Futouristic Issue 10 Digital

CONTENTS

02

A message from the Editor-in-Chief

04

Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta by ITS Tourist Guiding Students

12

Valletta’s Century Old Shops: Delia, D’Amato and Preca

18

“Beyond the Square and Compass; unravelling the tapestry of Malta’s secret Freemasonry trails” A new product for dark, historical and socio-cultural tourism?

22

Breathing Gas Quality and Monitoring in Dive Centres of the Maltese Islands

28

Interwoven Wonders: Exploring Alternative Tourism Potential Along the Natural Fault of the Victoria Lines

32

ITS Events Timeline

34

Heritage Interpretation for Children in the 21st Century: the case of how we can interpret heritage differently to our younger audience

38

A Walk Under the Saints: A Look at the Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Facade and Corner Niches in Qormi

42

Fresh look at Gozo’s role in World War II

46

The Value of the Traditional Travel Agency in the Digital Age in Malta

50

The Backstory to the Backlot: Where History Meets Hollywood at Fort Ricasoli

54

Organic Farming: Does it provide safer food than conventional farming? (Part 2)

On the Cover Special 10th edition cover designed

by Kite Group for ITS.

A m e s s a g e f r o m t h e E d i t o r-i n-C h i e f

Welcome to the latest issue of Futouristic,

not only as architectural features but also as

The master’s thesis by Georgette Farrugia

the official journal of the Institute of Tourism

bearers of traditions, rituals, and narratives

on Heritage Interpretation for Children in

Studies, dedicated to promoting academic

that reflect community devotion and

the 21st Century advocates for tailored,

research and innovation within Malta’s vital

contribute to the intangible cultural heritage.

interactive programmes to engage

tourism industry and to society at large.

This is the 10th edition and this important milestone is being celebrated on the cover of this issue.

This issue also casts a discerning eye on innovation and the exploration of new tourism products and interpretative methods. A study on Freemasonry trails

younger audiences, stressing that learning about heritage is most effective when it is enjoyable and draws on methods like storytelling, role-play, and hands-on activities, ideally facilitated by a museum

This edition presents a rich tapestry of

in Malta by Simon Cusens proposes a new

research by both academics and students,

product for dark, historical, and socio-

offering insightful perspectives on the

cultural tourism, leveraging the island’s

Innovation and development must be

preservation of cultural heritage, the

authentic 300-year Masonic history. This

balanced with critical consideration of their

emergence of new tourism niches, and the

niche is identified as being particularly

impacts. The second part of this edition

ongoing dialogue surrounding sustainability

well-suited for special interest and historical

deals with organic farming and draws

and adaptation in a rapidly evolving world.

tours, attracting a particular audience

from a complex debate, challenging the

Among the central topics in tourism

with specific demographic characteristics.

popular perception that organic food is

and hospitality, the content here puts a

Meanwhile, Jenna Buissine demonstrates

inherently safer or healthier. The author,

particular focus on the research done by our

how the military Victoria Lines in the north

our late colleague David J. Pace, highlights

alumni of the Higher National Diploma in

of Malta have significant potential for

the ongoing discussion surrounding

Tourist Guiding.

alternative tourism, including adventure,

microbial contamination and pesticide

eco, rural, and cultural experiences. This

use, noting that organic products can still

historical trail, though facing challenges

contain pesticide residues and that some

with degradation and accessibility, is poised

organic pesticides may not be as safe or

for enhancement with the tendering of a

environmentally friendly as commonly

Conservation and Management Plan.

believed. This complexity underscores

A prominent theme woven throughout these pages is the profound importance of safeguarding Malta’s unique identity and heritage. The research on ‘Valletta’s Century Old Shops’ by Theresa Hoban

educator rather than solely by technology.

the need for more precise quantitative

vividly illustrates how historic commercial

Tourist guiding students have successfully

outlets, such as Carmelo Delia, Preca

held the exhibition ‘Through Time: A

Jewellery, and D’Amato Records, are integral

Photographic Exploration of Malta’

The enduring relevance of traditional

to the city’s cultural heritage and collective

which focused on the analysis of the

travel agencies in the digital age in

memory. These family-run businesses,

transformation of the Maltese islands over

Malta is highlighted by Gabrielle Hili in

some established as early as the 1860s, face

time. The contents of the exhibition are

her undergraduate dissertation. The

marginalisation from international franchises

highlighted in the next few pages.

research reveals a nuanced picture

and online shopping, threatening Valletta’s unique character. The public outcry following damage to the iconic D’Amato Record Shop sign underscores the deep emotional connection locals have to these handcrafted testaments to a bygone era, serving as family emblems and visual attractions that must be preserved. Similarly, the study on religious niches in Qormi by Irena Cassar, titled ‘A Walk Under the Saints’, highlights their significance

2 || Futouristic

The research by Stephen Grech on Fort Ricasoli also reveals the ongoing challenge of balancing its dual identity as a crucial historical fortification and a functional filming backlot. While its cinematic appearances bring international recognition and economic benefits, preserving its debilitated state and ensuring public access remain critical concerns.

research.

where, despite the dominance of online platforms, traditional agencies retain a distinct advantage in providing personalised service, expert guidance, and a sense of security, particularly for older demographics and those with complex travel plans. Their ability to adapt by integrating online tools while maintaining strong customer relationships is key to their continued success.

Editorial Board Prof. Glen Farrugia (chair) Ms Stephanie Mifsud Mr Martin Debattista Ms Charlotte Geronimi Ms Fleur Griscti Ms Helena Micallef Mr Aaron Rizzo Mr Claude Scicluna Dr Rosetta Thornhill Mr Joseph Cassar Mr James Mula (secretary)

Finally, this issue presents a new book

Executive Team Executive Editor: Martin Debattista Proofreading: Stephanie Mifsud Sales and Marketing: Marketing Department

by distinguished Gozitan author Charles Bezzina. He provides a fresh look at Gozo’s role in World War II, shedding

Design Kite Group

light on the often-overlooked aspects of the rapid construction of an airfield

Contact Information

for Operation Husky, i.e. the invasion of

Editorial: The Futouristic Editorial Board Academic Research and Publications Board Tel: +356 23793100 Email: arpb@its.edu.mt Web: www.its.edu.mt

Sicily, in July 1942. This period brought both tragedies and transformative social changes to Gozitan society, highlighting the island’s resilience amidst wartime

Sales and Marketing: Tel: +356 23793100 Email: marketing@its.edu.mt

challenges to transport and daily exchanges.

Institute of Tourism Studies Aviation Park Aviation Avenue Luqa, LQA 9023 Malta

This compendium of articles provide a rich, multi-faceted understanding of Malta’s tourism sector. Such work demonstrates the Institute of Tourism Studies’ commitment to fostering

David J. Pace (1963-2025)

research that not only celebrates the island’s unique tourism and heritage

As one of the editors of the Futuoristic

product but also explores innovative

Journal and an active member of the

pathways for its future, always striving

Ethics Committee within the Academic

for a harmonious balance between

Research and Publications Board, David

tradition and modernity.

played a vital role in shaping scholarly

I cannot conclude this editorial without honouring the memory of our colleague

discourse and ensuring ethical research standards.

David J. Pace who left us last April. He

His commitment to sustainable

was a regular contributor to this journal.

development extended beyond the

I first met David more than a quarter

classroom. David was an avid promoter

of a century ago during my secondary

of climate-conscious practices and a

school days. Over the years, we grew to

researcher whose impact was felt at

become good friends and colleagues.

both the organizational and national

David was a dedicated academic, known

levels. In recognition of his outstanding

for his passion for natural sciences

contributions to the field, the ITS Board

and sustainability. He was a pioneer

of Governors recently conferred upon

of Tourism Sustainability within the

him a Diploma honoris causa in Climate

Institute, contributing meaningfully to

Friendly Travel — a tribute to his

both academic and institutional life.

pioneering work in this important area.

Glen Farrugia E ditor-in- Chief & ITS Chief Op erating Officer – Academia

Futouristic is the official journal of the Institute of Tourism Studies (Malta). The aim of this publication is to promote academic research and innovation at ITS, not just to the partners and stakeholders in the tourism industry but also to society at large.

Therefore, ITS fulfills its mission to be at the forefront of this vital industry with its contribution that goes beyond the training of the workforce.

Futouristic is free of charge and is distributed to all stakeholders in the Maltese travel, tourism, hospitality, and higher educational sectors.

The views expressed in Futouristic do not reflect the views of the Board of Governors or of the Management or the Editorial Board of the Institute of the Tourism Studies but only that of the individual authors.

This publication is governed by the Creative Commons Licence 4.0 BY-NC-ND. Anyone can share this publication in any medium, reproduce, and reuse the content with the following conditions: full attribution is given to Futouristic and the individual authors; content is reproduced as is without any remixing or modification; and such reuse does not lead to financial gains.

The Institute of Tourism Studies shall have no liability for errors, omissions, or inadequacies in the information contained herein or for interpretations thereof.

ISBN: – 978-99957-1-961-6 978-99957-1-962-3

Futouristic || 3

Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta by ITS Tourist Guiding Students

A

group of Higher National Diploma

The students have meticulously researched

The exhibition was held at ITS and at the

in Tourist Guiding students at the

historical photographs of Malta and

Ramla Bay Hotel, and guided by ITS lecturer

Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS)

captured modern-day images of the same

Tara Darmanin. Futouristic is presenting the

have designed an exhibition of

locations, offering visitors a compelling

images and the story behind them.

photographs with locations in Malta back in

visual journey through the island’s

time and how we can see them today.

transformation over time.

His Eminence Domenico Cardinal Ferrata arrives at the Church of St Mark in Rabat (1913) Personal collection of [Nicholas de Piro].

Grech, S. (2024) Rainy December Day in Rabat. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Stephen Grech].

HIS EMINENCE DOMENICO CARDINAL

members of the Apap Bologna and de Piro

RAINY DECEMBER DAY ON ST WISTIN

FERRATA ARRIVES AT THE CHURCH OF ST

families. They are notably wearing hats, in

STREET, RABAT

MARK IN RABAT

stark contrast to the other crowd further

While we do not have a similar crowd in

In the old photograph you can see a

back in the scene where all the women can

the new photograph, we can clearly see the

crowded street scene where the Cardinal

be seen wearing the traditional għonella.

passage of time just by taking a look at the

Ferrata J.U.D. Papal Legate has just arrived

The crowd they make part of are clearly the

growth of the trees on the far right behind

at the Augustinian Convent in Rabat where

common people of Rabat who are being

the grating. What were initially planters in

there is St Mark’s Church. The year is 1913

held back by police officers. Behind them

1913 have grown into decently large trees by

when the International Eucharist Congress

are people standing in doorways, one is

2024. Instead of a dirt road there is a road

was being held in Malta. The cardinal is still

standing on a balcony, while another is

paved with tarmac and instead of horse

inside the Archbishop’s carriage where just

climbing the façade of the building. All are

carriages there are several parked cars. The

outside its doors there is Marquis of Gnien-

trying to get a better view of the arrival

façade of the church looks smoother and

is-Sultan, Paul Apap Bologna waiting to

of the Cardinal. We have a village scene

more cared for in 2024 after restoration that

welcome him. Next to him there is the Baron

depicting an important arrival of a religious

is still ongoing, which can be seen with the

of Budach Giuseppe de Piro Gourgion with

figure at a time in Malta when religion

presence of scaffolding.

two of his nephews, Captain Igino de Piro

dominated people’s everyday lives. This was

d’Amico and Mgr Giuseppe de Piro, Dean of

also clearly a time of class division as can be

the cathedral and founder of the Missionary

seen, quite literally, with the separation of

Society of St Paul. On the far left of the

the crowd.

crowd around the carriage stand female

4 || Futouristic

S tudent R esearch

Ellis, R. (n.d.) Pjazza Repubblika. [Photography]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].

Cusens, R. (2024) Pjazza Repubblika. [Photography]. Personal collection of [Rebecca Cusens].

PJAZZA REPUBBLIKA

PJAZZA REPUBBLIKA

Republic Square, located in the heart of Valletta, Malta’s capital, is a

Today, known as Republic Square, it is not only a gathering place

historic and cultural centrepiece reflecting the island’s vibrant past.

for locals and visitors but also a space where Maltese traditions,

Originally, in the time of the Knights of St. John, it was called Pjazza

like ‘festas’ and religious processions, bring life to the city. It

Tesoreria, because the Treasury’s office was in the building known

embodies Valletta’s evolution from a fortified Renaissance city

as the Casino Maltese today. For some time during the British period

built by the Knights to a modern hub, serving as a reminder of

however, it was colloquially called Pjazza Regina, as it holds a statue of

Malta’s resilience and adaptability throughout history. This square

Queen Victoria, that replaces an earlier statue of Grandmaster Vilhena

deserves special attention as it stands as testimony to three

in the same spot, symbolizing Malta’s period under British rule. The

different eras in Maltese history, each one leaving a long-lasting

square is surrounded by architectural gems like the National Library,

imprint on our culture today.

which houses valuable manuscripts from the Knights of St. John, an influential order that governed Malta from the 16th to the 18th centuries and left a profound legacy on Maltese identity and culture.

French Creek Under Fire: The Siege of HMS Illustrious (1941) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].

French Creek: A Harbor of Resilience and Renewal (2023) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Jenna Buissinne].

FRENCH CREEK UNDER FIRE: THE SIEGE OF HMS ILLUSTRIOUS

FRENCH CREEK: A HARBOR OF RESILIENCE AND RENEWAL

This photo, taken from St. James Counterguard in Valletta, Malta,

This evocative photo captures Grand Harbour with French Creek in

captures a dramatic moment in French Creek, part of Grand Harbour,

focus, as seen from St. James Counterguard in Valletta, Malta. To

on January 16, 1941, during World War II. The aircraft carrier HMS

the left, the seaward bastion of Fort St. Michael in Senglea stands

Illustrious, believed to be positioned near the towering crane on

tall, a testament to resilience. On 16 January 1941, during World

the right side of the image, was under relentless attack by Nazi

War II, the fort and town were devastated by relentless bombing,

dive bombers. This marked the first time Luftwaffe Stuka bombers

leaving the area in ruins. Today, Senglea has risen from the ashes,

launched a major offensive over Malta. The strategically crucial

rebuilt into a peaceful residential enclave and a beloved tourist

harbour became a primary target as HMS Illustrious arrived to support

destination where history and tranquillity coexist.

Futouristic || 5

operations on the besieged island. During the fierce Luftwaffe air

In the centre and right of the image, the dry docks hum with

raids on January 16, 1941, HMS Illustrious, already battered from

modern activity, hosting cruise liners awaiting repair or servicing.

multiple attacks days earlier while crossing the Mediterranean,

Bright yellow cranes tower over the docks, their bold hues adding

continued to face relentless assaults while moored in Grand

vibrancy to the scene, a far cry from the grim days of war. One crane

Harbour. Meanwhile, Senglea, visible on the left side of the image,

stands out with its striking design, offering a touch of whimsy to the

endured catastrophic destruction. The town’s historic fortifications

dynamic atmosphere.

were severely bombed, with many explosives landing off-target, causing widespread devastation to its surrounding areas. Fires and explosions consumed key infrastructure, including the dry docks, visible toward the centre and right of the image, as the Axis powers aimed to cripple Malta’s naval and logistical capabilities.

In the foreground, a Maltese flag flies high and proud, a poignant new addition since the days of British rule. It stands as a symbol of Malta’s independence and enduring identity. Nearby, parked cars line the road, a stark contrast to the wartime desolation when this area was void of vehicles and filled with uncertainty. The peaceful

This image vividly captures the intensity of the bombing, and the

waters of French Creek now reflect a bustling yet serene harbour,

destruction inflicted on French Creek and Senglea, marking a pivotal

showcasing Malta’s enduring spirit and modern vitality.

moment in the Siege of Malta. Amidst the chaos, the survival of HMS Illustrious symbolized Allied resilience in defending this critical Mediterranean stronghold.

turn into the salary of the barmaid. Throughout the years, this street acquired a lousy reputation characterised by prostitution; however, as declared by many barmaids, everything was legal and under the control of the police force. Notwithstanding, Strait Street became deserted after Malta became an independent country.

Birns, J. (1950) The atmosphere along Strait Street as barmaids, male and female awaited punters. The bar on the right is called May West (1883-1980) after the Hollywood icon. [Photograph].

Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].

THE ATMOSPHERE ALONG STRAIT STREET Strait Street, known by the locals as Strada Stretta, is a street located in the capital city of Valletta. Valletta was built by the knights of the Order of St John six months after the Great Siege of 1565, a siege between the Knights and the Ottomans. Valletta is approximately 450 years old and is named after the Grandmaster la Vallette, who was the leader of Malta during the siege. Valletta has been recognised as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980. Strait Street was frequented mainly by British sailors as it offered them entertainment, which significantly contributed to our economy. As depicted in the photo taken by Jack Birns in 1950, various barmaids can be seen waiting for the British sailors at the bar’s entrance; one of the bar’s names, as indicated, is May West.

Barmaids who worked in the bars of Strait Street used to welcome sailors at the bar entrance and persuade the sailors to buy the barmaid a drink. For each drink the sailor buys, the barmaid would cash out as Landa, and at the end of the night, each Landa would 6 || Futouristic

Strait Street: Regeneration of bars in Strait Street (2024) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Marija Vella].

REGENERATION OF BARS IN STRAIT STREET What seemed to be lost, started reviving again because various bars began functioning once again. The bars have retained some of the characteristics of the past, such as keeping the same furniture, the same style of music and trying to employ Maltese workers as much as possible. The bar May West still exists to the present day and is open to the public from Wednesday to Sunday. The opening of the bars brought life back to Strait Street again.

S tudent R esearch

Paola Square with the arch dominating the entrance to ‘Triq l-Arkata’. (Early 20th century).

[Photograph]. Personal collection of [Saviour Busuttil].

Mizzi, K. (2024) Paola Square showing ‘Triq l-Arkata’ today. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Karl Mizzi].

PAOLA SQUARE WITH THE ARCH DOMINATING THE ENTRANCE TO

PAOLA SQUARE SHOWING ‘TRIQ L-ARKATA’ TODAY

‘TRIQ L-ARKATA’

Nowadays, the arch at the entrance of ‘Triq l-Arkata’ can no longer

The arch dominating the entrance to ‘Triq l-Arkata’ or ‘Arcade Street’

be seen, as it was demolished in the 1960s. Instead, one can find a

was built during the time of Grandmaster Antoine de Paule (1623-

regular entrance to the road and a gap between the two building

1636). This was used to provide access to the street, as well as for

which were formerly linked by the arch. On the left, the structure

the storage of hunting equipment. Unfortunately, the arch was

has been reconstructed and currently accommodates various

demolished in the 1960s and no traces of it can be seen today. On

dining establishments. The Antoine de Paule Band Club building

the left of the photo, one can find a building with an unknown use,

still survives to this day, still retains its original design from the late

however this also no longer exists today. On the right, one can find

19th century, which was shown in the previous photo. One major

the Antoine de Paule Band Club, which was opened in 1898. This

difference between the two photographs is the increase in traffic,

building still exists to this day and retains its original use.

with part of the square being used for traffic linking ‘Triq Hal-Luqa’

“

and ‘Triq il-Belt Valletta’

One major difference between the two photographs is the increase in traffic

” Futouristic || 7

British European Airways. (n.d.) Typical Harbour Scene at Valletta.

