BUILDING SERVICES REPORT

TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BUILDING SERVICES FOR ELDERLY CENTER BUILDING SERVICES BLD 60903 / ARC 2423

NAME

STUDENT ID

EDDIE GOH

0322915

NIK AFIQ AMADI

0317749

NURINA AIDA

0320035

NURIN ABDULLAH

0318596

NUR ZALIQAL

0317121

SHEFEREENA ISREEN

0325915

TUTOR: MR SIVARAMAN

1.0 ABSTRACT

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING

3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Active Fire Protection System 3.1.2 Passive Fire Protection System 3.2 Active Fire Protection System 3.2.1 Smoke Detectors 3.2.2 Manual Call Point 3.2.3 Fire Alarm System 3.2.4 Hose Reel System 3.2.5 Dry Riser 3.2.6 Fire Hydrant 3.2.7 Fire Extinguisher 3.3 Passive Fire Protection System 3.3.1 Fire Wall 3.3.2 Fire Exit Doors 3.3.3 Door Closer 3.3.4 Emergency Staircases 3.3.5 Assembly Point

4.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 4.1 Literature Review 4.2 Hydraulic Lift 4.2.1 Lifts 4.2.2 Lift Configuration 4.2.3 Lift Dimension 4.2.4 Emergency

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5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.1 Literature Review 5.2 Air Conditioning System 5.3 Water Cooled Package Unit Air Conditioning System 5.4 Components 5.4.1 Outdoor Unit 5.4.2 Indoor Unit 5.4.3 Ductwork 5.5 Cooling Cycle 5.6 UBBL Requirement or Related Regulations

6.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION 6.1 Literature Review 6.2 Mechanical Ventilation System 6.3 Mechanical Air Supply System 6.4 Mechanical Air Exhaust System 6.5 Matrix Diagram of Ventilation System 6.6 Safety Instructions 6.7 Components and Operations of Ventilation System 6.7.1 Propeller Fan 6.7.2 Ductwork 6.7.3 Fire Dampler 6.7.4 Air Supply Diffuser

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

8.0 APPENDIX

9.0 REFERENCES

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1.0 ABSTRACT

This case study and documentation was conducted with the intention to provide a better understanding on the principles, process and equipment of various building services systems through experimental learning.

For this project, our group of 6 had proposed the building services needed that follows the UBBLs. Each of us was tasked with conducting indepth analysis and documentation of various building services. To research and exposure to the integrations of the systems are then translated into a report and presentation slides. Literature reviews and analysis of the systems allowed us to demonstrate our level of understanding and familiarity on the drawing convections and standards of different building services system. Our analysis and understanding for various services are presented in the following pages of the report, summing up as a comprehensive study on the building services system of the Elderly Center.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

A double storey elderly home located in Old Klang Road, Selangor with its gross floor area of 795 square meters. The design concept behind this Elderly Center according to the designer is breaking the skyline.

The house is designed in such a way that the orientation is placed accordingly to compliment the sun orientation as well as maximizing the wind distribution.

The building is surrounded by a compound with vegetation. The building is designed specifically for elderly where by it adheres closely to the building by-laws where necessary requirements are met and practiced. Public access is for elderly with or without disabilities in this center is unlimited. In which, the elderly can walk freely in and out of the building. It is indeed hard to put aesthetics values since it has difficulty with the by-laws, as most openings are covered due to elderly’s health and safety. On the other hand, the other building services systems seem to blend into the design seamlessly. Many spaces were used as compartments to serve the services, smoothing out the aesthetic values of hiding.

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3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Active fire protection (AFP) is an integral part of fire protection. It is a group of systems that interacts with the surrounding and operates together, through some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Active fire protection systems can be either manually operated or automatic, which is through sensors. The system works through detection of fire or any other emergencies in a building, which sends signals that would automatically active it’s components to control the situation. Active systems are more beneficial in buildings of larger scale when natural ventilation are not able to combat the fire. The main purposes of active fire protection systems are as follow: a) Extinguish fire b) Control fire c) Provide exposure protection to prevent fire from spreading

Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of active fire protection system in the elderly center 6

3.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

3.2.1 SMOKE DETECTORS Smoke detectors are a series of interconnected systems, individually configured to detect the presence of fire. The main component of the system, which is the smoke alarm, identifies signs of an emergency such as smoke or an increase in temperature, which then issues a signal to the fire alarm control panel. This would then activate an acoustic signal that will warn occupants to vacate the building. Smoke detectors are usually positioned throughout the building.

