in_bo vol.9, no.13 (2018) New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

ricerche e progetti per il territorio, la città e l’architettura ISSN 2036 1602 Direttore / Editor in chief Luigi Bartolomei

Università di Bologna | in_bo.unibo.it

volume 09 issue 13

New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop Ravenna, 8th-9th November 2018

2018, n° 13

Marco A. Bragadin Kalle Kähkönen

Luigi Bartolomei, Università di Bologna

Sérgio Barreiros Proença Eduardo Delgado Orusco, Reset Arquitectura, Spagna Esteban Fernández-Cobian Arzu Gönenç Sorguç Turchia Silvia Malcovati Sara Marini Alberto Perez Gomez Claudio Sgarbi Teresa Stoppani, Architectural Association, Regno Unito

ricerche e progetti per il territorio, la città e l’architettura. ISSN 2036 1602.

Jacopo Benedetti, Università Roma 3 digitale e open access, del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Bologna.

Alessandro Tognon, Università di Bologna

DA - Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Bologna and in the most prestigious international

Editorial

indice

Kalle Kähkönen

index

Alessio Pino,

2

1 to Knowledge Management in

36

Sebastiano Maltese,

Rossana Paparella, Mauro Caini

Giuseppe Montanari

3

5

4 Allocation

Buildings

Ridracoli con il patrocinio di

m a m

al

ru m io

ru m io

al

d

e r sttue r st u a

ru m io

C

at

m a m al

e r st u

d

at

d

m a m

6

E S E N A C E S C EAS EN EN A A .D

. 10 8 8

A .D

. 10 8 8

A .D

. 10 8 8

DIPARTIMENTO DI ARCHITETTUR DIPARTIMENTO DIPARTIMENTO DI AARCHITETTUR DI ARCHITETTUR A A

alm a m alm ater ru md stu aalm mstu ater admioater stu io ru d imo ru m u n iverusi bo ntà iver udnisi iver tàlogna si di tàbodlogna i bo logna

SCUOLA SUPERIORE DI STUDI SULLA CITTÀ E OIL TERRITORI SCUOLASCUOLA SUPERIORE SUPERIORE DI STUDI DI STUDI SULLA SULLA CITTÀ CITTÀ E OIL TERRITORI E OIL TERRITORI

indice index

8

7

Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

nstruction Site

Stefano Politi Fabrizio Sampietro

9

10

116

136

11

Analysis and Evaluation

12

with the Methods Fault

Built Environment

13 Management

Valentina Villa, Alberto Lauria,

14

Knowledge Methods and

15

166

Vito Getuli,

indice

Pietro Capone,

index 16

176

Gabriele Novembri,

17

Framework Agreement and

Antonio Fioravanti

18

A Theoretical Framework

Bim Approach

Paolo Ettore Giana

19

A Literature Review

Kalle Kahkonen

20

Marko Keinänen, Kalle Kähkönen

21

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

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Autori Authors and

Environmental

Engineering

American Development Bank on public procurement.

Transport Roadstructures (University Building Technology and Architecture real word employment and worked innovation and sustainability in the building process and product. Author

Technology.

publications

and

sustainable

design,

currently

general management team and then

Founding partner and head manager

Management.

building technology and construction to University, where he has been lecturer on building technology and project management. Actually, he is

research is related to Management and

participate in several research projects.

Building

Engineer

graduated

with

methodology to public procurement

books.

and he obtained a Second Level Master’s degree in Sustainable improving his skills about parametric

historical heritage buildings” (University Engineering and Architecture at the

prevention in buildings” and “Working

The master degree thesis subject

Florence.

supervisor.

Bologna.

9

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 9 n. 13

She was born in Bologna on the 5th February 1991. She graduated in Architecture and Building Engineering

building construction, construction site Alvise Bragadin as supervisor. She

and Economics at Tampere University interests and activities are addressing

cooperation between stakeholders and

Building Engineer passionate by research and teaching and

single cycle degree in Building Engineering and Architecture at the

the Ferrara University.

Enthusiastic about computational design he dedicated primarily to the the management and control in the

designer.

Architectural Engineering. She teaches

is on knowledge management and collaborative environments in the digital transition.

analysis.

Architectural

and

Enviromental

Building Engineer with MSc thesis

project core team, the appearances estimate.

is currently working with construction project systems and innovative privatepublic procurement process.

Monitoring.

on

buildings

sustainability

(Rating

constructions and on the technologies

a user-centered approach.

Bologna.

research topic concerns Digital Asset Management business process

publications.

Building

Milano she worked on sustainability, energy saving and renewable energy in the built environment. At Unibs she

Engineering

degree

behavioral

design

in

in Architectural Engineering at the TLS surveys and on the application

Model

heritage.

implementation.

Management

and

Building

Building Recovery and Technological

land planning and management.

Systems Engineering.

11

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Construction Management Workshop 2018

M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen

Construction Management Workshop 2018

change in the societies, business environments and in the real estate and construction

the sector can be improved only via large scale systemic changes and innovations.

and devices autonomously communicating each other along the value chain (EU,

co-operate with each-others, and with humans, in real time both inside the production

integrating the two systems, physical and virtual, an intelligent system is created.

technologies.

Kalle Kähkönen

13

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Europe and America when steam power combined with mechanical production led to

Industry 4.0”, indicate that the

Construction Project Management

Smart Factory Value Chains construction companies and their suppliers.

Construction Management and Economics

construction and maintenance.

Smart Factory” in construction, aiming at creating a “Smart Building Site

operations and maintenance.

in_bo

Construction Management Workshop 2018

M. Bragadin, K. KähkÜnen

method based on project activities’ understanding, grouping, planning, scheduling and controlling. The second has its intellectual roots in the social sciences, such as

theories.

theory, respectively the work needed to achieve project objectives and work needed to organise and develop project management processes.

15

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

management.

amendments to construction management, or, even to reshape it.

1. Industry 4.0 the construction sector.

• • •

• •

construction site

•

the construction sector

•

process simulation

2. Project Management & Lean Construction

and construction process

Modelling and virtual reality in construction

4. Low – impact building site design projects and urban regeneration construction projects.

• • • • •

• management management in construction projects

5. Facility Management & Life Cycle Planning

management

3. Building Information Modelling& Built Heritage

renovation and conservation

16

•

Low-impact construction site design Urban and building-blocks regeneration projects

• • • •

Facility management operations

6. Quality and Safety

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Construction Management Workshop 2018

• • • •

Quality management

site construction

• •

• 8. Project Management: standards

7. Construction site design and Off-

•

M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen

logistics process

and competences in the construction sector.

• • •

standards Real estate development and construction economics

papers. Those address research results or on-going research activities that are clearly

elsewhere as well.

developments to change the built environment sector”.

Furthermore, three industry presentations were given in the workshop. Those were about

17

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committee.

Ernesto Antonini, Università di Bologna Andrea Boeri, Università di Bologna

Marco Bragadin, Università di Bologna Lavinia Tagliabue, Università di Brescia

-

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Construction Management Workshop 2018

Economics

M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen

Construction Management and

Edition

Construction Management and Economics

.

Management

Van Nostrand

Management

edition.

€

BY NC

19

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

1 A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector

allow its introduction in the construction sector. This main topic is integrated with

model with the means to analyse distributed and decentred organisations, and the

the construction sector introducing a spatio-temporal perspective that highlights the the construction process.

â‚Ź

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector

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T

he construction sector is an

C. Mirarchi

decision support systems. Moreover, proposed an evolutionary perspective

and consumption process in the construction sector dealing with the

project, during each phase are generated solving

capabilities,

understanding

during knowledge and learning processes in the construction sector is

temporal perspective that highlights

time during the construction process.

This

paper

proposes

a

novel

the schema to represent the typical

analysis, the second chapter introduces

project and once it is delivered they introduction in the construction sector. organisation schema highlighted in the

documented with the consequence that knowledge remains stored in the minds

vision based on the cultural historical activity theory. Furthermore, starting research proposes an interpretation

� on the construction sector, e.g. Kamara,

management strategies. Robinson et al.

KM in construction projects including

Figure 1: The hypertext organisation schema (Nonaka and Takeuchi. 1995)

organisation schema. The third chapter proposes a spatio-temporal perspective on knowledge creation and use in

work.

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

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“ knowledge dynamics. Moreover, the

tract, store, share and update this knowledge, who are the subjects involved, why do they learn, what do they learn, and how do they learn represent critical questions

its analysis and integration making it an ideal candidate to promote the discussion in the research community.

The knowledge base layer represents the place where the knowledge can reside and where it can be categorised

• • • • Socialisation is based on direct interaction between individuals that

where the learning process is introduced as a whole. The individuals acting in the team project level can acquire and knowledge creation process needs

usually with analogical and practical means.

the business system level in a complete

The middle-up-down approach that they

the same way, the knowledge created in the project level is interpreted in

a knowledge conversion layer between because there is a change in time and management in the knowledge base when tacit knowledge is shared, it still requires to be decoded by individuals

knowledge construction in his or her mind. Moreover, each subject acts in

the knowledge perception (Tversky,

how knowledge can be converted and

“

”

crucial point. The most popular model

combine

knowledge

through

meetings, and computer networks. The adding, combining and categorising

knowledge conversion process, Roos

mechanism is required.

combination in shared mental models

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector

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documents, graphical representations, or stories.

level and the knowledge generated by the subjects as a whole at the team project level highlighting its volatility

C. Mirarchi

societal and interpersonal relations in a environment.

S

the above-mentioned principles cannot be directly applied. The temporary aggregation between clients, designers,

companies that can have long histories

and the other stakeholders makes hierarchical roles and consequently processes. Furthermore, the conversion processes, that represent the learning activity, needto be managed in a cross

mediation. According to Engeström and

knowledge conversion model proposed mediation idea, is commonly represented with other partners that are seen as competitor entities.

organisation

schema

connection between subject (“stimulus”

proposed down approach (Engeström, Miettinen,

representation, the business system level is in contrast with the typical project environment in construction processes. its own hierarchical and organisational structure. The knowledge base level is in turn disrupted representing both the knowledge embedded and generated by each subject at the business system

this schema, individuals and society cannot be understood without their mutual interaction and cultural means.

The second generation, based on the

analysed the model highlighting its limitations according to the cultural

between individual action and collective activity. This concept was crystallised

proposed

the graphical representation reported in

schema

needs

to

be

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

business system level highlights the centred on his or her community creating a human activity structure.

subjectivity and its interrelation by means

level can be represented as an activity system that collaborate on a shared

highlighting the movement, the evolution

interpretation in the construction sector

object in the interaction between the

object is interpreted by each subject in

Figure 5 can help in understanding the organisational structure in construction projects and the interactions between subjects, it is not able to capture the spatial and temporal distribution that characterise the construction process.

these dimensions. Analyse the spatial represents a critical point to understand

words, “ Moreover, the norms and rules that regulate each activity system at the team project level are generated by the

�.

one place to another and while it moves

business system level and the directions can include several activity systems.

where the construction project is embedded.

This interpretation highlights the

Figure

6

reports

a

qualitative

generated during the project activities. activity

systems

in

the

reviewed

At the business system level, each

Figure 4:

in the construction process. The graph communities and perspectives shape the way in which subjects act at the project level and the way in which they interpret and convert the generated knowledge.

processes. The proposed representation includes three locations, namely construction site (i.e. the place where

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector

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C. Mirarchi

product (i.e. the construction product

can be seen as longer than it is in the this last is designed and monitored and its components are designed, produced

regulatory knowledge through open

the operation and maintenance phase possible ones that can be proposed by

indicates the time correspondent to the process, namely design, construction, and operation and maintenance. The

During the construction phase, the especially in the construction site, there

requirements can be converted in an the construction site is progressively

stored and used through digital tools. For

construction phase are generated problem solving, know-how, know-what

dimension. These include the use in tacit and its collection and transmission proposed representation, the time scale

Figure 5:

a general contractor environment, the site

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

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work is subcontracted to various trade contractors on a competitive tendering

stakeholders involved in a project,

organisational schema including the societal and cultural aspects derived

phase the interaction between designers, engineers, clients, authorities, contractor, and subcontractors produce a dynamic

business level where can be established techniques and technologies to document this knowledge asset.

The operation and maintenance is distributed in a long time span.

Furthermore, once the design and construction phase is concluded, it is interested in the collection, management,

The author argues that a spatiotemporal perspective must accompany an organisational vision on knowledge

This paper proposes a critical analysis proposes a qualitative graph that can possible integration in the construction sector.

The above-mentioned paradigm presents several issues

creation and consumption during the construction process. means and environments supported by digital processes and instruments represents one main area in the

other sectors, like the automotive one, collector in all phases including design,

cultural basis can hinder the principles

related to both collaborative and KM environments. The proposed schema

between the involved stakeholders to

schema answering questions such as how can we optimise the integration

Moreover, a quantitative evaluation related to the proposed spatio-temporal

Figure 6: A spatio-temporal perspective in knowledge generation and use

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector

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, E., and E.

and M.

-

,

. Barcelona, Spain.

, Abdul Samad, and Anssi

-

, edited by Abdul , Lauri, and Ruben

, Bhargav, and Lauri

Shreekanth

Management in the Architecture, Engineering and ve.”

M.

-

-

Automation in

Construction

C. Mirarchi

, and Ahmed M.

-

, and L.

, Abhijeet, Salman

, and

-

-

New Business Landscape

Engineering, Construction and

, D.J., and D.M.

, and Robert

Creating

, Amos, and Daniel

Audit.” struction , Anastasiya, and Alain

Construction Research

Automation in

through Web Map-Based Knowledge Manage-

,

in Taiwan.” Automation in Construction

Interaction

, J.

, and EWork and EBusiness in

S. , and R-L

, Edmund, and Stephanie

, T.

.

.

Beha

.

, Andreas, and Mike

Enginee . , M. B., T.J.

M. Selecting a Knowledge Management Strategy.” In

, L., A.

, E. K.

,

mation in Construction

, and

,

Auto

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

Alessio Pino

2

Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning M

M

one parameter, in order to guide designers towards choices that are consistent with

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning

E

very year, the building sector is

which the consequences related to the

M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola

depreciation method.

between maintenance and economic value in a building, is also caused by the issuesin predicting with precision

phenomenon which can be attributed to uncertainty on determining the service

becoming more and more relevant in comparison to new constructions, shown several signals in the last decades.

proposed an application on medical

position on the building, constructive

Their approach consisted in setting the periods between interventions and on a component can change deeply

economic incomes. cost, while management costs, which include maintenance as well, constitute a much more relevant share.So, together with the less and less consistent

variation might apparently seem an unreachable goal.

and evaluations, estimated the mean to state that, in order to reduce the cost compute the negative consequences

in intervening on a component to

components, in presence or in absence

and suggested a model in which the directly to evaluate the most convenient maintenance activity, as it was obtained

substituting it.Following this purpose, muchresearch has been carried out in

taken into account. This makes it less realistic, as even with the same costs, restoring intervention considered.

This reasoning can be applied to any maintenance intervention, and between maintenance and building

approach provides the suggestion to obtain similar values by carrying out

two opposite scenarios.

The other element is constituted by an encouraging research carried out by

a reliable parameter to compare maintenance choices according to cost, which

actually a standard since a relatively in particular in relation to the cost

maintenance

interventions

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

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a painting intervention produces a more and mathematical models that describe interventions on those components.

A

to v , it is possible

less. Moreover, this connection with time is not only in relation to the

these purposes, and to the possibility interventions that have already been by using tools such as the Factor Method or by comparing the results

calculating the economic value related reasoning cannot be applied in the same way to ameliorative maintenance, as it is not true that carrying it out produces little increases in it. So, since

evaluations on maintenance choices.

in every case, and none has ever been any component, it is necessary to avoid

takes into account all the interventions

Av

time ti i

For a given component A, the number

Aj

i

on a component A at a time ti can (t Aj Aj i i

solution could also be represented by consists, can be named vA. Then, during

Aj

Aj

A1

A1

A3

A3

So,

considering a maintenance on the component A, k

Av by the back-discounted residual value

which correspond to the vA

An

An

increase changes according to the time tendency that depends on the typology r

paint applied on a plaster covering v

years, when there is a drastic decrease

k

vA

Av

Aj

.

k

A is increased to n years through a

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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning

M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola

, then it results

k

parameter is constituted by the lowest

between the two is indeed the economic k

component.

are not mutually independent parts

opportune to carry out at the same time works on all the components

•

cornices and balconies with all their components, coverings, downpipes, gutters, etc.

on that k

on the component A corresponds to

over time, indicated as Maintenance k

technological connections, those where two elements are bound to each other, so that it is necessary to intervene on both at the same time.