[Photograph]. Personal collection of [Simon Cusens].

Cassar, I. (2024) View of Pinto Wharf, Old Power Station and Crucifix Hill. [Photograph].

Personal collection of [Irena Cassar].

TYPICAL HARBOUR SCENE AT VALLETTA

VIEW OF PINTO WHARF, OLD POWER STATION AND CRUCIFIX HILL

The image, titled “Typical Harbour Scene at Valletta”,

Kalkara Gate was demolished in 1888, shortly before the power station was built

shows Pinto Wharf and the Central Power Station. In

to make way for a new road. The architecture of the fortifications remains the

the foreground, barefooted stevedores are unloading/

same in both photographs. The chimneys of the very first power station, however,

loading cargo to a boat on the left, possibly a widely

were dismantled around 20 years ago. What remains visible in the photograph is

used, traditional Gozo boat - dgħajsa tal-latini. Pinto

a stump of the right chimney to the left of Crucifix Hill.

Wharf was the area where boats from Gozo arrived and departed with their cargo, including that of animals. The cage in the foreground seems to be a case in point, constructed to transport animals such as poultry or rabbits, placed here sideways with the straw having fallen to the bottom, presumably being returned after delivery of animals. In the background, at the foot of Crucifix Hill, Floriana, Malta’s first power station (1894) is seen, used today as an event venue and parking. The two tall, smoking chimneys indicate that the photo must have been taken before 1960’s when it stopped operating (but after 1946 when the author of the photograph, the British European Airways company, was founded). The chimneys were dismantled approximately 20 years ago, therefore only the base of one of them is visible to the left of the road uphill (Crucifix Hill) in the contemporary photo (taken from the upper floor of the Malta Custom House in December 2024).

8 || Futouristic

The town of Floriana has meanwhile grown, to which the buildings at the top of Crucifix Hill are a testament. Architectural evolution has also involved the quays, which are currently being extended. Instead of a boat service between Malta and Gozo, this location now welcomes cruise liners of impressive sizes from the

“

Mediterranean countries and more distant lands.

The chimneys were dismantled approximately 20 years ago, therefore only the base of one of them is visible to the left of the road uphill (Crucifix Hill)

”

S tudent R esearch

L’ assemblea nazionale del Popolo maltese (1921) [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Nicholas de Piro].

Bonnici, R. (2024) The Lija Belvedere Tower. [Photograph]. Personal collection of [Rebecca Bonnici].

L’ ASSEMBLEA NAZIONALE DEL POPOLO MALTESE

THE LIJA BELVEDERE TOWER

The Lija Belvedere Tower, a striking 19th-century landmark in

The Lija Belvedere Tower, also known as Torri Belvedere, is an

Malta, served as the backdrop for the National Assembly of

outstanding cultural and architectural icon located in Malta.

February 25–March 1, 1919, a defining moment in Maltese history.

Constructed in 1857 by the architect Giuseppe Bonavia, it was

Convened amidst economic hardship and political unrest, it

originally part of the Villa Gourgion estate owned by Marquis Depiro,

marked Malta’s demand for constitutional reform under British

conceived as an ornamental folly. After the gardens of the villa were

colonial rule.

redeveloped in the 1950s, the tower became a prominent feature of

In the photo, at the forefront was Dr. Filippo Sceberras, supported by figures like Canon Giovanni Borg, Enrico Mizzi, and Mgr. Ignazio Panzavecchia, who were all instrumental in articulating Malta’s aspirations. The Assembly arose from grievances deepened by the Sette Giugno uprisings of June 1919, fuelled by economic distress and British resistance to Maltese demands. It highlighted tensions between the pro-Italian cultural factions, led by Nationalists like Mizzi, and the rising Maltese nationalism seeking greater self-rule.

The Assembly’s legacy culminated in the 1921 Self-Government Constitution, introducing Malta’s first bicameral legislature. Despite British reluctance, it marked a step toward autonomy, though political struggles persisted, leading to its suspension in 1933.

a roundabout situated on Transfiguration Avenue. Designated as a Grade 1 property and listed in Malta’s National Inventory of Cultural Property, the tower underwent a restoration process between 1995 and 1996. This effort underscores Malta’s dedication to preserving its architectural and cultural heritage in the face of evolving urban landscapes. The Belvedere Tower today stands as a symbol of the island’s resilience and its commitment to honouring historical legacies, reflecting sentiments similar to those expressed during Malta’s self-governance movement under the 1921 Constitution. This historical context enhances the tower’s role as a connection between Malta’s architectural beauty and its wider cultural and political narrative.

This rare photograph, set at the Lija Belvedere Tower, symbolizes Maltese unity and determination during a pivotal period that laid the groundwork for independence. Figures like Sceberras, Mizzi, and Panzavecchia shaped Malta’s constitutional identity.

Futouristic || 9

Student Rebecca Bonnici explaining the photos to ITS CEO Pierre Fenech

Group photo of the student-exhibitors with Toursit Guiding coordinator Ms Tara Darmanin and ITS CEO Pierre Fenech

10 || Futouristic

Futouristic || 11

Valletta’s Century Old Shops: Delia, D’Amato and Preca THERESA HOBAN H I G H E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M A I N TO U R I ST G U I D I N G

T

INTRODUCTION

remains a popular tourist destination. The

Giorgio Preca (est. 1860) on Strada Santa

his research explores three

study questions if preserving historical shop

Lucia, where the business continues under

historic shops in Valletta that have

signs can link the past and present, offering

generational names.

operated for over a century, aiming

a tangible connection to Valletta’s history for

to highlight their importance to

both locals and visitors.

the city’s retail atmosphere and cultural heritage. The study seeks to determine if identifying their original authentic features can help interpret these commercial outlets to visitors and locals, celebrating them as integral components of Malta’s cultural heritage before they are potentially lost.

The shops examined are Carmelo Delia, a carpenter shop, Preca Jewellery, and D’Amato Records.

LITERATURE REVIEW Valletta, Malta’s capital, has been a significant commercial centre since the 16th century, adapting through periods of rule by the Order of St John, the French, and the British. Commerce has persisted, with merchants, hawkers, and importers trading extensively, supported by services like shipping, legal counsel, and notarial services. Notarial records and surviving shop signs offer valuable insights into past businesses and commercial activity.

The inspiration for this study came from discovering old shop receipts in the Notarial Archives, highlighting an opportunity to preserve and share the city’s cultural heritage through signage and research.

The city has undergone significant transformation due to societal shifts, online shopping, gentrification, and tourism, leading to a marginalisation of local businesses by international franchises and entertainment venues. This puts the city’s historical legacy at risk. Although Maltese residents shop less in Valletta today, it

12 || Futouristic

There is limited local written material on the importance of shop signs in Malta, yet they

The author views visiting old shops, both

offer curiosity. Some Maltese businesses

locally and abroad, as a way to glimpse past

are incorporating traditional signage into

experiences and contribute to collective

their branding, finding value in preserving

memory. Visitors enjoy discovering these

historical signs, even if unrelated to the

“unique treasures”. This perspective is

current business. An example is Captain’s

shared when walking in Valletta and

Cut Leather in St Mark’s Street, which

observing it through a visitor’s eyes,

installed its sign under the original British

sparking curiosity about past shopping life.

Boot and Shoe Factory signage. Matthew

Preservation efforts for historic shops exist in various European countries. Italy, for instance, has dedicated regulations to protect historic shops and prevent the impoverishment of their urban image. Turin began cataloguing historic shops as early as

Demarco notes that some owners want to tap into the strong Maltese identity associated with these signs, feeling they are part of the country’s identity and provide brand credibility by offering a “true experience of Malta”.

1985, later incorporating this into a digital

Fabrizio Tabone writes about positive

map. Examples also exist in Lucca, Tuscany,

experiences of Valletta shop owners,

Bologna, and Veneto, with the latter offering

including Manuel Busuttil, who feels

an app highlighting historical commercial

his shop’s façade significantly attracts

places. Similar practices are found in

customers. His shop sells locally made

Amsterdam and Portugal. Historic shops

lace and jewellery, supporting the idea

are considered cultural heritage with strong

of authenticity. However, not all owners

identity value. Losing them can mean losing

share this view; the owner of Tal-Ħwawar

the city’s identity. This sentiment is echoed

(est. 1888), an herb and spice shop, did not

by shop owners in Valletta.

see positive impact from their traditional

At the turn of the 20th century, Valletta offered a diverse range of goods, from luxury items to daily necessities, evidenced by photographs and advertisements. Shops like Carmelo Delia (est. 1890) and Gio.Batta Delia (est. 1901) provided furniture, while D’Amato (est. 1885), originally a furniture importer, became a record store, now

front. The cost of restoring and maintaining façades according to regulations is high, posing a threat if there is no perceived value. A common sentiment is that Valletta is losing its identity to international chains, and owners feel unsupported in maintaining traditional structures, despite these being key attractions.

the sole survivor of its kind in Valletta.

Past attempts to preserve old shop fronts

Jewellery, gold, and silver shops included

occurred, with the Planning Authority

S tudent R esearch

An invoice by Giorgio Preca dated 1885 (Image of a document at the Notarial Archives of Malta)

granting Grade 2 scheduling to 62 wooden

perspectives on sign preservation and

Mrs Valerie Cauchi Inglott, granddaughter

shopfronts, kiosks, and painted signs in

their role in Valletta’s identity. These

of Carmelo Delia, on 6 December 2024.

2011, increasing the protected total to

interviews allowed participants to share

Contacting a direct descendant took time. A

11,223. However, many shops have lost

experiences and opinions freely. Face-to-

further interview was held with Mr Patrick

their authentic appearance. This study

face interviews were conducted with family

Delia, great-grandson of Gio.Batta Delia,

aims to extend insights on the cultural

members of the original owners, focusing

on 15 November 2024, as his shop is a key

significance of historic shop signage in

on signage, products, and family stories.

stop on a proposed tour and related to

Valletta.

Further questions were asked based on the

Carmelo. Two informal interviews were also

information shared.

conducted with Keith Caruana of Captain’s

METHODOLOGY

Cut Leather and a descendant of Francis

The study used a mixed-methods approach

The first interview was with Ms Claudia

combining secondary and primary research.

Preca and her sister Daniela Preca, fourth-

Secondary research reviewed literature

generation owners of Preca Jewellery, on

Observational research was also conducted

on historical signage and shop heritage

6 November 2024. This interview lasted

by monitoring Facebook groups where local

to inform questions and provide context.

about 40 minutes as little literature

residents discuss Valletta’s shops, focusing

Primary data collection was necessary due

was available on the shop. The second

on comments and recollections about the

to limited existing information on preserving

interview was with Mr Stephen D’Amato,

selected shops.

older shop signs and the histories of

fifth-generation owner of D’Amato Record

traditional retailers in the area.

Shop, on 13 November 2024, lasting a

Qualitative research involved semistructured interviews with shop owners to understand their experiences and

similar duration, verifying and elaborating on information already available from articles. The final main interview was with

D’Agata.

Interview data was analysed thematically, reviewing transcripts to identify recurring themes regarding signage, family history, and product evolution. Observational data from Facebook was analysed qualitatively,

Futouristic || 13

Facade of Anthony D’Amato (Image by author)

Facade of Preca Jewellery (Image by author)

identifying sentiment (positive, negative,

Valletta’s colonial visual heritage. All three

chains (‘barbazzale’), and ‘fili’ bangles to

neutral) and topics like nostalgia and the

families are deeply committed to continuing

lighter, simpler designs due to trends and

impact of modernisation.

their century-old traditions, which mark

gold prices. Older pieces, like a 1920s/30s

their identity as people, families, and

Fabiola brooch, were for sale. An 1870

retailers, contributing to the tangible and

receipt mentions “Best Malta; filigree work,

intangible cultural heritage of Valletta.

lava and shell cameos.” The shop relies on

Limitations included the small sample size of three main shops, which limits the generalisability of findings. Reliance

repeat customers, often third or fourth

on family recollections might introduce

Preca Jewellery Shop was established in

memory bias. Limited archival material

1860 by Giorgio Preca. Its current signage

for some shops, particularly Preca, made

in Santa Lucia Street, changed in the 1980s,

corroboration challenging. Social media

does not reflect its age, so people stop for

analysis was limited by the self-selecting

the jewellery, not the shop front. A receipt

nature of online communities. Despite

from the Notarial Archives confirmed the

these, the methodology effectively

1860s establishment date. The current

D’Amato Record Shop, established in 1885,

addressed research objectives, providing

store is said to have been stables of the

claims to be the world’s oldest record

rich qualitative data from interviews,

Knights of St John, a story passed down by

store, though it didn’t start selling records

historical context from archival research,

the father of the current fourth-generation

initially and its claim is disputed by a shop

and public sentiment insights from social

owners, Claudia and Daniela Preca. The

in Wales which has moved location. Its sign

media.

name Giorgio Preca is also linked to Malta’s

is iconic for locals and visitors. The HMV

first saint and a famous artist. The shop’s

dog ‘Nipper’ sign is also well-known globally.

name changed with each generation, from

The sign, which had hung since the 1950s,

Giorgio to Edgar to Anthony, the father of

was damaged by a crane on 4 July 2024,

the interviewee8. Jewellery has evolved

upsetting the family and many Maltese. The

from handmade pieces like filigree, long

public outpouring of anger and support

RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Data collected covered shop signage, family business history, and product changes, enhancing understanding of these businesses’ value to local history and

14 || Futouristic

generation, including those who migrated.

Anecdotes include an Australian customer whose parents bought there and a visit by Valentina Tereshkova. Word-of-mouth is crucial, fostering a community spirit.

“

S tudent R esearch

Historic shops are considered cultural heritage with strong identity value. Losing them can mean losing the city’s identity.

This sentiment is echoed by shop owners in Valletta.

”

Old shopfront of Carmelo Delia (Image by author)

highlighted the sign’s importance as part

1950s, allowed the working class to enjoy

Jr.’s daughters included Malta’s first female

of the street fabric and collective memory.

music. Today, demand for vinyl and CDs

architect, and the family seems to have

The sign has been replaced by the original

is increasing, especially among younger

inherited artistic traits; Valerie Cauchi

company, and the old one is on display. The

generations. The shop is known for sourcing

Inglott practices traditional Maltese crafts.

business started with Giovanni D’Amato

rare records and attracts celebrities.

Carmelo Delia designed manufactured

selling furniture in 1885, transitioning to phonographs and gramophones in the 1890s. The shop expanded by buying surrounding properties. Passed down through generations to Stephen D’Amato (fifth generation), it survived challenges like WWII, technological changes, and Covid.

The shop only closed for six weeks during Covid. D’Amato sent Maltese artists to Italy to record local music in the 1930s. During WWII, owner William D’Amato’s request for more supplies to keep the business running was refused due to import controls.

The family remained passionate about the business even when record demand declined. Early purchases, like a 1923 receipt for 9 records and needles costing £2.5.0, were expensive, equivalent to about €180 today. Music halls supplied by D’Amato, especially with Juke Boxes in the

Carmelo Delia Furniture Shop’s signage is still visible, though the shop is closed.

The manufacturing workshop in St Mark’s Street, still operational and producing handmade furniture, is now owned by another family. The workshop is in an old stable block of the Knights and on a busy ferry route. Its large, traditional signage states, “The Best Equipped Furniture factory in Malta,” while the shop front sign said, “House Furnisher”. Mrs Valerie Cauchi Inglott, Carmelo Delia’s granddaughter, finds the neglect of the signage saddening.

The business was started in 1890 by Carmelo Delia Senior (Sr.). Carmelo Jr. ran the factory, while his brothers handled sales. Carmelo Sr.’s brother, Gio.Batta Delia, also had a furniture shop in Valletta, but they did not work together. Carmelo

pieces, ensuring quality materials by personally selecting and marking wood from the UK. Worker specialisation was used to prevent replication. The furniture was highly sought-after and considered the best. Customers could furnish an entire home with Delia pieces, which were accessible despite being a luxury. Some ready-made furniture was later imported in limited quantities. Many Maltese have fond memories of buying from or inheriting Delia furniture, often labelled on the back or underside. British service personnel also shopped there frequently. A notable piece is the table on which George Borg Olivier signed Malta’s Independence treaty in 1964. The business was sold in the 1960s to Carmelo’s nephew, then in the 1970s to the Big Bon group, who kept the “Carmelo Delia” name due to its reputation.

Futouristic || 15

Old building housing Carmelo Delia (Image by author)

The workshop continues as Carmelo Delia

and developing policies to preserve

the shops, families, and community; they

Joinery, owned by the Gauci brothers,

these shops. To safeguard this heritage,

are integral to local life, embodying stories

maintaining the name and tradition.

initiatives like plaques for centennial

of how people lived, what they bought, and

shops providing historical information

the relationships formed. Continued loyalty

could be implemented. The narratives,

from customers and their descendants

including signage, stories, and customer

underscores the shops’ importance as

memories, should be documented and

living links to the past. Prioritising their

incorporated into the National Archives

preservation allows this engaging history to

of Malta’s ‘Memorja’ project for recording

enrich experiences for locals and visitors.

Further interviews with owners like Gio. Batta Delia and Captain’s Cut highlighted the importance of preservation. Social media showed local residents’ fond memories and sadness over lost shops, reinforcing the cultural significance of signs for the Maltese community and supporting the value of a proposed tour.

FINAL ARGUMENTS The research concludes that Valletta’s historic retail shops and their families significantly contribute to the city’s character. They have the potential to enrich tourism by being integrated into the visitor experience rather than displaced by ‘touristification’. This study offers a starting point for further exploration 16 || Futouristic

underrepresented life stories.

Recommendations for further research

There is a strong consensus among

include a detailed visual analysis of surviving

interviewees on preserving and restoring

shop signs focusing on typography,

shop signage. The public reaction to the

iconography, materials, and placement.

D’Amato sign incident shows the deep

Archival research should expand beyond

emotional connection to these signs, which

notarial records to include sources like

are handcrafted testaments to a bygone era

business ledgers and photographs.

of craftsmanship, serving as family emblems

Consumer studies using oral history or

and visual attractions. Protecting them helps

surveys could explore customer experiences

Valletta retain its distinct identity. A key

and memories, providing insights into the

theme is the profound connection between

businesses’ social and cultural significance.

S tudent R esearch

An invoice by Gio. Batta. Delia dated 1930 (Image of a document at the Notarial Archives of Malta)

An invoice by Anthony D’Amato dated 1923 (Image of a document at the Notarial Archives of Malta)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Malta, N. A., 2024. Memorja. [Online]

fear-malta-s-capital-is-losing-its-identit y

Anon, 2014. The Times of Malta. [Online]

Available at: https://memorja.com/about-us

[Accessed 28 July 2024].

