In early 1942 Hitler discussed the invasion of Malta with his top men. Since in 1941, especially during the Illustrious Blitz, Malta continued to fight back, the possibility of the invasion of Malta was on Hitler’s agenda. But General Rommel who at the time was conquering North Africa, assured Hitler that with Malta isolated, the island would surrender. At that time Hitler was receiving bad news from the Eastern Front and was more preoccupied on how to defeat the
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Russians than invade Malta. Furthermore, the invasion of Crete in 1941 proved too costly for the Nazis. So, he did not want a repetition. Finally, there was also the problem of the rubble walls on our islands that made enemy airplane landing rather difficult. The Gozitans were well aware of the probability of invasion, and since the island was defenceless, they were pre-occupied, as there was nothing to withstand the enemy. According to the book by Mariano Gabriele - Operazione C3 Malta, Gozo was to be invaded by the enemy landing in Xwejni, Marsalforn, Ramla l-Ħamra, St Blass Bay, Daħlet Qorrot, Dwejra and Xlendi, then proceed to meet at Victoria, and then eventually march to Mġarr harbour, from where they could reach and invade the north of Malta. Since Gozo was defenceless, the Italians and the Germans could have taken Gozo in 2 hours.
HOW DID THE GESTURE OF THE BISHOP OF GOZO MICHAEL GONZI ASKING GOZITAN FARMERS TO HAND OVER THE WHEAT IN THE SUMMER OF 1942 AFFECT THE SITUATION IN MALTA?
The greatest problem in mid-1942 was not how Malta was to fight and resist the enemy but how could Malta survive when hunger was rife, and worst still when all the wheat of Malta was to its lowest limits. In fact, the British authorities began to wonder about the Target Date - the day of surrender. Thus, the English authorities decided to buy and collect all the wheat of the islands from the farmers. At this point it is appropriate to emphasize that we must know history better. Gonzi was behind the part of the whole wheat collection, but not all of it. He stated that he had collected two trucks of wheat from the Gozitan farmers. Indeed, his effort and his appeals from the altars to the farmers about the dire situation of the
The greatest problem in mid1942 was not how Malta was to fight and resist the enemy but how could Malta survive when hunger was rife, and worst still when all the wheat of Malta was to its lowest limits.
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356 Coast Artillery Battalion Anti- Aircraft speaking to children - July 1943. (Photo by Charles Bezzina).
islands were of highest importance, and he played his part well. However, L-Għaqda tal-Bdiewa, Kelinu Vella Haber who set up the Nadur Farmers’ Society in June 1942, and Propaganda and Information Officer Ġorġ Pisani, all held numerous meetings in the Gozo Squares to persuade the farmers to sell their wheat to the Government Agricultural Authorities. Their effort was great and endless and eventually succeeded to gather tons of wheat. Gonzi collected much less wheat than all the others put together, concluding that the great wheat collection was successful. Yet the story still being today is very unfair to the others who did so much to collect the Gozo Wheat in order to save the islands.
HOW DID WWII IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF GOZO AFTER THE WAR?
Pre-wartime Gozo was totally different from post-wartime Gozo. The mentality changed. After the war Gozitan girls were no longer
shy in front of males and began to express their views. They began to participate more in social activities and participate in plays. So was the way they began to dress. Businessmen learned new tactics on how to deal with sellers and purchasers. The cost of living rose drastically. Indeed, the Maltese refugees left their impact on the Gozitan population. Gozitan Farmers who before the war were somehow poor became well off after the war, thanks to the black market. Economically Gozo was not so bad, and did far better than the sister island.
ANYTHING ELSE YOU WOULD LIKE TO ADD?
I wish, that as I followed the steps of my late father 30 years ago, someone would take over when I am no more. At 63 years old I feel that my father and I have done a lot of research about Wartime Gozo and filled a lacuna. Both of us have delved into many subjects relating to the war in Gozo and
published books. However, this does not mean that there is nothing else to reveal. I really hope that someone will follow in my steps, so that Gozo’s wartime history would be further enriched.
The book’s front and back cover.