UBBL 1984, Section 238: Fire Alarm Systems Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the tenth schedule to these by-laws.

TYPE OF SMOKE DETECTOR Photoelectric smoke alarms operate using a light source, a light beam collimating system and a photoelectric sensor. When smoke enters the optical chamber and crosses the path of the light beam, some light is scattered by the smoke particles, directing it at the sensor and thus activating the alarm. This type of alarm generally responds faster to fire, as it is more sensitive to the warning signs.

Figure 3.2: Wireless Photoelectric Smoke Detector

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Figure 3.3: Light source is scattered when smoke is present, which hits the smoke detector

3.2.2 MANUAL CALL POINT A manual call point is a device that allows occupants to signal the presence of a fire in a building. It is connected to the control panel, which is connected to the alarm system. The occupants position the manual call point in areas that are easily accessible.

UBBL 1984 Section 155: Fire mode of operation The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Figure 3.4: Manual call point

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Some of the requirements of manual call points are as follows: a) To be placed at all storey exits and all exits to open air, regardless of whether or not they are designated fire exits. b) The distance between one call points to another should not be more than 45m apart. c) The above distance should be reduced to 25 and 16m respectively, if there are occupants with limited mobility or there is a likelihood of rapid-fire development. d) Manual call points should be positioned 1.4 m+ or -200mm above the floor.

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3.2.3 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

A fire alarm system is a notification appliance, consisting of components and circuits such as fire detectors, annunciator panels, loudspeakers, telephones, control panels and pull. The primary function of a fire alarm is to alert the occupants of a building to the presence of a fire. It may also perform other functions. For instance, the system can be designed to simultaneously alert the fire department by means of a direct or relayed signal where a rapid response by the fire department is essential. This is particularly important in high buildings, hospitals and nursing homes where evacuation assistance may be required. In other cases, because of the nature of the building occupancy, the alarm system may be designed to alert initially only the building staff before the general alarm is activated. Fire alarm systems can be designed to control the operation of the building service equipment to minimize the spread of fire and smoke. Signals from the system can automatically engage equipment to pressurize stairwells or shut down recirculating air systems. This helps confine smoke to the fire floor and minimizes danger to life and property damage. The alarm system can also be designed to activate smoke exhaust systems to ventilate a fire and reduce heat build-up. Controls connected to the fire alarm system can recall elevators automatically to the ground floor and remove them from public use.

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3.2.4 TYPE OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

In a two-stage alarm system, a distinct alert signal first advises the staff of the fire emergency. Usually this signal is coded so that its meaning is apparent only to designated building staff. The staff are expected to immediately investigate the source of the alarm and, if a fire exists, to activate the alarm signal. The alarm signal is automatically set off after a predetermined period of time. If, on the other hand, after investigation it is determined that the alert is a false alarm, staff can silence the coded alert signal and reset the system.

Two-stage alarm systems are normally used if programmed evacuation is required or if a general alarm would cause undue distress to the occupants. In this elderly center, the evacuation of the occupants is difficult and could be physically or psychologically harmful. Therefore two-stage alarm systems are used to reduce the possibility of false alarm

Alarm Bell Fire alarm bells are devices that deliver high sound pressure output to signal people in the events of a fire. It transmits a unique distinctive sound that would not confuse the occupants with other signals. The smoke detector or a manual call point can trigger the alarm bell both automatically and manually. When smoke is detected, or when a manual call point is triggered, the alarm bell will release a sound to alert occupants to evacuate the premises

Figure 3.7: Fire Alarm Bell

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Hearing Impaired Smart Strobe Light Since it is an elderly center, this Hearing Impaired Smart Strobe Light is extremely efficient in providing assistance for individuals with hearing impairments. It carries the ability to distinguish between smoke or heat and CO dangers. When smoke is detected, it will transmit a super bright flashing light that is proven effective in waking people with hearing impairments. It separates the flash patterns to distinguish smoke, heat or CO danger. It is interconnected with the smoke detector.