Available at: https://timesofmalta.com/

[Accessed 01 November 2024].

article/Preserve-Valletta-s-old-shopfronts.530210 [Accessed 08 August 2024].

Barata-Salguieiro, T., 2021. Shops with history and public policy. The Internation Review of retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 31(4), pp. 393-410.

Barry, D., 2011. Times of Malta. [Online] Available at: https://timesofmalta.com/ article/independence-day-table-under-thehammer.357679 [Accessed 01 November 2024].

Berlardi, P. et al., 2021. AR+AI = Augmented (Retail + Identity) for Historical Retail Heritage, Milan: FrancoAngeli.

Veneto, U., 2015. unioncamereveneto.

Monisse, N., 2024. Signs of the Times.

it. [Online] Available at: https://www.

s.l.:Monocle Mediterraneo.

unioncamereveneto.it/veneto-su-misura-

Nasser, N., 2003. Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation,

scaricabile-la-app/ [Accessed 21 August 2024].

Tourism, and Sustainable Development.

Journal of Planning LIterature, 17(4), pp. 467469.

Petrini, C., 2020. Slowfood.it. [Online] Available at: https://www.slowfood.it/ carlo-petrini-se-litalia-perde-le-botteghe-noiperdiamo-litalia-per-come-la-conosciamo/ [Accessed 28 September 2024].

Tabone, F., 2022. WHOSWHO.MT. [Online] Available at: https://whoswho.mt/en/we-arebeing-pushed-away-iconic-valletta-stores-

Futouristic || 17

A masonic lodge in the period of the Order of St. John in Malta

“Beyond the Square and Compass; unravelling the tapestry of Malta’s secret Freemasonry trails” - A new product for dark, historical and socio-cultural tourism?

SIMON CUSENS H I G H E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M A I N TO U R I ST G U I D I N G

T

LITERATURE REVIEW

Attard (2009) delved into various crimes

Contemporary authors have also utilised

he research begins by exploring

committed across the Maltese islands,

Malta’s unique atmosphere for mystery

existing studies on Malta’s

offering narratives that could potentially

narratives. Paul Vincent Lee, a crime

potential for dark and mystery

enhance crime-themed tours, especially

novelist based in Malta, sets his stories on

tourism genres, highlighting

in Valletta. Complementing this, William

the island (Lee, 2014). US action-adventure

the island’s rich history and atmospheric

Zammit’s book ‘Kissing the Gallows’ (Zammit,

author Chris Kuzneski describes Malta as a

settings. Several authors have confirmed

2016) examines crimes like murder, robbery,

fascinating location of historical significance,

significant tourism prospects in unusual

and theft during the era of the Knights of

particularly concerning the Knights of Malta

sites. For instance, Alamango (2014)

St. John (1600–1798), providing historical

and its strategic importance (Kuzneski,

found great potential in sites such as

context relevant to dark tourism narratives.

2018).

cemeteries, the Inquisitor’s Palace, and the

Cini (2009) explored the history of Valletta’s

old Corradino Prisons. Cacciattolo (2023)

notorious Strait Street, known for its

further supported the sustained interest

nightlife and illicit activities, offering insights

in dark tourism in Malta, particularly of a

into the city’s darker past. This street has

mysterious nature, noting that the island

since been revived, proving highly effective

possesses many sites with a dark history

in attracting youthful crowds.

due to its tumultuous past.

18 || Futouristic

Specifically concerning Freemasonry, Mollier (2013) discusses the significant role Malta played in 18th-century Freemasonry, stressing that the island served as a crucial hub for masonic activity, extending to broader European networks. Broadley (1880) remarked that “there is probably

S tudent R esearch no part of the world in which Freemasonry

sample size was determined by assignment

influencing their responses compared to

has so greatly prospered during the

guidelines, with six expert respondents

younger participants. These limitations

present century as in Malta,” highlighting its

invited, anticipating a 70-80% response rate.

were partially addressed through careful

historical legacy. The Sovereign Grand Lodge

The identity of respondents was not visible

questionnaire design and providing context,

of Malta’s website provides insights into the

to the author.

but a larger, more diverse sample was

history and current state of Freemasonry on the island, detailing the establishment of

The questionnaire was structured into

recommended for future research.

sections covering Demographic Information

DATA REPORTING AND DISCUSSION

(age, gender, religion, education, job type),

The results from the questionnaire provided

Overall, the literature review suggests that

Tourism Interest (categories and product

significant insights into the potential for

Malta’s historical sites, particularly those

types relevant to Freemasonry), and Target

Freemasonry tourism in Malta. All six

associated with darker or mysterious

Markets (perceived interest based on

respondents confirmed they had read the

aspects of its past, from the early 18th

country of origin). Questions primarily used

provided summary of Malta’s Freemasonry

to the mid-20th century, align with the

Likert-scale and multiple-choice formats

history before answering the questions.

periods when Freemasonry was prevalent

to facilitate qualitative analysis. Data was

The respondents primarily consisted of

collected over four weeks.

those aged 36-70 (83.3%), with a smaller

lodges and rituals over the past 300 years.

in Malta. The author notes that emerging tour operators in Malta are already investing in the ‘Dark’ genre, offering tours focused on ghosts, corsairs, and condemned individuals, often drawing on events from the same era as early Maltese Freemasonry. This suggests that Freemasonry tourism, with its real and authentic 300-year history, could be a perfect fit to augment and compliment the existing dark tourism offerings with a new, original niche.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study coincides with the Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta’s recent decision to become more transparent about its history and tradition.

“

percentage aged 18-35 (16.7%). Most respondents were female (66.7%) and believed in a religion (83.3%), although the specific religion was not asked. The majority

Malta’s historical sites, particularly those associated with darker or mysterious aspects of its past, from the early 18th to the mid20th century, align with the periods when Freemasonry was prevalent in Malta.

The author employed a collect and analyse data, questionnaire with ten sub-questions in the final section. The questionnaire was chosen for its effectiveness in gathering structured opinions and perspectives within a short response period. Responses were collected anonymously via a Google Doc form.

The target population consisted of adults with an interest and track record in tourism, history, or cultural heritage. To ensure respondents had sufficient context, they were provided with a condensed summary of the history of Freemasonry in Malta The

almost 67% having a 2nddegree level education, and were experienced tourism professionals, with 66.7% being entrepreneurs or business executives and 60% having worked in the sector for over 10 years.

Regarding tourism genres, respondents overwhelmingly agreed that Freemasonry is highly relevant to Cultural and Heritage Tourism, with five out of six ranking it as the most relevant (score of 1).

qualitative approach to primarily using a structured six-question

were highly educated, with

When asked about Limitations of the study included potential response bias, as participants might provide answers influenced by the collective memory or societal views on Freemasonry if they lacked prior knowledge. The small sample size of six respondents limited the generalisability of findings, although their extensive experience in the tourism sector (many over 10 years) was intended to enhance objectivity and accuracy. A generational gap was also noted as a potential limitation, as older respondents might have been exposed to more hostile publicity about Freemasonry, potentially

specific prospective tourism products, respondents felt Freemasonry had the highest potential in Special Interest Tours, followed by Lectures & Conferences, and then Historical Tours. Cultural & Educational Programmes and Themed Accommodations & Restaurants were ranked lower.

Identifying the potential target market, most respondents believed tourists from the British Isles and the USA would be most likely to appreciate Freemasonryrelated tourism products, in that order.

Futouristic || 19

Tsar Paul I wearing a masonic apron Emperor of Russia from 1796 till 1801 and de facto Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of St John from 1799-1801

English freemasons wearing their regalia - Malta

The potential with local residents was also

In discussion, the author notes the

BIBLIOGRAPHY

noted as an opportunity not to be ignored.

increasing demand for unconventional

Alamango, M. C. (2014) ‘Dark tourism on the

tours in Malta offered by operators like

Maltese Islands: prison as case studies’, BA

Malta Themed Tours and Colour my Travel,

thesis. Malta: University of Malta.

A key finding was that an overwhelming majority, five out of six respondents (83%), agreed that Freemasonry presents an original and exciting opportunity for a new socio-cultural tourism genre for both locals and tourists. Respondents were divided on whether the opportunity was only for tourists or only for locals, ultimately confirming a belief in potential for both, but with the biggest interest expected from visiting tourists.

Respondents strongly agreed (83%) that Freemasonry would be an original and innovative addition to Malta’s socio-cultural historical elements. However, they were divided on whether it would appeal to all age groups. The data strongly suggested the appeal would be limited to a specific age bracket, with almost 70% disagreeing that it would be popular with those under 40. Conversely, 83.3% felt it would mostly interest tourists aged 40 or over.

Regarding gender appeal, the results were clear: respondents felt Freemasonry tourism would mostly appeal to predominantly male tourists. Only one respondent believed it would be popular with persons of any gender, and all respondents unanimously agreed it would not be predominantly popular with female tourists.

20 || Futouristic

which focus on mystery and historical intrigue. Freemasonry, with its aspects of mystery, controversy, and intrigue, blending with historical events and figures from the Knights-era, fits well within this genre. Historical records, such as Inquisitor Lante’s ‘processo’ against Freemasons, offer authentic material for storytelling.

Attard, E. (2009) Murder in Malta 1800-1966.

Malta: Book Distributors Ltd. \Broadley, A.M. (1880) The History of Freemasonry in the District of Malta: from the year 1800 up to the present time. London, UK: George Kenning “Freemason” Office.

Masonic graves and headstone monuments

Cacciattolo, M. (2023) ‘ The Appeal of Dark

in colonial-era cemeteries also represent

Tourism in Malta ‘, Long Essay. Malta:

potential tour sites.

Institute of Tourism Studies.

In conclusion, the research findings strongly

Cini G. (2009) Strada Stretta: It-Triq li darba

support the hypothesis that Freemasonry

xegħlet il-Belt. Malta: Allied Publications.

tourism is an original and exciting product well-suited for Special Interest Tours, Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Lectures & Conferences, and Historical Tours. The primary target demographic identified is males aged 40 and older, predominantly

Kuzneski, C. (2018) The Malta Escape. USA: Paynes & Jones.

Lee P.V. (2014) The Maltese Orphans- An Inspector Thea Spiteri Crime Story. Weeryan Ltd.

from the British Isles and the USA. While

Mollier, P. (2013) Malta, the Knights

the potential with local residents is

and Freemasonry. Available at: https://

considered less significant, it is still deemed

pierremollier.wordpress.com/wp-content/

an opportunity not to be overlooked.

uploads/2013/04/pm-81-malte-fm-english.

Further research with a larger sample is

pdf (Accessed: 17 January 2025).

recommended to confirm and expand upon these results.

Zammit W. (2016) Kissing the gallows, A cultural history of crime, torture and punishment in Malta 1600- 1798. Malta: BDL publishers.

S tudent R esearch

Recent banner from the Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta’s Facebook group page

“

Two examples of several masonic graves located at Pieta’ and Ta’ Braxia cemetery

The research findings strongly support the hypothesis that Freemasonry tourism is an original and exciting product well-suited for Special Interest Tours, Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Lectures & Conferences, and Historical Tours.

”

Futouristic || 21

MV Karwela Gozo Wreck dive Ix-Xatt L-Ahmar (Image credit Diving Gozo 2014).

Breathing Gas Quality and Monitoring in Dive Centres of the Maltese Islands ARTHUR GAUCI BAC H E LO R O F S C I E N C E I N D I V I N G S A F E T Y M A N AG E M E N T

T

LITERATURE REVIEW

gases like nitrox and trimix, which

and potential short or long-term health

he research begins with a review

introduce new possibilities but also require

risks.

of existing literature concerning

careful management to minimise risks.

breathing gas quality and

The quality of these gases is paramount

monitoring in SCUBA diving.

for diver health and safety, leading to

It highlights that SCUBA diving requires

the development of breathing gas quality

high-quality breathing air due to the

standards outlined by International and

unique challenges and risks posed by

European norms. These standards typically

the underwater environment to human

specify permissible levels for contaminants

physiology. The evolution of diving,

such as oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2),

particularly the quest to extend its limits,

carbon monoxide (CO), oil, and water

necessitates the use of various breathing

vapour, aiming to mitigate safety concerns

22 || Futouristic

The review delves into the European Norm (EN) standards relevant to breathing gas and equipment. EN 12021:2014 is presented as the key standard for respiratory protective devices, outlining specifications for breathing air used in SCUBA diving, including limits for contaminants like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oil, and water vapour. This standard also discusses requirements for compressed gas used for

S tudent R esearch mixing or in respiratory protective devices, applicable to normal, hyperbaric, and hypobaric pressures, though it excludes aerospace and medical applications. It sets the permissible composition of breathing gas mixtures and maximum thresholds for contaminants to minimise health risks.

The standard includes tables detailing acceptable levels for various components and water content, and specifies that when mixing gases, the resulting mixture must be evaluated for oxygen and potentially helium content to ensure correctness. It also defines specifications for oxygen-compatible air, noting more rigorous requirements for water and oil content compared to standard breathing air, which are necessary for safety during blending, for divers, and for equipment functionality. A significant omission highlighted in the standard is the failure to set frequencies for gas purity testing on breathing air compressors.

EN ISO 18119:2018+AM1:2021 is identified as the most current standard in the European Union for the testing and inspection of SCUBA and other high-pressure cylinders.

The integrity and performance of cylinders are non-negotiable due to the extreme pressures they hold. The standard lays out proven testing methods including pressure tests, visual inspections, and non-destructive testing, providing guidelines for rejecting or accepting cylinders based on their condition. It also includes cleaning and drying procedures to avoid contaminating the contained gases. The standard specifies testing periods, noting that SCUBA cylinders

Image credit: SurfaceWarriors is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

require annual visual inspections and hydrostatic tests every five years in the Maltese Islands, as no specific local procedure has altered this frequency. These rigorous standards are deemed crucial for mitigating the severe repercussions of cylinder failures, protecting personnel and divers alike, and requiring everyone involved to understand their responsibilities regarding cylinder handling and maintenance.

The standards EN 144-1-2-3 are discussed in relation to improving interoperability and safety in SCUBA diving equipment use. EN 144-1:2018 specifies requirements for the design of SCUBA cylinder valves, including interface threads (17E, 25E, M18x1.5,

M25x2 Parallel), material strength, testing

The Maltese Recreational Diving Services

procedures, and required markings. EN

Regulations (Subsidiary Legislation 409.13)

144-2:2018 specifies essential criteria for

establish licensing and requirements for

outlet connections, referring to EN ISO

recreational diving service providers. These

12209 for compressed breathable air

regulations mandate routine and meticulous

connections, commonly known as the DIN

upkeep of all facilities and equipment

fitting. EN 144-3:2003 specifically describes

used for diving services. A systematically

specifications for outlet connections used

updated log of service for all apparatus

with diving gases containing more than 22%

must be maintained, detailing maintenance

oxygen, commonly referred to as the M26 x

performed according to manufacturer

2 nitrox regulator fitting. Adherence to these

guidelines. All dive gear must comply with

standards ensures product safety, quality,

EU safety regulations and manufacturer

and compatibility between equipment from

specifications. Although the legislation

different manufacturers.

references numerous EN standards, it only

Futouristic || 23

indirectly refers to EN 12021 and does not

The target participants were primarily

stipulate a specific interval for evaluating air

dive centres that are members of the

purity from compressors, though it requires

Professional Dive School Association

maintenance plans in line with standards

(PDSA), and other dive centres located

and manufacturer guidelines.

across the Maltese Islands. All 42 PDSA

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) of the UK’s guidance on diver’s breathing gas standard and testing frequency is reviewed as a potential benchmark. HSE standards aim to mitigate risks from gas toxicity and other hazards. They specify required levels for oxygen, contaminants, oil, and water vapour, emphasising that breathing gas composition must be carefully controlled

members were invited to participate, aiming for a strong representative sample to understand local gas-filling practices. Due to an insufficient initial response via email, a strategic adjustment was made to use a direct method involving visiting dive centres in person to request participation, which proved highly effective with no centres declining.

and monitored. Recommended checks

A component of the study also involved

include pre-use checks before each dive

collecting and evaluating random air

or filling operation, continuous monitoring

samples from consenting dive centres

during operations, periodic air testing at

to assess actual air quality and identify

intervals of not more than three months (or

potential contaminants. This was intended

more frequently based on risk assessment),

to corroborate the questionnaire findings

post-dive analysis for certain high-risk

and provide a realistic basis for conclusions.

operations, and detailed record keeping of

The air testing was conducted on-site

examinations, tests, and remedial actions.

using a DE-OX test unit (serial number:

This comprehensive approach to safety

90102121), with the procedure developed

monitoring is vital for protecting divers from

in consultation with the manufacturer.

contaminated gas.

Samples were taken from pre-filled cylinders

METHODOLOGY The study adopted a mixed-methods research design, combining both qualitative and quantitative elements to address the research objectives comprehensively. The

“

This comprehensive approach to safety monitoring is vital for protecting divers from contaminated gas.

”

prepared for customers. While this provided insight, the study notes that more precise lab analysis and more extensive sampling over different periods would be beneficial for a full understanding of air quality characteristics.

data aspects, trends, and variability for

involving question formulation, data

Quantitatively, the study required the

used for open-ended questions to extract

collection, and data analysis. Primary data

analysis of breathing gases, equipment,

themes and understand general perceptions.

was collected specifically for this study. The

and monitoring methods, using precise

Cross-tabulation was intended to highlight

first part of the study involved distributing

measurements of contaminants and quality-

deficiencies in operations and standards.

a structured online questionnaire to dive

related questions to assess compliance with

centres across the Maltese Islands. This

European standards. Quantitative questions

questionnaire aimed to gather details

were crucial for detailed data collection and

on SCUBA gas-filling practices, including

objective evaluation. Qualitative questions

the types of gases dispensed, equipment

were included to gather insights into

maintenance, awareness and adherence to

participants’ perspectives and motivations,

regulations and standards. Predominantly,

allowing for analysis of themes and patterns

closed-ended questions were used for

not captured by numerical data alone The

consistent, quantifiable data, supplemented

mixed-methods approach, by integrating

by a small number of open-ended

qualitative insights with quantitative

questions to allow participants to express

data, aimed to provide a comprehensive

opinions and avoid researcher bias. The

analysis identifying gaps and understanding

questionnaire was disseminated via email,

contributing factors to develop effective,

maintaining respondent anonymity, and

realistic recommendations.

positively to breathing gas quality and

Data analysis involved graphic statistics

customers without causing unwarranted

using Google Forms visualisations to outline

alarm.

research followed a structured process

included a consent form outlining study procedures and data protection.

24 || Futouristic

statistical verification. Content analysis was

Ethical considerations were observed, ensuring informed consent from participating dive centres, clearly explaining the research purpose, methods, and risks.

Participation was voluntary, with the right to withdraw. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained to protect identities and prevent harm or competitive disadvantage.

Potential conflicts of interest were to be addressed, and findings reported honestly.