This means that, while two strategies

by an amount that is equal to the those components, their combination when intervening on plaster, paint strategy is obtained, and this, named k

which the evaluations on the economic based.

•

and so an intervention has to be

might not too compatible, considering

operative connections, related to the convenience to associate interventions on two elements,

the global convenience can be noticed maintenance strategies on the single

As when evaluating the economic

nature, such as provisional works,

equipment, work yard

solved by applying small adjustments

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

single maintenance strategies on the components that have shown to be

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

which is used to determine the increase to the maintenance intervention. Since

course, this process is on one hand easily applicable, but on the other hand hides other combinations which may have higher synergies.

As it has been shown, technological and operative connections make it necessary to consider the combination the whole building together, rather than ranking the convenience on the single components separately, to

intervention, and to the short code that

maintenance interventions has not been implemented yet, the current one only contains placeholders. The

component on which the intervention is component is the vertical enclosure,

machinery

and

provisional

works

the costs needed to put them in use are

Every relation also contains additional strings, as many as the technical corresponding component, which are

combinations, is a task which could

•

•

calculating, within a range, the

•

combining the single strategies on

• •

ranking the maintenance scenarios.

-

database schema contains the inter-

Aj

(ti

i

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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning

M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola

can be considered through the strings contains the attributes related to the equipment, machinery and provisional

them will be relevant when evaluating the economic convenience.

equipment and provisional works. The

the strings contain data on their v parameters as they are available in the every time it appears in the sequence, by the quantitative measure that has

respectively the unitary costs which have to be multiplied by the quantitative

same year on components that have an operative connection between them.

the unitary cost corresponding to

Jj

applies to the global cost a reduction , as the i technical solutions, consisting in only one string whichreports spontaneous duration.

i

the single increases are summed to spontaneous duration to obtain the

A

• •

cost between the two. This appears to

the interventions on components with operative connections.

a Ranking Method script to show a this parameter.

• •

produces all the combinations between the arrays containing the previously

solution is necessary to restrict the set

seemed appropriate to analyse its

component, to the ones in which the package corresponds to the chosen

mainly conceived as the practical

combinations corresponding to the

others. When calculating the total cost maintenance activity. The computed set the interventions automatically selected through the package parameter in the

and operative connections have to be taken into account. While technological connections are mostly present between the elements within components, statements mainly stand as speculative hypotheses, rather than being related

l

. components,

operative

connections

possibility to create similar computing

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

Although national regulations have codes and computer languages. programmed maintenance, and in some local cases have deeply enhanced its

buildings are rarely considered an item the users. The same principle applies to

designing maintenance results limited to adapting pre-established patterns to

which could be indicated in a more open

this would be subordinated, though, to indeed conceived as an encouragement to carry out quantitative analysis on planning, in order to choose the most suitable solution.

such apparently quantitatively accurate anticipated

aim,

considering

that

becoming available and comprehensive solutions.

Despite

that,

developing

such data presumably constitutes a

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle Planning

. Real Estate

M. Nicolella, A. Pino, L. Coppola

.T et al.

.

strategies

,

,

.

. metodi e strumenti ,

,

. .

,

.

.

1997. . . and Land Rent. Applied Mechanics and Materials

. La qualitĂ et al.

.

.

.

35

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

Giuseppe Montanari

3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Uav) and Building Information Modelling (Bim) Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli D

S

M

E

M

concerning volumes, mechanical characteristics, monitoring data, etc., it could be able

technological comparison between traditional topographic instrument and the innovative

â‚Ź

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli

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A

A. Gambi, G. Montanari

important

structural

elements

(i.e.

works (i.e. spillways, a stilling basin, can be monitored in order to guarantee a important elements can be investigated in static and dynamic conditions. dams is still rare and at an early stage,

innovative approaches beside traditional methods.

an inspection by traditional methods.

Although a reliable terrestrial survey accurate as-built data collection, as

Laser Scanner technique, as employed

37

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

be assumed.

The thickness progressively increases uses into the predictive and proactive The Ridracoli dam, managed by Romagna Acque SocietĂ delle Fonti

the base, in line with the arch gravity construction type. The connection

Ridracoli reservoir is to supply drinking milestone managed by Romagna Acque S.p.A.. So it is need to maintain

through the inspection galleries midway between two blocks, in a radial direction and repeated several times in order to Moreover, during the concrete casting

require an innovative maintenance stop elements were placed along the preventive one. That needs the adoption 33Mlm3 about the dam and building a structural

.

stresses under several load conditions.

started in 1975 and it was completed in reservoir became operational.

the surrounding topography on which a 3D model can be developed. This phase

structural behavior over time and, thus, the risk progressive levels which have to

detecteble

in the key section the top thickness The structure. The simple concrete archcurved structure, symmetrical with respect to the main section, resting on a the water discharge throughout them

UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli

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A. Gambi, G. Montanari

is governed by their geometry, with a 3

energy in the stilling basin constructed at dam. Moreover, the dam has a middle height sluice gate, a bottom sluice gate and a depletion sluice gate.

The survey. The Ridracoli dam has been

surrounding area at which is associated aerial photogrammetry. The surveyed the traditional topographic survey geo-

between traditional topographic instruments and unconventional traditional topographic instruments are

39

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

DATABASE

really high resolution. They are the basis

The interactive summary, reported in

summary, hyperlinks connect to the to which the same link is related to.

The structure and the surrounding area

Groups 593

and galleries, Fig.3. Tab.1 reports the 3 - picnic area

197

6 - crowning

163

9 - galleries

395

in which are reported, respectively, the

was taken and camera settings such

Total

whole dam system.

The criteria are based on the knowledge in which data integration procedure with other data sets, such as design changes. The selection operations are open source 3D point cloud editing and point list picking, Fig. 5b. Subsequently,

that, including a volume, are solids by

mechanical characteristics, interactions important details such as the vertical

UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli

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joints, the spillways, the stilling basin

A. Gambi, G. Montanari

accessibility, would require considerable

is imported in a FEA (Finite Element and management technicians would the properties, the parts are assembled and loads, interactions and boundary

to traditional topographic tools, although

investigating the linear and non-linear

over time and cheaper. Moreover, some

water.

possibility to have a photographic record

a base level by which to monitor

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

the whole dam system which includes a predictive and proactive one. The those which can evolve over time. All would be merged in the same tool, the company archives and allowing the the technicians are involved in, also in model, the solid elements developed

properties.

Moreover,

the

position,

instrumentation can be included and

by Romagna Acque SocietĂ delle Education, University and Research structures such as dams is not able

and

a

detailed

three

dimensional

impulsive loading�.

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam Management: The Case of Ridracoli

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, Luigi.,

, Mattia, and

,

,

Geomatics,

, Athos, and Republic.

Laura,

,

, Marco, , Aandrea, and

,

,

Engineering.

Silvia,

, Marco, and

, , Andrea.

photogrammetry and traditional topographic

, Andrew,

, L.,

, A.,

, Francesco and

, Matthias, , Frank, and

.

, Michael,

models created by unmanned aerial systems

, Elena,

, Riccardo, , Marcello,

, Sara, and

, Damiano, and

and delay and disruption analysis�

Engineering

, Kyriacos,

A. Gambi, G. Montanari

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

Sebastiano Maltese

4

Ifc-based Maintenance Budget Allocation

some additional attributes may be associated to elements and stored in custom

during new constructions (to prepare the maintenance plan, as required by current

â‚Ź

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation

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T

he built environment is currently characterised by an increasing

Facility

maintenance

S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti

management

physical characteristics,it is more and

hand, the building intended as a physical has been employed in order to store

has been associated to components belonging to the same building entity maintenance interventions. For that physical asset producing and gathering

some demonstrations have proved the possibility to implement this approach the current maintenance status has

implementation must be addressed

addresses the issues related to the

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

among project stakeholders(Eastman what

concerns

the

implementation building stocks and their parts into the

has also been promoted through the use beginning, FM has been supported by budget allocation and the prioritisation approach has been tested on a case

Maintenance

Management

Systems

universal approach to the collaborative buildings based on open standards

regarding the asset during its whole

The model and the documentation,

Figure 2: Research schema

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation

in_bo

maintenance budgeting and scheduling

be employed, since it can be associated to single elements (e.g.

this process to other several activities, during assets operations (e.g. space management, contracting, rent,

S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti

a time series ( by using in combination with the property set , which allows to save one or more data with a time stamp (

be assigned and maintenance scheduled. maintenance cost (i.e. maintenance

how to store maintenance operations

The methodology depicted in the previous paragraph has been validated

to work on these data. The entity used The research is willing to overcome an

above the ground and one underground. research, connected to the

by .

operational phase. All spaces and main

developed and all data concerning maintenance management and implementation have been collected and

associated to maintenance operations

each component to be maintained ( synthesis reasons,Figure 5represent the

has been used as

interventions.

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

The data inserted in the model thanks

on 73 components surveyed. The total shown inFigure 6.

A simulation with a budget constraint,

curve related to the total maintenance interventions to be accomplished to

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation

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S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti

interventions carried out with the DM the case study showed the possibility

spending peaks. assets comparison.

Thanks to the data inserted in the model To conclude, it can be stated that through the research presented in this paper the

tool or plugin.An algorithm has been developed by the authors, but this has

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

to be implemented into a management market.Moreover, the methodology allows also to reduce the costs related

methodology, it is necessary that the

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation

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S. Maltese, G. Branca, F. Re Cecconi, N. Moretti

, , F.,

, S. and

, M.

, R. and

, R., Automation in Construction.

, J. and

Automation in Construction

Engineers and Contractors. John Wiley and Sons.

,

, S.,

, J. A. and

, S. and

, X.,

, D. and

,

mathematical models in building simulation.

Automation in Construction , A. K. and Engineering , E. A.,

, D. J. and

Automation in Construction

51

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Rossana Paparella Mauro Caini

5

Innovative Approach to the

• • •

empowering and making the user aware, especially in the management phase, depending

€

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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R. Paparella, M. Caini

Buildings

T and

environmental, social and economic he European Union pursues

legislation encourages the construction

decarbonised

solutions are widely used. Smart buildings are created when these

energy

system

and operational tools, with which the sector can be restarted. Aiming at integrating

States will have to adopt measures to achieve the long-term emission target

renewable

sources

and

systems, managed by supervisory and opportunities to relaunch the sector that must be pursued by all means.

the housing stock, which accounted emissions

a smart building, users are involved housing stock. Taking into account

prototype project in order to create lowtypologies, involving the user into a within a pre-constituted grid, its needs, requirements. building, directly related to estimates.

renew its building heritage, giving an approach innovative and oriented to aimed at empowering and making the user aware especially in the management

Technologies, solutions, materials and available on the market, but so that term renovation strategies will have to have clear and measurable objectives, as well as initiatives to support

a concrete application it is necessary

Directive also promotes economically the relationship between technological means more security, sustainability, accessibility and usability. The demand

also including this last aspect in the

air conditioning systems. Among the objectives pursued are also to underline those that encourage the use the initial moment to the building and

sustainability

in

construction

53

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the operation phase is essential to once the Revit model has been imported, an instant parametric estimate can be generated.

2. developed in the various phases that can

3. quantities to be included in the

1.

4.

REFERENCE GRID Residential type

Detached

Semidetached

1

3

5

6

7

1

3

5

6

7

5

6

FUNCTIONAL - SPATIAL

1 Day area

Terraced

3

energy resources in the management

7

Living - Kitchen Dining

Dining

completed. The grid illustrated in table

Master bedroom

1

3

Single room

1

3

Double room

1

3

1

3

Bathrooms

1 Single in

possibly by more descriptive documents, in which, by answering open questions,

3 Double in

• ASPECT

Wood

Shielding system

Whole ceramic

Whole wood

Blinds

Blackout curtains

Aluminium

• Shutters

•

TECHNICAL - ENERGY

1 X-Lam wood

Brick

•

By air Transmittance values Transmittance

Best values Best values

•

to a photovoltaic system with power

in_bo

R. Paparella, M. Caini

Buildings

windows and French windows specially designed is shown.

construction elements, are summary peculiarity is that these schedules,

• • the constraints set out above, to make

Thus, ordered abacuses have been

and technological choices proposed and between

a

wooden

structure

and

The work continued in-depth analysis

meets his needs, but also its cost, thus obtaining a true online estimate. This

have been associated with technological

directly on the network. This computer system will also allow to control costs

are instantly updated.

process has been implemented through

and its cost calibrated according to the

used in buildings were created, and the

online estimate. way has been possible to improve the computation process.

possible to generate computations and complete estimates. The work that was communication between Revit and STR. To do this, we worked in the STR

Following the above logic, the second

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

1.

11.

2.

3.

4.

5.

all the rules created are loaded and the automatic estimation should show an image in which he can creating the rules, we need to create will serve as a container to the rules. necessary to create all the articles

and a price. These are the basic parameters that each article must have. Articles can be added, paying attention to the hierarchy that commands them. Subsequently

6. project, it will be possible to import

7.

and, once active, use it.

that is, make sure that STR detect

8.

The imported model is displayed and proceed with the measurements.

The measurements must be made by setting the search conditions,

have been generated, they will be

9.

10.

56

be used in Revit.

have been created.

STR

12.

generates

the

Automatic Figure 3.

template has been created and the estimate can be printed and presented.

in_bo

Buildings

R. Paparella, M. Caini

structure.

environmental units, such as living room, kitchen, living-dining room, laundry and power plant, garage and porch.

illustrated in Figure 5.

the cost, on the other hand the designer

semidetached house, Figure 6. The

below. Altitude 6 meter. above sea level,

garage and laundry room and the living room, kitchen, hallway, bathroom.

bedrooms, a single bedroom, a walk-in closet, a bathroom and a lodge.

Figure 6: Semi-detached house model realised in BIM

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MODEL IN REINFORCED CONCRETE AND EPS

Load-bearing perimeter wall and wall

Load-bearing internal wall between heated-unheated rooms

Metal and stone wool structure - 75 mm

Floor on the ground

Mineralised wood wool 35 mm

Windows Air conditioning

Electrical

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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R. Paparella, M. Caini

Buildings

layers, at steady state and at periodic

The construction techniques, materials that the optimal solution is that that

•

•

Load-bearing

internal

wall

bearing walls considers 16 possible

• • the minimum transmittance value equal

• the heated and non-heated rooms. For

• because between environments that have the same temperature does not

The model provides the supporting

and thickness. The package has been

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Figure 8: AAL system scheme

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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Buildings

used in design between the heated and unheated rooms (between living room and garage

R. Paparella, M. Caini

tank is equipped with a circulation pump

The model provides the load bearing which can vary in thickness and thermal

During the design phase it is necessary to make sure that these powers are

the heat pump, which is equipped with also evaluated. connect to the air-conditioning terminals depart. The smaller air handling unit can 3

system scheme is shown in Figure 7.

Kit. The heat pump is equipped with

lower accumulation is the accumulation

provides domestic hot water with a

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The present work, shows how it is according to user needs and aims to

natural ventilation whenever the ambient operating temperature

a smart tool whereby, through an online

distribute audio and video signals.

Since the various system components, as commonly happens

technological, as well as its cost. A

• terminals will be installed. Building

•

subsequent steps. The consequences

• the AAL system can be connected to cameras and sensors placed in

•

supplier companies, a single AAL touch has been studied, able to dialogue with all the components in order to have a single building management. For this purpose, it

that will be installed in the building work,

this approach helps to make the planning the user the possibility to choose

open building automation standard, logic. been carried out upstream, with the

• application, it is possible to manage the temperature and humidity in

used.

•

were held between the suppliers to understand what protocol to use in the communication between the home automation system and the air conditioning system.

energy

savings.