Figure 3.8: Hearing Impaired Smart Strobe Light

UBBL 1984, Section 155: 1.The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

UBBL 1984, Section 255: [1] Every building to have [1] means of detecting and extinguishing fire, equipped with fire alarm and exit signs based the Tenth Schedule

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3.2.4 HOSE REEL SYSTEM Fire hose reels are located strategically throughout the building in order to provide accessible and controlled water supply for fire extinguishing.

It is manually operated, by opening a valve to allow water flow into a hose. The system pressure loss will trigger the pump, ensuring the right amount of water flow and pressure to release jet water that shoots up to 10m away from the nozzle.

3.2.5 HOSE REEL DRUM The hose reel drum is fixed on specific locations on every floor of the elderly center, connected to a fire pump set.

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Figure 3.9 & 3.10: Hose reel drum

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Some of the hose reel design requirements are as follow: a) The discharge capacity of the hose reel is at 30 litres per min b) The hose reel jet and nozzle should be adjustable c) Water pressure from the nozzle should be at least 20 ft d) The pump set should be installed at a protected area

3.2.5 DRY RISER SYSTEM

Dry riser system is installed in buildings for firefighting purposes by trained personnel and which, are normally dry and are capable of being charged with water by pumping from Fire Service Appliances. It is installed complete with an inlet breeching connector at Ground Floor with Landing Valves at specified points on each floor. It is installed up to 50m above the Fire Service Access Level. Dry risers have to allow access to a fire engine within 18 m of the dry riser inlet box. Dry risers in occupied buildings have to be within a fire resistant shaft, usually one of a building's fire escape staircase enclosures.

Figure 3.11: Dry Riser

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Figure 3.12: Elevation and Section drawings of Dry Riser

UBBL 1984, Section 230: Dry rising system to be provided in buildings with top most floors more than 18.3m but less than 30.5m

3.2.6 DRY RISER SYSTEM OPERATION

Figure 3.13: Dry Riser Operating System

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A dry riser is a normally empty pipe that can be externally connected to a pressurized water source by firefighters through the breeching inlet. It consists of a vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building as a component of the fire suppression systems through the landing valve. Dry risers are used when the water pressure of a building wouldn't be enough for fire suppression and in unheated buildings where the pipes could freeze.

3.2.6 FIRE HYDRANT A fire hydrant is one of the components of active fire protection system and a source of water provided to enable firefighter to tap into the water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. Fire hydrants can typically supply a large volume of water and is efficient in extinguishing large fires. This water is pumped through hoses to the fire truck, where it is pressurized and divided into several streams to supply water to multiple fire hoses at once. It enables the firefighter to extinguish the fire from a distance. During an emergency, the user will attach a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water.The elderly center needs only one fire hydrant because the size of the compound is small.

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Figure 3.14: Fire Hydrant UBBL 1984, Section 225: [2] A minimum one Fire Hydrant not more than 91.5m from nearest fire brigade access

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3.2.7 FIRE EXTINGUISHER The fire extinguisher is an equipment used to control fire in cases of an emergency. It is a portable equipment that releases a jet of water, foam, gas, or other material to extinguish a fire. Every floor of the elderly center is equipped with a fire extinguisher, near the fire escape doors and hose reels. Fire extinguishers should also be easily accessible for occupants.

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Figure 3.15: ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher Diagram ABC POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER ABC dry powder fire extinguisher is a multi-proposed powder and is excellent all-round fire extinguishers. It can be used on class A, burning solids, class B, liquid fires, and class C, gases and is filled with monoammonium phosphate powder. It contains an extinguishing agent, which is propelled out of the extinguisher body by a compressed, nonflammable gas. The agent forms a ‘blanket’ over the fire, smothering it and preventing re-ignition.

Figure 3.16: ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher 20

3.2.8 SAFE OPERATING OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER There are four basic steps for using modern portable fire extinguishers.

The acronym PASS is used to describe these four basic steps: 1. Pull (Pin) Pull pin at the top of the extinguisher, breaking the seal. When in place, the pin keeps the handle from being pressed and accidentally operating the extinguisher. Immediately test the extinguisher. (Aiming away from the operator) This is to ensure the extinguisher works and also shows the operator how far the stream travels.