The Value of the Traditional Travel Agency in the Digital Age in Malta
GABRIELLE HILI
BACHELOR IN INTERNATIONAL HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
The introduction sets the stage by acknowledging the disruptive influence of the digital age on the travel industry. While acknowledging the convenience and accessibility of online booking platforms, traditional travel agencies continue to hold a significant position in the market, particularly in Malta. This Mediterranean archipelago, with its rich history, culture, and tourism appeal, presents a unique case study to explore the coexistence of traditional agencies and digital alternatives. The study aims to understand the specific characteristics, client needs, and contextual
factors that sustain the relevance of traditional travel agents in Malta’s dynamic travel landscape.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review explores the advantages and disadvantages of both traditional travel agencies and online booking platforms. The sources highlight that traditional agencies excel in providing personalized recommendations based on their expertise and experience. They offer comprehensive travel packages, streamline the booking process, and provide support during emergencies. However, potential drawbacks include higher costs, limited
autonomy for travellers who prefer to plan independently, and restricted availability outside regular business hours.
The review also examines the benefits of itemized online bookings, which include cost savings, vast choices, 24/7 accessibility, and access to user reviews. However, online bookings can be time-consuming and complex, lack personalized support, and may involve hidden charges.
Factors influencing travellers’ choices, such as demographics, income, employment, education, language, and behavioural traits, are also examined in the review. Younger,
Image credit: Barbara Maier on Unsplash
tech-savvy travellers are more inclined towards online platforms while older travellers and those seeking personalised support may prefer traditional agencies. Income and employment status are found to be less consistent predictors of online booking behaviour. Multilingual capabilities and language preferences also play a role in shaping travel booking decisions.
The literature review further explores the application of marketing principles in the context of traditional travel agencies,
emphasizing the importance of the traditional 4Ps (product, price, place, and promotion). The study acknowledges the customer-centric approach of the alternative 4Cs framework (customer, cost, convenience, and communication).
METHODOLOGY
This dissertation adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with four traditional travel agency owners/employees and quantitative data from online
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” Younger, techsavvy travellers are more inclined towards online platforms while older travellers and those seeking personalised support may prefer traditional agencies.
questionnaires distributed to 170 clients. This approach enables the exploration of both broad trends and specific nuances in travellers’ preferences and perceptions of traditional travel agencies.
The semi-structured interviews focused on gathering insights from industry professionals regarding the unique services offered by traditional agencies, their adaptation to the digital age, customer preferences, and challenges faced.
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The online questionnaires, using a mix of closed- and open-ended questions, aimed to understand customer demographics, travel patterns, booking behaviours, factors influencing their choices, and their overall experiences with both traditional agencies and online platforms.
ANALYSIS
The analysis highlights a nuanced understanding of the enduring value of traditional travel agencies. Participants in the interviews consistently emphasize personalized guidance, comprehensive travel packages, and genuine local expertise as key advantages. They acknowledge the need to adapt to the digital landscape by incorporating online tools, enhancing digital marketing efforts, and focusing on niche markets to remain competitive.
Questionnaire data reveals that although online booking platforms dominate the market, a significant portion of travellers still utilize traditional agencies, particularly older demographics and those seeking personalized support. Trust in the agency’s
expertise, the desire for a more structured and guided travel experience, and concerns about online security and the complexity of independent booking emerged as motivating factors.
The analysis further explores factors influencing the choice of traditional agencies, uncovering themes like personalized support for complex travel plans, assistance with language barriers, and the assurance of expert handling of unforeseen circumstances.