The research adhered to local laws and regulations. The study aimed to contribute monitoring, improving safety for staff and

S tudent R esearch

Image credit: Miami Scuba Diving

RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

is recommended. Cylinder ownership

alongside compressors. The most common

The survey involved 33 questions and

places maintenance responsibility on the

blending method reported was partial

received responses from 33 out of 42

dive centre, shared with the filling facility

pressure blending. Other methods like

invited dive centres, representing a 78.6%

when cylinders are filled elsewhere. Proper

oxygen generators or continuous flow

participation rate and indicating a high level

cylinder maintenance is crucial for gas purity

blenders are often limited to lower oxygen

of engagement within the industry.

and general safety due to high pressures.

percentages suitable for recreational but

Dive centres must be familiar with EN ISO

not technical diving. Blending gases requires

18119:2018 regarding periodic inspection

extra care and a thorough understanding of

and testing of cylinders. The variety of

the process, including familiarisation with

cylinders owned (air, nitrox, trimix, heliox)

EN 12021:2014. Training in gas blending,

indicated widespread use of blended gases

such as courses covering methods, oxygen

alongside air.

handling hazards, risk management, and

Regarding gas filling, the survey found that not all dive centres perform compressed air fills in-house. Four centres (12.1%) stated they do not own a compressor and thus lack gas-filling facilities, while one centre owned a compressor but did not use it.

equipment cleaning, is necessary.

All survey participants stated they owned

The study investigated gas blending

their diving cylinders. Centres without filling

practices. Most dive centres with

Monitoring gas quality is vital, with oxygen

facilities rely on other dive centres, citing the

compressors also have gas blending

content being a key parameter. Incorrect

prohibitive cost of running a compressor or

capabilities. Data showed that 69.7% of dive

oxygen levels are extremely dangerous.

awaiting permits and equipment. While this

centres have blending facilities, meaning

Other parameters like moisture (H2O),

arrangement shifts operational burden, it

approximately 79.3% of centres that fill

carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide

does not remove the responsibility of the

gases also blend them. This suggests an

(CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOC)

cylinder-owning centre for the gas quality

evolution towards more technical diving

should also be monitored to ensure purity

provided to their customers. Independent

activities within dive centres, with centres

standards. None of the participating dive

verification of gas purity by these centres

increasingly adding blending capabilities

centres indicated they do not monitor Futouristic || 25

breathing gases at all, suggesting some

that some centres use industrial-grade

level of checking is performed, but

oxygen in their facilities, potentially using

impurity parameter monitoring is low. This

it for emergency oxygen cylinders, which

highlights an opportunity for improvement

is inappropriate for breathing or medicinal

in monitoring potentially contaminating

use. This situation warrants further

impurities.

investigation.

Logging breathing gas composition data

Air purity tests are required to ensure

was found to be lower than the reported

compressors produce air meeting EN

monitoring level. Gas logging can help

standards. Most participants reported

identify deviations and trends, serving as

conducting air purity tests annually, often

an early warning system. Collecting data

after the compressor’s annual service.

on oxygen, CO2, and other gases provides

Crucially, both Maltese regulations and

essential information for monitoring air

EN 12021:2014 do not specify a frequency

purity standards and preventing issues with

for these tests, highlighting an ambiguity.

improper gas levels or excessive impurities.

Consulting guidance like the UK HSE, which

Gas fill logs are crucial for monitoring

recommends tests every three months or

breathing gas mixtures and ensuring dive

after maintenance, would be advisable.

safety, as incorrect mixes pose health risks.

The study indicated that prevalent gas logging practices in Maltese dive centres are poor. Detailed logs could aid in identifying root causes of problems and should be promoted.

Random air samples were collected from 21 consenting dive centres. The majority of samples had contaminant levels within acceptable limits. However, two sets of results showed one parameter notably exceeding the limit: one sample had high

Awareness of gas quality purchased from

carbon monoxide (CO) from an internal

suppliers is important. Regarding helium

combustion engine-driven compressor,

quality, 24.2% of participants were not sure

likely due to exhaust aspiration, and another

of the grade used. Using Grade 5 helium

had high volatile organic compounds (VOC)

(99.999% purity) or better is crucial for

from an electric compressor with persistent

diving to ensure minimal contaminants

issues and a compromised filter. Another

(not more than 30 ppm) that could affect

centre had elevated but within-limit CO

physiology at depth. Medical grade helium

and VOCs, potentially due to location in a

may contain unsafe impurities at pressure.

busy area and filter nearing replacement.

Awareness was higher for oxygen quality

The involved dive centres expressed

compared to helium. EN 12021:2014

concern and pledged to address the issues.

regulates oxygen quality for SCUBA

The random testing exercise revealed

breathing gases in the EU. Using medical

that current testing frequencies might

grade oxygen (99.5%) from industrial gas

be insufficient to adequately address the

suppliers is recommended for life support

need to satisfy EN standards, suggesting

gases to meet necessary standards. Medical

that more frequent testing is warranted.

oxygen might require a doctor’s prescription

The HSE model and Hazard Identification

and may be perceived by suppliers as

and Risk Assessment (HIRA) programs are

only permissible in their packaging. Dive

valuable resources for improving safety and

centres must ensure purchased gases meet

proactively mitigating risks. Incorporating

required standards and verify the type of

parameters for air purity analysis into data

gas aligns with EN standards.

logs could help prevent contamination

All surveyed dive centres confirmed they possess emergency oxygen kits, complying

issues, though the cost of such systems can be substantial.

with Maltese regulations A small number

Awareness of local regulatory and

obtain emergency oxygen fills from gas

standard quality requirements is essential

suppliers, but the majority fill in-house or

for conformity. A sizeable portion of

at other dive centres. Concerns were raised

participants perceived themselves as

26 || Futouristic

“

However, the discrepancy between perceived and actual knowledge of EN standards, supported by the air test data, could create a misleading sense of security regarding gas quality.

”

S tudent R esearch knowledgeable about EN standards.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reja, U., Manfreda, K. L., Hlebec, V. &

However, the study notes that awareness

Burman, F., 2013a. Scuba air quality Part 1:

Vehovar, V., 2003. Open-ended vs. close-

does not equate to knowledge of content

What do the limits really mean? Alert Diver,

ended. Developments in applied statistics,

or adherence. An examination of responses

Issue Autum, pp. 14-181.

19(1), pp. 159-177129. VisitMalta, 2021.

indicated that the perceived level of knowledge regarding standards might not match the actual knowledge level, highlighting a gap. For example, regarding EN 144-3:2003 which requires M26 x 2 outlet connections for cylinders with over 22% oxygen, only 21.2% showed some conformity. Reasons for non-compliance included client demands (using non-EU equipment or standard DIN fittings).

Dive centres expressed a high level of satisfaction with the quality of their air supply and the state of their gas-filling and blending equipment. However, the discrepancy between perceived and actual knowledge of EN standards, supported by the air test data, could create a misleading sense of security regarding gas quality.

Open comments from participants highlighted a need for better inspections, more maintenance, concerns about local regulations and analysis costs, and some

Burman, F., 2013b. Scuba air quality Part 2: How do we analyse the air we are breathing?

Alert Diver, Issue Spring, pp. 14-15.

Burman, F., 2023. Alert Diver, Helium Gas Purity: What Is Pure Enough? [Online] Available at: https://dan.org/alert-diver/

CEN, 2014. Respiratory equipment Compressed gases for breathing apparatus (EN 12021:2014). Brussels, EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION. CEN, 2018a. Gas cylinders - Seamless steel and seamless aluminium-alloy gas cylinders and tubes - Periodic inspection and testing (ISO 18119:2018). Brussels, EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION.

Journal, 34(4), pp. 23-37126.

monitoring, and maintenance is evident, there are opportunities for improvement, particularly in gas logging practices and testing frequencies. Enhanced awareness of EN standards and local regulations and proactive measures are needed. The random air tests, revealing instances of parameter exceedance, strengthened the argument for evaluating and increasing air purity testing frequency schedules. Recommendations included further research into equipment maintenance, gas blending techniques,

Health Organisation.

2024].

Techniques. Marine Technology Society

commitment to breathing gas quality,

Rev6: MEDICINAL OXYGEN. Geneva, World

respirator%20applications . [Accessed 25 02

inadequate, particularly needing diving-

The study concluded that while

WHO, 2022. Working document QAS/20.867/

grade%20L,for%20diving%20and%20

Heine, J. N., 2000. Scientific Diving

desire for more training were also noted.

[Accessed 30 October 2022].

enough/#:~:text=We%20can%20skip%20

common theme was that inspections were

inadequate equipment maintenance and a

www.visitmalta.com/en/diving-in-malta/

article/helium-gas-purity-what-is-pure-

satisfaction with current air quality. A

oriented inspectors. Concerns about

VisitMalta. [Online] Available at: https://

Lippmann, J. & Millar, I., 2022. Severe carbon monoxide poisonings in scuba divers: AsiaPacific c cases and causation. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 49(3), p. 3411.

MALTA TRAVEL AND TOURISM SERVICES ACT, 2004. (CAP. 409) Legal Notice 153.

Valletta, GOVERNMENT OF MALTA128.

McKim, C. C., 2017.

PADI, 2024. Technical Diving Tec Gas Blender. [Online] Available at: https://www. padi.com/courses/tec-gas-blender [Accessed 7 3 2024]129. PDSA, 2017. Diving Centres.

[Online] Available at: https://pdsa.org.mt/ diving-centres/ [Accessed 15th February 2024].

cylinder safety, and the effectiveness of

RECREATIONAL DIVING SERVICES

standards like EN ISO 18119:2018+AM1:2021

REGULATIONS, 2012. SUBSIDIARY

to continually improve safety standards and

LEGISLATION 409.13. VALLETTA,

protect divers.

GOVERNMENT OF MALTA.

Futouristic || 27

Interwoven Wonders: Exploring Alternative Tourism Potential Along the Natural Fault of the Victoria Lines

JENNA BUISSINNE H I G H E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M A I N TO U R I ST G U I D I N G

T

his long essay examines the

LITERATURE REVIEW

structures. A connecting wall was added

potential for alternative tourism

The literature review establishes alternative

for troop movement, intended to prevent

along the Victoria Lines in Malta.

tourism as a sustainable approach that

invasion from the north, but the lines were

The study aims to identify

integrates local populations and respects

abandoned by 1907. Over time, they fell

suitable types of alternative tourism for

natural and human environments,

into disrepair due to factors including partial

the area, explore potential benefits for

contrasting with mass tourism by focusing on

collapse and degradation from quarrying,

local communities, and consider possible

unique, immersive experiences. It contributes

although features and portions of the wall

environmental and cultural impacts. The

to conservation and values recipient cultures

remain accessible. Initially named the North-

Victoria Lines, a twelve-kilometre fortified

with minimal impact, especially in protected

West Front, they were renamed Victoria Lines

wall spanning Malta’s Great Fault, offers a

areas. Driven by travellers’ unconventional

in 1897.

trail that attracts both locals and tourists due

interests, alternative tourism encompasses

to its scenic beauty and historical significance,

types such as eco, Agri, rural, adventure, and

featuring a significant concentration of

cultural tourism. The Victoria Lines, with their

military architecture. Although opportunities

historical importance and natural beauty,

currently exist, concerns regarding

are presented as an ideal location for such

accessibility, conservation, and individual

initiatives.

actions remain. A significant recent development is the tender for a Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) for the Victoria Lines, which could bolster tourism potential.

The study draws on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists, analysed thematically, and contributes insights and recommendations for alternative tourism development.

28 || Futouristic

The current status highlights the Victoria Lines’ Grade 1 scheduled property status and designation as a heritage trail with a buffer zone, affording them the highest level of protection and preventing new developments nearby Despite this, the

A historical overview details the Victoria

site has suffered from degradation and

Lines’ construction between 1875 and

vandalism. The potential for developing the

1899 by the British along the Great Fault,

Victoria Lines into Malta’s first National Trail

a natural geological barrier featuring

has been proposed, which could enhance

various landscapes and historical sites.

their tourism value. Although restoration

The fortification, initially comprising three

works began in 2019, progress has been

forts (Madliena, Binġemma, Mosta), later

slow. The tendering for a CMP, opened in

included Fort Pembroke and other military

January 2025, aims to develop the Victoria

S tudent esearch tudent R research and habitat damage. Vandalism remains a risk to cultural heritage. Improved awareness through educational tours for locals, particularly children, could strengthen cultural identity and foster respect. Increased demand could revitalise local traditions and crafts, enhancing cultural heritage and appeal.

The literature concludes that significant potential exists for alternative tourism along the Victoria Lines, offering benefits but also challenges. Restoration efforts enhance potential, but research gaps exist concerning visitor management, environmental impact, and community engagement. Addressing these is key to maximising benefits and mitigating risks.

METHODOLOGY The study employed a qualitative research approach to gather insights from various stakeholders, blending adventure, heritage, Fort Mosta from Ġnien l-Għarusa tal-Mosta (Image by Frank Vincentz on Wikimedia Commons).

and sustainability perspectives. Semistructured one-on-one interviews were chosen over questionnaires to gain a deeper

Lines into a sustainable tourism product.

Enhancing adventure tourism is explored through the concept of linear properties, which the Victoria Lines possess, comprising

peak season strains infrastructure. The optimal seasons for visiting the Victoria Lines are autumn, winter, and spring, aligning with Malta’s strategy for year-round tourism.

nodes, corridors, and radiation surfaces that

The impact on local communities and site

help distribute visitors. The site includes

management considers attracting “high-

intrinsic locations suitable for adventure

quality tourists” who are more economically,

activities, such as cliffs popular for climbing

socially, and environmentally responsible.

and abseiling (between Forts Mosta and

Effective management could lead all

Madliena, and at Fomm ir-Riħ) and Mosta

surrounding localities to embrace tourism

Bridge for abseiling. Ziplining across Wied il-

and benefit economically, socio-culturally,

Għasel is practiced, with potential expansion

and environmentally. Engaging residents in

to other valleys. Potholing opportunities

planning is crucial for preserving traditions

exist in various tombs and catacombs.

and offering valuable insights. However,

Hiking and biking face challenges due to

increased visitation could lead to resident

obstacles like private gates, obliterated wall

resistance and challenges like vandalism,

sections, and terrain difficulty, although

potentially requiring security measures that

detours and nearby roads can facilitate

might detract from authenticity.

these activities. The linear structure and connecting routes could disperse visitors into surrounding hamlets, fostering interest in less-explored areas and potentially supporting commercial amenities and Agritourism collaborations with local farms.

Implications for site accessibility, environmental impact, and cultural preservation suggest that alternative tourism could drive improvements leading to an accessible coast-to-coast pathway, benefiting locals and tourists

Seasonal tourism management is relevant,

through reduced traffic and pollution. The

as alternative tourism can manage tourist

surrounding land could gain protection

influx seasonality. While Malta’s tourist

against construction, preserving ecosystems.

volumes peak in August, distribution is more

Conversely, improper management might

even, compared to other nations, although

cause site degradation, including soil erosion

understanding of the subject. The number of participants was limited to three due to word count constraints, reduced from an initial plan of eleven. Primary data came from these interviews, while secondary data was sourced from scholarly articles.

The research design adopted a qualitative approach due to its suitability for exploring complex, context-specific issues and personal experiences, which was essential for understanding alternative tourism in this context. A quantitative approach, presenting data numerically, would not have yielded adequate results. Participants were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling strategy, targeting individuals with specialised knowledge or experiences relevant to the research objectives, such as heritage administrators, authors on the subject, and an adventure tourism specialist This crosssectional approach gathered data through individual, one-time interviews.

The qualitative data collected from the interviews was analysed using thematic analysis, enabling the identification and interpretation of common themes and patterns in participants’ responses to gain a deeper understanding of key ideas related to alternative tourism along the Victoria Lines.

Futouristic || 29

Limitations included the small sample size,

indicates that the Victoria Lines have strong

avoid crowding in one location. The analysis

which may not fully capture the diversity

tourism potential despite their vulnerable

suggests that increased tourism should not

of perspectives. Although three recorded

state.

lead to increased vehicular traffic.

The potential for a national trail requires

Local communities’ awareness and potential

government support. Subject A stated that

support for increased activity were explored.

the current government’s electoral manifesto

Subject A felt most locals know about the

interviews were planned, one participant provided written answers only, and another provided both written and recorded responses.

includes the Victoria Lines as an objective,

Victoria Lines but see it merely as “another

Ethical considerations were addressed

and progressing to a national trail would

wall,” lacking awareness of its full heritage.

by ensuring the research was conducted

put Malta on the European Ramblers Map,

It’s unlikely residents of surrounding areas

responsibly and safely. Participant identities

offer an innovative tourism product, and

will broadly support increased activity,

were kept confidential and anonymised in the

provide greater protection. A managed trail

preferring their quiet life. However, farmers

report, informed consent was obtained before

would make the area accessible to a wider

in the western parts might realise economic

interviews, confidentiality agreements were

audience. This aligns with the CMP call.

benefits from selling local produce. Hunters

signed, and collected data is stored securely.

Tourism opportunities and challenges are

RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

central, with all participants agreeing on

Findings from the three interviews regarding

the strong potential. Subject A noted that

the potential for alternative tourism along the

conservation, restoration, and management

Victoria Lines were presented and discussed,

are costly, and tourism income could support

covering local communities, environmental

these efforts. Recent signposts are part

and cultural impacts, restoration, protection,

of an upcoming MTA project. The Victoria

vandalism, potential as a national trail,

Lines offer a diversified and unique product

government support, tourism opportunities,

for shoulder and winter months. Subject

challenges, transport, and environmental

B highlighted that the current state, with

management.

unsafe areas, overgrowth, and squatters,

Regarding restoration, protection, and vandalism, it was noted that these aspects are crucial for determining tourism potential. Subject A, an author, explained that the current restoration focuses on conserving what remains and preventing further damage, such as a one-kilometre stretch in the Għargħur area chosen for its accessibility. Restoring the entire twelvekilometre wall is not the aim. Preventative maintenance is challenging due to difficult access in many areas. While construction is prohibited in the buffer zone, unprotected bordering land allows development that could impact the landscape. Vandalism

impacts potential. However, sensitive adventure activities like horse-riding,

a delineated path. Subject B agreed most locals know about the site but not the full extent of its historical value. Subject C believed residents probably wouldn’t mind increased activity, but squatters and hunters would, with hunters known to damage activity installations to discourage presence. The analysis indicates that while locals are aware, their appreciation and support for increased activity are questionable, though some may see economic benefits. Education could strengthen cultural identity and foster respect.

rock-climbing, abseiling, and ziplining are

The discussion synthesises these findings.

possible. Existing ancillary structures could

The CMP is a positive development for

be developed into “spartan” or “parador”

enhancing potential. Restoration efforts

style accommodation. Subject C described

are ongoing but face challenges with

visiting as potentially a “negative experience”

accessibility and the handling of materials.

due to challenges like dangerous dogs

Vandalism is manageable, but other activities

and overgrown sections, making walking

cause similar negative effects. The Grade

impossible in parts. Obliterated sections also

1 protection status is questioned due to

exist. Opportunities include Corporate Social

ongoing degradation and the presence

Responsibility (CSR) initiatives where visitors

of squatters. Government support for a

could participate in clean-up or restoration

national trail is encouraging. The Victoria

efforts after learning about the site, creating

Lines offer opportunities for off-peak tourism

a mutually beneficial experience.

and adventure activities. Repurposing

is deemed manageable, but activities like

Transport, tourism impacts, and

camping, barbeques, and off-road biking

environmental management are important

cause similar adverse effects. Subject B,

considerations. Subject A suggested

from the Superintendence of Cultural

increased vehicular traffic could be a problem

Heritage, confirmed a CMP is at the tendering

and public transport to key locations and

stage, which will cover touristic potential

extremities must improve. Defined circular

and valorisation. Permits are required for

walking routes starting from public transport

activities in the buffer zone. Subject C, an

points could encourage visits to nearby

adventure company owner, observed that

towns, benefiting localities economically.

during restoration, rubble is sometimes

Subject B proposed signposting and regular

dumped at the ridge base, creating an

maintenance to minimise traffic effects. CCTV

eyesore. Little education is provided to

and patrolling environmental wardens could

locals, leading to disrespect. Squatters in Fort

also be introduced. Subject C mentioned

Binġemma prevent intervention The analysis

implementing time slots for activities to

30 || Futouristic

will likely oppose increased visitors, even on

buildings for accommodation and using CSR initiatives for education and maintenance were suggested. Improving public transport and using measures like signposting, CCTV, and wardens are recommended to manage increased visitation and minimise environmental impact. Education is needed to increase local respect and understanding of the site’s significance and potential benefits. Opposition is anticipated from hunters and squatters. Despite challenges, parts of the site are suitable for activities, and the forthcoming CMP should provide solutions. The enforcement of Grade 1 protection is not always clear.