2. Aim Approach the fire standing at a safe distance. Aim the nozzle or outlet towards the base of the fire.

3. Squeeze Squeeze the handles together to discharge the extinguishing agent inside. To stop discharge, release the handles.

4. Sweep Sweep the nozzle from side to side as you approach the fire, directing the extinguishing agent at the base of the flames. After an A Class fire is extinguished, probe for smoldering hot spots that could reignite the fuel

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3.3 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Passive Fire Protection system (PFP) is a system that slows down the spread of fire and smoke as well as protection of escape routes in order to lengthen the escape time by designing and modifying architectural elements with fire resistance characteristic. This system consists of two major parts, which are the compartment of space with fire-rated building components and the design of means of escape.

PFP system must be following the UBBL stated in order to provide effectiveness.

3.3.1 FIRE WALL A fire-resistance-rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions.

Under UBBL 1984 section 271: Fire Resistance of Structural Materials Any structural wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by these by-laws for any element, which it carries.

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3.3.2 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNS Emergency exit signs are very crucial in every building during the event of fire as it acts as a guide of direction to the occupants. These signs are green and white and are always kept illuminated, as this is to ensure the visibility of signage in the darkness during emergency where electricity will be cut off.

Figure 3.17: “KELUAR” Sign

Under UBBL 1984 section 172 1. All exits shall be marked with readily visible signs and shall not be obstructed by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

2. A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction of the nearest exit.

3.3.3 FIRE EXIT DOORS Fire-Rated Door is an essential and important fireproofing component that needs to be included when designing the PFP. It has the same function as the firewall where it blocks the spread of smoke and fire.

These doors must be unlocked and free of any device or alarm that

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could restrict emergency use of the exit route. It needs to be installed or built by using solid hardwood core with an asbestos insulating board with an hour of fire resistance. The doors must be installed with a metal push blade inside and a door closer outside. Fire-rated doors are usually installed at the egress of fire staircases on each floor. These doors act as normal doors where it is to allow circulation in a building but will be protecting the fire escape route in the event of fire.

Figure 3.18: Fire Exit Door

UBBL 1984, Section 173: Exit Doors 1. All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

2. Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.

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3.3.4 DOOR CLOSER It is a must to install a door closer on top of all fire exit doors as to fulfill the by-laws. The purpose of tis device is to ensure that the fire exit door is always closed at all time.

Figure 3.19: Automatic Door Closer

Under UBBL 164(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers, which are hydraulically spring operated in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

3.3.5 EMERGENCY STAIRCASES Fire emergency staircase is a designed vertical circulation pathway that acts as an important mean of escape especially in high-rise building.

Typically for fire escape staircases is the U-shaped stairs provided a landing at each flight of the staircases as to ensure the dwellers do have enough circulation space to pass down from avoiding any injuries during emergency. There should be no obstruction in any floor. All

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staircases should be properly lit and ventilated according to the bylaws.

Figure 3.20: Emergency Staircase

According to UBBL 1984: Exit Staircases 1. Every upper floor to have minimum 2 staircases except buildings lower than 12m 2. Number of staircases should accommodate highest occupancy load under, widths of staircases and exit routes shall be maintained (not reduces width) throughout & door swings should not encroach the access width

3.3.6 ASSEMBLY POINT All escape routes should lead the occupants to an open assembly point located outside of the building. This is to gather the occupants at one point and allow the ease of fire rescue and extinguishment.

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4.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical transportation refers to vertical transportation system used to provide transportation in multistory buildings. Some of there vertical transportation systems include lifts and escalators.

There are two types of lifts, which are commonly used: 

Hydraulic lift



Electric lift

Hydraulic lift is supported by piston at the bottom that pushes the lift up as electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston.

The elevator descends as valve releases the fluid from the piston.

Meanwhile, electric lifts consist of two types - traction with a machine room or machine-room less traction. Ropes operate the traction lift, which pass over a wheel attached to and electric motor located on top of the lift shaft. Traction lifts are suitable for high-rise buildings

4.2 HYDRAULIC LIFT

4.2.1 LIFTS The suitable lift to be used at the 3-storey elderly centre should be

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Schindler 330AP hydraulic lift system, which designated for low-rise residential and commercial buildings. It is efficient, stylish and designed for performance, which easy to plan and install as it fits all standard shaft size. This model of lift is also user and elderly friendly in daily operation.

