LEVEL 1 by Heena Soni

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LEVEL 1

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Introduction

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Dear Student, So far you have been seeing the academic side of science but is it what science is really all about? Well friends, at Iken Scientifica science is “a way of life”. In our daily walk of life, we learn most of the things by observing and trying. Since childhood, we observing our parents eat, speak, do things and that is how we learn these things, same is the case with all living beings. We do what we observe and see others doing. Same principle applies to science as well. Science is not about knowing facts rather it is about exploring, questioning, practicing and creating. It is about being inquisitive and asking questions such as “HOW, WHY, WHAT” This preparatory booklet is not just limited to this competition but it equips you with what we call a scientific attitude of approaching things. The focus of this preparatory booklet is Ÿ To Stimulate young minds Ÿ Getting you to explore

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Ÿ Exposing you to observation and experimenting Ÿ Letting students have their own piece of mind (ideation) Ÿ Making you experience the power of innovation Ÿ Inculcating the habit of practicing and questioning science rather

than learning and believing it. Ÿ Emphasizing that one problem can have multiple solutions. Ÿ To master the scientific way of doing things In coming pages you will be taught an approach to address problems and device workable solutions. Above all you will be exposed to the real world of science!

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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How, Why, What? The Scientific Way The Round One of iKen Scientifica examines how well you can utilize your scientific aptitude. You will be posed with some scenario based questions which require the basic scientific concepts you have learnt till now and a little common sense to address them. You do not need any special preparation for the first round. The examination does not require you to have factual knowledge of any particular concept. It needs the knowledge that you have gathered over the years. Nevertheless, you can equip yourself, to handle the examination questions. This booklet will introduce you to an approach to improve your scientific aptitude along with scenarios and sample questions to practice. Obser

Observe Observing phenomena, actions or events and reason out the knowledge gathered from abstract thoughts and everyday experiences.

Question The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?

Extrapolate An educated guess about how things work: â&#x20AC;&#x153;If [I do this] , then [this] will happen."

Questi

o n

ice

Prac t

Apply Applying scientific procedures, concept and knowledge in understanding situations and problems that occur in every day life.

Analy

Extrap

te ola

ze Appl

Analyze Understanding, interpreting, relating and concluding.

Practise Generate interest and increase efficiency *Needs Parental Help And Guidance

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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Case Study 1

See-saw with the elephant How do machine reduce work?

Teacher- Can you all remain quite, please? Why are you making noise and laughing aloud? Niki- Madam, Raju says he is so strong that can play see-saw with an elephant. Teacher-But Niki, what is there to laugh at it? I believe he can do it. Niki- Madam how can tiny Raju lift a huge elephant? of elephant.

He can't match the weight

Teacher- He need not match the weight of elephant, all you need is to apply science, a little calculation and 'think beyond the obvious'. Everything is possible if you approach the problem in a methodological manner. Niki- Wow, science is amazing! Teacher-Yes it is. The other day I was telling you about lever. Can anyone tell me what you remember? Esha- A lever is like a long stick that you push or pull against a fulcrum to move something. A lever helps you move something heavy, or make something go fast. Teacher- What else you remember about lever? Nirav- Teacher, the earliest levers developed naturally inside animals' bodies. Whenever you pick up anything heavy, your elbows act as the fulcrum of the lever, and your arm bone acts as the lever itself. Teacher- What about the par of the lever? What are the different types of lever? Raju- Yes teacher, A lever needs four things to work: a bar, a fulcrum, a load and an effort. Pankaj- And there are three different kinds of levers. In Class 1, like the see-saws Class 2, like staplers and Class 3, like fishing rod. Teacher- Great. I like you enthusiasm in learning science, but science is amazing when you apply it to everyday life. Can you tell me how can you use the concept of lever to move a big piece of rock, which you can't move with your bare hands?

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IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

Esha- I have seen my Brother moving large rocks blocking the road once. He used an iron rod and a small piece of brick kept under the rod and with the iron rod he moved the piece of rock. He kept the small end of the iron rod below the rock and pushed on the other end. Teacher- Great! That is a good example of lever used in day to day life. The iron rod is the lever and the small brick he kept under is a fulcrum. And the load of the big rock he could move by little effort. And in a similar way Raju can play see-saw with the elephant. Niki- Sir, How this is connected to the Raju playing see-saw with the elephant? Teacher- Ok. I will explain but you have to keep answering my questions. Did you see when Esha's brother moved the rock across fulcrum he kept a very small length under the rock and bigger length on his side. Nirav- But why is that? Teacher- When we are lifting a heavy weight using the lever we can keep the longer portion across fulcrum to our side and shorter portion to load. The shorter portion can balance the heavy load and the longer portion can work with comparatively lesser force.