CONCLUSION
This research underscores the persistent relevance of traditional travel agencies in Malta’s travel market, despite the digital revolution. The findings suggest that traditional agencies retain a distinct advantage in providing personalized service, expert guidance, and a sense of security, especially for travellers seeking a more structured and curated travel experience. The study concludes that by embracing technological advancements while maintaining their core strengths
in customer relationships and tailored services, traditional agencies can continue to thrive in the evolving digital landscape. The researcher offers recommendations, such as enhanced digital marketing strategies, integration of online tools, and a continued focus on building strong customer relationships to ensure their continued relevance in the digital era.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bos, B. Van Den (2019). Advantages and Disadvantages of Planning Your Trip by Yourself, My love for traveling. Available at: https://mylovefortraveling.com/advantagesand-disadvantages-of-planning-your-owntrip/
Gao, X. & Rajala, T. (2013). Online vs. Traditional Travel Agency: What Influence Travel Consumers’ Choices? [online] Available at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/ download?func=downloadFile&recordOId= 3813784&fileOId=8961654
Pinto, I. & Castro, C. (2018). Online Travel Agencies: Factors Influencing Tourist
Whitmore, G. (2023). 9 Pros and Cons of Using a Travel Agent, Forbes. Available at: https://www. forbes.com/sites/geoffwhitmore/2019/10/29/9pros-and-cons-of-using-a-travelagent/?sh=7f680fe9351b
The Backstory to the Backlot: Where History Meets Hollywood at Fort Ricasoli
STEPHEN GRECH
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN TOURIST GUIDING
LITERATURE REVIEW
The research explores the dual identity of Fort Ricasoli, situated at the entrance of Malta’s Grand Harbour, as both a significant cultural heritage site and a functional filming backlot. Constructed in the 17th century by the Knights of St. John as a crucial military fortification, its role evolved through the French invasion, British occupation, and the Second World War, before becoming obsolete in its original function and eventually leased to the Malta Film Commission. The literature review establishes the historical context,
citing sources on the fort’s construction and subsequent uses. Spiteri (1988, p. 114) is noted for discussing the strategic importance of the location, which led to earlier structures like the San Petronio Battery and a tower being built to prevent slave escapes before the main fortress. The review also touches upon the fort’s use by the British and its post-independence transition to a storage depot before its leasing to the Malta Film Commission.
Beyond historical background, the literature review delves into the concept of film tourism, examining how destinations leverage cinematic appearances to
attract visitors. Hudson (2011, pp. 165172) highlights that while Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) and film commissions are sometimes hesitant to fully embrace film tourism, the potential benefits are substantial. Examples like the UK, New Zealand (capitalising on The Lord of the Rings), and Australia are provided as successful cases, alongside Malta’s own reuse of the Popeye set as a theme park that attracts a significant number of visitors annually. Hudson (2011, pp. 165-172) further discusses the four stages (pre-production, production, pre-release, post-release) where DMOs can support film
Fort Ricasoli, by Nenea Hartia on Wikimedia Commons.
tourism, emphasizing the need for proactive collaboration.
The concept of “set jetting,” where tourists visit locations featured in films or TV series, is explored, with a pilot survey among Polish respondents indicating a strong correlation between screen locations and destination appeal. Sawinska and Smalec (2023) suggest that set jetting can benefit local economies and foster unique tourism identities, but caution against distorting a place’s identity through excessive focus on media portrayals They argue that effective set jetting should blend authenticity with appeal, reflecting a location’s true characteristics.
Malta is presented as a “Mini-Hollywood,” leveraging its favourable climate, varied landscapes, and architecture for filming. Graziano (2015) notes the country’s increasing position as a major film production hub, supported by government initiatives, and the resulting growth in tourism, particularly from Europe
and the Asia-Pacific region1 Cinematic representations are seen as transforming Malta’s landscape into an integral part of film narratives, attracting tourists seeking “emotional” and “experiential” tourism.
Finally, the review mentions Fort Ricasoli’s ongoing restoration efforts. Prompted by campaigns highlighting its deteriorating state, the government invested €1,000,000 in 2019 for restoration work focused on structures like St. Dominic Counterguard and No.1 Casemated Battery, which had suffered significant damage from sea exposure. Assoċjazzjoni Wirt il-Kalkara (2024) has urged for further funds for critical areas. The literature review thus provides a foundation for understanding the fort’s historical layers, the potential of leveraging its cinematic profile for tourism, and the ongoing challenges related to its preservation.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research employed a qualitative methodology to gain in-depth insights
into the complex relationship between Fort Ricasoli’s historical significance and its modern use as a filming location. This approach was chosen because the study required exploring subjective experiences, expert opinions, and institutional practices related to the fort’s management, preservation, and cultural value.
The primary data was collected through three semi-structured interviews with individuals representing different perspectives relevant to the fort’s dual role. These participants were selected using purposive sampling, targeting individuals with specialised knowledge and direct involvement in Fort Ricasoli’s management and preservation. The interviewees were: Jean Pierre Borg, Cultural Manager of the Malta Film Commission, who provided insights into managing the fort during productions, restoration efforts, and film industry education; Vincent Zammit, a Maltese historian, tourist guide, and lecturer, who offered expertise on the fort’s
historical and architectural significance, its cultural importance, and the need for public engagement; and Kenneth Cauchi, from the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (SCH), who explained the SCH’s collaboration with the Malta Film Commission (MFC) and other entities to preserve the fort during and after filming.
