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Reg. No.: 2011/011959/07
Agricultural
Management Practices
Study guide
Grade 11
CAPS aligned
JC Zandberg
LESSON ELEMENTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
What learners should know at the end of the lesson. Taken from CAPS.
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
New terminology to extend understanding of the subject as part of this lesson.
DEFINE:
Definitions of concepts to understand the content.
IMPORTANT:
Explain misunderstandings; possible confusion regarding existing knowledge.
TIPS:
Any information other than the content, to guide learners through the learning process..
FOR THE CURIOUS:
Sample
Encouragement to do in-depth research about the content. Expand the activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN): explain the need to complete the basic questions to achieve a passing mark.
ACTIVITY:
Questions throughout the lesson that must be done in order to test the knowledge of the lesson completed.
EXCERCISE:
In conclusion of the specific Unit. Formative assessment.
CORE CONTENT:
Emphasise the core of content; in-depth explanation of a specific section of the lesson; needs to be understood.
STUDY / REVISION:
Time spent to study the content in conclusion of the Unit and in preparation for the test or examination.
Sample
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural Management Practices is the study and application of economic and management principles that are used in the production, transformation and marketing of food and other agricultural products. These principles are used to produce and add value to high quality agricultural products so that these products have economic, aesthetic, social and cultural value.
Agricultural Management Practices need to be approached by keeping the following learning objectives in mind:
Knowledge and understanding of the interrelationships between Agricultural Management Practices, society and the environment
The focus is on understanding the developments in transformative legislation, poverty and the global environment. This learning objective shows learners how to use this understanding to improve the quality of life of individuals and communities.
Management practice process
This learning objective helps the learner to master the management processes and skills by underpinning Agricultural Management Practices.
Knowledge and understanding of management practices in agriculture
The focus of this learning objective is to assist learners to gain knowledge, to acquire a broader understanding of how Agricultural Management Practices relate to their everyday lives and to make informed decisions to incorporate all relevant practices, systems and technologies to manage a sustainable agricultural environment.
Application of knowledge and skills in agriculture
The focus of this learning objective addresses the various skills needed to access, process and use information to meet the challenges in Agricultural Management Practices. It also involves the knowledge and skills to handle basic and relevant agricultural machinery and equipment so as to solve agriculture-related problems.
1
YEAR PLANNING
1. Maize – main production areas
2. Maize – classification of crops
3. Maize – important cultivars
4. Maize – soil sampling and profile studies
5. Maize – soil characteristics
6. Maize – soil cultivation
7. Maize – irrigation and water scheduling
8. Maize – climate requirements
9. Maize – soil and plant analysis
10. Fertilising methods and programme
1. Maize
2. Maize – weeds and diseases
3. Maize – pest control
2
4. Crop rotation
5. Farm implements
6. Manipulation of plant growth
7. Crop protection programme
1. Sheep farming – economic importance
2. Sheep farming – breed standards
3. Sheep farming – breeding systems
4. Reproduction
5. Housing and facilities
3
4
6. Sheep farming – diseases
7. Sheep handling and facilities
8. Basic veterinary practices
9. Sheep – Parasitology
10. Sheep – Feeding aspects and requirements
1. Keeping records
2. Production-related legislation
3. Objectives of field management
4. Fodder flow planning
5. Carrying capacity and field composition
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing this unit, you must be able to do the following:
Know the main production areas in South Africa and its potential role in the industry. Have a overview of the economic importance of crop production.
Lesson 1: Maize – main production areas FOR THE CURIOUS:
Western civilisation has probably been introduced to maize when Columbus discovered the New World in 1492. It was cultivated by the most developed Indian races. The Indians called this cereal "maize".
An indication of the true age of the mealie can be obtained from fossils of pollen grains, which were dug up 60 m beneath the current city of Mexico. Although it is believed to be approximately eighty thousand years old, its morphological characteristics were almost identical to the pollen of modern maize. Wild maize, therefore, has existed for thousands of years.
UNIT 1: Crop production –maize Sample
All the most well-known endosperm types of maize have been cultivated since the earliest times – such as dent maize, flint maize, mealy maize, sweet corn and popcorn. Because it was cultivated across such a wide region, there was a large variety of types. Among others, late varieties, with a growth period of 11 to 12 months, that were cultivated in the tropical parts of South America, and varieties that became ripe within two months which were cultivated by the Mandanes from North Dakota. In the south-western part of the USA, there were types that were particularly deep rooted. These were cultivated in regions where summer rainfall was very low. These characteristics are still used today, for selection of new cultivars.
The black people of South Africa cultivated maize long before the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck. Van Riebeeck apparently planted maize for the first time in 1658. The Great Trek (1836 – 1838) played an important role in the distribution of maize.