These lifts are able to achieve speeds up to and sustain of general capacity of passenger in daily use.

`Figure 4.1 shows the location of the lift seen at ground floor plan

Figure 4.1: Location of the lift

UBBL 1984: Lift 1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm.

2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load.

3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long and 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel 4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to all the subclauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be turned through 180 inside the lift.

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4.2.2 LIFT CONFIGURATION

Figure 4.2: Hydraulic lift configuration.

The high performance in hydraulic lift configuration allows for an increase in the efficiency. The motor is relatively small and runs smoothly. Not only that it is low-cost but it is also eco-friendly hole less solution, which features telescopic jack. The lift somehow will simplify the building interface. On a side note, hydraulic working fluid is readily recyclable.

4.2.3 LIFT DIMENSIONS Figure 4.3 shows the position of the lifts in a lift lobby and indicates the appropriate dimensions. This shows the that the building has provided

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the requirement stated in By-Law 152 of UBBL 1984 where sufficient ceiling height and landing area is provided in the protected lift lobby.

Figure 4.3 Position and dimension passenger lift in a lift lobby at elderly center.

As this lift will be located at elderly center, every detail is thought of in the design of the lift and even the car operating panels are selected with careful thought to ensure the best is provided for building users.

For a daily use center, a vandal-resistant design is available with cover plates, pushbuttons and lenses engineered to withstand abnormally rough treatment. Pushbuttons and cover plates are mostly brushed stainless steel or bronze finish.

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Lift Controls Should comply with the following a) Controls should be clearly indicate and easily operated in accordance with Clause 27 of MS1184:2002 b) Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the car-operating panel. The width of diameter of the buttons should not be less than 20mm c) Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control buttons in the lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400mm above finished floor level.

The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not emergency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided and preferably of a design, which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped inside. d) All buttons should be design such that the visually impaired can identify them by touch. Buttons, which are not designed as such are best modifies by fixing embossed or braille numbers or letters next to the lift button.

Figure 4.4

Apart from that, Schindler 330A system includes the necessary interface Local Operating Network (LON) which simplifies wire runs and pre-connected boards bring new levels of reliability to the building

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management and may interface such as emergency of power and security.

Lift Indicators Should be provided in accordance with the following a) ‘Lift Coming’ indicators should be provided at each landing b) Indicators should be provided at each lift lobby to show the position and direction of motion of the lift car. Alternatively, an audible indicator should be provided to indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel c) An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and the floor at which the floor is situated. d) Embossed Braille number indicating each floor level should be provided beside the outside call button

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4.2.4 EMERGENCY

In emergency situations where the lift car is stopped and it is not possible to leave the lift there is no danger to the passenger inside as the lift car is secured against uncontrolled descent. Ventilation slits allow air into the car thus preventing suffocation. If power supply fails, emergency lighting immediately turns on in the lift car.

Figure 4.5 Ventilation slits in a lift car

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5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Air conditioning is achieved by developing the principles of moving air in ducted ventilation systems to include a number of physical and scientific processes, which enhance the air quality. The objective is to provide and maintain internal air conditions at a pre-determined state, regardless of the time of the year, the season and the external atmospheric environment. For buildings with human occupancy, the design specification is likely to include an external air temperature of 19-23°C and relative humidity between 40-60%. (Fred Hall & Roger Greeno, 2011)

One benefit of packaged air conditioning units is that maintenance and service are often easier when an air conditioning technician can access all of the different parts of your system from one location. Most systems separate the evaporator and condenser coil, so a maintenance technician may need to spend a lot of time in your home to inspect and clean all components. With packaged units, a technician can inspect every area of your AC with ease. Similarly, technicians can often locate repair issues more easily when you experience problems with your unit.

Package air conditioner type, the condenser is of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side and the cooling water

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flowing along the shell side. The water has to be supplied continuously in these systems to maintain functioning of the air conditioning system.