Data analysis involved Thematic Content Analysis of interview transcripts to identify recurring themes such as preservation challenges, the fort’s historical role, and its value as a filming location. Historical Analysis using insights from the historian and archival documents provided context for the fort’s significance. Field Observation Analysis of notes and photographs from on-site visits was used to assess the fort’s current condition and remnants of film sets.
Limitations of the study included the inability to interview key high-level officials, the format of one interview being written responses, restricted access to certain areas of the fort due to safety concerns, and limited existing research specifically on Fort Ricasoli. Despite these limitations, the collected data was considered sufficient to address the research objectives effectively. Ethical considerations were addressed through informed consent procedures, where participants were notified about the
research aims, the nature of the interviews, their right to withdraw, and options for anonymity.
DATA REPORTING AND DISCUSSION
The research findings highlight Fort Ricasoli’s evolution from a military fortification to a dual-purpose site serving both heritage and the global film industry. The interviews revealed various perspectives on balancing preservation with filming needs and the potential for integrating its historical narrative into tourism.
Jean Pierre Borg of the MFC explained that Fort Ricasoli is a significant asset for international productions requiring historical or war settings, with films like Troy, Assassin’s Creed, and Game of Thrones capitalising on its appeal and bringing international attention to Malta. Ridley Scott is quoted as saying the authentic stone structures extended his set and provided significant value. The MFC acts as the fort’s custodian, though not the owner, and mediates between film productions and government entities, including heritage bodies. Balancing filming logistics with heritage preservation involves submitting plans for temporary structures to the Planning Authority and adhering to regulations set by entities like the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage
(SCH) and the Environment and Resources Authority (ERA). Enforcement officers are present on site, and every production is required to engage health and safety officers to mitigate risks, including those inherent to the fort’s structure like unstable buildings or sinkholes. MFC’s priority is the gradual restoration of the fort, working with stakeholders to address urgent interventions while ensuring the restoration is sensitive to its current use, avoiding modern additions that would hinder filming Film productions sometimes contribute to minor repairs, but these are insufficient for long-term needs. Waste management efforts by productions include separating and reusing materials where possible.
Vincent Zammit provided crucial historical depth. He noted that the fort, the largest built in Malta, was strategically located opposite Valletta for harbour defence. Notable features include the main gateway, although the current one is a post-WWII reconstruction and a “poor copy” of the original. The fort played a key role in Malta’s defence, notably resisting the French invasion longer than others before eventually surrendering. Zammit also discussed the unique Froberg Regiment Mutiny in 1807, composed of mercenaries, highlighting it as a strange and significant
Fort Ricasoli hosted the set of both Gladiator movies directed by Ridley Scott.
event early in British rule, potentially used to assert British authority. During WWII, Fort Ricasoli served as a vital defence point, housing anti-aircraft guns, and consequently suffered significant damage from Axis bombardments targeting the harbour area. Zammit suggests its post-war abandonment and lack of immediate restoration, unlike Fort St. Angelo, reflect Britain’s changed post-war status and reduced investment in Malta. He noted the fort’s current debilitated state, particularly the sea-facing walls and areas with sinkholes. Zammit highlighted the lack of public information and appreciation for the fort’s heritage, despite ongoing, albeit slow, restoration efforts He advocates for more public engagement through occasional open days with historical reenactments, similar to initiatives at Fort Manoel managed by MIDI, to blend the historical narrative with its modern use.
Kenneth Cauchi of the SCH clarified the SCH’s role as the state’s regulator for cultural heritage, distinct from Heritage Malta, which manages sites and collections. The SCH provides advice to planning and transport authorities on potential impacts to heritage and monitors development and restoration works. During filming, the SCH ensures protection by clearing planning permits for sets and monitoring construction and decommissioning. Enforcement relies primarily on discussion but can involve fines or halting works. Documentation involves surveys and photographic records. Measures to address degradation include collaborating with Infrastructure Malta on wave-calming measures for sea-facing walls. While the SCH advocates for public accessibility, it is not directly involved in promoting it but supports rendering the site public safely when opportunities arise. The SCH’s long-term vision includes securing the site’s physical integrity, preventing further loss, reconstructing lost elements, and demolishing unsympathetic additions.