S tudent R esearch School of Tourism Management.

Chung, J.Y. (2009) ‘Seasonality in Tourism: A Review’, e-Review of Tourism Research, 7(5), p. 88.

Development Planning Act (2001) [Online].

Available at: https://www.gov.mt/en/ Government/Documents/PA%20Listings%20 Notices/2001/gn85_01.pdf (Accessed: 07 August 2024).

Local Councils Act (2002) Protection of Wied id-Dis Bridge (Għargħur Local Council) Bye-Laws.

Valletta: Department of Information.

Maas, S. and Attard, M. (2022) ‘Shared Mobility Services in Malta: User Needs and Perceptions’, in Tsoutsos, T. (ed.) Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations. Crete: Creative Commons, pp. 87–100.

Malta Tourism Authority (2024) Tender for the Drafting of a Conservation Management Plan for the Victoria Lines Including the Surrounding Areas and Facilities. Floriana: Sectoral Procurement Directorate.

FINAL ARGUMENTS

and cultural impacts, offering practical

The study concludes that while the Victoria

recommendations for development, visitor

Lines’ potential for alternative tourism is

management, infrastructure enhancement,

affected by their current state, particularly in

and conservation. Further research is

certain inaccessible sections, this does not

recommended on local community support,

necessarily hinder overall appeal as not the

collaborations between adventure companies

entire site is intended for full restoration.

and farms, and comparisons with similar sites

The forthcoming CMP is seen as a crucial

in Europe.

development to boost tourism potential.

Despite Grade 1 protection, the site suffers from actions by uncontrolled groups like hunters and squatters, negatively impacting visitors, while respectable companies require permits.

Adventure tourism opportunities already exist, and the CSR initiative is highlighted as a notable suggestion for combining tourism with education and restoration efforts.

Enhancements beyond structural repairs,

Examples and Application in Qualitative

Anon. (2006) North West Local Plan. Marsa:

Research Studies’, British Journal of

Malta Environment and Planning Authority.

Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies: English

Cachia Zammit, R. (2017) The Victoria Lines Revisited. Birkirkara: Times of Malta.

Cachia Zammit, R. (2021) The Victoria Lines. 1st edn. Santa Venera: Heritage Books.

Caruana, J. (2017) The Victoria Lines National

The study contributes by examining current potential and exploring environmental

Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazonia’,

Tufa Publications.

preservation.

is expected from hunters and squatters.

Impacts: Perception of Residents of an

Purposive Sampling Techniques with Their

Birkirkara: Times of Malta.

for increased activity is unclear, opposition

‘Alternative Tourism and Environmental

Nyimbili, F. and Nyimbili, L. (2024) ‘Types of

improve visitor experience, safety, and site

economic potential. While broad local support

Nunes Medeiros, H.M. et al. (2021)

Sport climbing in Malta & Gozo. 1st edn. Gudja:

From Conception to Demise. What Future?

foster greater respect and awareness of

September 2024).

Aiden, S., Camilleri, J. and Haston, S. (2013)

cameras, and patrolling wardens, could

knowledge, strengthen cultural identity, and

mcadventure.com.mt (Accessed: 03

Sustainability, 13(2076), pp. 1–29.

Cachia Zammit, R. (2023) The Victoria Lines:

but educational tours are needed to deepen

Adventure. [Online]. Available at: https://

BIBLIOGRAPHY

such as improved public transport, security

Local awareness of the Victoria Lines exists,

Media Consulta Malta Ltd. (2024) MC

Trail: A Proposal for the Development and Management of a New Self-Guided Heritage Trail and an Innovative Tourism Product for Malta.

University of Malta: Institute for Tourism, Travel and Culture.

Chimbanrai, H. (2021) Destination Strategic Positioning and Marketing Strategy for Foreign High-Quality Tourist. Bangkok: National Institute of Development Administration, Graduate

Language, Teaching, Literature, Linguistics & Communication, 5(1), pp. 90–99.

Pekkala, E. (2015) Developing Sustainable Tourism on the Mediterranean Island of Malta.

Helsinki: Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences.

Ruggieri, G. & Platania, M. (2024) Islands’ Tourism Seasonality: A Data Analysis of Mediterranean Islands’ Tourism Comparing Seasonality Indicators (2008–2018).

Sustainability, 16(3674), pp. 1-14 Spiteri, S. (2004) The Victoria Lines. ARX- Online Journal of Military Architecture, 7(1-4), p. 20.

Spiteri, S. (2014) The Stolen Stones of the Victoria Lines. In: G. Bonello, ed. Timeless Gentlemen. Valletta: Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malta, pp. 385-395.

Futouristic || 31

ITS Events Timeline The past few months have been a season of milestones, memories, innovation and momentum for the Institute. This timeline shows the highlights and the progression of things since the previous issue.

5 FEBRUARY Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta – An Exhibition by ITS Tourist Guiding Students The Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding students at the Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) presented Through Time: A Photographic Exploration of Malta, an exhibition at the Ramla Bay Resort, Mellieħa, showcasing an intriguing blend of past and present.

11 FEBRUARY ITS Partners with Heritage Malta to Offer Free Guided Tours to the Public The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) has collaborated with Heritage Malta to offer free guided tours to the public. These tours were led by students following the Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding at ITS, providing them with invaluable practical experience whilst showing Malta’s rich cultural and historical heritage.

32 || Futouristic

13 FEBRUARY Career Expo held at ITS for students to meet organisations within the Tourism and Hospitality Industry The expo offered valuable experience to ITS students and brought them closer to the leading employers in the tourism and hospitality sector.

Students had the opportunity to network and explore potential career paths and secure their internships.

21 FEBRUARY ITS launches international partnership for new courses on Mediterranean culinary excellence Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Tourism Ian Borg announced that the Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) is joining forces with two internationally renowned educational institutions to introduce innovative study programmes focused on Mediterranean culinary excellence.

18 MARCH

2 MAY

Open Doors at the Institute of Tourism Studies The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) opened its doors to the public on the 18th of March, giving prospective students the opportunity to explore its diverse academic offerings, a tour of the campus and its facilities, and first-hand information about the institute’s academic programmes, while also engaging with students, staff and lecturers.

Events and Culinary Arts Students Present New Orleans-themed event to perfection Under the guidance of their esteemed lecturers, students from the Events and Culinary Arts departments planned and executed an evening of jazz, exquisite cuisine and an unforgettable experience.

24 MARCH

9 MAY

Malta Institute of Tourism Studies and Beijing Sport University Sign Landmark MOU in Presence of Malta’s Ambassador Malta Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) and Beijing Sport University (BSU) have signed a groundbreaking Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) aimed at fostering academic collaboration and cultural exchange. The signing ceremony took place at Beijing Sport University and was honoured by the presence of H.E. John Busuttil, Ambassador of Malta to China.

Academic Excellence Symposium 2025 The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) hosted the 2025 Academic Excellence Symposium, providing graduates of the Higher National Diploma in Tourist Guiding the opportunity to present their final research projects. The abstracts focused on important tourism niches in Malta, from Masonic history and heritage retail to cinematic landmarks, alternative trails, and religious architecture. Themes include cultural preservation, experiential storytelling, and new touristic potentials of Malta’s local identity.

Futouristic || 33

The Domvs Romana in Rabat (Photo by Heather Cowper on Flickr).

Heritage Interpretation for Children in the 21st Century: the case of how we can interpret heritage differently to our younger audience GEORGET TE FAR RUGIA M A ST ER O F A RTS I N H ER I TAG E I N T ER P R E TAT I O N

T

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

in terms of learning and enjoyment. A key

through information that leads to deeper

he study investigates how cultural

aim is to explore best practices in heritage

emotional and cognitive connections and

heritage sites, often referred to

interpretation for children aged 8-12 in

experiential learning. Interpretation can be

interchangeably with museums,

museums. The Domvs Romana in Rabat,

delivered through various means, including

can attract more children by

managed by Heritage Malta, was chosen as

guided tours, panels, audio guides, or digital

interpreting heritage differently to a

the site for a case study, given its universal

media. Interpreters, such as guides or

younger audience. It examines questions

theme relevant to both Maltese and foreign

museum educators, aim to enhance visitor

surrounding effective interpretation

children.

enjoyment, providing engaging activities

techniques for children’s programmes, how these programmes can be improved, whether children learn and enjoy them, and if cultural heritage sites in Malta are adapting to children’s preferences.

The research looks at different outreach programmes compared to independent museum visits to determine effectiveness

34 || Futouristic

LITERATURE REVIEW

that add value to the historical experience.

The literature review delves into key

Freeman Tilden’s six principles of heritage

theories and methods of heritage

interpretation (1957) are foundational,

interpretation relevant to children’s

initially for natural heritage but extended

museum programmes, both on-site and

to cultural heritage. Key principles relevant

digital. Heritage interpretation is defined

to this study include relating interpretation

as a form of mediation between the visitor

to the visitor’s personality or experience,

and a heritage site, aiming to build a bridge

viewing interpretation as revelation based

S tudent R esearch on information (not just information itself),

by group and others), and Physical (design,

Skills, Attitudes and Values, Enjoyment/

considering interpretation an art, aiming

orientation, reinforcing events). The study

Inspiration/ Creativity, and Activity/

for provocation rather than instruction,

aims to see if applying constructivist

Behaviour/ Progression.

presenting a whole rather than a part, and

theories like CML and Vygotsky’s socio-

most importantly, addressing children (up to

cultural approach, along with scaffolding,

age twelve) with a fundamentally different

improves learning.

approach and a separate programme.

The CML (Falk & Dierking, 2000) and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural approach using scaffolding were applied to Group One

Audience segmentation based on age is

and Two’s programmes and evaluated. The

Characteristics unique to children that

stressed, aligning with Tilden’s principle 6,

Domvs Romana was chosen for its universal

interpreters must consider include learning

as different age groups have varied needs

theme, manageable size, and available

quickly, enjoying superlatives, using senses,

and learning preferences. Technology, such

resources like togas and worksheets.... The

acting spontaneously (leading to better

as digital storytelling, virtual reality, and

specific activities for Group One involved

engagement), thriving in groups, and

augmented reality, can transform museums

a guided tour covering themes like Roman

loving adventure. Effective interpreters

into hybrid spaces, providing interactive,

dwellings, clothing, food, and mosaics,

for children need patience, creativity, a

engaging, and accessible experiences,

using flashcards to prompt discussion and

sense of adventure, and enjoy storytelling

both virtually and physically. Edutainment,

dialogue, applying scaffolding techniques.

and animation. Keeping groups engaged

combining education and entertainment,

A hands-on mosaic activity and dress-up

is crucial for information retention. Small

is seen as crucial for attracting young

were included. Group Two’s IVL session

group sizes, opportunities to connect

audiences and satisfying both affective and

followed principles for virtual learning,

with the interpreter, short, fast-paced

cognitive elements of consumer behaviour.

using a narrative presentation, a video from

programmes, and elements of surprise can

While education is the core, entertainment

a curator, a Kahoot quiz, and the mosaic

enhance interpretation. Engaging children

complements it. Serious Games are

activity performed at home. Group Three

through hands-on activities, role-play, and

presented as an edutainment approach

used the museum’s interpretation panels

handling artifacts helps them feel part of the

to improve focus and facilitate cultural

and personal mobile devices.

story.

awareness

Different methods of interpretation

RESEARCH METHODS

with the participating children two weeks

include storytelling, which is effective

The study adopted a thematic approach

after their visit/session. Observation of

for information retention and linking

based on qualitative data collected from

the children was also used. A standard

tangible and intangible heritage. Digital

children aged 8-12 Participants were divided

set of questions assessed prior museum

storytelling is also suggested as an efficient

into three groups of 14 children each:

experience, enjoyment rating (1-10), recall

educational tool. Dialogues activate memory and promote collective knowledge formation. Scaffolding, achieved through steps like provoking attention, asking openended questions, providing explanations, and guiding children to link experiences to exhibits, is an effective strategy for maximising learning and creating dialogue Parent-child conversational

Group One: On-site tour tailor-made for children, including interactive narrative, roleplay.

Group Two: Interactive Virtual Learning (IVL) session via Zoom, including a presentation, video, Kahoot quiz, and a hands-on mosaic activity kit sent by mail.

interactions are also a technique, with

Group Three: Independent visit

parents guiding children through questions

accompanied by an adult, using only

and linking artifacts to experiences,

available interpretation panels.

though not all parents are inclined to do this. Reconstruction of environments or using digital illustrations can also aid interpretation.

Data was collected through focus groups

of the visit, and recommendation likelihood.

Additional questions probed specific activities for Groups One and Two, and views on technology for all groups. Ethical considerations included information letters and consent forms for parents/guardians, ensuring anonymity and voluntary participation.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS The effectiveness of the interpretation methods was measured by children’s

The theoretical framework was guided

learning and enjoyment. Learning was seen

by Tilden’s principle 6 (tailor-made

not just as memorising facts, but as gaining

programmes), storytelling and dialogues

a meaningful experience.

as effective methods, free choice

Learning theories are also discussed,

learning, informal learning priority,

including the socio-cultural approach

and learning by doing. These principles

and the Contextual Model of Learning

were integrated through the Inspiring

(CML) by Falk & Dierking (2000). The CML

Learning for All (ILFA) Framework (Arts

highlights eight factors facilitating museum

Council England, reviewed 2014), used to

learning, divided into three contexts:

evaluate programmes based on Generic

Personal (motivation, prior knowledge,

Learning Outcomes (GLOs). The GLOs

choice/control), Sociocultural (mediation

used were Knowledge and Understanding,

ENJOYMENT, INSPIRATION, AND CREATIVITY (GLO IV): Group One (On-site): All children gave high enjoyment scores (mostly 8+). They enjoyed all parts of the activity but overwhelmingly preferred having a museum educator over using technology like QR codes for interpretation. They found the on-site tour Futouristic || 35

very enjoyable and wanted more such

showcases placed too high. Only one child

and sociocultural contexts and interactive

activities.

could describe the peristyle mosaic well.

methods like scaffolding and role-play.

Group Two (IVL): Enjoyment scores varied,

Skills (GLO II): This was harder to measure.

but most were 7+92. Children enjoyed the

Group One benefited from teamwork and

mosaic activity and the Kahoot quiz, which

interacting with new children. Group Two

helped them focus. Comparing to previous

had some social interaction online. Group

on-site visits, they felt the social aspect

Three lacked facilitated skill-building.

of being in a group on-site was missing

Professional interpretation in Groups One

and preferred visiting physically. They still

“

preferred an educator to just digital devices.

Group Three (Independent): Enjoyment scores were lower (5-7). They agreed they would have preferred visiting with a group of children their age and a tailored programme. Some found the interpretation panels tiring to read. While some used mobile devices for photos/videos for school projects, they believed an on-site group programme would be more fun.

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING (GLO I): Group One (On-site): Showed very evident knowledge and understanding, linking topics

and Two facilitated learning better than adult interpretation in Group Three.

The study highlighted that children in Malta visit museums more often abroad than locally, potentially due to a lack of resources or engaging programmes for families and low awareness of existing activities. Heritage Malta’s current children’s programmes are often for school groups, with limited resources and staff for individual/family visitors.

RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings, the study makes several recommendations for improving heritage interpretation for children: Provide specialised training for guides and staff interested in delivering tailor-

through nationwide campaigns, potentially using social media and influencers to raise

were also challenging to fully assess within

awareness.

One and Two expressed interest in joining

presentation and the video/quiz. However,

future programmes, suggesting positive

some topics were not retained if they didn’t

attitudes. Group Two specifically wanted

interest the child. They recalled facts about

future sessions to be physical. Group

the Domus, clothing, and the discovery.

Three had mixed views on visiting again.

Parents generally saw value in the visits for increasing knowledge. Children saw

Develop more resources specifically for children, especially for sites with low child attendance like Domvs Romana and Muża.

Introduce feedback forms for children visiting independently or participating in activities to gather input for improvement.

tailored programmes as fun, while parents

Explore the potential of

prioritised the learning aspect.

implementing technology like QR codes or

limited tools (panels) hindered deeper

The onsite tour (Group One) was

understanding. They struggled with

the most successful interpretation

questions related to areas they gave little

mode in terms of learning and enjoyment,

importance to, like clothing or artifacts in

benefiting from the physical, personal,

36 || Futouristic

technology like QR codes or audio guides.

Behaviour, Progression (GLO V): These

knowledge, particularly from the educator’s

they had no prior knowledge, and the

preferred a guide to relying solely on

Increase promotion of children’s activities

the study timeframe. However, Groups

and accompanying adults. However,

of tailored content or guidance. Children

Attitudes and Values (GLO III) & Activity,

Group Two (IVL): Also increased

information from the interpretation panels

due to limited interpretation tools and lack

interpretation skills.

Romana, Roman life, and artifacts,

Group three (Independent): Acquired

visit (Group Three) was the least effective

equipping them with appropriate

specific questions about the Domvs

contributed to this learning.

physical/social aspects. The independent

made programmes for children,

during the tour. They could answer

storytelling and scaffolding techniques

less engaging than onsite and missed the

The study highlighted that children in Malta visit museums more often abroad than locally, potentially due to a lack of resources or engaging programmes for families and low awareness of existing activities.

and recalling details discussed

demonstrating effective retention. The

The IVL (Group Two) was also effective but

augmented reality at sites to enhance the independent visitor experience for children, providing tailored information.