The

dimming

already present in natural lighting

•

are elderly or with motor disabilities.

Buildings

R. Paparella, M. Caini

, Feneal Uil , M.,

, M.,

, M.,

, J.,

, M.,

, J.,

,

managers, designers, engineers and contractors.

, S.,

, A., , E.,

, U.,

,

,

, Architectural

, Energy and strategygroup,

Forum.

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6

Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects

The paper will show how a long term project can be controlled using dynamics or according to the project characteristics and duration.

â‚Ź

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects

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T

his paper is relevant to long term

G. di Castri

term is substantially stochastic. start, it becomes quite impossible, or

well as industrial project, however we

as a project whose duration is more

other, longer term projects. since there is always something deterministic and, on the other side, deterministic.

We dare then to propose a new

composed by 15 hydroelectrical projects, 17 power plants (thermoelectric or

allow us to project the past data towards

The historical data we have are generally not enough, in addition short-term statistical data and indicators are not

• • • •

short term be calculated with high reliability and a limited contingency margin medium term durations can change not in a way to impact on the constraint structure long term can change

project can be adjusted during the Even long term project can be duly kept under control, but we must consider

meaning. Sometimes the owners do not really own the time span they need, in some cases the original budget are estimated lower on purpose in order to get a project decision. This has important

projects.

Without

• • •

needed

owners and then in the goals to be achieved through the project (in this case, it would probably be better to divide the whole project in several medium term or long term minor

Major political or economic events,

those

heavily underestimated at the beginning,

beginning, nobody would make the decision to go on and the world, today, would be poorer.

• and medium term, this is to say that deterministic methods are not enough. company, normally “short term” means

The most used deterministic method

sheet, “medium term” means within the

time and on budget. while “long term” means beyond the

scheduling are only limited to work

Every project goes through a stochastic say that short and medium term are substantially deterministic while long

65

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become clearer, this is still a deterministic methods albeit organised into two levels

operational research, that is beyond the

allow stochastic routines and add-ons. method, with the possibility to consider some durations with a stochastic approach.

contingencies and work variation can help up to a certain point, however it

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

quite impossible to make a reliable

motorway or railway projects than can be divided in several sections to be put in operation one by one, being the other sections still not completed or even cancelled. The same has been applied

adjusted through projected economic side, a project like the bridge to connect divided into sections with the same would become quite useless. resources needed, whose amount is

as in the overall project budget. due to owner related events or to major political events, as well as to causes

economic

normally

and analysing is quite completed and statically correct, but they start

• either

the

probability

that

an

•

•

•

are

work processes. Those indicators are quite reliable in the short and medium

methods, as they are known in the operational research, we would like to

•

indicators

the stochastic network creating an equivalent reduced network, that can be managed as deterministic

term projects cannot be managed in a be considered neither in level 1 nor in

simulation

• • •

that are assumed as a sample has

services are varying, the technology evolves, equipment evolves too.

those cases, also budgeting becomes stochastic. maintenance workshop whose contract was stipulated on 1976 and suspended

as well as stochastic methods can be cases the best way is to divide it into

[1] that, multiplied

66

Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects

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budget was again estimated in about 6

G. di Castri

•

onsite (process units), that were

•

offsite (connecting network and

•

utilities cooling

•

services (workshops, warehouses,

and then to re-negotiate the contract.

When we investigated into the design, we noticed that

• •

•

the railway signal technology used

calculated considering that the rails be installed by hand, while the

using regression methods and then comparing with the actual data. Some

•

water

restaurant,

system,

emergency

steam

toom,

on mechanical installation was about 6 years, standard workload installation works had had a sensible increase

•

times the estimated cost

the workshop should have been in the to say, contractor should have been estimated cost

the term sub-project was misused. The project controls was based on a project schedule and on a budget, that were

years, but this consideration was on the assumption that no major change happens neither in the world economic system. The same will apply to sensitivity analysis, that makes

value criterion to compare the planned versus the actual cost. When the project went into delay and then toregister cost overrun, although the assumption was still to use a deterministic method, constraints as well as the critical path this is to say that the planning became that such change was never declared

span suspension bridge with a central

A major petrochemical plant in Middle East was composed by 13 process units centred around a steam cracker, 6 utility units and a connecting network

canteen, etc. The project was actually

was necessary to redraw the structure any sense to keep the process units and to cancel the utilities. Simply, the plant would not work. By this way, the scope

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some years.

been better to consider this possibility since the beginning, by introducing

completed.

by taking into consideration a more suitable division into autonomously sustainable sub-projects.

“

A long term project whose scope is quite

time to time the parametres to the [2]

term project is a medieval cathedral

To have an idea about how those a modern project that is more similar to a medieval cathedral than to the projects we are usually taking into consideration in recent times. Thisis in

Barcelona,

whose

The Messina bridge was clearly a long term project, albeit articulated in several subprojects (bridge properly so said, road connection in Sicily, road not make any sense to complete the bridge without the road connections on both sides.

corresponding to the reality, it would have been better to consider the

construction

been consecrated by pope Benedict

only the willingness to build a cathedral.

Like in medieval cathedrals, design

Project A

during construction, parts were added

•

gasoline

hydrogen,

LLD

• •

utilities, services.

Project B

• construction had to rely only on private not any possibility to make a reliable planning, the work packages were

butadiene, polybutadiene rubber Project C

• •

has been managed. When the works was changed several times, the actual design is not anymore the original one

impossible to make any assumption about time and cost, thedesign was

subdivided into

• death, in order to complete his design.

kept under control section by section,

were still in the strategic phase. Then,

Even now, that the cathedral is already consecrated (business-like, we can say

Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term Projects

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G. di Castri

Note Notes

[1] L.it [2]

La Sagrada FamĂ­lia is

,

, Flaccovio , John W., Kenneth K.

editor.

,

, Marcel, Stuart , and Eddy , Alessandro, and Aldo

.

Franco Angeli , Roger, and Donald R.

Alinea Editrice

, The

Ingegneria Economica,

,

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7

Multi-dimensional Risk Assessment

and health on workplace topics. “ Assessment ”, “ ”.

risk assessment.

€

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”, “

”, “

” and “

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

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D

promotes decent and productive work

U. Di Camillo

Through these indications we can deduce

to be taken to eliminate or reduce risks the minimum international standards legal requirements in regard to system

are to be used, that eliminate or minimise

highlighted

regulations concerning the health and

not yet been adopted by the national one.

• • 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

• • •

many sectors have improved over time

others have remained practically the same

procedures, organisation, health and

out by applying the tools indicated in the construction site in Milan.

Figure 1: The continual improvement cycle (source: ILO Guidelines on OSHMS)

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OUTPUTS SHOULD BE State clearly and precisely what is to be delivered

complete risk assessment.

Measurable

assessment documents, it does not mean that written procedures have to

Achievable

Be within resources, skills and competencies, joimtly determined, challenging

Relevant

Be linked to the unit workplan and be within your job role

Time bound

that are clear, and easily understood. procedures is that they serve as a clear

indirect ones. Regarding this issue the states that “ how the work is done, not just how it poor match between the procedure and that can be done in practice it will devalue the procedure and others and is achieved, in a manner that is clear to workers and supervisors, there is a higher chance that it will be complied with and the supervisors will be more

“

”.

To achieve what is indicated in the an analytical and complete approach

have occurred in the same conditions deeper and more detailed, observing not only the direct causes but also the

” Since the actions releted to determine

1.

2.

3.

recurrence. substandard

conditions.

These

are

Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

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U. Di Camillo

physical symptoms wich can be seen or sensed. Whilst these symptoms can not be ignored, only the direct preventive

elaborated in compliance with the

ensure that recurrence is prevented. occupational diseases when they are the workplace, young people do not have

Recently some innovative elements introduced by TUS have concerned the among the risks also those related to work-related stress, to pregnant workers,

both physically and psychologically, as workers and employers. The European this process and to create in 1996 an agency dedicated to this purpose, EU-

situation they do not have adequate

With regard to the management systems, these regulations recall the

present danger. should be noted that their application in Several European national regulations anticipating possible new and emerging risks through the European Risk

limited. ”

main topics involved in the research and

(e.g. “

Aging workers. prolonging working lives are important consideration may also vary substantially Materials in the correct Environment to

“

• • • •

sensory, decrease due to the natural

• •

began to be evaluated, linked to the ability to support working conditions that can cause physical and psychological

• • •

work in noisy environments or in low or high temperature conditions.

•

Testo Unico

•

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• • •

This concept is closely correlated Mechanical and machinery contacts the substandard act happened or the conditions arose. They are not always

•

with which it was conceived, however, Risk assessment, according to a traditional approach, results in a two-

•

preventive and protective measures necessary to eliminate and reduce the assessed risks are concentrated towards

•

•

no adequate case study to measure equipment and layout, environment,

would not be possible to determine the

to address these risks by carrying out must appeal to technical-engineering workings. For this reason they have belong to protective nature and will contribute to increase the attention

connected to an eventual accident (risk

dimensional risk analysis must deal

adequately taken into consideration,

• vulnerable people, young workers,

•

moreover those that belong to traditional

•

Table 2: A typical two-dimensional risk assessment (source: THEMA)

Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

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U. Di Camillo

individual measures to those already

• • • • • •

lone workers

Their possible presence must induce supplementary

measures,

such

as

The case study is based on the

construction site, as he had to have the

detailed and precise planning and management, especially with regard to the aspects related to the health and

75

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to avoid dangerous repercussions on the

• •

adapting them to national regulatory requirements. The criteria with which it

• the opportunity to use additional security procedures compared to those established by current regulations, to protect both workers and the

The intervention that has been carried

•

76

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

outputs provided by the Deming cycle concepts.

•

circa

•

circa € 3

•

6

has gone through a systematic, cyclic and dynamic approach that involves the direct managers involved in the

1. indicates the procedures to be

Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

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7.

Working

at

height

during

U. Di Camillo

the

protective measures relating to all the risks envisaged in the

2.

•

The outputs challenging are within

•

All the responsible shall sign in the template. The document has a

intrinsically dangerous working phases

a.

risks were those that can be attributed

spatial and temporal planning

objects. To prevent them it was vital that SSW should be in place.

evaluating and adopting the preventive and protective measures relating to all the risks

previously made, as an integrative tool that was considered to be included in the

• the key steps to reviewing the

b.

envisaged. This procedure, already widely used in industrial areas (eg chemical What is highlighted during the meeting

c.

document, just to point out the cogency determines how that job shall be carried adopted and applied to eliminate

contractors involved.

authorised and properly trained people

construction site was a unique tool in the cyclic and dynamic steps.

The criteria with which it was conceived,

Work on plant with live electrical

• • •

3.

4.

5.

6.

•

also take the necessary precautions which they have been trained to take responsible.

• 1.

2.

that these are avoided by using suitable precautions. Those carrying out the job should think about and understand what they are doing and how their work may

•

and to check the quality and quantity

it is necessary that this instrument

•

it is not regularly applied, because it

•

be underestimated by the workers

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Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

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due attention.

U. Di Camillo

•

Register has been compiled, where all done. For these reasons it was considered necessary to assign the chronological order.

Furthermore, among the peculiarities systems are to be applied at a particular

has emerged to avoid dangerous

instruction-training session should be done and registered in appropriate contractors. This will apply equally

another. indicated above, but also to respond dimensional risk evaluation according to parameters comparable with those analysis. This step would allow a

•

risk classes and thus lead to a more

on site. For these reasons it was considered necessary to assign the

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The approach used to address the

• •

proper conditions.

a multi-dimensional risk assessment by the contractor involved. Despite a

by the companies involved, since its managers involved.

workers involved.

Minor results were instead made in the work phases involved, as the contractors have not always managed to respect

• •

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment

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Bologna. .

, Bologna. (available

.

. , K.,

, J,

U. Di Camillo

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Serena Di Marco

8 Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’aquila

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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila

S. Di Marco

INTRODUCTION

I

Figure 1: Plan of the active cranes encumbrance in the old town of L'Aquila, October 2017

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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila

S. Di Marco

Figure 2: Compartment 9 of the central axis

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(Fig. 01)

(Fig.02)

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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila

S. Di Marco

(Fig. 03)

(Fig. 04) (Fig. 05)

Figure 4: Cranes plan, phase 1 Figure 5: Cranes plan, phase 2

(Fig. 06)

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(Fig. 07)

1.

Figure 6: Typologies of considered scaffolds

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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila

S. Di Marco

(Fig. 08)

2.

3.

Figure 7: Map of the builder skips Figure 8: Three different transit area and temporary storage point

(Fig. 09) (Fig. 10)

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Figure 9: Route A Figure 10: Route B

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila

Figure 11: Flow chart

S. Di Marco

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Figure 12:

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila

Bibliography

Web sites

La Ricostruzione dei centri storici di L’Aquila e delle sue frazioni

Il Piano di Ricostruzione dei centri storici di L’Aquila e Frazioni

Stralcio degli interventi edilizi diretti nella perimetrazione del Capoluogo Criteri operativi per la programmazione della ricostruzione privata nei centri storici del comune di L’Aquila L’emergenza e l’inerzia. Politica e politiche dopo il sisma aquilano

urbanistico

Manuale di diritto

Tecnologia della produzione edlizia metodiche industriali e tecnologie operative per i cantieri edili Protocollo di intesa Emergenza sisma Abruzzo 2009: ottimizzazione delle attività relative alle misure per la salute e sicurezza nei cantieri temporanei o mobili Procedure per la ricostruzione post-sisma: analisi e proposte

Il nuovo cantiere Piano per la gestione delle macerie e rocce da scavo derivanti dagli interventi di prima emergenza e ricostruzione.

L’Aquila. Non si uccide così anche una città?

Criteri operativi per la programmazione della ricostruzione privata nei centri storici del comune di L’Aquila Libro bianco sulla ricostruzione privata fuori dai centri storici nei comuni colpiti dal sisma dell’Abruzzo del 6 aprile 2009 dell’emergenza e urbanistica

Elementi di organizzazione del cantiere e sicurezza nelle attività edili Non si uccide così anche una città?

S. Di Marco

L’Aquila.

Progettazione esecutiva, progettazione operativa e sicurezza nei cantieri

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9

LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage

and moisture spots caused by condensation

â‚Ź

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage

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C. Scognamillo

building component. The objective is to a society that sees a continuous and uncontrollable growth in consumption sustainable

consumption,

in

which

environmental and social needs. This is without a thermal insulation system, was

sector, that is responsible at European

to the comparison residential (which

To

solve

the

problem

described

maintenance strategies and constructive environmental resources.

The present study is aimed at reiterating parameters relating to the materials methodologies as decision support tools

hypothesised, thus returning, according insulating layer to be inserted in the two

the economic and environmental impact

• •

placing on the cementitious support,

that covers the outer insulation panel

Figure 1: Old demaged sheath Figure 3: Original section

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time, reducing in this way the possibility This stratigraphy allows to protect layer, retains its characteristics and changes, keeping it at temperatures

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

• •

Maintenance, which includes the

•

Decommissioning, which includes

the sealing layer. To protect the insulating insulating capacity and because it is able

then a heavy protection in washed round gravel, which also allows access to the

resistance to compression and humidity.

analysis and consists in the quantitative The thermophysical parameters relating

bituminous membrane. The decision not to use a single panel is dictated by maintenance and economic issues that will be dealt with later. Moreover, given

entering and leaving the two systems.

For this reason it was necessary to associate the materials and processes,

limit

to the data present in the databases necessary step to be able to construct

middle and the others in the corners, at a material the correspondence with the

•

source and the quantity required.

Alternative A

BituminouswaterprooEcoinvent system process

Kg

Acrylic varnish

Alternative B The thermophysical parameters relating

We obtain Unit thermal transmittance U limit

Figure 4: Alternative A Figure 5: Alternative B

96

membrane Ecoinvent system process

Kg

LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage

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C. Scognamillo

Alternative A To reduce the environmental impacts due to transport, the materials used Bituminous 76,6 Km

membrane RES U

recovered, as well as processed, within

Acrylic varnish

Malvin

put in place.