The discussion synthesized these points, affirming that the fort’s cinematic adaptation brings benefits like economic revenue, international recognition, and film tourism opportunities, while also presenting challenges such as balancing productions with preservation, limited resources for
extensive restoration, and restricted public access. Both Borg and Zammit see potential in blending film and historical narratives for tourism. Borg suggested film tourism can encourage tourists to visit lesserknown historical sites. Occasional open days, like the one for Gladiator II, serve as a vehicle for public outreach, educating people about the film industry and potential career paths. While the MFC is working with the Malta Tourism Authority to develop screen tourism products like movie maps and trails, Fort Ricasoli and the adjacent studios are currently primarily industrial spaces, not equipped for mass tourism, limiting regular public access. Niche visits for educational, cultural, or research purposes are possible on a case-by-case basis.. The long-term vision for Fort Ricasoli involves potential multifunctional developments like film schools or cultural events, but these plans are still evolving and must align with preservation goals. The need for a cohesive strategy involving the MFC, SCH, other government entities, and public stakeholders is crucial for preserving the fort’s legacy and maximising its potential.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Assoċjazzjoni Wirt il-Kalkara (2024) Restoration of Fort Ricasoli. Available at: https://wirtilkalkara.com/restoration-of-fortricasoli/ (Accessed: 28 November 2024)
Graziano, T. (2015) ‘The Mini-Hollywood of the Mediterranean”: Strategies and Potentialities of Film Industry in Malta’, Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, (4)142.
Hudson, S. (2011) ‘Working Together to Leverage Film Tourism: Collaboration Between the Film and Tourism Industries’, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 3(2)141.
Sawinska, A. and Smalec, A. (2023) ‘Film Tourism in the Promotion of a Touristic Area’, European Research Studies Journal, 26(4)
Spiteri, S.C. (1988) in Discovering the Fortifications of the Order of St. John in Malta Valletta: Said International Ltd.
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The fort’s cinematic adaptation brings benefits like economic revenue, international recognition, and film tourism opportunities, while also presenting challenges such as balancing productions with preservation, limited resources for extensive restoration, and restricted public access.
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Organic Farming: Does it provide safer food than conventional farming? (Part 2)
DAVID PACE SENIOR
HOW SAFE ARE ORGANIC FOODS?
It is important to clarify the question of organic food safety it being a complex issue. We can ask whether organic food is safer to eat (and healthier) than conventionally farmed food or safer on the environment than conventionally farmed food. This paper will examine both questions.
MICROBIAL HAZARDS/OUTBREAKS
It has already been shown that the majority of people regard organic food as safer and healthier than conventionally grown food. The increase in demand for such foods seems to vindicate this (Lohr, 2001).
Dennis T. Avery became the first to criticize this stance after examining 1996 data from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention and showing that people who consumed a lot of organic and ‘natural’ foods had eight times the chance of contracting an E.coli (0157:H7) infection than those who ate conventionally farmed produce (Suslow, 1999).
E.coli outbreaks concerning organic produce may seem to support Avery’s assertion (Rasco et al., 2011; Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 2013; and Mukherjee et al., 2004), but this is hampered by the lack of studiesthat compare E.coli outbreaks due to organic farming and conventional
*David Pace passed away on the 30th of April 2025 while this issue was in production.
farming to determine whether a farming system is more susceptible to microbial contamination than the other.
A cursory look at the number of product recalls by the CDC during January and February 2016 involved six cases out of 30, which is 20% of all the cases during those two months. Whether this is a high or low percentage needs to be determined by more extensive research protocols but provides an indication that organic products may not be as safe as they are touted to be.
The question of whether organic produce is more susceptible to microbial contamination sparked a debate that still
LECTURER AT ITS*
Image by Rawpixel.com
rages on today. Stuart Smyth, a professor at the University of Saskatchewan’s bioresource policy, business and economics department regards organic foods as one of the main food safety issues in Canada explaining how they trigger thousands of cases of food illnesses every year. He explains that: “It’s largely due to the process of them using manure slurry as fertilizer and coming down to improper household food preparations in terms of making sure that they’re properly washing organic food” (Yates, 2015).