S tudent R esearch

Children at a museum in Malta. (Photo credit: Heritage Malta)

CONCLUSION

Arts Council England (n.d.) Generic

Moorhouse, N., tom Dieck, M.C. and Jung,

The research concludes that tailoring

Learning Outcomes. [Online].

T. (2019) ‘An experiential view to children

heritage interpretation to children is

Available at: https://www.artscouncil.

learning in museums with augmented

crucial for making museum visits enjoyable

org.uk/measuringoutcomes/

reality’, Museum Management and

and educational. The onsite, facilitated

genericlearningoutcomes (Accessed: date

Curatorship, 34(4), pp. 1–17.

programme proved most effective,

unknown).

leveraging interactive methods and the full museum environment. A hybrid model combining virtual and physical experiences could also be beneficial, with virtual sessions serving as preparation for visits. Significant challenges remain in Malta regarding dedicated resources, staff, and awareness for children’s heritage programmes.

Investing in tailored activities, staff training, and appropriate resources is necessary to increase children’s engagement and foster

heritage by serious games’, Journal of

for the 21st Century: Fifteen Guiding Principles

Cultural Heritage, 15(3), pp. 1–8.

for Interpreting Heritage and Culture.

Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.

Continenza, R. (2020) ‘Heritage interpretation for a deep knowledge of cultural and natural heritage’, ICONARCH International Congress of Architecture and Planning, pp. 119–129.

a sense of connection to their heritage,

Falk, J.H. and Dierking, L.D. (2000) Learning from

aligning with the Heritage Cycle concept.

Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of

REFERENCES

Mortara, M. et al. (2014) ‘Learning cultural

Beck, L. and Cable, T.T. (1998) Interpretation

Tilden, F. (1957) Interpreting Our Heritage.

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Weier, K. (2004) ‘Empowering young children in art museums: Letting them take the lead’, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), pp. 106–116.

Meaning. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Andre, L., Durksen, T. and Volman, M.L.

Hsu, T.Y. and Liang, H.Y. (2017) ‘A cyclical

(2016) ‘Museums as avenues of learning for

learning model to promote children’s online

children: A decade of research’, Learning

and on-site museum learning’, The Electronic

Environments Research, 20(1), pp. 47–76.

Library, 35(2), pp. 333–347.

Futouristic || 37

A Walk Under the Saints: A Look at the Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Facade and Corner Niches in Qormi IRENA CASSAR H I G H E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M A I N TO U R I ST G U I D I N G

T

his research explores the meaning

on hooks (grampuni). These oil lamps were

devotion to the patron saint dictates niche

and significance of religious niches

often multicoloured and difficult to keep

content. Despite the 19th-century origins

in Qormi, Malta, considering

lit in strong winds. Remnants of the hooks

of the newer St. Sebastian parish, it has

both their tangible aspects as

are still visible today. Other pre-electricity

few statues of its patron saint. During

architectural features and structural

illumination methods included torches

epidemics, residents erected niches for

elements, and their intangible role in

(fjakkli) and lanterns, often mounted in

saints like St. Roque and St. Sebastian;

bearing traditions, rituals, and narratives.

wrought iron brackets (ferro-battuto).

Qormi has a notable number of St.

The study aims to provide an understanding

Before electric streetlights, a government

Roque niches. Confraternities in Qormi

of structural elements like lighting and

lamplighter (il-kebbies tal-fanali) would light

have also influenced niche dedications,

indulgence, the motivation behind choosing

street lanterns and niches daily. Lighting

with lay members often naming their

a saint for a niche, and how niche-related

served as both an expression of devotion

houses after their confraternity’s saint

traditions, including passer-by interaction

and a way to illuminate dark streets. With

and erecting niches through their efforts.

and the use of niches as landmarks, have

the advent of electricity in the late 1940s,

Religious orders also introduced niches to

evolved. The author concludes that niches

niches transitioned to electric lanterns and

promote devotion to specific saints, such

significantly contribute to both the tangible

bulbs.

as Franciscans favouring the Immaculate

and intangible heritage of Qormi, serving as key architectural features showcasing diverse styles and functions, while also reflecting the local community’s devotion to particular saints.

Another significant element is the inscription, which can feature next to or beneath a niche, indicating the date of placement, ejaculatory prayers (ġakulatorja),

Conception or Dominicans Our Lady of the Rosary. Some niches in Qormi are dedicated to uncommon saints for Malta. Niches may also honour a person’s namesake saint.

or more typically, indulgences. Indulgences

Concerning traditions and rituals, the

LITERATURE REVIEW

grant a partial remission of purgatory time

literature mentions statues in front of

The literature review presents a study of the

when specific prayers are recited. These

churches being inaugurated and blessed.

tangible and intangible heritage associated

are usually inscribed on limestone or

One source describes a specific ritual for

with niches across Malta and Gozo, drawing

marble plaques, sometimes referred to as a

a corner niche involving land fireworks,

upon books specifically on niches by Tony

‘cartouche’. Indulgences offer insights into

mortars, mass, vespers, and a procession.

Terribile and Nikol Ciantar, as well as articles

religious, social, and historical aspects. Older

Regular lighting of niches often fulfilled

from various publications accessed via the

niches may lack indulgences as the practice

vows made after receiving a favour (grazzja).

University of Malta website. The review

was not yet common, but their presence

Illumination (mixegħla) on the saint’s feast

is structured around themes including

can help in dating the niches. Indulgences

day is also noted, along with floral bouquets,

structural elements, residents’ decisions

became particularly common in the late

red velvet decorations, banners, and even

on the saint, how niches were adorned and

19th and early 20th centuries and were

bonfires. Some traditions included shooting

adored, and their role in streetscapes and

issued by bishops, archbishops, or the Pope.

(sparar), musical performances by bands,

stories.

The literature review also examines the

Several structural elements of niches are

factors influencing the choice of saints for

discussed, beyond the basic mensola,

niches and residents’ preferences. Nearly

pedestal, pilasters, pediment, and cross6.

half of Qormi’s niches honour Our Lady

Lighting is an optional but common element

under various titles, reflecting a prevalent

of particular interest6. From the late 19th

Marian cult. St. George, the patron saint

century, niches were adorned with oil

of Qormi’s older parish, is also frequently

lamps (tazzi taż-żejt) on feast days, hung

chosen, aligning with the view that local

38 || Futouristic

and musketry (‘firing blank cartridges of black powder to salute the statue’).

Indulgences encouraged passers-by to pray.

There was a tradition of gathering in front of niches to recite the rosary, particularly in October. Some sources mention people greeting niches by removing their caps or praying mentally.

S tudent R esearch used to produce quantifiable data and ensure consistency. These approximately ten-minute interviews were conducted in Maltese, with responses marked on a hard copy questionnaire. While some questions aimed to collect data on intangible heritage, these barely produced any results. The author realised a focus group might have been more practical for collecting such data.

Data from the semi-structured interview was analysed using thematic analysis, while structured interview data was analysed using descriptive analysis.

RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION The results and analysis chapter addresses the sub-research questions by examining the collected data through the themes established in the literature review.

Regarding structural elements, the author confirmed the English name for ‘tazza taż-żejt’ as ‘oil lamp’, using olive oil or other combustible oil with a string. Mr. Peresso confirmed that niches were a key source of street lighting alongside petroleum lamps and that the ritual of lighting niches for devotional purposes, such as for a saint’s feast, has faded.

Concerning the choice of saint, Mr. Peresso explained the presence of St. George niches in St. Sebastian parish by noting that all of Qormi was one parish under St. George Finally, the literature explores the local

architect) using a qualitative method, and

until 1936, meaning these niches predate

significance and folklore of niches in Qormi.

twenty residents with structured interviews

the new parish. He confirmed that the St.

Niches often influenced street names

for quantifiable data. This approach aimed

Julian niche was built by someone named

and areas, serving as landmarks. Large,

for a comprehensive understanding from

Giuliano, and the St. Lawrence niche likely

attractive statues on pedestals are said to

different perspectives.

corresponded to the name of a person

have inspired area nicknames. An example in Qormi is Kuncizzjoni Street. Even if a niche has disappeared, street names can recall its presence. Niches have named several Qormi locations, such as the area of ‘Ħdejn l-Erba’ Qaddisin’ (By the Four Saints), named after four niches in the corners of a large garden.

For the quantitative part, twenty residents of Qormi (ten from each parish) were selected across most age groups, excluding those under 18 and struggling to include Generation Z (18-27). Participants were purposively sampled based on demonstrating some level of awareness

METHODOLOGY

regarding niches; those who stated they

To address the knowledge gap regarding the

never noticed niches were excluded.

significance of niches specifically in Qormi,

Although quantitative research usually uses

the author designed the research using a

probabilistic sampling for generalisation,

mixed methodology approach, applying

purposive sampling was deemed valid

both inductive and deductive methods.

due to research constraints. Structured

The initial plan involved interviewing three

face-to-face interviews with multiple-

specialists (past or present priests and an

choice or short-answer responses were

in the house, supporting the idea that niches may honour a person’s namesake.

A resident added that the family who built the St. Lawrence niche in Triq San Bartolomew traditionally came from Birgu, commissioning it for protection. Resident interviews revealed personal motivations for choosing a saint, with preferences in St. George parish leaning towards Our Lady, St. George (due to local identity), and St. Joseph (sometimes linked to confraternity membership or personal devotion). In St. Sebastian parish, St. Sebastian was a strong preference (due to local identity, believed intercession during epidemics, or obsession), alongside Our Lady (for Futouristic || 39

Regarding niches being adorned and adored, Mr. Peresso clarified that niches could indeed be blessed, either at the house or by bringing the statue to church. While a procession and feast for St. Aloysius Gonzaga existed elsewhere, this was not the case in Qormi. An informal conversation with a resident revealed neighbours asking to light a niche to fulfil vows after a favour (grazzja), supporting literature on how niches were adored. When asked about neighbours gathering to say the Rosary under niches, most residents replied ‘no’ or noted this occurred elsewhere, suggesting facade/corner niches did not play a significant role in this ritual in Qormi.

Exploring contemporary interaction, the specialist noted that greeting niches is now rare, though communal devotion appeared during the COVID epidemic towards the free-standing statue of St. Sebastian. Residents’ responses indicated the ritual hasn’t entirely faded; some say ejaculatory prayers (e.g., ‘Pray for us’, ‘Ave Marija’, ‘Our Lady of the road’), some recite complete prayers (e.g., ‘Salve Regina’), and one described blowing a kiss towards a niche of Our Lady. Free-standing statues seem to have retained more religious meaning. Nine of the twenty residents would greet or pray at a niche of their patron saint seen in another town, or take a photo, suggesting continued interaction and recognition.

In terms of streetscapes and stories, the author sought insights into niche nicknames. The historian shared the story of the St. George niche in the valley, called St. George of the Spit (San Ġorġ tal-Beżqa), where children were encouraged to spit at the dragon.

This was confirmed by a resident. Other residents referred to niches by location or family nicknames. The St. George story is the only nickname story obtained. Mr. Peresso highlighted St. George and St. Paul at the old town entrance as the most well-known facade/ corner niches. Residents also mentioned the protection), Padre Pio (personal devotion),

been ordered by someone named Peter

niches of the Four Saints. Awareness of the

St. Anthony the Abbot (associated with

or possibly was originally dedicated to St.

‘Ta’ L-Erba Qaddisin’ landmark varied, with St.

animals), and Nazju Falzon or Our Lady

Angelo. The St. Thomas the Apostle niche,

Sebastian residents showing greater familiarity

of Lourdes (linked to personal history or

depicting him with a carpenter’s square,

despite its location on a major route. The local

broader religious meaning).

might have been chosen because a mason

historian supported the view that freestanding

who worked on the adjacent church

statues, rather than facade/corner niches,

resided in the house. On iconography, all

primarily name areas today, stating such

20 residents could identify common saints,

references for niches are no longer used as

most recognised various titles of Our Lady,

landmarks.

Mr. Peresso provided insight into the choices behind the ‘rare’ St. Thomas the Apostle and St. Peter the Martyr niches.

The St. Peter the Martyr niche might have 40 || Futouristic

and many identified less common saints.

S tudent R esearch Statwi Fir-Toroq Maltin, in Kullana Kulturali, Vol. 14. Malta: PIN, pp. ix–x.

Ciantar, N. (2004) Statwi u niċeċ Marjani flImqabba. Festa Madonna tal-Ġilju, Mqabba, 2004, 69-71. Mqabba: Soċjetà Mużikali Madonna tal-Ġilju. Available at: https://www.um.edu. mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/116279 (Accessed: 12 August 2024).69 Ciantar, N. (2013) Ġabra ta’ statwi u niċeċ reliġjużi: fit-toroq ta’ Malta u Għawdex. Malta: APS Terribile, T. (1989) Niċeċ fl-Imqabba. Programm festa Santa Marija, Imqabba, 1989, 28-29.

Mqabba: Soċjetà Santa Marija u Banda Re Ġorġ V. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/ oar/handle/123456789/114851 (Accessed: 5 August 2024).79 Terribile, T. (1996) Il-Madonna tar-Rużarju meqjuma fit-toroq tal-Gudja, ‘Programm (tal-) festa ġieħ il-Madonna tar-Rużarju, (Gudja,) 1996, pp. 81, 83. Gudja: Soċjetà Filarmonika ‘La Stella’.

Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/ oar/handle/123456789/64678 (Accessed: 7 August 2024).79 Terribile, T. (2000) Niċeċ U Statwi Fir-Toroq Maltin, in Kullana Kulturali, Vol 14. Malta: PIN.80 Terribile, T. (2002) Niċeċ u statwi fit-toroq talGħargħur. (Festa San Bartilmew, Għargħur,) 2002, 77-78. Għargħur: Soċjetà Filarmonika San Bartilmew. Available at: https://www.um.edu.mt/ library/oar/handle/123456789/57107 (Accessed: 2 August 2024).

Twitchell-Waas, J. (2012) Ħal Qormi: Four walks through a historic city. Malta: Din l-Art Ħelwa/ Qormi Local Council. Available at: https:// dinlarthelwa.org/publications-and-other-items/ books-and-other-printed-content/qormi-walk/ (Accessed: 20 August 2024).

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Futouristic || 41

S tudent research Image by Olly on Pexels.com

Fresh look at Gozo’s role in World War II

Demolished buildings in Nadur in January 1942. Gozo also suffered collateral damage from the air raids.

(Photo by Charles Bezzina).

M A RT I N D EBAT T I STA S EN I O R AC A D EM I C A N D E X ECU TIV E ED ITO R O F FU TOU R I STI C

C

harles Bezzina has just published

appropriate place in Gozo, between Xewkija

HOW WAS GOZO AFFECTED BY WWII

his latest book about the airfield

and Għajnsielem. He assured Park that the

ALTHOUGH IT DID NOT HAVE ANY

built in Gozo during World War II,

American Engineers could built an airstrip in

SIGNIFICANT MILITARY VALUE?

shedding more light on a peculiar

two weeks.

Gozo did not endure the harsh and the

aspect of the war in the Maltese Islands that certainly left an important mark on Gozitan history. Futouristic spoke with the Gozitan author about his latest book and the role that Gozo played during the war.

DID THE AIRSTRIP FULFIL ITS MISSION? The Gozo Airfield proved vital in Operation Husky. Several sorties were flown from this field for the conquest of Sicily. Three USSAF Spitfire squadrons, 307, 308 and 309, and

WHY WAS THE AIRSTRIP BUILT IN GOZO

all together consisting of about 78 Spitfires,

IN 1943?

with American markings, were parked on

The airfield in Gozo constructed in less

the two runways ready for the invasion.

than 15 days in June 1943, was the idea of

They landed on the Gozo Airfield on 30 June

Sir Keith R. Park, air officer commanding

1943, but left Gozo for Ponte Olivio Airfield,

Malta, since there was no more available

just captured, on 14 July 1943. During this

space in Malta, he wished to have at least

period, three American pilots, who left Gozo

three other fighter squadrons in Gozo. The

for Sicily, never returned, probably they

squadrons were needed for Operation Husky,

were shot down while attacking Sicily. I have

the invasion of Sicily, scheduled for 9/10 July.

just published a very detailed book about

Because the nature of Gozo is very hilly, and

The Gozo Airfield, where I explained how

since in May 1943, he feared that it was too

it was built and how vital it proved to be

late for the construction of the airfield, he

during Operation Husky.

sought the advice of an American expert, that happened to be in Malta. The American Engineer visited Gozo and noted the

42 || Futouristic

great number of bombardments, Malta suffered. At first Gozo was skipped by the Italian aircraft, who did very little damage to Gozo. However, after the Illustrious Blitz, Gozo became the target of the Luftwaffe and eventually the villages of Nadur, Xaghra, Għajnsielem, Xewkija, Gharb, St Lawrence and Ta’ Sannat were hit by bombs, and a number of Gozitans lost their lives. The German planes used to come on Gozo at leisure, machine gunning goats, sheep, donkeys, boats, buses, cars and all that came under their eyes. They wanted to lower the moral of the Gozitans at all costs.

But since the Gozitans and the Maltese sympathised with the British Empire, the enemy was doomed. In spite of that, Gozo was less affected by the war than Malta, it also suffered tragedies and problems, and the Gozitan’s main pre-occupation was because the island was defenceless.

HOW DID THE WAVE OF DISPLACED

also machine gunned on its way to Gozo.

PERSONS FROM MALTA CHANGE THE

In every tragedy a number of Gozitans

FABRIC OF GOZITAN SOCIETY DURING

died. Since Gozo depended on Malta for

THE WAR?

oil, petrol, food etc, many Gozo boats that

During the war about 5000 Maltese refugees

used to ply between the islands became

crossed over to Gozo and sought refuge in

the enemy target. The ship Anna Dacoutros

this less battered island. Many villages in

was sunk in 1942, while the ferry boat Royal

Malta were vulnerable to the enemy and

Lady after so many attempts by the enemy

sought refuge elsewhere. The majority of

to sink it, went down on 6 May 1942. On

Maltese who decided to cross to Gozo were

that afternoon many boats moored at

from the Cottonera area. At first there was a

Mġarr and also the SS Franco, were badly

sense of distrust between the Gozitans and

hit. The main aim of the enemy was to

the Maltese, but after a while they became

cut the sea link between the islands and

friends. The refugees were accommodated

render life more difficult in Gozo. In various

in primary schools, empty houses, hotels,

circumstances the enemy succeeded when

and some even used to live in the same

for several days in 1942 the link between

houses with the Gozitans not only for

the islands was cut off completely. In spite

a week but for three years. Marsalforn

of the danger, only the Gozo boats kept the

where some Gozitans had their resort

link between the islands.

houses for the summer season was packed with refugees. The houses, there, were requisitioned by the Protection Officer as cases of emergency. Maltese and Gozitans became fast friends, and the former used to help the Gozitans decorate the interior of churches when the feast was approaching.

The Maltese together with the Gozitans, also took part in theatrical shows that were organised from time to time and involved themselves in several social activities.

Maltese teachers started to teach in Gozo, and Maltese children attended schools with the Gozitans. They played football matches together and became friends. Many of those Maltese children received the sacraments of the holy communion and the confirmation in Gozo, and also served as altar boys or joined the church’s choir Till today several churches in Gozo still have tokens that refugees donated before leaving the island in 1943.