Alternative B

Bituminous

Furthermore, the energy consumption demolition

equipment

and

the

membrane

RES U Transport, lorry 3,5-

76,6 Km

15,5 Km

Semac

Roccarainola

RES U

durability, the best results were obtained with the systems where the mantle protected bituminous membranes, ie with traditional stratigraphy and without protection, where the mantle is made The investigations carried out to date, radiations and to the consequent high 1995 include the results published by

must be protected with acrylic paints.

no maintenance intervention has been

to the stratigraphy in which it is inserted cases, according to the report, there are no protection systems.

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environmental savings obtained with the

were planned during the maintenance

•

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

environmental releases to certain impact

• • • • •

• •

impact associated with the systems studied.

•

real environmental balance with the help

• belongs to the materials used. maintenance work were considered sent environmental impacts caused by the two intervention alternatives studied was assessed. This evaluation starts

• • •

Alternative A the insulating panel determined the highest impact values, in particular with

the inventory phase and allows, through During the maintenance phase, the greatest damage was generated by the

For the decommissioning phase a manual and mechanical demolition was considered, with the consequent on the trucks.

The materials were sent to recycling

with the protective acrylic paint. danger.

With the Eco-indicator 99 evaluation it was possible to quantitatively associate

recyclable materials.

Alternative B

was

Bituminous

determined

by

the

insulating

B.Recycling membrane

Trasport, lorry 3,5-

bituminous membrane

Eurometal

carcinogenic damage to humans and

RES U

Trasport, lorry 3,5-

strutture B.Recycling

maintenance

phase

the

greatest

LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage

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the

impact

categories

have

been

C. Scognamillo

greatest environmental impact. the production phase, the alternative A presented the largest environmental load in

membrane, since it is the only nonmembrane has determined damage to the

remaining materials were negligible.

Subsequently, the environmental impacts that compete with the two design alternatives have been traced design solutions and at the same time

• •

Ecosystem Quality, measured in

• •

Resources, measured in MJsurplus.

The results are shown as a single

a comparative assessment was made between the two design alternatives according to the environmental impacts

minerals.

19,9

Alternative A Ecosystem quality Resources TOTAL

123,45

105,04

7,67

6,61

136,37

118,31

the vapor barrier.

maintenance interventions responsible alternative A was the design solution and the greater damage to human health

to replace the pre-bitumed insulating Ecosystem quality

acrylic paint.

During the decommissioning phase, the

Resources TOTAL

to resources but also in that relating to human health. phase, where the gap between the two alternatives was more pronounced not Alternative B

73,373

particular, Resources was the most

the maintenance intervention with the

Ecosystem quality

35,751

Resources

139,57

TOTAL

318,05

222,123

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

because alternative A needs more

that they presented the main problems were those related to human health and the two alternatives have been divided two restoring works on the bituminous to recycle the bitumen-based material, painting operations must be added with acrylic protective paint. two years.

Even in the decommissioning phase the alternative B was the most sustainable solution, with a total environmental

• •

Maintenance, which includes the costs triggered by maintenance

•

Decommissioning, which includes phases.

11,1 Ecosystem quality

each intervention, thus obtaining the

Resources TOTAL

24,04

17,91

•

costs related to energy consumption

•

the cost related to the consumption

•

the cost related to the consumption -

Alternative A

acrylic paint

•

-

remake plaster

Alternative B

sary to proceed with the discounting -

rent maturities over time.

remake plaster

Table 8: Phases costs

LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage

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C. Scognamillo

this alternative constitutes the most economically advantageous solution

maintenance phase and the discounted the alternative A, in blue the alternative

obtained the global costs.

Taking also into consideration the interventions.

â‚Ź

5.636,75

maintenance costs, between the two

Maintenance Decommissioning

RESULTS

• •

methodologies to the present study has made it possible to evaluate and compare the environmental and

intensive maintenance activity and by

analysis showed that alternative B represents the least impacting choice

solution to the European purposes

materials.

environmental damage related to the

Ecosystem quality

The greater environmental criticality

Table 9: Phases costs

Resources

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higher weight. economically

advantageous

solution

approach that allows you to have an

Moreover, the decision to intervene on the building envelope with a thermal redevelopment the

intervention,

environment,

since

involves

decreasing

that is emitted into the atmosphere.

allows to limit the maintenance costs

in the construction phase.

Added to this is the need to make the

she is aware that a certain design choice impact on the environment associated

included in the comparative evaluation conducted, with which it was possible to

Figure 9: Global costs

broader science based on the reduction

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

LCA and LCC Analysis for the Programming of Sustainable Interventions on Building Heritage

in_bo

(available

Termotecnica.

Codice dei contratti

.

. , dicembre

(available

Recycle. (available Editore.

, M.

, M. R.

Ed. Franco Angeli.

La Chimica & La , (available

C. Scognamillo

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Stefano Politi Fabrizio Sampietro

10

LCA Analysis Through a Visual on a BIM Model Case Study

growing concern about environmental issues, they embody a valuable mean to analyse buildings process consequences thus guiding designers towards better and more aware choices.

and automatically update the outcomes when something in the model changes.

selection occurs.

â‚Ź

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:

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onstructions

today

represent

the environmental impacts related to construction materials and products

Furthermore, buildings contribution to global pollution is estimated to reach

within the common design practice, trying to overcome some critical issues to building sector, several Sustainable Development strategies have been

with tools and methods were developed to implement sustainability in the built

application. considering both the recent European regulations on construction materials

For a long period, main attention has buildings operation, thus to energy

rating systems such as LEED, BREEAM

to heating and cooling aspects (Rรถck et

not consider environmental analysis during the design process.

The reasons usually concern the high

buildings sustainability and to achieve approaches and technologies have

comparisons.

Such tools should evaluate buildings

investment.

the assessment outcomes, provide in

the

design

process

allowing choices.

alternatives.

Among

the

already

two in particular are able to enhance

S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

at the same time, the entire buildings method is considered a valuable means to evaluate the environmental impact

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

When employed to achieve sustainable purposes in buildings projects, this

generating and managing coordinated and consistent building data during its

to reduce environmental impacts and established sustainability goals� (Wong

report

several

impacts

throughout

involving air, water and soil quality, thus

energy

consumption

assessment

approaches the complete method. model to sustainability indicators and metrics, can enhance detailed water

and

energy

(Anderson

and to undertake more aware decisions in the early projects phases. At the same time, this approach can stimulate the last decades, crucial changes in the design and management approaches

methodology, requiring a great amount

used in construction into a common

transparency and interoperability between the stakeholders thus enhancing communication and

cycle�

(nationalbimstandard.org,

purposes, once the building is close

the building that includes a variety

processes and technologies able to endorse a systematic approach to able to guide the design process and

Despite being more challenging, the has to occur in the early phases when construction and operation processes dimensional,

spatial,

quantitative,

LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:

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qualitative, and other data included in a data.

sorted per building materials, components or assemblies.

building becomes a complicated task.

in

heterogeneous

environmental

decommissioning circumstances along with transportation issues

it involves assumptions about materials tools, are still considered among the cycle phases and conducting complete

Anyway, as previously stated, the stages are the early ones, when the project

represents a key issue as it involves redundant and potentially error-ridden

For these reasons, integration between

S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

assessment

techniques

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

currently

products, materials and components but not including study will consider the building

data compatibility occurs, thus resulting

investigation will be limited to the

•

scheme adopted is shown in Table 1.

represents a key element in shaping applications, this paper provides a and it covers a considerable portion

Dynamo, which can interoperate between

•

consumption during the use phase are listed as element to be included in the assessment, this study has been limited to the impacts associated with materials and

related application. related to buildings materials.

undertaking certain design choices at initial project stages or, at least, at those products selection occurs.

• residence, has been developed with

assemblies and attributes such as

•

environmental implications at initial stages.

materials and products alternatives, since preliminary characteristics

LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:

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Data acquisition is the most conspicuous issue since buildings

envelope materials and products

the most representative data related

spreadsheet

containing

all

the

• “common language” based on data

development.

This

convention

the Autodesk Dynamo visual programming tool, able to associate the environmental impacts contained in the spreadsheet to the related materials and products

is

“Solution”, this study relies on a similar

•

and sorted per singular material or

• application.

S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

schedule�. designed

in

compliance

with

the

have been collected, thus assuming the composed by plasterboard structures

and with the latest environmental management standards. When the

Rockwool panels, enclosed in calcium-

With Autodesk Revit, it was possible

coat layers.

building materials generating a “wall

were used as a secondary data source.

LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:

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S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro

Eventually, a structured spreadsheet materials and products environmental

•

materials per category and per

• mark considering the previous

• environmental indicators included 1

•

assigning unique tags to each column in order not to create ambiguities with the Revit model

consisted in the generation, within parameters

able

to

contain

the

This was accomplished through the

script through the visual programming tool Autodesk Dynamo, in order to contained in the spreadsheet to the

•

Detecting the spreadsheet within a

1

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

• • • • •

Assigning the lists content incorporating the spreadsheet data, to Revit detected parameters

•

singular material and per aggregate components. Revit schedules, actually, to run easy operation between the cells. other custom parameters intended

indicator was calculated through the Revit schedules.

Autodesk Dynamo in order to interrelate

to compare and select the materials with the lower environmental loads or

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro

impact databases but, when data occurs, they might not allow universal designers on a day-to-day basis without

some step, as it requires manual data

an ambition to provide design guidance materials and products as well as

Further development could boost the leading to innovative, comprehensive and reliable applications.

construction process are available and can be considered a reliable opportunity provided

to

several

order to conduct reliable and, within certain circumstances, comparable

environmental

and analysis completion.

technology can represent a valid means scales. models usually reach only a low

database at a building element level can initial phases.

evaluation, as the project acquires a

literature (Shadram and Mukkavaara,

allowing updates.

progressive

assessment

to obtain comparable assessments, and conventions to adopt, both in the

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standards and regulations depending

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

• outcomes, depends greatly on the

integration employing the proposed

•

•

automatically including aspects

assessment

construction techniques, materials and product maintenance, is still

aiming at providing a reliable overview

initial

stages

and

alternatives.

Such an approach has shown to imply

building, thus avoiding manual

•

at

easy access to the actual quantities

assessment variables (e.g. study boundaries, environmental on just one case study does not

economic convenience, as well as some

environmental data processing and its

limitations.

scopes, depending on personal

•

design alternatives, especially with regard to materials and products,

• the conclusive ones, without re-

and products with the unit processes

• materials and product that can be updated with new elements and

is providing a great improvement in

This paper also evidences certain

•

Further developing the interoperability producing a spreadsheet implies a robust structure in naming environmental impacts, resulting in an accurate but time-consuming manual data entry since is still not achievable to obtain an automatic

• still a delicate step since it depends

can concur to the improvement and the

LCA Analysis Through a Visual Programming Tool:

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S. Politi, G. Bergonzoni, I. W. J. Cincotta, F. Sampietro

. Green Sustainability,

.

. . A guide

Enhancing . Automation in .

. . .

.

Building and Environment, .

Renewable and Sustainable Energy , Introduction to the . Understanding and

. Rough guide to sustainability.

,

Building and Environment, .

,

.

Energy

Building and Environment,

.

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11 Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the Fault Tree Analysis and the Failure Mode and

supervision during main working phases.

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Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the

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T

he

construction

sector

S. Marchello

has respiratory tract and protective clothing.

intend to proceed with a probabilistic changed.

FTA - Fault Tree Analysis, based on a backward approach, and the FMEA are witnessing a worrying increase in

The occupational diseases caused

automobile industries. The analysis is carried out on the three techniques

data related to Mesothelioma cases

the materials and the products to be used, the individual protection devices to be done to operate in complete

cases. About occupational cancers, construction workers are the most

cancer than all other workers.

construction industry determines a

is normally carried out by specialists with dedicated training.

The

building intervention where laborers

or without breaking the slabs, and reasons suitable temporary works must

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Asbestos is a natural mineral with a

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

These mandatory communications are preventive, ie they concern activities that have not yet been carried out.

To arrive at an assessment on the

gives the asbestos a remarkable mechanical resistance and a high during the remediation interventions, biological agents, abrasion and thermal and mechanical wear, it also has sound-absorbing and heat-insulating properties and easily binds with building

developed over time to obtain objective remediation and describes the technical

materials containing asbestos, the or mobile construction sites provided

• • • •

Regions. characteristic to divide longitudinally, whereby the material maintains the

inhaled, it can penetrate deep into the pulmonary alveoli and be carcinogenic.

Remediation can be achieved by three

dimensional model that has the purpose

•

indications on the actions that must be taken towards cement materials plates with products that cover the

• remediation work. The importance

•

• removal-elimination

and

•

inserted material

material containing asbestos.

The calculation is made by adding the scores assigned to the parameters the appropriate protection devices, considered the Framework Law on asbestos as it was intended to regulate

workers.

nature through which the intervention criteria have been established, the operating procedures to be adopted

concerning

taken in materials removal work.

•

graph, and the scores attributed to the

materials

containing

• actions to be undertaken correspond.

Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the

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S. Marchello

Language

• analysis, assessment and subsequent

•

to have methodologies and support tools that, through the acquisition

• evaluate and manage in scenarios

• • • the risk assessment process, to provide risk analysis and management and Analysis system are the correct initial small business types where the risk underestimation could be greater, microactivity in which the error resides.

FMEA and FTA, already used in reality by greater risks. The research activity

• •

dei guasti

With this study we intend to proceed with a probabilistic risk assessment, using the Risk Analysis tools.

•

a preventive study aimed at eliminating critical system issues

•

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symbology, as are the logical gates that connect events to one another. There undesired event to determine (or rather causes in a systematic way, through steps.

The Fault Tree Analysis was developed

over time shows that the interest in the FTA is not declined, but currently remains constant over time. As with any new discovery, there have been criticisms over the years, but the the FTA have discredited the arguments against it. Thus the FTA has become used internationally.

to the universal system, not just to the within the same company noted the results that this program was able to provide and began to use the FTA

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

its characteristics can be evaluated using the Boolean equations. The events correspond to the variables

between the events, corresponds to the the intersection between the events, corresponds to the product.

The basic concept that drives the

Failure tree analysis was, in the mid-

preceding. That is, you should not jump directly to the root causes, but you When the Top Event equation is steps through the causes immediately

it was used to evaluate the probability steps, will end with the basic causes Moon and their return to Earth in good condition. The result was a probability

set. analysis.

The FT is presented as a graphical

unacceptably low, against the decidedly

these diagrams can be grouped into 5 event, top event, undeveloped event and conditioning event. The events are located in the tree with a precise system.

Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the

in_bo

hours worked. The relevant time interval considered corresponds to the duration

assembly, installation and control phases.

The FMEA originated in the United

space missions. the automaker Ford to reduce the risks

FMEA. by

various

quality

management

S. Marchello

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

methodology, a quality management

The developed approach involves a probabilistic risk assessment, using the

average square deviation (indicated

or service to a certain level, particularly

Analysis. The analysis is carried out on the three remediation techniques, carried out, the products to be used, the individual protection devices to wear

are determined.

To carry out the analysis, a work carried

building located in Minerbio, in the occurring the cause.

through the controls normally used in the process.

These indices are evaluated with a

rate and relevant time interval. The

each other, whose study represents

strategies. Knowing how accidents prevention and protection action, but corrective actions must be decided to accidents in order to make them prevention, through adequate training

Detectability. reported in the individual complaints are traced to codes and constitute an analysis. Within its database, which can and to highlight the items on which to intervene subsequently.

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the

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S. Marchello

prepared containing all the possible events that cause the injury and the material agents involved in such events.

The Top Event is represented by the and the material agent involved in the

calculations is obtained. operating phases during which the Top in the construction report based on we want to impose that the TE occurs

with

the

encapsulation

technique

• • • • • • •

Maintenance and control.

Fault Tree Analysis to remediation by encapsulation.

system component, so they must be

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

with the B the basic events and with the could be avoided through preventive

Then it proceeds with the qualitative evaluation using the Boolean equations,

there is no control during the work, otherwise the error could be noticed.

This proceeds with the construction

million.

construction site.

represented by basic events that can

waste. the Top Event, the event descriptions are replaced with the corresponding codes. results obtained.For the encapsulation, events were indicated with the letter E,

could be avoided through preventive maintenance or control.

Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the

in_bo

S. Marchello

event becomes a condition to be

control during the work, otherwise the error could be noticed. This proceeds until the causes are all represented by developed.

the Top Event, the event descriptions are replaced with the corresponding codes. events were indicated with the letter E, with the B the basic events and with the

• • • • • • • • •

The same analysis procedure was

using the removal technique involves

the coverage, which represents about

• • • •

• • • • •

Undressing.

During the remediation through Removal the most risky phase is the

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

the

remediation

through

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Removal

however be considered that the Encapsulation phase is present in all carrying out the work, so it was obvious

statistical data and the data collected by removal turns out to be the riskiest manipulate the asbestos-cement slabs.

Analysis techniques is a valid choice to make critical and reasoned choices in -

thus allowing a meticulous evaluation vene on individual events by making preventive changes. ads to an accurate analysis because the FTA method, which represents the most

makes the analysis chooses to take into consideration. Another consideration to make is that the preponderant component is the worker and is associated -

companies carrying out remediation work on materials containing asbestos

product between probabilities related to

almost impossible to obtain because it

-

-

the risk and its causes, while the FMEA -

would lead to even more detailed and precise results.

Finally, it is important to underline that, however precise a risk analysis may

keep under control. data and the data collected in the litera-

its consequences.

numerous uncertainties.

into consideration when doing an analy-

FMEA analysis techniques, a more de-

asbestos-cement slabs.

ensuring the most precise and objective like reality.

Asbestos Hazards Analysis in Construction Projects With the

in_bo

,

,

Scuola Edile della provincia di Modena.

,

,

,

, January 1976.

, master degree thesis in Architecture and Building Engineering (M.

, ,

, Dario

Bologna.

, Maggioli Editore. ,

,

,

,9

, Roma ,

, .

, Eidgenรถssische technische

,

,

,

,

, , master degree thesis in Architecture and Building Engineering (M.

, dispense

Bologna. ,

,

,

,

,

,

, 9 novembre

,

S. Marchello

,

in_bo

New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

12 Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment

methodology between digital surveys and their derivative 3D abstractions, not a

are in development all over the European countries. Thus, this paper delves into

more and more interconnected semantic technologies, proposing a consolidated models. Moreover, the data interpretation operated by machines could be the most the knowledge contents about buildings and monuments will be no longer intelligible

â‚Ź

BY NC

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment

in_bo

a data management process actually

objects onto laser scan survey data� as

S. Garagnani

interventions on constructions. Many

especially all over the north American in Europe, its real potential has been

and man-made digital abstractions

using accurate tools and consolidated be backed by today’s computational laser

scanning,

as

suggested

by techniques applied to the already built

or

digital

photogrammetry

(whose restorations and renovations lead to a

buildings is still challenging, since the point clouds produced are then compared to new construction tasks,

and better estimations on costs and resources.

sources on techniques adopted and process aims at a general abstraction dedicated to the built environment, in

to author lean models whose elements

are almost missing or unshared across

architectural meaning related to their

in progress all over Europe, particularly on monumental sites or consolidated urban areas.

documentation or numerical sources

survey and digital representation, in is more in general a process whose misunderstandings

in

terms

and

as

reported

by

Eastman,

Sacks,

the actors involved in the process. The misinterpreted,

improperly

used

to

building, where perhaps 3D parametric primarily a database in which the

parametric objects, based on historic architectural data, in addition to a

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

behaviors over the long term.

These words are paramount in the built environment, since they represent

many issues connected to the maturity

monumental or placed in historical where all the data pertaining to the subject, its development, its inner historic essence and the evolutions that occurred over time can be shared practitioners

using

the

common

constructions, considering the digital

introduced considerable changes in (paper

documents,

photographs, in which the building process is traditionally conceived by the involved operational practices towards original ones, implemented with advanced tools able to relate to each other through

on the other. Technical English, as a

the process that can be implemented at an industrial level through which languages.

relationships.

From a commercial perspective, the

are assisted by digital technologies (in asset initially in the public procurement adopted also in the private sector.

several levels to combine the initial

that must be designed and that can

model to the real built architecture.

socially and productively.

individual industries cannot approach

Italian building by S. Garagnani, 2015).

Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment

in_bo

S. Garagnani

are pushing survey technologies in

inclusive data models, progresses are encouraging, as written by Xiong

The continuous data browsing and

and data sharing in mind as quoted

transition as pointed out accordingly by many European best practices and regulations, which are introducing data

the whole process is necessary.

process

among

operators,

when

hard to comply with predetermined

or restorations have to be prepared sources.

131

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to walls, trusses distribute their loads

components and their preservation are variable parameters, their semantics can be similar. This way, components’

just like the ones used to design new

in data layouts. Many case studies were

representing real elements are needed.

Again, components have to be acquired and prepared. As a consequence, three

by

the object shapes, knowledge about their identities and knowledge about the relationships between elements.

While the last two aspects are generally

“smart

objects”,

architectural

semantics and undergoing analysis and with each other. Smart objects are they contain not only a morphological built environment is although very parameters, but interaction routines as well (e.g., doors and windows belong

smartphone’s sensors detect all the head movements, so the model view is changed accordingly (Survey campaign, data processing, app development and BIM

Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment

in_bo

S. Garagnani

various stakeholders (maybe interested with other components, materials and “smart� components, slightly lighter in computer’s memory and much more editable than point clouds or polygonal

human operators cannot be directly

aimed

registered and divided objects can be studied along with their relationships,

into segmented elements , many

these aspects represent important

studies during last years on historic buildings can be proposed as a

consolidated

Following

a

methodology

approach,

segmented

regular parametric elements on the The applied and severely tested pipeline which architectural monuments are

survey, in which architecture is captured in its morphology, where materials, colors and shapes are documented

task and, generally, they can import

done by hand, then heavily subjective, time-wasting and almost inaccurate. To

relationships between components, as

applications by commercial houses will probably make this approach

on registered point clouds has to be documentation and investigation. heterogeneous, unsorted data set.

During this stage, points belonging to

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The process, the common language that would allow data sharing becomes

author

would

like

to

thank

participated and collaborated over the years on many digital modeling

collected on the as-built constructions could be processed by machines principles

able

to

aggregate

and

and churches (just like the sluice presented in some pictures along this

no.31 in BolognaFiere (presented at the

time digital simulations that are a and architectural intents, as widely

digital transition in the built environment is perhaps the data interpretation as a prerogative meant to be a human knowledge contents about buildings and monuments will be no longer intelligible only to the human perception, through a shared digital language,

intervention through many alternatives, restorations and renovations.

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Digital Renovation: BIM for the Built Environment

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S. Garagnani

. Applications

John Wiley

.

,

.

, Elsevier,

,

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13

A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management

commonly recurrent in construction sites and in the advanced one are implemented. The

workmen and environmental quality. Moreover, the possibility to control the warehouse economic gains.

â‚Ź

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A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management

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tangible

processes

innovation

L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini

and the asset are attributable to design.

sector, since it allows a coherent and is possible to considerably reduce these errors, thanks to the continuous This paper aims at highlighting the

making decisions without considering their impact on the other disciplines. or incorrect documentation, especially when there are tight deadlines to

At this very important moment in is essential to support decision-making.

in construction processes provides stakeholders with the opportunity to understand and support decisions through a computational approach.

The most recent legal provisions also

some critical aspects are also unveiled and suggested.

limited to the design and construction

separation in use between design and construction has led to an ongoing lack

contractors and others still called construction sites in general reveal a requires a unique strategy (Love et al.,

processes, their relationships and the transposing European legislation, the

digital transition pushed by regulations also increases the probability and

approach

in

public

and reality. This merge is constantly increasing, thanks to the development

procurement, phases.

Although

many

studies methodology in this regard. Many

most important and strategic works

known about the real costs associated applications to convey the project to the to estimate and measure these costs

this process, it is necessary to enable in the construction sector account This crucial operational change is also impacting the construction companies, called upon to change their structure

themselves and other actors involved

discussed and approved.

Building Research Establishment, in

phase, the project developed by means

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be used in the construction phase. the works and, on the other hand, it

the operational managers, the site inspectors and the works manager.

towards the smart, or beyond, towards the cognitive worksite requires a robust methodological basis, a greater attention to the management and

construction

actors involved in the process.

time, equipment and employees. The

managers

are

also

are not able to provide added value dimensional representations. Although

customer, on the other hand creates the

congruence between the documents, the projects drawn up may contain construction sector, which has remained

validated through these three phases, it can be placed on a competitive basis.

The represented design is used by the selected company to carry out an

to the graphic one. data allows us to develop increasingly

that is most suited to the realisation checking the materials used on-site to ensure that they meet the design

and overall costs, which means the equipment and employees. Through the activities, inside and outside the site, procedures, is now possible mostly as

gradually corrected to respect time and costs. These issues are becoming project and, consequently, the contents

project grows, requiring a systematic smart site is a connected site through speed up and increase the productivity

A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management

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cognitive site goes beyond and applying machine learning algorithms could learn by the data and predict issues and propose solutions increasing to a

non-compliance with prevention and protection procedures.

Users can only access data using

L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini

on a civil construction site, but in the

procedures.

allows to manage three-dimensional

regulated in order to keep under control all the processes that take place in situ.

way, it is possible to simultaneously control multiple sites located in areas

permits.

anomalies in the construction sites.

These structures are able to locate in real time, both indoors and outdoors,

system

would

involve

the

incompatible and not interconnected

is made possible by an interconnection network that can detect the presence

installations. The positioned devices connect autonomously to the others

as well as materials with presence control and access authorisations to the various construction site

would ensure that the actors in the people oversteps the personal privacy used to manage the various aspects the aspects listed above are just some

entrust each workman with a user with certain characteristics that he or she

and resource management, which are many companies are moving to set

the administrator allowed to link the the compliance with the requirements by monitoring in real time, with wireless compliance with prescriptions. These multi-level architectures are able to record and analyse data in order to obtain statistics on site behaviour and, reports. This structure acquires data connects and locates sensors, tags and badges, developing data management

includes machine learning algorithms to introduce a responsiveness related to

real identity.

are delivered back to machines or

in a cognitive concept the machines and materials can implement their intelligence through data analytics and machine learning to introduce predictive logics.

the surveys are analysed in real time,

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The adopted methodology pursues to such as sensors that could be used to locate materials, people and machines.

is wide and in this paper a short introduction has been given in the paper is to describe some case studies about how to use the data gathered model to control, enable and implement site. Four case studies are described in

controls are structured by colour codes and actuations could be implemented towards the communication architecture pervading the construction

simulated and written in a database

and actuation or a control system about environmental conditions, workmen’ implemented.

controls and actuations.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management

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possible applications highlighted.

approach are wide considering the data that can be gathered by sensors installed and the environmental control

implemented to monitor and decrease

temperature and relative humidity have been used as main control parameters simulate the data collection by sensors

The reported ranges state the correct conditions and thus the colour code “green” is displayed, while the values are lower or higher than the thresholds the values are reported as not compliant and consequently combined with a “red” colour code. The data have been as repository as shown in Table 1.

as and promote a tailored service to relocate resources which could have problems with indoor and storage conworkmen in the construction site areas.

L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini

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The second simulation is about the in the construction site related to

corresponding to masses and the

monitor the environmental condition

model in the Autodesk Revit authoring been applied to the construction site

the simulation is shown including the The simulation allows to understand areas in the construction site however

processes and location. The masses

however the areas could change during

avoid methodological discrepancies or inconsistencies.

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control to restricted access areas. The and man down signal converge to the

colour code.

light or correct procedure and “red� light or the man down signal as shown in

emergency level however it could be

important issue and accidents and controlled by using sensors to delimit

connected to the sensor in the machine

The process could be supported both outdoor and indoor. The actual converted with a dynamo script in the

L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini

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to solve.

The simulation could be used to enable elements in the construction site such as pillars, beams, etc. adopting a control procedure and a colour code to highlight

the construction site in a congruent and relevant manner to unveil issues. The

The

cognitive

construction

site,

however the interconnection between gathered by sensors that could be installed in the construction site enable

productivity and decrease time and improving environment conditions, controlling and actuating actions to correct uncompliant conditions,

through an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics.

procedures, locate in the correct place incomplete, not available materials

sensing the procedures and materials, tracking machines and workmen to

The paper shows some case studies

workmen and elements that could be

The authors would like to thank the

supports the project management and

Silvia Mastrolembo. A special thank

develop the visual programming phase.

A BIM-Based IoT Approach to the Construction Site Management

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.

,

J.

.

,

Measurement , Lean Your Corporation . Managing

L. C. Tagliabue, A. L. C.Ciribini

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14

Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs

modeling and structural analysis. This academic approach, based on generative

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs

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in particular timber trusses, is present in

studies have deeply investigated the geometry, the structural behavior and the

structures are usually hidden and don’t

damage, with imminent consequences compatible with the standard procedures and it is based on an accurate

and partial replacements over time. To

it is possible to go back to the original

building.

precise analyses on the rheological and

model.

L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati

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They are commonly used to cover big

are conceived both as planar and tri-

The ability to redistribute the vertical thrust on lateral walls gave success to

the architects used to solve the

their ability to produce and assemble

distinction is made between open joint to build slender elements, they didn’t known table by Sebastiano Serlio, titled armamenti di legname, the architect know how to manage it according

open joint trusses (capriata a nodo and the tie-beam is made through a not nailed steel bracket with the aim

Southern European trusses are usually heavy structures, made with hard wood,

any measures other than those in the

carpenters. The same statement can

some bending moment in the element. or without braces (capriata semplice

continuously monitored and eventually replaced with new members, according

collar beam and queen posts (capriata

necessarily architects.

and show truss-beams and closed joint 15 meters. Beyond that dimension, it is usual to observe additional elements.

local culture, and how much the carpenters were travelling, spreading

A key issue in trusses construction is

The construction and maintenance

relation to the tie-beam. Some authors Europe, as well as in most Architectural the king post rests on the tie-beam

wood were available, usually hardwood

Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs

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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati

There are various manners Bologna the same structures have been walls support the beams, they which method pleaseth me very much, because the

some beam should rot, the

elements

through other supporting elements

danger

were

disassembled

and

humidity or animals, they were cut, shortened, turned upside down and eventually replaced.

joining wooden elements is completely plates and the possibility to check every essential over the years to ensure a

European trusses tend to become and the energy consumption became a

trusses, is based on the analysis

structurally indeterminate systems into manageable and computable truss diagrams.

The technical

in shape occur both at local level, i.e. in a single element, and at global

two dimensions. The global behavior, provided by movements and reciprocal

building mainly depended on the good

due to major displacements or material damage. Maintenance planning always

in its virtual plane.

visual inspections.

construction leads to interventions

membranes have increased the weight

structures that are radically changing the

and protection, in such a way that well-

that would be almost unworkable

architectural surveys.

durable than the past, not having the Bologna, as we have observed, have through discontinuous elements like to hidden spatial structures as timber

the structural behavior, both locally and

that have created problems not only to

small sealing bricks or stucco pieces onto the space underneath, especially

building.

have a protection role until a certain

dangerous in rooms and halls occupied

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in which 3D surveying instruments and reverse engineering techniques have been used. Reverse engineering

aspect that in the past was tolerated, nowadays is not accepted. For this preliminary visual and technological

aimed at producing or modeling a new object with similar characteristics. that needs to be reproduced, the The procedure can be graphically survey procedure has been set up, tested and developed by subsequent

models. The models are used to carry out dimensional analyses, replace the case studies, but can be easily

The case studies are represented by a

completely new parts with improved

provides

many

outputs

(photos,

supported by timber trusses. The most interesting structures belong to the

Depending on the equipment, a preparatory inspection is essential to

the results allows to depict coherent Domenico. These buildings are built naves have unusually big dimensions

and achieved results (green).

The method has been developed through

session is carried out using a laser scanner. For the churches we used the

Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs

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lightweight and easy to use instrument

completely available and it is not necessary to come back to the survey

L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati

and gives a very detailed representation

preparatory activities and the dead time between each scan station. The might be called reductio ad unum,

are aligned to generate point clouds,

whereas there might be slight but

modeling tools algorithms.

with

generative

cloud only the portion representing which documentary and photographic consolidated dataset helps to ensure The rendering phase leads to three

drawn up.