Avery (2001) and Smyth’s assertions may seem to be vindicated by a number of major outbreaks associated with organic produce that emerged from the US and Europe during the last twenty years (Oppenheim,1971; Cieslak et al., 1993; Tschäpe et al., 1996; Doyle, 1993, 2000; McMahon & Wilson, 2001; Islam et al., 2004; FDA, 2006; Medus et al., 2009 and Buchholz et al., 2011), and by a number of reports that promoted the idea that organic produce poses greater risk of foodborne infection than conventional farmed produce (Beuchat & Ryu, 1997, Suslow, 1999; McElroy, 2000, and Mukherjee et al., 2004)
The question that needs to be answered is: considering that organic food forms only a small percentage of what is grown by conventional farming processes, can the number of outbreaks (big and small) due to organic produce be regarded as high?
Regardless, many studies have been unable to find a direct link between organic food and increased risks to public health (Marx et al. 1994; Hamilton-Miller & Shah, 2001; Sagoo et al., 2001; Hamilton-Miller & Shah, 2001 and Moreira et al. 2003; Huber et al., 2011 and Lairon, 2011).
McMahon and Wilson, 2001 studied methods of cultivation and processing using natural (animal manure) instead of chemical fertilisers and found little scientific evidence to support the link between organic produce and increased health risks; while Oliveira et al., 2010 found no increased risks of infection of foodborne diseases by consumers of organically produced lettuce.
ORGANIC FARMING AND PESTICIDES
The overall impression of consumers is that organic farming does not use pesticides,
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The question of whether organic produce is more susceptible to microbial contamination sparked a debate that still rages on today.
Research does not provide evidence showing that organic products are microbiologically less safe than conventionally farmed products. Therefore, there is a need for more precise quantitative research on bacterial contamination of organic and conventional farming that attempts to compare like-with-like regarding farm, product and soil types; production methods and specific bacterial strains. (Lassen et al., 2014)
and organic food is free from pesticides (Williams & Hammett, 2001; Makatouni, 2002; Harper and Makatouni, 2002; Saba & Messina, 2003; Baker et al., 2004 and Hughner et al., 2007). This is not strictly true. Many organic farms are parcelled between conventionally farmed fields and so both pesticides and inorganic fertilisers
may percolate through and “contaminate” organic areas (Jukes & Anderson, 1977). Other factors that can facilitate such “contamination” include crosscontamination due to spray, wind drift and groundwater from conventionally farmed fields, illicit use of pesticides and spillage during transport, storage and processing (Feber et al., 1997; Baker et al., 2002; Gonzalez et al., 2003; Lima & Vianello, 2011 and Maynard et al., 2012). There have been instances where organic produce contains organochlorine pesticide even though these are not used on the farm (Baker et al., 2002; Gonzalez et al. 2003 and Zohair et al., 2006.). In fact, many countries have imposed moratoria on the use of prohibited agro-chemicals for different periods of time before the farm is certified fit for organic farming. In the US, the period is three years (Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 2016) and in the EU a minimum of two years (Agriculture and Food Development Authority, 2003) is required. It is also a fact that the EU organic standard allows organic farms to have 95% of ingredients to be organic and 5% nonorganic (Members’ Research Service, 2015). This dispels the perception that a product can ever be 100% organic as advertised (LoveLula Organic Beauty Products, 2015), and Viridian Organic Products, 2011) and even the EU itself continues to perpetuate the 100% organic myth (EIPAGRI Service Point, 2016).
The slow bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides and their persistence in soils that have been farmed conventionally shows that a 2 to 3 years conversion period is too short (Kim & Smith, 2001; Zhu et al., 2005; Manz et al., 2001 and Luckman and Decker, 1960) and pesticide residues can persist from 5 to 20 years.
INDUSTRIAL PESTICIDES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
After the second world war, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) became the most common pesticide in use. It was joined by Agent Orange (a mixture of 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2, 4, 5-tricholophenoxyactetic acid (2, 4, 5-T) (Palmer, 2005) in the 1960s that was used as a defoliant/pesticide during the Vietnam War. Both belonged to a class of industrially produced organochlorine pesticides and extensive research quickly showed how dangerous they were.
The pro-environmental Hippie movement together with Rachel Carson’s The Silent Spring (1962) focused on the negative effects of such pesticides on the environment and its subsequent ecosystems. Accumulation of research and public pressure led to the US banning DDT in 1972. This did not prevent the development of alternative pesticides including chloroacetylanilides (further organochlorine pesticides), organophosphates, phosphonoglycines, dinitroanilines and neonicotinoids among many others.