Esha- Teacher, how these lengths are connected? Teacher- In a lever Weight at side 1 x length of side 1= Weight at side 2 x length of side 2 In following problem if you want to lift the 30kg weight then we must add (30x1)/5=6 kg. Niki- But, in see-saw the length of both sides are equal. Teacher- Yes, But they are meant to be used by people of equal weight. But by altering the size of the arms across fulcrum we can lift heavier weight with a smaller weight. Like this Raju can lift the elephant in a seesaw game. Now kids suppose the elephant is 500kg and need a 3m space to sit, Raju is 40 kg then design a see saw which Raju and the elephant can play. Now you can solve this by altering the design, calculating the length and finding the weight needed.

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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Designing a wheel How wheels made navigation easier

Teacher-Here in the interesting thing about the machines Machine makes work easier by changing the size, direction etc. Now that you learn that making work simpler by using the lever, we will use the concept to solve problem in day to day life. Class-Machines are amazing. Teacher - Take two erasers and a scale. And arrange them in a following way. And apply force as displayed. The eraser will be thrown off by the force applied by you. Note down the distance for each arrangement. And compare them. Relate them with what you have learned.

Jubi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Those wheels for an anti-terrorist squad vehicle, you're kidding me! Ravi- A wheel is a wheel and besides this is a science class project and I am not a scientist. Jubi- It didn't take a scientist to realize that it's easier to move cylindrical logs than object with flat surface. Ravi- What do you mean? Jubi- I mean that you do not need to be a scientist to approach your science project in a logical manner. Ravi - Stop being sarcastic and help me if you mean to. Jubi- Ok. To begin with you need to understand that in world of science everything is for a reason. For instance wheels have spokes, have you ever thought why we don't have solid wheels? Ravi- Umm, I am not too sure of using the spoke and rim system over the whole solid wheel.

Teacher - Take a tin container with a cap. Now try to open it with your finger? Now open it with the back of a spoon. In which case it was easy to open the container?

Jubi- The early stone wheels were too heavy. Later human discovered that using wheel we can make the wheels lighter. But then in order to still make the wheel even lighter only those parts were kept that will hold the wheel rim with axle. This resulted in the evolution of spokes. It's easy to think of the spokes as columns supporting the wheel and helping it retain its shape. The "support" that the wheel receives is created by pulling the spokes towards the center. Ravi- And why we are using tube and tyre in most of our vehicles?

Teacher - List down some tasks which you can simplify using levers. Esha-opening a cola bottle Cracking a nut

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IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

Jubi- It is known as pneumatic tyre wheel. The lack of developed roads prevented wide adoption of the wheel for transportation until well into the 20th century. We still are using this kind of tyres in most of our vehicles which absorbs shock. But there are some vehicles that don not use tube and tyre. Like the trains and the tanks. Can you think why? Ravi- Yeah I think I know. The train will move on a smooth surface and doesn't have to worry about a shock absorbing technique. But I don't know about the tank. They normally go in rough surfaces.

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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Jubi- The tank wheel, also called Caterpillar tracks, works on the same principle as a conveyer belt. The tank engine rotates one or more steel sprockets (tooth on the rim of gear wheel), which move a track made up of hundreds of metal links. The tank's wheels ride along the moving track, just like the wheels in a car run along the road. And this helps the tank in moving through different kind of landscapes. Ravi- Great. Now I know about a different kind of wheel. But what are the things that determine the size of the wheel. Like the Monster truck and the Road rollers have big wheels. Much bigger than our car! Jubi- When we are moving on irregular surfaces we need the bigger wheels. If the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities they can travel smoother. However many times they add on weight to the vehicle and reduce speed. Ravi- Wow, now I get the idea, I think I can design wheels for my antiterrorist squad vehicle. Jubi- Sounds great! So now you can put together your idea and determine what the size will be, the type of material you use, additional techniques, mechanism you use etc. And breaking down your problem to smaller problems and tackling them individually can make your problem easy to deal with. Ravi- Thanks a lot for your help brother.

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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Ravi- Thanks you so much brother. Now that I know about various types of wheels I can approach the problem in a better way. Jubi- Yes, so now with the knowledge you gained about wheels we will tackle the problem in a scientific way. Now keep answering the questions and you will be able to design the required wheel for the antiterrorist squad. Ravi- Sure Jubi-Tell me, what are the functions of an antiterrorist squad vehicle? Ravi-It should be able travel all kind of terrains -It should not tough design to tackle tough conditions And (â&#x20AC;Ś.help Ravi in finding it out)

Jubi- Good, Now depending on the function of the anti terrorist tell me what will be the function of the wheels. Ravi-It should require less maintenance -It should be puncture resistant And (â&#x20AC;Ś.help Ravi in finding the functions)

Jubi- Great. Now what could be the material used to create the wheel for this vehicle? Ravi-Metal alloy for the frame -Steel for rim

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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Sample Qustions for Scientifica Q1. Sharon madam is conducting a science experiment for her class in which she has kept an L- shaped object in front of the mirror as shown. Which of the following shows correctly the reflection which would be seen in the mirror?