Some considerations can also be

to the sectioned elements, remaining as orthogonal as possible to each section.

where other tests should be made with non-destructive methods, in addition

takes place at the original coordinates

the three stages is associated with

outputs can be stored independently or

moisture content values and moisture

The qualitative analysis involves the

grade or strength values to be used in

qualitative analysis, the digital modeling

the result model is automatically generated and it depends on the initial parameters set manually.

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representing the truss rendered with a Subsequently, it is possible to make truss always lead to incongruous used is decided in order to have the considered also as a new starting section curves are implemented as input parameters. This means that

monitor its behavior over time. This

the proposed method.

techniques.

The ideal 3D model is conceived with

Domenico in Bologna, corresponds to to be able to highlight all undergone that are the input parameters. Then the

possible to compare 3D models with the original point cloud in order to highlight available data on the truss original

input curves, the algorithm calculates and then traces a polyline joining the

to be made in order to proceed with This ideal 3D model is the one that

basic principle is to bring the basic 3D model, to a pre-condition without other words, to what it is supposed to

beam. To create knots, section curves intersect another crossing beam. The

knowledge that is traceable, objective, comparable and available at any time.

This operational method is not linked to

construction.

Knowledge Methods to Extend the Service Life of Historic Timber Roofs

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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati

outside the truss plane. member is carried out. The main

due to bending moment. This process

each member is made with only

have been rotated as to reach mutual orthogonality. This step is carried out

perpendicular line passing through the

vertical plane passing through both the

planar. plane,

passing

through

both

the

the tie beam on the masonry walls are rotations occurred. it is assumed that the displacements and

modeled, which highlights the occurred

each truss and the detailed ideal 3D

the truss passes through these points.

Figure shows how the basic 3D model,

situation are overlapped to highlight

the

supports

are

negligible

step is carried out using the reverse model, in orange, highlighting rotations

control points. The deep blue and red colors represent the interval between 5 and 7 cm.

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report, in chromatic scale, the deviation between every corresponding points

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

them using control points. By using the annotation tool, it is possible to measured between the corresponding

model is still under implementation.

to be detected is set manually, in the chromatic scale, in order to have a be to operate the comparison between An aspect that is considered in the structural analysis is the long-term

between trusses.

hygroscopic phenomena. The viscosity to

highlight

locally

the

numerical into high consideration, because it not enough. Static geometries won’t intersect with native elements and are

interpretation provides both qualitative eases an accurate and widespread

viscosity is detected through the abovesolution. But then, any design change

each truss underwent over time in the

humidity under the saturation point is also allows the designer to update

and highlighted locally, as well as

design changes while all parameter values remain in place. A designer where

Dµ

is

the

time-dependent

their geometries to one Revit instance.

projection planes selected by the user due to mechanical loads, temperature approach, systems are coupled through in addition to the deviations’ graphical

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L. Guardigli, G. Mochi, D. Prati

Figure 9: 3D model to be translated into a BIM model.

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The

geometrical

results

have

led

system, directly instantiating geometry

general terms it was possible to detect graph-based system typically generates

were conceived to stop or, at least,

joints was reported. The method that

years, detecting the variations. With this procedure it is possible to monitor

in such a way it is possible to detain displacements in a whole perspective,

instance under normal conditions, it is such a way the maintenance costs can this deep analysis should not substitute a material and local survey.

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Capriate

-

-

-

. Wood and Fiber

Technology, Engineering, Materials and Architectu.

-

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Valentina Villa Alberto Lauria

15 BIM-Based H&S Management for Facilities. Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants

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Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants

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building maintenance operations that

research is to use the dynamic and intelligent approach based on the that can be used to choose the most appropriate systems, in order to literature there are many papers and workers.

into account, the FM phase generates

research that deals with both these who deal with all that is contained in

purposes, it is estimated that the cost attributed to maintenance activities maintenance phase, which covers the total production (Muthu, Devadasan, The idea is to use the possibilities provided by parametric modelling to higher than the initial investment costs to be maintained. The proposed theory is applied to scheduled maintenance Maintenance makes an important contribution to the maintenance and

documents, the Building Maintenance

must be linked together. During the

maintenance costs have increased

these data, it is not surprising that a

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design phase, who prepares the work building, leaving the operator the burden protective measures in the building or the measures necessary to carry out

and protective measures prescribed by

is structured in sheets, which try to

another document, complementary to

disciplines, there is a growing interest

the documents in which the technical This document is regulated by Article

be carried out on each individual product present in the building, as

and protective measures endowed with

on the work, such as ordinary and as

other

subsequent

interventions

to work. For this reason, a single sheet describing the preventive and protective

because the same lamps may have

The procedure described in the decree

updated with respect to the evolution

be managed and updated throughout

BIM-Based H&S Management for Facilities.

Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants

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the cars.

above mentioned provincial road. An aerial road conveyor, crossing the assembly lines in a bilateral sense. All the other connections, both pedestrian and by wheel, were sent back to an underground tunnel. structure was built, in continuity and combined with the slab line, to house

operating site (near the civil buildings

moulding centre and Magneti Marelli suspension systems remain active at

plant, through the deposit at the local

and F into a logistical warehouse and

the asbestos reclamation and the technological systems are underway.

works and technological systems are underway. Pavilion D was modelled.

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and their placement in the archive to help the operators who will have important document, which contains all out maintenance and intervention on in cards, dedicated to each work that

protective measures regarding access the architectural and static structure in which it will operate and the systems

at a height, it is necessary to provide allows maintenance operations to be carried out on plant or building objects

account the surrounding area.

intervention, together with the risks emergency situations. used, links to the technical sheets

relation to the height above the ground Director. But above all with the model you to evaluate the most suitable preparations to intervene ensuring the

Rivalta. The rules inserted in the model

script. appropriate thresholds, which will be the most appropriate preparation to be object in the documents to be printed,

Together with the symbol that represents the most suitable preparation, all the

all the instructions regarding the correct

BIM-Based H&S Management for Facilities.

Operations & Maintenance of Logistic Plants

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by attempts or tests on site. the navigation inside the model with the augmented reality, it is possible preparations, chosen in relation to the This system makes it possible to

as shelves or systems, the planned preparation can not be used and, consequently, other systems must be imagined to allow work at height in

which does not meet the actual needs to improvise each time, increasing the

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has

a

good

bibliography

in

the

place where the operating teams are

in this paper, although embryonic

the workplace. Future developments

operation and maintenance.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

. Benchmarking

.

-

.

.

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Vito Getuli Pietro Capone

16

A Project Framework to Introduce Virtual Reality in Construction Health and Safety

-dynamically included in the building design, planning and construction- could reduce site accidents as well as increase the site productivity.

management practices. For this reasons, the presented contribution starts with a

insights into the way the real construction site works.

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V. Getuli, T. Giusti, P. Capone

and even more by site workers.

are many proposals that use new models and technologies to assist

technologies seem to be to the

3.

4.

purpose, clash detection is monstly planning and management which includes three main research

to look at the root causes in order to develop appropriate research and innovative applications able to

a.

generation

and

to simulate construction activities’

b.

to maintenance. Such causes may

congestion and spatial temporal

workers’ training.

temporal overlap between tasks

5.

construction companies involved. The

6.

1.

able to provide simulation virtual

2.

7.

3.

4.

intelligence methods or rule-based heuristic approaches.

shallow risk analysis inconsistent

1.

improvisational capabilities and their

construction

projects

have

a

systems and models that take

risk assessment. The integration

been proposed in literature. These models, somehow integrated

and a digital environment to share knowledge among site managers and engineers has been proposed

the site personells. They are mostly

2.

h. computer programs to asses a

materials, workers and machines’ real-time dynamic position tracking during

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i.

in the construction site due to automatic obstacle detection

j.

to take building design into a 3D virtual environment with all

positioning sensors such as

construction management tool and as virtual environment without the

workers real time and warn when

k.

12.

17.

drawings, and actually inspecting the designed space. technology to provide a live direct based approach has been widely

other proactive technologies such as laser scanning, remote sensing and actuating technology, wireless communication. technologies

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

that

are

mainly

improve construction site operation From the above-mentioned background

workers’ training by using immersive

interactive computer environment considerable development work, most in a real-time animation simulating the real works. These application

13.

the design, planning and construction testing or developing new technologies another knowledge gap is that there are nearly no studies investigating how

site environment on a desktop screen without any tracking

a.

management by using a coherent and

(site phases, layouts, site paths,

section,

3D building geometry and data, is precisely what is needed to generate virtual scenarios and to

the workers’ spatial and perception the

authors

propose

a

tasks can be conducted through is currently being tested in two italian

14. and sensor gloves, to withdraw

15.

16.

b.

projects.

and provide an environment more immersive and interactive than others techonologies.

adopted and repeated in other real construction projects.

As shown in Figure 1, the proposed

able to produce a computerbased video game that provide a environmt also using a multi-user operating technology.

the data binding and connections simulate construction processes

•

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a Federated Model. This model is the one dedicated to being validated in a in which contractor, project manager together with the design team, virtually walking into the building, will be able

great uncertainty will ensure as the

applications.

• Design, it is time to start with the construction site planning. At this step required to simulate and analyse the

phases and the activities with the

the same way as the previous phase, practitioners can validate the site plans

and workspaces management and risk

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session are usually limited to the construction site and its time evolution. required workspaces to be constructed in order to be later able to validate to develop an interactive and realistic previous planning phase. workers’

possible to instantly set and share coordination procedures among emergency management measures.

At this stage site plans are validated and the project is going to enter in the

typologies

with

According to the proposed training typologies a workers’ training schedule

immerge worker in a vivid, realistic and interactive virtual environment in which he can not only move around but also have interactions with realistic objects,

simple decision criterion consisting

in a learning path that drives him to achieving the training objectives. This

milestones

•

training

upon

the

construction

1.

2.

session is required.

site environment and the ways in which the users can interact with its objects is

environment to develop the training in site.

a jib crane.

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Furthermore there are additional contentets that authors propsed to

•

development, this engines are broadly adopted also to create interactive virtual reality environments with the site environment and related to

scripting have spread the adoption

•

instructions. entertainment industry and they are interaction between the trainee and the site objects (machines, tools, educational

sectors

where

these

validation sessions. Without prejudice The proposed model will be tested

these engines is essential to develop realism and interactivity.

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-

-

and

and

Integrated BIM,

and Science�

-

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17

Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach

a change in the industry structure, is demanding a collaborative approach to the

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T

his research proposes an analysis

G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda

awarded with or without reopening the

construction sector, due to the contractual tradition, that obliges the

levels that could be set in a project procurement

model

applied

to

own interests, producing an escalation

as collaboration with the supply chain

reasons. First, the biphasic nature lends

contracts, this procedure is new on

the phase in which the construction contract is awarded (the awarding

The contract could be seen just as a promissory agreement among people

productivity, collaboration set at the contractual stage, provides the basis

goals create a waste, especially during the construction phase, resulting in time and budget overrun (Sacks, result, the contracting authority is not members’ produces (Tauriainen et al. bilateral nature, as envisaged by Mosey their wider potential impact on the competition.

Secondly, the adoption

caused by unsolved spatial clashes

a collaborative procurement model has been developed among some

repeated interaction between one or more contracting authorities and all

when collaboration doesn’t involve all the participant to the project (Myerson

which is essential in order to be able traditional project delivery systems new standard contract able to create collaborative interactions.

between the design and construction projects, but they have shown to be

the time, people try to plan collaboration were implemented within the same standard.

collaborative

contracts

standard

concluded with one or more economic countries, but they mainly have the same characteristics, which can be

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original version. demonstrated

where the same contract groups the

how

the

public

Design Built.

Even though, some European countries

a project. Even though, according to

entrusting in a single contract all the usage in the private sector and it was also validated by many companies and by the UK government. This document

on the contrary, typically European, is previously awarded via an alliance

supply chain and reducing the risk in as it is a contract which includes This approach is common in US, but it is still not seen as the solution to a

was created, to accommodate market

maintenance.

As shown in Figure 1, this contractual typology allows to join in a unique

started as an alternative to the tradition Design-Bid-Built in order to reduce

previously awarded, and mage all the interaction among them. Shared objectives, success measures, targets

Due to their structure and composition, traditional contracts unavoidably

case-by-case evaluation, namely adding

stakeholders’ works. The two main standard contracts developed in US, which can help people establish s real collaboration through a multi-party integrated project delivery agreement,

as in the last case.

This collaborative agreement standard

many public and private projects, such

The alliance has a joint aim, the sub-contractors in the agreement. model in Europe able to accommodate are two ways to add new subjects to contracts. This approach set the new member in the teamwork with the same

second is through a joining agreement, as a consequent amendment to the

traditional contracts to collaborative ones. At present, some States such

Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach

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G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda

the general rules, then moving on to the initial part. The entire document is the way to read correctly the standard tender based on technical design. contractual standard that is able to Agreement, are the contract column. contracts in a multi-party agreement. contract is that it could be bended technology or innovation elements that members just selecting the clauses is in order to set the requests made or the action carried by the collaboration. in each request, each party structures the request in order to provide all the

is that the design quality would be

superior

when

the

project

is

a sequential development, so a joint alliance adoption impacts on time and costs.

through a procedure called alliancing, a worldwide scenario, summarised in stakeholders, to a collaborative one. understood the possibility to import approach, where the same contract whole project evolution. This research same agreement. This approach is not private scenario due to the limitation universities,

which

considered

the

London. This process is not a simple

the other side, is based on directive standard. The process was developed

Figure 1:Alliance procurement process

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by a collaboration among people

the contract.

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

They provided some developed by a collaboration among

single word, through a crosscutting analysis. This research will provide a project and program management tool to clients, who would like to manage To prove the importation legitimacy

The multidisciplinary group embraced all the doubts and problems detected

was conducted providing the contract to the reviewers and all the comments were discussed during a round-table discussion.

All the people, invited to discuss during the previous step to submit comments to the contract standard, attended the discussion. During this event,

project and program management tool to clients, who would like to manage

projects are drastically increasing their

the contract. When the entire contract legal relations among several subjects contractual model was conducted both

the market requests. A last adjustment was brought into the contract. by linking several contracts with a view to encouraging collaboration and consistency with the original philosophy

required many adjustments in order to realign the contract philosophy to the

A

second

step

consisted

in

The process, structured in such a way, allows, enriching the alliance contract

undertake to work in a collaborative spirit and to carry out activities, called

the private. The provisions contained in the

individuated and in the validation

contract. The comparison between the two versions occurred among the two

authorities,

universities,

trade

administrative judiciary and private

• • • • • •

Legal requirements and special

Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach

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G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda

private investors.

Starting with an

can imagine being in a situation where three municipalities with their street

creating a single management system

management system, shared among them, to provide a major reliability due to its development supported by parties can be joined in the contractual scheme by establishing a dialogue aimed at a single goal dictated by the

to the schedule in part two - on the

generate a better result. At the same time, the various companies being companies in the sector can help the maintenance manager to choose ways that are more appropriate by improving

more members to the collaboration

result is obtained via a cooperative to be completed and each member shall be made in accordance with the requests and the standard procedure

Sometimes the added value that gather

the procedure to trace all the payment among all the parties and to set the

imagining that the maintenance procedure is close to the standard procedure.

decides to establish a collaboration agreement with the other participants in Members are required to present their

based on collaborative procurements.

be limited to simple participation in

between design and construction and thanks to shared procedures.

Figure 2:FAC-1 interactions among members

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

methodology so to reduce the design errors and clashes, increasing the

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

contractual typology in a worldwide scenario, among them researchers

chain, reducing re-work. The early

legislation. This approach provided a

which must be reported to Alliance quality. The alliance members promote

model, in which parties are given the

enhanced by the meta-contract provide a risks prevention and management

not only a legal agreement, but it aims

order to create a collaboration, legally valid, among their sub-consultants judicially handling possible claims. This

required by each private operator counterbalanced

by

the

economic

construction, but he could be a person contract that regulates and manages

to provide data consistently among parties.