The major problem of pesticide contamination is ‘pesticide drift’ that results in over 90% of the pesticide/insecticide not
reaching its intended target usually due to changes in wind speed and direction (Longley et al., 1997; Miller, 2004; de Jong et al., 2008 and Lee et al., 2011) and leads mostly to water (Rao et al., 1985; Gilliom et al., 1999 and Schwarzenbach, et al., 2010.) and soil contamination (Gevao et al., 2000; Bustos-Obregón, 2002; Goncalves & Alpendurada, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006 and Fang et al., 2007). Pesticide contamination of groundwater (Notenboom et al., 1999; Relyea, 2005 and Jørgensen & Kudsk, 2006) and soil lead to negative effects on biodiversity (Johnsen et al., 2001; Kumar et al., 2002 and Geiger et al., 2010).
Pesticides affect biodiversity negatively in a variety of ways. Some directly poison certain species causing population declines (Bridges & Semlitsch, 2000 and Sparling et al., 2001), while others accumulate in food chains (Albanis et al., 1996; Drouillard et al., 2001 and Winter and Streit, 1992) and poison specific plants and insects, killing off animals and birds that feed upon them (Newton & Wyllie, 1992 and Boatman et al., 2004). A spectacular example of the latter is the decline of the Skylark in the British fields (Browne et al., 1997; Newton, 2004 and Vickery et al., 2004). A more disturbing discovery is the effect pesticides have on pollinators such as the honeybee (Potts et
al., 2010; Cresswell et al., 2012 and Pettis et al., 2013). This is a particularly serious effect considering that these insects are responsible for the development of seeds and fruits, and their decline can have disastrous consequences on plant reproduction and agriculture (Potts et al., 2010).
Organocholorine pesticides are possibly the worst being fat soluble, are not excreted and accumulate in the bodies of organisms (Kutz et al., 1991; Tanabe et al., 1998; and KaramiMohajeri & Abdollahi, 2010). This has serious implications for a process called biological magnification (Macek, 1970) where organochlorine pesticides become more concentrated, the higher the animal is on the food chain. It is the reason why carnivorous fish, birds and mammals always have higher pesticide concentrations in their bodies (Lincer & Sherburne, 1974; Da Silva et al., 2003; Wobeser et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2007; Blasius & Goodmanlowe, 2008 and Mateo et al., 2013) than their prey.
With so many studies over a period of over a half a century of industrial pesticide use showing a multitude of negative effects on the environment and biodiversity, it is no wonder that people started taking interest in the claims of a certain sector of the farming and business community that organic farming was much safer as it used only “organic pesticides” (Coat, 1994; Williams & Hammitt, 2001 and Carvalho, 2006).
ORGANIC PESTICIDES
Proponents of organic farming counter that organic pesticides are safer because they occur naturally—a fallacy considering that some of the most powerful toxins are found in nature. They also argue that organic pesticides are environmentally friendly being much more easily broken down naturally than synthetic pesticides. The problem is that the main property of organic pesticides is still the destruction and killing of weeds or insects, but they are less effective than synthetic pesticides and so greater concentrations must be used. This also dispels the fallacy that organic farming does not use any pesticides.
Research on such pesticides is poor, but some studies do exist and need to be
The percentage average yield of crops grown organically is below 80% of the yield of conventionally farmed produce except for sweet potatoes (Savage, 2011).
quoted to put organic pesticides in the right perspective. The Ames study on 52 natural pesticides concluded that both synthetic and natural chemicals “are equally likely to be positive in animal cancer tests” (Ames et al., 1990).
The Coats study (1994) assessed a number of organic pesticides and concluded that pyrethrins have an exceptional safety record in humans, which is the main reason why they are still one of the most popular pest killers. Another common pesticide, Rotenone has a very mild toxicity and can cause rashes, but nicotine-based pesticides can be dangerous. Doses as low as 1mg/kg or a total of 66 mg can kill a person by paralysis and respiratory failure. Avermectin pesticides that are used mostly as anti-parasitics are neurotoxic to birds and mammals in concentrations above 1 – 30mg/kg but are very degradable and do not bioaccumulate. Azadiractins are among the safest organic pesticides showing no toxic effects on mammals even at high doses of 2000mg/kg and are degraded by sunlight. Glucosilonates are more toxic and have been noted for a number of negative effects on livestock affecting the liver, kidneys, adrenals and the thyroid gland. Some classes pesticides are also carcinogenic. Coats concludes that organic
pesticides show a huge variety, and some are quite safe and others quite hazardous. A few even leave dangerous residues in the environment.