IS IT TRUE THAT MANY PRO-ITALIAN SYMPATHISERS WERE HIDING IN GOZO? WHAT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THIS?

“

Effective interpreters for children need patience, creativity, a sense of adventure, and enjoy storytelling and animation.

”

With the thousands of Maltese refugees that crossed over to Gozo, there were dozens of pro-Italian sympathisers who preferred to dwell in Gozo, where they were less known. They did not want to be locked up or interned like many other Maltese. In a short time, they got to know

organised any pro-Italian social activity in

Gozitan pro-Italians sympathisers, who all

Gozo, nor harmed anyone. Neither did they

believed that the Maltese islands should

ever plan an uprising in Gozo. Whenever

be governed by Italy not Britain. These

they gathered, they just gossiped about the

irredentist sympathizers were so, because

war. However, during the war there were

they had grown up in families with strong

also pro-Italians who just loved the Italian

Italian tendencies who never accepted the

language but supported Britain because

rule of Britain over Malta. Both Maltese

they were not Faxxisti.

and Gozitan pro-Italians used to meet up late evenings in several places. In Victoria they used to gather near the old cemetery, where you could find St. Augustine Square at the time. Today instead you will find the

HOW WAS TRANSPORT AND THE DAILY

Don Bosco Oratory. Since Marsalforn was

EXCHANGES BETWEEN GOZO AND MALTA

packed with Maltese refugees, a nucleus of

AFFECTED BY WWII? IS IT TRUE GERMAN

them used to gather and meet secretly in a

FIGHTERS USED TO MACHINE GUN THE

place nicknamed and called among them as

CROSSING BOATS?

Il-Bank tal-Meħudin. At Nadur they gathered

The waters between Malta and Gozo were

in the remote area known as Ta’ Hida, and in

infested with mines. It was very dangerous

Xagħra in the narrower part of Giants Street.

to cross from Gozo to Malta and vice versa.

These Italian sympathizers sometimes

Two Gozo boats in February 1941 and in

offended imperialist Gozitans’ sentiments,

March 1941 were sunk when on their way

passing by, and even thoughsome cases

to Gozo from Valletta, they were hit by a

were reported, the Police never took them

mine. The schooner Marie Georgette was

seriously. This is because they had never

THE ITALO-GERMAN PLANS FOR THE INVASION OF MALTA - OPERATION C3/ HERKULES - INCLUDED A LANDING IN GOZO. IF THIS PLAN HAD BEEN IMPLEMENTED, HOW WOULD HAVE THE GOZITANS REACTED? In early 1942 Hitler discussed the invasion of Malta with his top men. Since in 1941, especially during the Illustrious Blitz, Malta continued to fight back, the possibility of the invasion of Malta was on Hitler’s agenda.

But General Rommel who at the time was conquering North Africa, assured Hitler that with Malta isolated, the island would surrender. At that time Hitler was receiving bad news from the Eastern Front and was more preoccupied on how to defeat the Futouristic || 43

“ 356 Coast Artillery Battalion Anti- Aircraft speaking to children - July 1943. (Photo by Charles Bezzina).

Russians than invade Malta. Furthermore,

HOW DID THE GESTURE OF THE BISHOP OF

the invasion of Crete in 1941 proved too

GOZO MICHAEL GONZI ASKING GOZITAN

costly for the Nazis. So, he did not want a

FARMERS TO HAND OVER THE WHEAT

repetition. Finally, there was also the

IN THE SUMMER OF 1942 AFFECT THE

problem of the rubble walls on our islands

SITUATION IN MALTA?

that made enemy airplane landing rather

The greatest problem in mid-1942 was not

difficult. The Gozitans were well aware of the

how Malta was to fight and resist the enemy

probability of invasion, and since the island

but how could Malta survive when hunger

was defenceless, they were pre-occupied,

was rife, and worst still when all the wheat

as there was nothing to withstand the

of Malta was to its lowest limits. In fact, the

enemy. According to the book by Mariano

British authorities began to wonder about

Gabriele - Operazione C3 Malta, Gozo was

the Target Date - the day of surrender. Thus,

to be invaded by the enemy landing in

the English authorities decided to buy and

Xwejni, Marsalforn, Ramla l-Ħamra, St Blass

collect all the wheat of the islands from

Bay, Daħlet Qorrot, Dwejra and Xlendi,

the farmers. At this point it is appropriate

then proceed to meet at Victoria, and then

to emphasize that we must know history

eventually march to Mġarr harbour, from

better. Gonzi was behind the part of the

where they could reach and invade the

whole wheat collection, but not all of it. He

north of Malta. Since Gozo was defenceless,

stated that he had collected two trucks of

the Italians and the Germans could have

wheat from the Gozitan farmers. Indeed,

taken Gozo in 2 hours.

his effort and his appeals from the altars to the farmers about the dire situation of the

44 || Futouristic

The greatest problem in mid1942 was not how Malta was to fight and resist the enemy but how could Malta survive when hunger was rife, and worst still when all the wheat of Malta was to its lowest limits.

”

The book’s front and back cover.

islands were of highest importance, and he

shy in front of males and began to express

published books. However, this does not

played his part well. However, L-Għaqda

their views. They began to participate

mean that there is nothing else to reveal. I

tal-Bdiewa, Kelinu Vella Haber who set up

more in social activities and participate in

really hope that someone will follow in my

the Nadur Farmers’ Society in June 1942,

plays. So was the way they began to dress.

steps, so that Gozo’s wartime history would

and Propaganda and Information Officer

Businessmen learned new tactics on how to

be further enriched.

Ġorġ Pisani, all held numerous meetings in

deal with sellers and purchasers. The cost

the Gozo Squares to persuade the farmers

of living rose drastically. Indeed, the Maltese

to sell their wheat to the Government

refugees left their impact on the Gozitan

Agricultural Authorities. Their effort was

population. Gozitan Farmers who before the

great and endless and eventually succeeded

war were somehow poor became well off

to gather tons of wheat. Gonzi collected

after the war, thanks to the black market.

much less wheat than all the others put

Economically Gozo was not so bad, and did

together, concluding that the great wheat

far better than the sister island.

collection was successful. Yet the story still being today is very unfair to the others who did so much to collect the Gozo Wheat in order to save the islands.

ANYTHING ELSE YOU WOULD LIKE TO ADD? I wish, that as I followed the steps of my late father 30 years ago, someone would take

HOW DID WWII IMPACT THE

over when I am no more. At 63 years old I

DEVELOPMENT OF GOZO AFTER THE WAR?

feel that my father and I have done a lot of

Pre-wartime Gozo was totally different from

research about Wartime Gozo and filled a

post-wartime Gozo. The mentality changed.

lacuna. Both of us have delved into many

After the war Gozitan girls were no longer

subjects relating to the war in Gozo and

Futouristic || 45

Image credit: Barbara Maier on Unsplash

The Value of the Traditional Travel Agency in the Digital Age in Malta GABRIELLE HILI BAC H E LO R I N I N T E R N AT I O N A L H O S P I TA L I T Y M A N AG E M E N T

T

INTRODUCTION

factors that sustain the relevance of

autonomy for travellers who prefer to plan

he introduction sets the stage

traditional travel agents in Malta’s dynamic

independently, and restricted availability

by acknowledging the disruptive

travel landscape.

outside regular business hours.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The review also examines the benefits of

The literature review explores the

itemized online bookings, which include

advantages and disadvantages of both

cost savings, vast choices, 24/7 accessibility,

traditional travel agencies and online

and access to user reviews. However, online

booking platforms. The sources highlight

bookings can be time-consuming and

that traditional agencies excel in providing

complex, lack personalized support, and

personalized recommendations based on

may involve hidden charges.

influence of the digital age on the travel industry. While

acknowledging the convenience and accessibility of online booking platforms, traditional travel agencies continue to hold a significant position in the market, particularly in Malta. This Mediterranean archipelago, with its rich history, culture, and tourism appeal, presents a unique case study to explore the coexistence of traditional agencies and digital alternatives.

The study aims to understand the specific characteristics, client needs, and contextual

46 || Futouristic

their expertise and experience. They offer comprehensive travel packages, streamline the booking process, and provide support during emergencies. However, potential drawbacks include higher costs, limited

Factors influencing travellers’ choices, such as demographics, income, employment, education, language, and behavioural traits, are also examined in the review. Younger,

“

S tudent R esearch

Younger, techsavvy travellers are more inclined towards online platforms while older travellers and those seeking personalised support may prefer traditional agencies.

”

Image Credit: Frames from your heart on Unsplash

tech-savvy travellers are more inclined

emphasizing the importance of the

questionnaires distributed to 170 clients.

towards online platforms while older

traditional 4Ps (product, price, place, and

This approach enables the exploration of

travellers and those seeking personalised

promotion). The study acknowledges

both broad trends and specific nuances in

support may prefer traditional agencies.

the customer-centric approach of the

travellers’ preferences and perceptions of

Income and employment status are found

alternative 4Cs framework (customer, cost,

traditional travel agencies.

to be less consistent predictors of online

convenience, and communication).

booking behaviour. Multilingual capabilities

The semi-structured interviews focused

METHODOLOGY

on gathering insights from industry

This dissertation adopts a mixed-methods

professionals regarding the unique services

approach, combining qualitative data

offered by traditional agencies, their

The literature review further explores

from semi-structured interviews with four

adaptation to the digital age, customer

the application of marketing principles in

traditional travel agency owners/employees

preferences, and challenges faced.

the context of traditional travel agencies,

and quantitative data from online

and language preferences also play a role in shaping travel booking decisions.

Futouristic || 47

The online questionnaires, using a mix of

expertise, the desire for a more structured

in customer relationships and tailored

closed- and open-ended questions, aimed

and guided travel experience, and concerns

services, traditional agencies can continue to

to understand customer demographics,

about online security and the complexity

thrive in the evolving digital landscape. The

travel patterns, booking behaviours, factors

of independent booking emerged as

researcher offers recommendations, such

influencing their choices, and their overall

motivating factors.

as enhanced digital marketing strategies,

experiences with both traditional agencies and online platforms.

The analysis further explores factors influencing the choice of traditional

integration of online tools, and a continued focus on building strong customer relationships to ensure their continued

ANALYSIS

agencies, uncovering themes like

The analysis highlights a nuanced

personalized support for complex travel

understanding of the enduring value of

plans, assistance with language barriers,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

traditional travel agencies. Participants

and the assurance of expert handling of

Bos, B. Van Den (2019). Advantages and

in the interviews consistently emphasize

unforeseen circumstances.

Disadvantages of Planning Your Trip by

personalized guidance, comprehensive travel packages, and genuine local expertise as key advantages. They acknowledge the need to adapt to the digital landscape by incorporating online tools, enhancing digital

CONCLUSION This research underscores the persistent relevance of traditional travel agencies in Malta’s travel market, despite the

relevance in the digital era.

Yourself, My love for traveling. Available at: https://mylovefortraveling.com/advantagesand-disadvantages-of-planning-your-owntrip/.

digital revolution. The findings suggest

Gao, X. & Rajala, T. (2013). Online vs.

that traditional agencies retain a distinct

Traditional Travel Agency: What Influence

advantage in providing personalized

Travel Consumers’ Choices? [online] Available

Questionnaire data reveals that although

service, expert guidance, and a sense of

at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/

online booking platforms dominate the

security, especially for travellers seeking

download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=

market, a significant portion of travellers

a more structured and curated travel

3813784&fileOId=8961654.

still utilize traditional agencies, particularly

experience. The study concludes that by

older demographics and those seeking

embracing technological advancements

personalized support. Trust in the agency’s

while maintaining their core strengths

marketing efforts, and focusing on niche markets to remain competitive.

Pinto, I. & Castro, C. (2018). Online Travel Agencies: Factors Influencing Tourist

Photo by JESHOOTS.COM on Unsplash

48 || Futouristic

S tudent R esearch

Purchase Decision, Online travel agencies: factors influencing tourists’ purchase decisions.

Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/339165470_Online_travel_agencies_ factors_influencing_tourist_purchase_decision.

Whitmore, G. (2023). 9 Pros and Cons of Using a Travel Agent, Forbes. Available at: https://www. forbes.com/sites/geoffwhitmore/2019/10/29/9pros-and-cons-of-using-a-travelagent/?sh=7f680fe9351b.

Futouristic || 49

Fort Ricasoli, by Nenea Hartia on Wikimedia Commons.

The Backstory to the Backlot: Where History Meets Hollywood at Fort Ricasoli STEPHEN GRECH H I G H E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M A I N TO U R I ST G U I D I N G

T

LITERATURE REVIEW

citing sources on the fort’s construction

attract visitors. Hudson (2011, pp. 165-

he research explores the dual

and subsequent uses. Spiteri (1988, p.

172) highlights that while Destination

identity of Fort Ricasoli, situated

114) is noted for discussing the strategic

Marketing Organisations (DMOs) and film

at the entrance of Malta’s Grand

importance of the location, which led to

commissions are sometimes hesitant to

Harbour, as both a significant

earlier structures like the San Petronio

fully embrace film tourism, the potential

cultural heritage site and a functional

Battery and a tower being built to prevent

benefits are substantial. Examples like the

filming backlot. Constructed in the 17th

slave escapes before the main fortress.

UK, New Zealand (capitalising on The Lord

century by the Knights of St. John as a

The review also touches upon the fort’s use

of the Rings), and Australia are provided

crucial military fortification, its role evolved

by the British and its post-independence

as successful cases, alongside Malta’s

through the French invasion, British

transition to a storage depot before its

own reuse of the Popeye set as a theme

occupation, and the Second World War,

leasing to the Malta Film Commission.

park that attracts a significant number

before becoming obsolete in its original function and eventually leased to the Malta Film Commission. The literature review establishes the historical context,

50 || Futouristic

Beyond historical background, the literature review delves into the concept of film tourism, examining how destinations leverage cinematic appearances to

of visitors annually. Hudson (2011, pp.

165-172) further discusses the four stages (pre-production, production, pre-release, post-release) where DMOs can support film

tourism, emphasizing the need for proactive

and the Asia-Pacific region1 Cinematic

into the complex relationship between

collaboration.

representations are seen as transforming

Fort Ricasoli’s historical significance and

Malta’s landscape into an integral part of

its modern use as a filming location. This

film narratives, attracting tourists seeking

approach was chosen because the study

“emotional” and “experiential” tourism.

required exploring subjective experiences,

The concept of “set jetting,” where tourists visit locations featured in films or TV series, is explored, with a pilot survey among Polish

expert opinions, and institutional practices

respondents indicating a strong correlation

Finally, the review mentions Fort Ricasoli’s

between screen locations and destination

ongoing restoration efforts. Prompted by

appeal. Sawinska and Smalec (2023) suggest

campaigns highlighting its deteriorating

that set jetting can benefit local economies

state, the government invested €1,000,000

The primary data was collected through

and foster unique tourism identities, but

in 2019 for restoration work focused on

three semi-structured interviews with

caution against distorting a place’s identity

structures like St. Dominic Counterguard and

individuals representing different

through excessive focus on media portrayals

No.1 Casemated Battery, which had suffered

perspectives relevant to the fort’s dual role.

They argue that effective set jetting should

significant damage from sea exposure.

These participants were selected using

blend authenticity with appeal, reflecting a

Assoċjazzjoni Wirt il-Kalkara (2024) has

purposive sampling, targeting individuals

location’s true characteristics.

urged for further funds for critical areas. The

with specialised knowledge and direct

literature review thus provides a foundation

involvement in Fort Ricasoli’s management

for understanding the fort’s historical layers,

and preservation. The interviewees were:

the potential of leveraging its cinematic

Jean Pierre Borg, Cultural Manager of the

profile for tourism, and the ongoing

Malta Film Commission, who provided

challenges related to its preservation.

insights into managing the fort during

Malta is presented as a “Mini-Hollywood,” leveraging its favourable climate, varied landscapes, and architecture for filming.

Graziano (2015) notes the country’s increasing position as a major film production hub, supported by government

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

initiatives, and the resulting growth

The research employed a qualitative

in tourism, particularly from Europe

methodology to gain in-depth insights

related to the fort’s management, preservation, and cultural value.

productions, restoration efforts, and film industry education; Vincent Zammit, a Maltese historian, tourist guide, and lecturer, who offered expertise on the fort’s

Futouristic || 51

Fort Ricasoli hosted the set of both Gladiator movies directed by Ridley Scott.

historical and architectural significance, its

research aims, the nature of the interviews,

(SCH) and the Environment and Resources

cultural importance, and the need for public

their right to withdraw, and options for

Authority (ERA). Enforcement officers are

engagement; and Kenneth Cauchi, from the

anonymity.

present on site, and every production

Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (SCH), who explained the SCH’s collaboration with the Malta Film Commission (MFC) and other entities to preserve the fort during and after filming.

DATA REPORTING AND DISCUSSION The research findings highlight Fort Ricasoli’s evolution from a military fortification to a dual-purpose site serving both heritage and the global film industry.

Data analysis involved Thematic Content

The interviews revealed various perspectives

Analysis of interview transcripts to identify

on balancing preservation with filming

recurring themes such as preservation

needs and the potential for integrating its

challenges, the fort’s historical role, and

historical narrative into tourism.

its value as a filming location. Historical Analysis using insights from the historian and archival documents provided context for the fort’s significance. Field Observation Analysis of notes and photographs from on-site visits was used to assess the fort’s current condition and remnants of film sets.

Jean Pierre Borg of the MFC explained that Fort Ricasoli is a significant asset for international productions requiring historical or war settings, with films like Troy, Assassin’s Creed, and Game of Thrones capitalising on its appeal and bringing international attention to Malta. Ridley

Limitations of the study included the

Scott is quoted as saying the authentic

inability to interview key high-level officials,

stone structures extended his set and

the format of one interview being written

provided significant value. The MFC

responses, restricted access to certain

acts as the fort’s custodian, though not

areas of the fort due to safety concerns,

the owner, and mediates between film

and limited existing research specifically on

productions and government entities,

Fort Ricasoli. Despite these limitations, the

including heritage bodies. Balancing

collected data was considered sufficient to

filming logistics with heritage preservation

address the research objectives effectively.

involves submitting plans for temporary

Ethical considerations were addressed

structures to the Planning Authority and

through informed consent procedures,

adhering to regulations set by entities like

where participants were notified about the

the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage

52 || Futouristic

is required to engage health and safety officers to mitigate risks, including those inherent to the fort’s structure like unstable buildings or sinkholes. MFC’s priority is the gradual restoration of the fort, working with stakeholders to address urgent interventions while ensuring the restoration is sensitive to its current use, avoiding modern additions that would hinder filming Film productions sometimes contribute to minor repairs, but these are insufficient for long-term needs. Waste management efforts by productions include separating and reusing materials where possible.

Vincent Zammit provided crucial historical depth. He noted that the fort, the largest built in Malta, was strategically located opposite Valletta for harbour defence.