At this point, the research provides an

to improve the project. This approach employer in the collaboration process

contracts and, namely, the relation among parties, which are not directly time, it is unattainable in a traditional process, although the promised the construction sector, through the processes

management

decreasing

teams and linking the various phases due to litigations caused by traditional contractual procedures. The research invites the participants to submit their public users to integrate smoothly collaboration in work procedures.

The “Adda Martesana” Municipality is applying this contractual model as part subjects’

activities

with

greater

management with multiple subjects’ way, providesan added value in terms

Framework Agreement and Collaborative Procurement in Italian Legislation Enhancing a BIM Approach

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Lean

Engineering and Management.

edited by Barbara Angi, Massimiliano

G. L. Albano, G. M. Di Giuda

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Antonio Fioravanti Gabriele Novembri

18 A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry

system by recursive checks, which locates lacks and misproductions into the production

an evident delay in technology and management techniques adoption. As an answer to

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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry

industrial sector.

to manage Building processes, with

into an environment-mirror modelled by autonomous intelligent entities

time.

produced by these real construction process, in virtual-digital environment

as a parallel path with respect to the social and cultural debate related to architecture, but it is necessary that the

the connection with new tools that, construction sector. These are the

Francesca or in the implementation knowledge directly on site, or wearable workers about risky areas or activity technological tools, it is necessary to adapt tools, methodologies, knowledge

tool opens the way to a better humanmachine interaction, capable to grow up

otherwise, risks losing the opportunity

building design in our digital era that,

same development requires a constant

construction that, traditionally, is heavy conditioned by traditional approaches.

positions and become, in a short time,

A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,

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From the very beginning, the Building construction phases, it can connect the competence, store their methods and environment,

necessary

to

control

equip, in an ever more democratic way,

planning phase.

These tools have gradually evolved, depending on the available computing

knowledge domain.

So, their contents and concepts are not integrated with each other, despite

to manage geometries and data in

towards the Facility Management, were the cybernetic connection among building object and management tools, that the solutions designed give to the

knowledge in interconnected holistic environments, such as happens in the

materials and interventions needed approach, these are not adequately used in an integrated design vision

opportunities provided by the digital the outset, with all the limitations and

and knowledge, human intelligence is is not totally connected with tools or the related digital environment, but in

having predictive tools with respect to

these systems. process management. we can say that the results have been, at least, encouraging.

way. cannot miss the opportunity given by the

- dominated by uncertainty - these possibilities open up unprecedented scenarios, with regard to the possibility

show several shortcomings, such as

continuing to work according to the logic

assets.

case. These adaptation processes, according to various categories - both operational and logical - that have been

Taylorist school, the typical reasoning

established the relative boundary conditions, the prevailing behaviours arise.

and his ability to address a strategic

approach is based on the critical

respect to the results to be achieved. these two approaches have been declined according to the methodologies

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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry

second one instead, is pulled according to the conditions and the adjustments

process can be adapted to the dynamic

project systematically becomes a race to the unknown. approach to project management allows not only a change in the operating architectural implementation process,

based production was applied through

respect to the project requirements, and arrive at the best possible solution in a is only the ideal conditions assumed

variables given by the real world which, the construction site, become decisive used in previous processes and, above all, their relationships. This condition, in these years, seems more and more

areas and resources and, in a broader sense, misproductions. These are the

Building Design Process

A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

networks overshadowed the problem going beyond the current potential through collaboration, understood

actors, aiming at the mutual increase in governing design problems, and the possibility to interact with simulative

project.

design solutions and the construction possibilities, in a continuous evolution and objects in general such as Building in digital simulation, with which it their consequences, it is possible to

interoperability are achieving important results, as described by Daniotti et

that have to be still implemented to

Rome Convention Center.

like variations in progress, with the known repercussions both in terms

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry

needs. To reach this achievement an Agent-based simulation model that summary, this simulation environment sense the needs and the resources and, via recursive simulation, predict

about design methodologies is moving be achieved and, in relation to these, set in which, by applying their inner systems be interconnected with the physical balance. This process happen hundreds instance, are installed in site to gather

so on. Furthermore, designers have the connected to the real environment to the proactive one (Fioravanti et al., connected to the real environment, then This means that a modeling tool does not merely act basing on designer instructions but providing him in advance choices that have a high probability to

real object, materialising the digital

A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

turn according to the tasks and the

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

This research is included in a broader

achieve. rules aimed at achieving an objective without direct human control. This autonomy can be declined according

co-creation

involved in processes. This became behaviours, purely reactive with respect

between

humans

and

in the way in which this intelligent digital

•

able

to

optimize

the

project-inconsistencies,

and more reliable to make, in earlier project phases, accurate assessments

project

and

Agent modelling, we have not yet

or reducing the redundant solution respect to his environment, which can be more or less accurate, depending

or more objectives that an agent would

in which Agent tries to intervene on the current state, both within his system and in the environment in which he is immersed.

Agents in this case represent the elements edited in the model, and the

architectural spaces by users in

•

•

able to optimize the construction management

operating teams, one must still rely on

approach, in a construction site planned with the Location-based

evaluations that are simply based on

Although such a simulative system able to minimize building use, warranting the service provided by the building, thanks to subjective knowledge base, which is space occupation given by digital construction

site

development

gathering in the construction process, using advanced techniques like Big Data.

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A Theoretical Framework to Align Lean Construction Techniques in the 4.0 Building Industry

A. Fioravanti, G. Novembri, F. L. Rossini,

, Shock!

, technical

�,

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

Paolo Ettore Giana

19

A Literature Review on BIM Maturity in the AECO Industry

and investigated trough bibliometric, trend and cluster analyses carried out on the

can provide a sound assessment method during a bid process, contributing to the

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A Literature Review on BIM Maturity in the AECO Industry

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N. Moretti, P.E. Giana

The built environment, today, is more and compared to the whole industry. This the design, until the decommissioning

sector in changing. Focusing on the

leads to the massive employment in

design tenders awarded through Most Economically Advantageous Tender

products,

according

to

increasing

provide standardised guidelines, and procedures, to be distributed among its members, and to be applied whenever

This approach less and less enhances the project engineering, which could

be considered a bottom-up approach, tools,

procedures,

methodologies,

as an issue which can be addressed reluctance to investment reducing the

players. in the project less in order to maintain seems to be not completely embedded

According to the report published by leads it to analyse just investments in the short term(World Economic Forum

seems to be not completely aware it is interesting to analyse data on be achieved in the middle-long term

and agriculture. Literature shows clearly A second consideration concerns the that won design tenders. According to

and technical economic consulting

the pre and post awarding procedures, the project, and the whole sector value,

highlights the low investments in the

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in the database had been inspected, This situation is empathised especially

would have been reduced remarkably. which adopt or are willing to adopt a

and to their own personal choices. there is a reluctance to innovation, in

research provides a comprehensive

the market conditions and behaviours.

The investigation is conducted on the approach is not perceived by all designers, and contractors as an project, and provide a better result, but

have been carried out, on a selected

they do not have a clear knowledge This operation gave as output a For this reason, the computational

allowing many bibliometric analyses, clustering and mapping operations.

The paper concludes with some insides

cleaned database the bibliometric analyses have been carried out and key

and the people who really want to apply this methodology are well research trajectories.

maturity has been implemented thanks analyses concerning the chronological analysis by author, by country and the

allows to spot the gap in literature and

“Article title, Abstract, Keywords�. The research has been carried out in early

A Literature Review on BIM Maturity in the AECO Industry

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Table

1

summarises

the

N. Moretti, P.E. Giana

main

cleaning process is great enough to

citations per documents shows a potential high interest in the topic.

The increasing interest in the topic production over the years, with a

a hot topic in many countries.

timespan indicated above. A slower though the annual percentage growth production shows a rapid increasing

concerns the average total citations per

registered.

interest on the topic started growing

publications on the topic were made compared to the actual production.

From that moment on, the literature

Analysis by author Further analyses concerning the authors’ productivity have been done.

Figure 2: Average total citations per year

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among each other, as represented in

least one cited source appears in the coupling network can be created using

For the analysis carried out in Figure “authors”, alternatively can be used “sources”, “countries”, “keywords” etc. authors are related among each other.

most productive countries have been well as the relationship among them in previous representations, only the

been represented. Figure 5 demonstrate

to the scholars’ inclination to collaborate in writing articles among their own local research group.

obtained in a similar way compared collaboration is calculated as a relationship where the nodes are the and the links are co-authorships. This relationship can be obtained thanks to

Figure 5: Most productive countries: Single country publications (SCP), Multiple Country Publications (MCP)

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N. Moretti, P.E. Giana

articles. These operations have been data. The main issue in this phase

gather all terminology with the same

to group all terms with the same semantics in a single entity.

Moreover, a network and clustering

keywords analysed. conceptual structure map obtained

interpretation according to the relative

distributions in the graph. As words are more similar in distribution, the closer they are represented in the map (Aria

Figure 6: Country collaboration Figure 7: Conceptual structure map

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production on this topic meets the

technology

applications,

supporting

comprehensive bibliometric analyses in a streamlined way analysing and clustering the results. This approach allows to understand a massive amount Moreover, the research provides a solid

historical series, the literature production

(e.g. considering other databases as is increasing. This evolution is caused improve the analyses and provide

been considered, despite it could be relevant compared to graphical ones.

Analysing the literature review published the conceptual structure map. The critical review helps in a better and more These authors are tightly linked as well.

The most productive countries are connected, but this connection is not structured between the USA and UK, which are, beside all, the most productive ones. The research individuated, in

evaluate organisations’ digitalisation business processes. Moreover, through

authors, that there is a slight alteration

approach, a more reliable assessment during the bidding process could be achieved. This trend contributes to the

words to a common topic and obtain a result characterised by an improved

the most virtuous organisations.

to Figure 9, two main semantic groups regards the process management and

cycle management. These two sets

hand these two sets represent the most on the other hand, they can be taken

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Sustai-

-

-

“ Research in Engineering

British Standards Automation in -

-

Forum.

World Economic

-

-

Automation

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Marco A. Bragadin Andrea Ballabeni Kalle Kähkönen

20

Using Genetic Algorithms for Optimizing and Modelling Time, Cost Projects

The well-known “iron triangle” and its attributes, time, cost and quality has still importance as a framework of basic objectives of construction projects. In practice, construction project managers can optimise time and costs with the well-known time/ cost trade-off approach, but quality optimization versus cost and time performances in construction project is usually pursued in a rather intuitive manner based upon approach where three possible estimates for time, cost and quality form starting points for the optimisation of project performance. The estimates are based on characteristic of alternative technical solutions such as possible commercial products to be used or assembled. The effectiveness of various combinations is evaluated with an optimisation procedure based upon Genetic Algorithms. A simple pilot study of a renovation project of two residential apartment is presented to test the proposed approach. The gained results are demonstrating the possibilities of genetic algorithms for such trade off analyses.

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Using Genetic Algorithms for Optimizing and Modelling

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M. Bragadin, A. Ballabeni, K. Kähkönen

INTRODUCTION

Q

uality in construction projects is

client. Time and cost are other main points of interest, but the desired quality of an important construction project can be an outstanding result to achieve. Project Manager’s objectives are often described as the “Iron Triangle” (Atkinson, 1999), meaning time, cost and quality or project scope. Generally speaking, quality can

degree of conformance of the outputs and process (APM, 2015) and the level of accomplishment of a product or a process to a set of performance requirements (ISO as the degree to which a set of inherent Quality assessment in construction can be divided into three main components: quality of products, quality of design and quality of processes. Quality of products can be understood primarily as a technical quality whereas quality of design is about meeting the needs of client and end users successfully.

The quality of processes refers all activities throughout the life-cycle of building construction project (Bragadin, Kahkonen, 2013).

Traditional project control techniques are built around time and cost, where estimates of costs and durations of project are forming the control baseline.

The integrated project control of time and costs generally is addressed with the Earned Value Method (Moder et alii, 1983, Rasdorf and Abudayyeh, 1991, ANSI/EIA, 1998). Time-cost trade-off is a well known method of project management (Fondhal, 1962; Harris, 1978; Moder et alii, 1983; Reda, Carr, 1989; Fan, Lin 2007, Agdas et alii, 2018) that aims at optimising project results in terms of cost and timing, mainly by evaluating the ratio between the differences of crash cost and normal / minimum cost and crash duration and normal duration of activities on a critical path.

Nevertheless, few optimisation approaches that entails also quality can be found in literature (Minchin, Smith, 2001;

El-Rayes, Kandil, 2005, 2006; San Cristobal, 2009; Monghasemi, Nikoo, Fasaee, Adamowski, 2015). Project quality is surely interdependent with time and costs, but a general mathematical equation that

project in an outsourcing environment, can be studied with a system dynamics simulation approach.

El Rayes and Kandil (2005, 2006) presented a method aimed at facilitating

or at least, can be different changing from case to case. Project Managers, actually, optimise quality versus costs and time with a rather intuitive manner.

Framing the quality and integration of the quality aspect with the time and cost aspects have been long-term topics of interest both to the industry and academia. The quality of construction is closely relating to the value and performance concepts. Solutions such as value engineering and management, Quality Management Systems (QMS) together with key performance indicators (KPI) represent solutions in practice that are framing quality and providing some linkage to time and cost. Modelling of interplay between time, cost and quality has been a long term arena of interest particularly for academia.

Quality assessment in management of construction projects can be successfully delivered with quality based KPIs (Minchin, Smith 2001; El-Rayes, Kandil, 2005, 2006), and the objective of the presented research work is to propose Genetic Algorithms to purse time-costquality trade-offs in construction projects.

of the global construction quality by estimating quality performances of each

PREVIOUS WORK Few researchers focused the problem of the evaluation of the global quality of a project or a system by means of a quality indicator, and the development of a time-cost-quality trade-off procedure.

Atkinson (1999) introduced the concept of the project manager’s iron triangle, meaning the need of integrating time, cost and scope, or quality project objectives.

The integration of cost, schedule and performance data was addressed by Cho, Russell and Choi (2013) building on the traditional Work Breakdown framework.

Mishra and Mahanty (2014) indicate that the optimisation of project cost, schedule and quality for a software development

a Quality Index. The method was applied

index, is achieved by the creation of a Quality Breakdown Structure (QBS) of the project. The Construction Quality Index (CQI) is a rating of quality of materials and workmanship on highway projects completely objective (Minchin, Hammons and Ahn, 2008).

The QBS developed approach builds on the “Quality – Based Performance Rating System” of the American National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (Anderson and Russel 2001, Minchin and Smith 2001) for contractors’

construction process, with a performancebased approach. Therefore, a set of quality indicators are detected to evaluate An automated optimisation system for construction resources termed MACROS, was developed (El Rayes and Kandil, 2005, 2006), and the time, cost and quality tradeoff algorithm is developed by Genetic Algorithms.

The use of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) was introduced by J. H. Holland (1975) as a research method based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetic of Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory. Later, Goldberg (1989) developed further the engineering. GAs have been implemented in many engineering and operations research problems, for instance the Travelling Salesman Problem (Razali, Geraghty, 2011).

San Cristobal (2009) proposed an Integer Programming model which enables meeting quality output standards and time and cost objectives respectively, while Monghasemi et alii (2015) propose a

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Multi-criterion decision-making approach solutions by a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm. Sorrentino (2013) applies GAs to a time, cost and quality optimisation problem for project scheduling of road investigated a similar application for the selection of design alternatives for a building envelope.

individuals. Five phases are considered in a Genetic Algorithm: initial population; (crossover / mutation); termination.

A typical genetic algorithm starts generating randomly an initial population of possible solutions, called individuals.

Every individual in the population (or whatever solution is desired) is coded in the form of a string, called the Chromosome.

Each member of the current population is

GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR TIME, COST AND QUALITY TRADE-OFF

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Over (by appropriately combining the characteristics of a couple of parents) and Mutation (by making random changes on a single parent). The new generation of solutions takes the place of the previous generation, from which it was born for re-combination. The process is repeated a great number of times until one of the for example when an acceptable approximation of the solution to the problem is reached, or the maximum number of iterations has been performed.

appropriate sorting of these individuals Owners and Government agencies have placed an increasing pressure on decision makers in the construction industry to design and plan new construction projects minimizing construction costs and time while maximizing its quality (San Cristobal, 2009). A custom Genetic Algorithm (GA) is developed and used to solve the time- cost and quality trade-off problem.