CLASSIFICATION
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea mays
ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAIZE
1. Maize generate foreign currency due to maize exports.
2. Maize is the staple food of a large part of the population.
3. Other industries develop around maize, because farmers spend millions of rand on fuel, fertiliser, seed, implements and wages for labourers.
4. Thousands of job opportunities are created.
5. Other industries which are directly dependent of maize cultivation are:
• Millers
• Producers of cattle feed
• Starch factories
• Breakfast cereal producers
• Producers of bio-fuel such as ethanol.
Main production areas in South Africa
Sample
1. Mainly the summer rainfall regions.
2. Dry land cultivation, in regions with an annual rainfall of between 600 mm and 900 mm.
3. The most important maize producing regions in the RSA are the maize quadrangle. This region lies between the towns of Zeerust, Christiana, Ladybrand and Ermelo Approximately 90% of the South Africa’s maize is produced in this quadrangle. The production alternates between 4 million tonnes (in 1984 to 9 million tonnes in 2002).
Maize producing countries or regions of the world
Comparative figures for maize production by the top ten producers are shown below (measure in millions of tons). Look, amongst other things, at the tremendous difference in crops between South Africa and the USA.
Maize production in South Africa
Labels: Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, KwaZuluNatal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, North West.
CORE
The richest maize region in South Africa is known as the summer harvest region and these sowing areas are indicated in green on the map. Traditionally, it was known as the Maize Triangle. Some sources indicate the three points as the towns of Zastron, Mafeking and Machadodorp, indicated on the map. Other sources indicate the points as Ladybrand in the Free State, Mafikeng in North West and Carolina in Mpumalanga. However, it does not differ much from the former three points and the precise demarcation can in fact no longer be disputed.
This summer harvest region is the great maize barn of South Africa. Many towns in the area have big silos for storing maize, as well as mills which ground it. Maize is found in this region because, as a summer crop, it thrives here – weather permitting, because it needs water. It is, of course, also planted because it is popular with South Africans, for use in mealiepap, and also as samp, mealie rice and even as popcorn.
Maize is a staple food for many South Africans
ACTIVITY 1.1
1.1 Name the five most well-known endosperm types of maize. (5)
1.2 Give the classification of maize. (4)
1.3 Discuss the economic importance of maize. (13)
1.4 Name the four towns in the maize quadrangle (4)
1.5 What is the meaning of the word “staple food”? (1)
1.6 Name any other three products made of maize. (3)
TOTAL: 30
Lesson 2: Maize – classification of crops
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing this lesson, you must be able to do the following:
Know the classification of crops according to the agronomic characteristics of seed and plant.
Understand the growth curve and critical period during growth.
Characteristics of maize
PLANT DESCRIPTION
∗ Maize belongs to the grass family.
∗ Maize is an annual grown in summer.
∗ It grows upright.
∗ Development: the plant has mainly single stems, although some cultivars may form sprouts, to a greater or lesser degree.
∗ A plume or male flower is at the top of the plant.
∗ The cob or female flower is more or less in the middle of the plant.
∗ Maize is a monocotyledonous plant.
ROOT SYSTEMS
∗ After planting, radicals develop out of the maize plant and they function for six weeks after planting (that is until the five-leaf stage).
∗ During the six-leaf stage the rich branching of the adventitious roots develop.
∗ The adventitious root consists of nodes under the ground.
∗ Radicals are also known as primary roots.
Sample
∗ Adventitious roots are also known as secondary roots.
∗ Adventitious roots reach one meter to the sides and two meters downwards.
∗ Capillary roots are found on the adventitious roots.
∗ After the appearance of the plume (male flower), tabular roots develop, which support the plant. They can also take up water and nutrients. They develop from 2 or 3 knots under the ground.
Tabular adventiti
Plume with male Flower
Beard Cob (female flower)
Tabular Roots
Beard Cob
Leaf sheath
Sample
SKETCH OF THE MAIZE PLANT
Nodes out of which sprouts can develop
Plume
Leaf blade
Segment
Node Node
Leaf sheath
Hilum Node
Node
Hilum
Young maize cob
Stem
∗ Consists of internodes and nodes. Internodes are situated between two nodes.
∗ An offshoot with a cob, develops from the hilum on the eighth node from the bottom.
∗ Offshoots can develop out of the lowest nodes.
∗ The stem has 8 to 21 segments.
Stem Node
LEAVES
∗ The plant has 8 to 20 leaves.
∗ Leaves are arranged in a spiral on the stem.
∗ A leaf consists of a leaf sheath and a leaf blade.
∗ Each leaf has a prominent middle nervure, with nervure parallel to it.
Middle
Parallel Veins
Nervure Nervures
Sample
Leaf blade
Stem
Leaf sheath
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF THE GROWING MAIZE PLANT
∗ The different growing stages are numbered from 0 to 10.
∗ Growing stage 0: From planting to sprouting of seed.
∗ Growing stage 1: Four leaves fully unfolded. (2 weeks after sprouting.)