Notable features include the main gateway, although the current one is a post-WWII reconstruction and a “poor copy” of the original. The fort played a key role in Malta’s defence, notably resisting the French invasion longer than others before eventually surrendering. Zammit also discussed the unique Froberg Regiment Mutiny in 1807, composed of mercenaries, highlighting it as a strange and significant

event early in British rule, potentially used

extensive restoration, and restricted public

to assert British authority. During WWII,

access. Both Borg and Zammit see potential

Fort Ricasoli served as a vital defence point,

in blending film and historical narratives

housing anti-aircraft guns, and consequently

for tourism. Borg suggested film tourism

suffered significant damage from Axis

can encourage tourists to visit lesser-

bombardments targeting the harbour area.

known historical sites. Occasional open

Zammit suggests its post-war abandonment

days, like the one for Gladiator II, serve as

and lack of immediate restoration, unlike

a vehicle for public outreach, educating

Fort St. Angelo, reflect Britain’s changed

people about the film industry and potential

post-war status and reduced investment in

career paths. While the MFC is working with

Malta. He noted the fort’s current debilitated

the Malta Tourism Authority to develop

state, particularly the sea-facing walls and

screen tourism products like movie maps

areas with sinkholes. Zammit highlighted

and trails, Fort Ricasoli and the adjacent

the lack of public information and

studios are currently primarily industrial

appreciation for the fort’s heritage, despite

spaces, not equipped for mass tourism,

ongoing, albeit slow, restoration efforts

limiting regular public access. Niche visits for

He advocates for more public engagement

educational, cultural, or research purposes

through occasional open days with historical

are possible on a case-by-case basis.. The

reenactments, similar to initiatives at Fort

long-term vision for Fort Ricasoli involves

Manoel managed by MIDI, to blend the

potential multifunctional developments

historical narrative with its modern use.

like film schools or cultural events, but

Kenneth Cauchi of the SCH clarified the SCH’s role as the state’s regulator for cultural heritage, distinct from Heritage Malta, which manages sites and collections.

The SCH provides advice to planning and transport authorities on potential impacts

these plans are still evolving and must align with preservation goals. The need for a cohesive strategy involving the MFC, SCH, other government entities, and public stakeholders is crucial for preserving the fort’s legacy and maximising its potential.

to heritage and monitors development

BIBLIOGRAPHY

and restoration works. During filming,

Assoċjazzjoni Wirt il-Kalkara (2024)

the SCH ensures protection by clearing

Restoration of Fort Ricasoli. Available at:

planning permits for sets and monitoring

https://wirtilkalkara.com/restoration-of-fort-

construction and decommissioning.

ricasoli/ (Accessed: 28 November 2024)

Enforcement relies primarily on discussion but can involve fines or halting works.

Documentation involves surveys and photographic records. Measures to address degradation include collaborating with Infrastructure Malta on wave-calming measures for sea-facing walls. While the SCH advocates for public accessibility, it is not directly involved in promoting it but supports rendering the site public safely when opportunities arise. The SCH’s long-term vision includes securing the

Graziano, T. (2015) ‘The Mini-Hollywood of the Mediterranean”: Strategies and Potentialities of Film Industry in Malta’, Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, (4)142.

Hudson, S. (2011) ‘Working Together to Leverage Film Tourism: Collaboration Between the Film and Tourism Industries’, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 3(2)141.

site’s physical integrity, preventing further

Sawinska, A. and Smalec, A. (2023) ‘Film

loss, reconstructing lost elements, and

Tourism in the Promotion of a Touristic

demolishing unsympathetic additions.

Area’, European Research Studies Journal,

The discussion synthesized these points,

26(4)

affirming that the fort’s cinematic

Spiteri, S.C. (1988) in Discovering the

adaptation brings benefits like economic

Fortifications of the Order of St. John in Malta.

revenue, international recognition, and film

Valletta: Said International Ltd.

tourism opportunities, while also presenting

“

S tudent R esearch

The fort’s cinematic adaptation brings benefits like economic revenue, international recognition, and film tourism opportunities, while also presenting challenges such as balancing productions with preservation, limited resources for extensive restoration, and restricted public access.

”

challenges such as balancing productions with preservation, limited resources for Futouristic || 53

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Organic Farming: Does it provide safer food than conventional farming? (Part 2)

*David Pace passed away on the 30th of April 2025 while this issue was in production.

DAVI D PACE S EN I O R LEC T U R ER AT I TS*

I

HOW SAFE ARE ORGANIC FOODS?

Dennis T. Avery became the first to criticize

farming to determine whether a farming

t is important to clarify the question of

this stance after examining 1996 data

system is more susceptible to microbial

organic food safety it being a complex

from the Center of Disease Control and

contamination than the other.

issue. We can ask whether organic

Prevention and showing that people who

food is safer to eat (and healthier)

consumed a lot of organic and ‘natural’

A cursory look at the number of product recalls by the CDC during January and

than conventionally farmed food or safer

foods had eight times the chance of

on the environment than conventionally

contracting an E.coli (0157:H7) infection

farmed food. This paper will examine both

than those who ate conventionally farmed

questions.

produce (Suslow, 1999).

MICROBIAL HAZARDS/OUTBREAKS

E.coli outbreaks concerning organic produce

by more extensive research protocols but

It has already been shown that the majority

may seem to support Avery’s assertion

provides an indication that organic products

of people regard organic food as safer and

(Rasco et al., 2011; Centers for Disease

may not be as safe as they are touted to be.

healthier than conventionally grown food.

Control (CDC), 2013; and Mukherjee et al.,

The increase in demand for such foods

2004), but this is hampered by the lack

seems to vindicate this (Lohr, 2001).

of studiesthat compare E.coli outbreaks due to organic farming and conventional

54 || Futouristic

February 2016 involved six cases out of 30, which is 20% of all the cases during those two months. Whether this is a high or low percentage needs to be determined

The question of whether organic produce is more susceptible to microbial contamination sparked a debate that still

rages on today. Stuart Smyth, a professor

Regardless, many studies have been unable

may percolate through and “contaminate”

at the University of Saskatchewan’s bio-

to find a direct link between organic food

organic areas (Jukes & Anderson,

resource policy, business and economics

and increased risks to public health (Marx

1977). Other factors that can facilitate

department regards organic foods as one

et al. 1994; Hamilton-Miller & Shah, 2001;

such “contamination” include cross-

of the main food safety issues in Canada

Sagoo et al., 2001; Hamilton-Miller & Shah,

contamination due to spray, wind drift and

explaining how they trigger thousands

2001 and Moreira et al. 2003; Huber et al.,

groundwater from conventionally farmed

of cases of food illnesses every year. He

2011 and Lairon, 2011).

fields, illicit use of pesticides and spillage

explains that: “It’s largely due to the process

McMahon and Wilson, 2001 studied

of them using manure slurry as fertilizer and

methods of cultivation and processing using

coming down to improper household food

natural (animal manure) instead of chemical

preparations in terms of making sure that they’re properly washing organic food” (Yates, 2015).

fertilisers and found little scientific evidence to support the link between organic produce and increased health risks; while

Avery (2001) and Smyth’s assertions may

Oliveira et al., 2010 found no increased

seem to be vindicated by a number of

risks of infection of foodborne diseases by

major outbreaks associated with organic

consumers of organically produced lettuce.

produce that emerged from the US and Europe during the last twenty years (Oppenheim,1971; Cieslak et al., 1993; Tschäpe et al., 1996; Doyle, 1993, 2000; McMahon & Wilson, 2001; Islam et al., 2004; FDA, 2006; Medus et al., 2009 and Buchholz et al., 2011), and by a number of reports that promoted the idea that organic produce poses greater risk of foodborne infection than conventional farmed produce (Beuchat & Ryu, 1997, Suslow, 1999; McElroy, 2000, and Mukherjee et al., 2004).

The question that needs to be answered is: considering that organic food forms only a small percentage of what is grown by conventional farming processes, can the number of outbreaks (big and

ORGANIC FARMING AND PESTICIDES

“

The overall impression of consumers is that organic farming does not use pesticides,

and Maynard et al., 2012). There have been instances where organic produce contains organochlorine pesticide even though these are not used on the farm (Baker et al., 2002; Gonzalez et al. 2003 and Zohair et al., 2006.). In fact, many countries have imposed moratoria on the use of prohibited agro-chemicals for different periods of time before the farm is certified fit for organic farming. In the US, the period is three years (Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 2016) and in the EU a minimum of two years (Agriculture and Food Development Authority, 2003) is required. It is also a fact that the EU organic standard allows organic farms to have 95% of ingredients to be

research on bacterial contamination of organic and conventional farming that attempts to compare like-with-like regarding

Service, 2015). This dispels the perception that a product can ever be 100% organic as advertised (LoveLula Organic Beauty Products, 2015), and Viridian Organic Products, 2011) and even the EU itself continues to perpetuate the 100% organic

The slow bioaccumulation of persistence in soils that have been farmed

microbiologically less safe than there is a need for more precise quantitative

(Members’ Research

organochlorine pesticides and their

showing that organic products are conventionally farmed products. Therefore,

organic and 5% nonorganic

myth (EIPAGRI Service Point,

Research does not provide evidence

(Lassen et al., 2014)

Gonzalez et al., 2003; Lima & Vianello, 2011

2016).

be regarded as high?

methods and specific bacterial strains.

(Feber et al., 1997; Baker et al., 2002;

The question of whether organic produce is more susceptible to microbial contamination sparked a debate that still rages on today.

small) due to organic produce

farm, product and soil types; production

during transport, storage and processing

and organic food is free from pesticides (Williams & Hammett, 2001; Makatouni, 2002; Harper and Makatouni, 2002; Saba & Messina, 2003; Baker et al., 2004 and Hughner et al., 2007). This is not strictly

conventionally shows that a 2 to 3 years conversion period is too short (Kim & Smith, 2001; Zhu et al., 2005; Manz et al., 2001 and Luckman and Decker, 1960) and pesticide residues can persist from 5 to 20 years.

true. Many organic farms are parcelled between conventionally farmed fields and so both pesticides and inorganic fertilisers

Futouristic || 55

al., 2010; Cresswell et al., 2012 and Pettis et al., 2013). This is a particularly serious effect considering that these insects are responsible for the development of seeds and fruits, and their decline can have disastrous consequences on plant reproduction and agriculture (Potts et al., 2010).

Organocholorine pesticides are possibly the worst being fat soluble, are not excreted and accumulate in the bodies of organisms (Kutz et al., 1991; Tanabe et al., 1998; and KaramiMohajeri & Abdollahi, 2010). This has serious implications for a process called biological magnification (Macek, 1970) where organochlorine pesticides become more concentrated, the higher the animal is on the food chain. It is the reason why carnivorous fish, birds and mammals always have higher pesticide concentrations in their The percentage average yield of crops grown organically is below 80% of the yield of conventionally farmed produce except for sweet potatoes (Savage, 2011).

bodies (Lincer & Sherburne, 1974; Da Silva et al., 2003; Wobeser et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2007; Blasius & Goodmanlowe, 2008 and

INDUSTRIAL PESTICIDES AND THE

reaching its intended target usually due

ENVIRONMENT

to changes in wind speed and direction

After the second world war, DDT

(Longley et al., 1997; Miller, 2004; de Jong

With so many studies over a period of over

(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) became

et al., 2008 and Lee et al., 2011) and leads

a half a century of industrial pesticide use

the most common pesticide in use. It was

mostly to water (Rao et al., 1985; Gilliom

showing a multitude of negative effects on

joined by Agent Orange (a mixture of

et al., 1999 and Schwarzenbach, et al.,

the environment and biodiversity, it is no

2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and

2010.) and soil contamination (Gevao et al.,

wonder that people started taking interest in

2, 4, 5-tricholophenoxyactetic acid (2, 4, 5-T)

2000; Bustos-Obregón, 2002; Goncalves &

the claims of a certain sector of the farming

(Palmer, 2005) in the 1960s that was used

Alpendurada, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006 and

and business community that organic

as a defoliant/pesticide during the Vietnam

Fang et al., 2007). Pesticide contamination

farming was much safer as it used only

War. Both belonged to a class of industrially

of groundwater (Notenboom et al., 1999;

“organic pesticides” (Coat, 1994; Williams &

produced organochlorine pesticides and

Relyea, 2005 and Jørgensen & Kudsk,

Hammitt, 2001 and Carvalho, 2006).

extensive research quickly showed how

2006) and soil lead to negative effects on

dangerous they were.

biodiversity (Johnsen et al., 2001; Kumar et

Mateo et al., 2013) than their prey.

ORGANIC PESTICIDES

al., 2002 and Geiger et al., 2010).

Proponents of organic farming counter

together with Rachel Carson’s The Silent

Pesticides affect biodiversity negatively

they occur naturally—a fallacy considering

Spring (1962) focused on the negative effects

in a variety of ways. Some directly poison

that some of the most powerful toxins

of such pesticides on the environment and

certain species causing population declines

are found in nature. They also argue that

its subsequent ecosystems. Accumulation

(Bridges & Semlitsch, 2000 and Sparling et

organic pesticides are environmentally

of research and public pressure led to

al., 2001), while others accumulate in food

friendly being much more easily broken

the US banning DDT in 1972. This did not

chains (Albanis et al., 1996; Drouillard et

down naturally than synthetic pesticides.

prevent the development of alternative

al., 2001 and Winter and Streit, 1992) and

The problem is that the main property of

pesticides including chloroacetylanilides

poison specific plants and insects, killing

organic pesticides is still the destruction and

(further organochlorine pesticides),

off animals and birds that feed upon them

killing of weeds or insects, but they are less

organophosphates, phosphonoglycines,

(Newton & Wyllie, 1992 and Boatman et al.,

effective than synthetic pesticides and so

dinitroanilines and neonicotinoids among

2004). A spectacular example of the latter

greater concentrations must be used. This

many others.

is the decline of the Skylark in the British

also dispels the fallacy that organic farming

fields (Browne et al., 1997; Newton, 2004

does not use any pesticides.

The pro-environmental Hippie movement

The major problem of pesticide contamination is ‘pesticide drift’ that results in over 90% of the pesticide/insecticide not

56 || Futouristic

and Vickery et al., 2004). A more disturbing discovery is the effect pesticides have on pollinators such as the honeybee (Potts et

that organic pesticides are safer because

Research on such pesticides is poor, but some studies do exist and need to be

quoted to put organic pesticides in the right

pesticides show a huge variety, and some

regulated as much as synthetic pesticides

perspective. The Ames study on 52 natural

are quite safe and others quite hazardous.

and being much less known than synthetic

pesticides concluded that both synthetic

A few even leave dangerous residues in the

pesticides (Theiling & Croft, 1988; Beier,

and natural chemicals “are equally likely to be

environment.

1990, Gold et al., 1992; Biondi et al., 2012

positive in animal cancer tests” (Ames et al., 1990).

More recently, the Bereswill team examined

and Reeser, 2013).

in-stream runoff for pesticide residues and

One of the most often cited examples is

The Coats study (1994) assessed a number

discovered fungicides that were significantly

rotenone, an isoflavone chemical compound

of organic pesticides and concluded that

correlated with pesticide application in

found in the roots and stems of a few

pyrethrins have an exceptional safety

nearby fields. Calculated toxicity values

subtropical plants that has a relative toxicity

record in humans, which is the main

revealed that the organic pesticide values

higher than cyanide (Table 4). Rotenone has

reason why they are still one of the most

could cause exotoxicological effects in the

been used as an insecticide since the 1800s

popular pest killers. Another common

cultivated fields (Bereswill et al., 2012). Also

and is currently employed as an organic

pesticide, Rotenone has a very mild toxicity

quite recent is Biondi’s team research on

pesticide in large quantities in organic

and can cause rashes, but nicotine-based

14 organic pesticides. It revealed a great

farming. Its main advantage is moderate

pesticides can be dangerous. Doses as

variation in the chemical’s toxicity and

toxicity to humans and mammals due to its

low as 1mg/kg or a total of 66 mg can kill a

persistence; concluding that: “using organic-

short half-life in the body of only 8 hours.

person by paralysis and respiratory failure.

certified rather than synthetic pesticides may

It kills pests by attacking mitochondria and

Avermectin pesticides that are used mostly

not be safer for biological control agents”

starving cells of energy (Ott, 2006). Recent

as anti-parasitics are neurotoxic to birds

(Biondi et al., 2012).

investigations have shown that the pesticide

and mammals in concentrations above 1 – 30mg/kg but are very degradable and do not bioaccumulate. Azadiractins are among the safest organic pesticides showing no toxic effects on mammals even at high doses of 2000mg/kg and are degraded by sunlight. Glucosilonates are more toxic and have been noted for a number of negative effects on livestock affecting the liver, kidneys, adrenals and the thyroid gland. Some classes pesticides are also carcinogenic. Coats concludes that organic

Another study compared the efficacy of both organic and synthetic pesticides in controlling the soybean aphid. It found the latter more effective in killing off the pest and much less damaging to the ecosystem.

It was determined that the organic pesticide killed off many more non-target species than just the aphids (Bahlai et al., 2010).

causes Parkinson’s Disease-like symptoms in rats (Caldwell et al., 2013). More research is needed to see whether it has a similar effect on humans. Rotenone was actually one of the many pesticides used in organic farming that did not pass the European Union’s safety evaluation required by law in 2009 (European Crop Protection, 2009 and Conko, 2009).

Other studies also show that organic

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

pesticides may not be as safe as thought,

The effect of organic farming on the

due to a variety of reasons including being

environment has been an area of intense

more toxic than synthetic pesticides, not

debate for the last

Image by Rawpixel.com

Futouristic || 57

30 years (Bengtsson et al., 2005; Hole et al.

depends on organism populations, crop

Baker, L. A., Benbrook, C. M., & Benbrook,

2005; Badgley et al. 2007; Huylenbroeck

types and the size of the farmed area.

K. L. (2004). Pesticide residues in foods from

2009a; Reganold & Dobermann 2012;

The meta-analysis also revealed that the

organic and conventional farms: Results from

Tuomisto et al. 2012; Winqvist et al., 2012

increase of biodiversity by 33% in organically

the USDA Pesticide Data Program, 1993-2002.

and Gabriel et al. 2013). The main issue

farmed area has been consistent over 30

Organic Center.

that emerges from these studies is whether

years of published studies.

lower yields from organic farms require more agricultural land and so decrease available land for biodiversity.

Regarding publication bias, this seems to favour the United States, Europe and

Balmford, A., Green, R. E., & Jenkins, M. (2005). Farming and the fate of wild nature.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

Australia where there is a lot of intensive

B: Biological Sciences, 360(1465), 1957-1965.

The dichotomy between organic farming

farming with large positive effects of

and conventional farming is sometimes

organic farming on biodiversity, while data

Baranski, M., Srednicka-Tober, D., Leifert,

described as ‘land sharing vs land sparing’

concerning other regions including tropical

(Balmford et al. 2005; Vandermeer &

and sub-tropical countries is sparse.

Perfecto 2007; Fischer et al. 2008; Phalan et al. 2011; Tscharntke et al. 2012 and Gabriel et al. 2013). This is based on the idea that organic farming is beneficial to both

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