More recently, the Bereswill team examined in-stream runoff for pesticide residues and discovered fungicides that were significantly correlated with pesticide application in nearby fields. Calculated toxicity values revealed that the organic pesticide values could cause exotoxicological effects in the cultivated fields (Bereswill et al., 2012). Also quite recent is Biondi’s team research on 14 organic pesticides. It revealed a great variation in the chemical’s toxicity and persistence; concluding that: “using organiccertified rather than synthetic pesticides may not be safer for biological control agents” (Biondi et al., 2012)
Another study compared the efficacy of both organic and synthetic pesticides in controlling the soybean aphid. It found the latter more effective in killing off the pest and much less damaging to the ecosystem. It was determined that the organic pesticide killed off many more non-target species than just the aphids (Bahlai et al., 2010) Other studies also show that organic pesticides may not be as safe as thought, due to a variety of reasons including being more toxic than synthetic pesticides, not
regulated as much as synthetic pesticides and being much less known than synthetic pesticides (Theiling & Croft, 1988; Beier, 1990, Gold et al., 1992; Biondi et al., 2012 and Reeser, 2013).
One of the most often cited examples is rotenone, an isoflavone chemical compound found in the roots and stems of a few subtropical plants that has a relative toxicity higher than cyanide (Table 4). Rotenone has been used as an insecticide since the 1800s and is currently employed as an organic pesticide in large quantities in organic farming. Its main advantage is moderate toxicity to humans and mammals due to its short half-life in the body of only 8 hours. It kills pests by attacking mitochondria and starving cells of energy (Ott, 2006). Recent investigations have shown that the pesticide causes Parkinson’s Disease-like symptoms in rats (Caldwell et al., 2013). More research is needed to see whether it has a similar effect on humans. Rotenone was actually one of the many pesticides used in organic farming that did not pass the European Union’s safety evaluation required by law in 2009 (European Crop Protection, 2009 and Conko, 2009)
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
The effect of organic farming on the environment has been an area of intense debate for the last
30 years (Bengtsson et al., 2005; Hole et al. 2005; Badgley et al. 2007; Huylenbroeck 2009a; Reganold & Dobermann 2012; Tuomisto et al. 2012; Winqvist et al., 2012 and Gabriel et al. 2013). The main issue that emerges from these studies is whether lower yields from organic farms require more agricultural land and so decrease available land for biodiversity.
The dichotomy between organic farming and conventional farming is sometimes described as ‘land sharing vs land sparing’ (Balmford et al. 2005; Vandermeer & Perfecto 2007; Fischer et al. 2008; Phalan et al. 2011; Tscharntke et al. 2012 and Gabriel et al. 2013). This is based on the idea that organic farming is beneficial to both humans and wildlife, while conventional farming provides high yields and uses less land. Such a description has been regarded as simplistic being dependent on the type of landscape and the potential yield of the farmland (Gabriel et al. 2010, 2013 and Tscharntke et al. 2012); and by new findings on the role of certain organisms in supporting the farm-land by pollination and pest control that influence yields (Chamberlain et al, 2000; Richards, 2001 and Garibaldi et al., 2011). Such factors underlie the complexity of trying to gauge accurately the effect of organic farming on the environment. According to Tuck et al., 2014 four questions need to be answered accurately to provide an empirical measurement of the effect of organic farming on the environment. These are:
i. By how much does organic farming increase biodiversity compared to conventional agriculture?
ii. What influences the effects of organic farming on the environment? iii. How has the magnitude of the effect of organic farming on biodiversity changed over time?
iv. Are the above influenced by publication bias of the research?
The Tuck et al., 2014 meta-analysis found that organic farming increases biodiversity by 33% over conventionally farmed areas but varies according to the number of arable fields available. Influences of the effect of organic farming on the environment
depends on organism populations, crop types and the size of the farmed area. The meta-analysis also revealed that the increase of biodiversity by 33% in organically farmed area has been consistent over 30 years of published studies.
Regarding publication bias, this seems to favour the United States, Europe and Australia where there is a lot of intensive farming with large positive effects of organic farming on biodiversity, while data concerning other regions including tropical and sub-tropical countries is sparse.
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A website claiming organic food is tastier
A website claiming organic food is tastier
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