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a global and stochastic research method termed “genetic” because of the mutual terminology from genetics, a branch of biology. Genetic algorithms are probabilistic search procedures designed to work on large spaces involving states that can be represented by mathematical strings (Goldberg & Holland, 1988).

Genetic algorithms can be used with the aim of planning and controlling the activities of a project as they are search and optimization tools that assist decision makers in identifying optimal or nearoptimal solutions for problems with large search space.

One fundamental advantages of GAs from traditional methods is that they work from a rich database of solutions simultaneously (a population of chromosomes), climbing many peaks in false peak is reduced over methods that go solution to solution, like the “bruteforce” method. The basic structure of a genetic algorithm involves cyclic operation that simulates the evolutionary process of a population. Each loop represents one generation and each new population generated is formed by better and better

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values: The most promising individuals are selected as parents, creating a sequence of new populations or generations.

After selecting an n number of individuals, the genetic algorithm emulates the sexual reproduction that occurs naturally in biology and re-combines the genetic material of the parents, giving birth to the children or to the future generation of solutions. The re-combination is carried out by genetic operators of Cross

the operating principles of GAs. The GA approach is set on a population that generates a set of possible solutions.

Subpopulations are possible, and subpopulation structures termed species Genetic algorithms do not ensure that an optimal solution is found but contribute to a set of solutions superior to the source solutions. From the same problem and from the same set of possible starting individuals at each new population

Using Genetic Algorithms for Optimizing and Modelling

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generation the individuals evolve towards different and better new solutions.

Because of this the GAs are used in the situations, there are more than one relevant goal to minimize (or maximize), in this case a multi-objective genetic algorithm multiple objectives simultaneously, in the sense that an individual is considered more or less suitable in relation to multiple criteria. In this case the problem to be addressed is not simply reduced to the search for a local (or global) maximum or a minimum for a given function, but to the analysis of multiple criteria at the same time. In this kind of problems the meaning that a solution that minimizes or maximizes an objective will generally not minimize or maximizes others. In a multiobjective optimization problem, there is a the same time for all objective functions that describe the problem.

GA MODEL IMPLEMENTATION: PROPOSED APPROACH The GAs implementation is based upon a table that reports the needed data for genetic algorithm implementation. A table summarizes for each project activity the alternatives related to activity duration, activity cost and quality (table 1).

Therefore, each project activity includes three possible options for its development that creates a search space of thousands of possible solutions. GA – based algorithm has been implemented with Matlab®. This application is able to explore the solution space very quickly and can identify a set of optimal solutions. The pilot study has 21 work packages (WP), and each has three possible alternative of time, cost and quality to create project activities. The possible combinations of these alternatives create a large space of search, where each solution in this space can be a possible option for project delivery.

Nevertheless, the search space is not 321 because different subpopulations, termed species, constitute the structure

of base data of the problem. In fact, project modelling can be represented with a time-oriented networking approach

constitutes a species. Within species, i.e. single path, permutations of different WP alternatives are possible, after satisfaction of precedence relationships between succeeding WP. No alternative permutations are possible between different species because of the structure of chromosomes, i.e. the number of WP of each network path. Every project activity can be represented by a 3-by-3 matrix reporting the options in terms of timecost-quality.

Therefore, the whole project is represented by a set of matrices divided into different species that constitutes a data array from which activity performance data are selected to create the chromosome of a single species.

The chromosome of a species is created by time, cost and quality data of each chosen WP alternative belonging to a network path.

An initial random selection of options for each activity is performed and the corresponding objective function is computed. Next, GA uses genetic operators such as crossover, which divides two initial solutions exchanging their chromosomes in order to generate new solutions, and mutation, that simulates the effect of random errors. The new solution is computed again and the results of the objective function are compared with the previous ones. The best solutions are

different from the others and best solution are selected for future generations while worse solutions are set aside.

Final evaluation of the found solutions can be performed by comparison with maximum and minimum set limits of the three parameters, termed Cmax, Cmin, Tmax, Tmin, Qmax and Qmin. Anyway, the solution that minimises times and costs, while maximises quality. Therefore, the

M. Bragadin, A. Ballabeni, K. Kähkönen

quality) weighted . The following equation (1) is proposed.

package of the project (j = 1, 2, 3, ….n) of each i generation (i=1, 2, 3, ……m) and m the number of generations.

Qi can be found by the following equation:

indexes of each j work package of the project (j = 1, 2, 3, ….n) for the generation i and n the total number of work packages of the project.

Ti is the time parameter found for the i

Where NTd is the normalized total duration:

Where TDi is the total project duration found by network diagramming and critical path computation for the generation i. TDi is the maximum duration found by critical path analysis comparing each total duration TDik of a single species k of the generation i composed by the work packages j belonging to the k network path.

TDi = max TDik The weighting parameters kc, kq and kt can range from 0 to 1 for cost, quality and time, respectively. Aiming at balancing the three parameters the following values has been set: kc = 1; kq=1; kt=1.

the three WP parameters (time, cost and

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2018, vol. 09 n° 13

PILOT STUDY APPLICATION A simple pilot study of a renovation project of two residential apartment has been imp to test the proposed approach.

For each work package, three different commercial product options has been considered and corresponding activity durations, costs and quality performances have been detected from a public works price list (Regione Lombardia, 2008).

Quality indexes has been evaluated straightforwardly as product quality and its suitability for the use. Therefore, the proposed time – cost – quality trade-off procedure has been implemented using a set of optimal solutions for the building construction project. Found data for each work package are presented in table 1a and 1b.

A project model has been implemented with network diagramming. Therefore, critical path analysis can be performed and total project duration can be found for each project alternative of the pilot project Firstly, the limits of possible solutions concerning different WP alternatives have been selected. Minimum and maximum total values of the three project parameters, time, cost and quality, have been computed by selecting the corresponding alternative for each WP (table 2).

Secondly, the Matlab application has network diagram and the working options of the pilot study have been formalized in Matlab® using two classes (one for describing the work package and one for the work package options). Beyond class attributes like code and description, other network attributes, such as the set of successors of each work package, or the set of option belonging to each work package were added. The whole problem has been translated into the Matlab® code.

The maximum number of generation has been set to 100 and the stall condition to 50 generations. After running, the GA correctly converges to optimal solutions, just after 60-70 generations (see Figure 3).

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red dots) and the average score of the population improve through generations

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differences, in most cases the GA solver leads to the same solution. The found results can be displayed with the timecost-quality chart in Figure 4 As expected, the parametrization of the solutions offered by the GA tool. In particular, when weighting parameters are set equally for costs, quality and time, the solution presented by the GA shows to be slightly biased towards cost and time, having quality as its worst score (Figure 4 – blue triangle).

On the other hand, forcing the GA to identify the best quality solutions, setting to 1 the quality parameter, 0 the costs, and 0.1 the time parameter, we obtain a quality score worse than in the previous solution (Figure 4 – yellow triangle).

Finally, if the largest weight is given to costs, time and costs are highly maximized (Figure 4 – dark green triangle), while quality score decreases dramatically. The best found optimized result in the case of balanced weights is the following: Total project duration = 1078 (h); Total cost = € 109.711.17; Total quality index = 104%.

Further testing of the developed model will be needed to assess its effectiveness in case of more complex projects with multiple environmental constraints.

CONCLUSION The well – known iron triangle of main project objectives, namely time, cost and quality, is still of capital importance for project managers in construction, but balancing these three parameters for actual and complex projects can complex function linking all of these three parameters. With the aim of proposing an innovative approach for the time, cost and quality trade-offs, a GA optimization has been developed and implemented with Matlab®. Actual data concerning the

Table 1a - Time, cost and quality data for Pilot study Table 1b - Time, cost and quality data for Pilot study

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expected duration of each work package, its quality index and its costs are gathered and three possible performing alternatives price list.

Therefore, the overall performance of the whole construction project, composed by all the work packages, can be simulated taking into account the different alternatives of activity duration, cost and quality. The overall time estimate can be developed by a CPM- based activity network, the overall cost is the sum of the cost of all work packages, and the overall project quality index can be estimated as the normalized sum of all work package indexes. The aim of the optimization is to a balance between these three project indicators by a Genetic Algorithm.

Project modelling for Genetic Algorithm

implementation needs a new approach because of Matlab® programming language and coding rules. When developed and implemented, the Genetic Algorithm extracts randomly one work package alternative for all the activities, thus creating a chromosome for each species (i.e. path) of the project for each generation, and compute its suitability by are created and the found solution in terms of total project duration, total cost and total project quality are compared

are maintained and developed and the others are set aside from the evolutionary process.

The implementation of a Genetic Algorithm needs a new and complex approach in project modelling to reach

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

role in selecting the developed new generations. Actual data for a pilot study simulation of a building renovation project of two residential apartments has been used to demonstrate the possibility of implementing a GA-based optimization of project objectives, and the found results are consistent with the initial assumptions in terms of ranges of time, cost and quality values. Future research work will be aimed at testing further the developed model with the imposed constraints and with more complex projects.

Figure 2 - Network diagramming of the pilot study project.

Table 2 - limit values of total project alternatives Figure 4 - Time – cost – quality iron triangle represented with normalized scores. In blue the optimal solution with time, cost and quality parameters equally weighted and set to 1. In yellow, the optimal solution having quality as a preference (quality parameter Kq was set to 1, time parameter Kt to 0.1 and cost Kc to 0). In dark green a solution that strongly optimize costs. In this case, Kc has been set to 1, Kt to 0 and Kq to 0.1

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M. Bragadin, A. Ballabeni, K. Kähkönen

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ANSI/EIA 748 (1998) Earned Value Management System, American National Standard Institute/ Electronic Industries Alliance Association for Project Management, APM (2015) APM Competence Framework. 2nd edition v. 1.0. APM U.K.

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Genetic algorithms for construction management: the case study of a building envelope design optimization. Tesi di laurea magistrale, Università di Bologna, Corso di Studio in Ingegneria dei processi e dei sistemi edilizi.

A non-computer approach to the critical path method for the construction industry. Technical Report No. 9 November 1961, revised 1962, Stanford University, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

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Marko Keinänen Kalle Kähkönen

21

Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects

organisations and they have arranged rules and procedures about how practicalities

management.

€

BY NC

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects

in_bo

The construction industry is a projectbased industry and they have their

M. Keinänen, K. KähkÜnen

general contractor and subcontractors

which have been attempt to solve

common, that projects are undertaken

Traditionally construction project organisations were determined by the

continuously seek to establish new

organisational arrangements has arisen

imperative cooperation between people and project partners.

company in the construction industry and its specialists present two types management entitled core team. The projects. The result can be a rather

the construction industry are organised through temporary organisations,

team is, who are involved and how many people belong to the core team.

structure has been shown in Figure 1.

and is it inside one company or is it

in practice, this is rarely the case, but

are under study. Accomplish this, the

management. The diagram

shows own perspectives, which has caused a

in_bo

New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

level integration in construction projects organised in various ways. The approach

how they are organised including their assignments.

projects, which are still used in many a project manager or leader. With the contractor, an architect is responsible

project deliveries, which as a whole is core teams. Dothey have knowledge teams and team thinking in construction

project based on a competitive tender. a project manager has been given practically absolute control over their

involved’ relates people involved and that there can be some industrial have impact on the management practices around construction projects.

The research behind this paper is on the

has

widely

acknowledge

practical

project meaning co-operation between an architect, structural engineer, electric

is demanded but to reach top quality solutions, smoothly operating team encourage open communication and within the team as well outside the team

in the organisation.

teams and workgroups that can be project. These are usually established needs such as architectural design, main supplies, site operations etc.

is aspiration to work in collaborative

inside a company or are several

Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects

in_bo

solutions one should acknowledge

new product development (Marion

team has been mentioned in the project the construction industry, although only organisation, core team has been mentioned in the project management literature.

core team is.

project team organisation developed by and

been mentioned in the literature on

coordination.

These

people

project team. The core team members know the projects and its objectives.

They have developed the ideas, set

management (Eppler and Sokowski,

the core team which Anthony described

M. Keinänen, K. Kähkönen

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

project team is support and contributes

completed. According to Kaushik (et project delivery decisions.” that project managers and other project

a core projects Team approach in the

where the project manager, the client, the principal engineer, the architect and core team.

integrated project delivery where the owner, the architect and the contactor

Empirical data was obtained by a survey

had third level educational background.

also acknowledged that large projects project teams where core team is at

answers were broken into lines, each representing an item that can be captured with a keyword. From this

generate their own core teams and the

would be able to serve the project in

manager

and

director

level grouped into clusters, which were built

that team members in a collaborative construction project should, “be equally committed to a common purpose, goals hold themselves mutually accountable” but also “deeply committed to one another’s personal growth and success” Research methodology and approach was used in order to understand the

Thus, data was treated through several successive reductive phases, it was obtained.

All respondents were over ensure that the data was not being categories represent the data.

Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects

in_bo

arrangement in their organisation. The

the term core team to mean a special

arrangement.

and how widely it is known. Among

organisational arrangement in their construction businesses. They have used or they have known used the

Question, “did the core team belong to core team varies during the project”.

The question divided respondents into two sections.

been presented in Figure 5.

M. Keinänen, K. Kähkönen

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New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

According to respondents, there were were mentioned as participants in mentioned. The smallest contained people was eight. Most common team

grouped into clusters, treated through several successive reductive phase

procurement and accounting in the

third party was used to ensure that the core team vary during the project, the core teams were asked. The amount

clusters. The relevant trade clusters that were recognised are construction management, site operations, design, procurement and accounting,

has been collected into the trade

wary between three and twelve. The seller or logistic manager, which were

The

gained

results

propose

that

core teams or multi-company ones team were calculated only one. This

team. This was studied with a particular open question. The respondents named the three most important tasks, which have been assigned to the core team in question. The total number

respondents have participated the work core teams was determined. Figure 6 relation with other companies. Based

internal core teams.

Based on the survey, 66 core teams

clusters in relation to the core teams.

Based on the survey at least one member with background in construction

them named three tasks. The tasks were grouped into clusters, which were treated through several successive third party. The independent third party was used to ensure that the data was the categories represent the data. The total is been presented in Figure 7.

processes. personnel involved is primary on the their activities throughout preparative work, cooperative actions and daily problem solving.

Thus, when it was a construction project do, the typical

core team, the respondents answered the main assignment was to take care The schedule control came close to this

Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects

in_bo

M. Keinänen, K. KähkÜnen

structures and linkages are sought to stakeholders.

The team design is understood as a core which as a whole is highlighting the

and partnering arrangements have been used to attempt to integrate the construction project delivery team (Love,

superimposed onto environments where

provides more value adding collaboration between project partners.

The core team is an interesting management arrangement in The

construction

industry

can

be members but consequences might be the

teams as an approach are particularly

based industry where the operations the core team can bring together the key is drowned by a hierarchical manner where part optimisation procedures

members the responsibilities are shared The result is part-optimum decision

participants. A core team is an optional

avoided and decisions are made based

construction project teams. the high-level integration is seen as a key

selected their own core teams and there were

settled

by

the

arrangements

organisational arrangements has arisen

project. project, thus tackle the management

managing a project. with their own perspectives, which has

in_bo

New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

A typical construction project is an

organised inside one company, but it

organisations brought together. The challenge is to organise the participants

interorganisational are a somewhat

that construction management and site operations were the most represented least one member in the core team.

During a construction project, the tasks concept core team has been recognised

and make decisions.

We see the core team as an important organisational

arrangements

in

reported being like this. Usually a project

mandates, contractual recognitions, established approached and decisionmaking practices are the dimensions where developments should take place.

project teams as project structuring approaches. the project.

The core team can be

2018, vol. 09 n° 13

Core Project Team As a Management Entity for Construction Projects

in_bo

construction sector, Architectural Management, 17, 1.

USA.

The - Social and Behavioural Sciences Concurrent Engineering to Construction

The Sri Lanka Research Technology

Rethinking construction.

Regions, London , Strategic Manging Team

Blackwell Science Ltd. UK. Integrated

An design and construction

,

. construction management, Routledge, London.

.

Ltd, UK.

M. Keinänen, K. Kähkönen

J. Ross publishing,