Q3. A windmill is a good way to make use of renewable natural resources. There are 5 wind mills placed in a farm. Given the aerial view and the wind direction which of the following lay outs of windmills would be best for generating the maximum amount of electricity with 5 wind mills?

A. A.

The answer to this question clearly lies in the given options. You can very easily eliminate option A and B as the images in the mirror are showing the back view of the L-shaped object. Any object placed in front of a plain mirror will be seen at the same distance from it. So here you can also eliminate option C, as the object is looking nearer in the mirror. Hence the correct answer here is option D.

Q2. A piece of paper is cut and then folded to make a pentagonal pyramid. Given below is one

D. All of the above would generate the same amount of electricity. The answer to this question lies in the position of the windmills. The blades of the fan in a windmill are designed in a way that when wind strikes the blades, it rotates. More the amount of wind strikes the surface of blade, better it rotates and more is the amount of electricity generated. Therefore, it is clearly visible that in farm C more amount of wind will hit the blades as per the position of the windmills in the field. Hence the correct answer is option C.

such paper cutting which can be folded to complete a pentagonal pyramid. The Number of folds required on this cut-out to make this pentagonal pyramid are:

Q4 A boat rises above the water level as it enters the sea from a river. Given below are some reasons. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

River

Which of these reasons is/are correct? It is a very simple question based on the number of sides of the given geometric shape. A pentagon has five sides. So to find, the number of folds required in the cutout to make it look like a pentagonal pyramid will be five folds. Hence the correct answer is option B.

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IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

A. Only I is correct. B. Only II is correct. C. Both II and III are correct. D. Both I and IV are correct.

Sea

I. Density of sea water is greater than density of river water. II. Density of river water is greater than density of sea water. III. A boat displaces more water in the sea than a river. IV. A boat displaces more water in a river than the sea

To answer this question you will need to know the density of water among different water bodies. The higher the salinity, the greater the density. Therefore the density of sea water is greater than the density of river water. So reason 1 has to be there in the answer. Eliminate option B and C. If the density is less the displacement has to be more for the water body. Therefore, reason IV is also an answer. Hence the correct answer is option D.

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

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EI report

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Web references for self study & research Practice

The Internet is full of limitless knowledge. And it is undoubtedly the best place to gather material for preparation of Iken Scientifica round 1 test. To give you a head start, we will give a few recommendations: -

Extrapolate

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ Has a varied amount of learning content broaden the child's horizon of knowledge. Well categorized fields make the surfing easier. Science explained in a more readable format.

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www.howstuffworks.com

Apply

It has thousands of topics, from a simply key to advance security system explained through videos and illustrations. You can learn how everything works.

www.flying-pig.co.uk This site consists of vast and varied range of learning models. All the models can be prepared by simple use of cardboard cut out to make learning resource. This gives a practical knowledge of mechanisms.

Analyze

www.technologystudent.com/cams/camdex.htm This interactive site has numerous information accmpained with animated demonstartions and exercise to enhance the study and understanding of Design and Technology we come across in day-to-day life.

Observe

www.instructables.com Your performance will be indicated by an Enterprise index graph. This graph represents your performance in the five parameters which constitute the enterprise index. The percentage score in each category is plotted to make a pentagon (a polygon with five sides). The shape of the pentagon can be useful to understand your relative performances in different categories. You should work towards increasing the area of this pentagon as much as you can. The outside borders of graph represent, the highest possible enterprise index and extra ordinary scientific aptitude.

Large collection of How To and Do it yourself and provides good hands-on experience. Along with exploring the projects, you can also share your project. Great way to learn science!

www.physics4kids.com This website helps you to learn and understand the basic concepts of physics through real-life scenarios perform small activites and solve the quizzes. This is the one-stop to get your physics concepts clear.

www.popularmechanics.com Get the answers to the how, what and why about all the mechanical gadgets in this site. It covers a variety of information on home improvement, automotive needs, electronics, computers, telecommunications and everything dealing with machines.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The detailed Enterprise Index report would have much more analysis based on these parameters to help you discover your true scientific potential and tips to improve on the same.â&#x20AC;?

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1 IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1

www.gorobotics.net Learn the very basics to how to make a robot right from the simple to advanced concepts and provides a good resource of robotic projects. You can also stay in touch with the latest roboticss news.

IKEN SCIENTIFICA 2011 | PREPARATORY BOOKLET | LEVEL 1