The shell and tube type of condenser is compact in shape and it is enclosed in a single casing along with the compressor, expansion valve, and the air-handling unit including the cooling coil or the evaporator. This whole packaged air conditioning unit externally looks like

a

box

with

the

control

panel

located

externally.

When designing, and placing air conditioner in spaces, it is important to know how large is the space, how much shade and windows in the building, and also to consider occupants and type of users in the buildings 5.2 INTRODUCTION This report covers and explains on the air conditioning system in this Elderly Home. Air conditioning is important in maintaining air circulation in a building and to achieve the thermal comfort of users in the building.

Air conditioning is achieved by developing the principles of moving air in ducted ventilation systems to include a number of physical and scientific processes, which enhance the air quality. The objective is to provide and maintain internal air conditions at a pre-determined state.

Standards are being compared in order that the system proposed complies with UBBL (Uniform Building By Law) and MS1525.

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STANDARD REFRIGERANT CYCLE:

Figure 5.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 5.2

The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas; it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.

The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. The liquid then moves to the expansion

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valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.

The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas. As a hot lowpressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.

STANDARD ROOM SIZE AND COOLING CAPACITY REQUIREMENT:

1. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning - Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessary if the rooms is equipped with mechanical ventilation or air conditions. In case of air conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to introduce fresh air into the room within half an hour

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5.3

WATER COOLED PACKAGE UNIT AIR CONDITING SYSTEM

Figure 5.3

Package unit is a type of air conditioning that the units are factory manufactured, delivered to site to be directly installed. With a high cooling capacity that ranges from 3tonne to 15 tonne, it is able and suitable to cool a building, which is of medium sizes. Package unit air conditioning system is an all-inone system that has all the important components in a single casing. In this situation, it saves space in the building where the components are included in a single case. The type of cooling system proposed is water-cooled condenser. Its function is to reject the heat that was absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator. In this package unit air conditioner, it contains the water-cooled condenser, which helps to cool the hot air from the compressor.

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Overall, this system has two main components, which is the outdoor unit and indoor unit. The outdoor unit compromises the water-cooled condenser, compressor, evaporator, filter, fan, expansion valve, heating and cooling coil.

The outdoor unit is to be kept outside the open space, on the ground, where the free flow of air is available. The indoor unit will be the diffuser, which act as supplying air into the building. The diffuser is to be hanged on an exposed ceiling. These two units, outdoor and indoor units are connected with ductwork.

PHYSICAL DATA:

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LIST OF AREA TO SUPPLY AIR CONDITIONINGSYSTEM

1.

Lobby (69.85 sqm)

2.

Office (16.56sqm)

3.

Caretaker (29.70 sqm)

4.

Theatre Room (58.59 sqm)

5.

Cinema Room (30.36 sqm)

Figure 5.4

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PLACEMENT OF UNITS

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

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5.4

COMPONENTS OF PACKAGED UNIT AIR CONDITIONER

5.4.1 OUTDOOR UNIT

1.

800mm L x 450mm W x 1000mm H, Condenser -

The condenser is where the circulation of the water produces the cooling effect.

-

The casing cabinetry consists of a rigid framework constructed

from heavy gauge welded steel channels,

held rigidly together

by double-wall panels and supports.

Figure 5.7

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2.

Compressor -

Compresses the refrigerant from low pressure (low temperature) to high pressure (high temperature).

-

This conversion raises the boiling point to higher temperature levels, facilitating elimination of the heat brought

by the outdoor air.

Figure 5.7

3. Evaporator Coil -

Evaporator also has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the surrounding air.

-

By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas, it then returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again.

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Figure 5.8

4. Blower Fan -

This causes the air to circulate through the condenser in order to cool the refrigerant.

Figure 5.9

5. Filter -

Side loading filter rack, 1� filters air before supplying into building

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Figure 5.10

5.4.2 INDOOR UNIT

1. 600mm L x 600mm W, Stainless Steel Diffuser

-

supply cool air into building. It has ventilation grills and louvers in directing air into the building.

Figure 5.11

2. 350mm L x 350mm , Stainless Steel Return Air Vent

-

Extract and return warm air out of the building to the outdoor unit

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Figure 5.12

5.4.3 DUCTWORK

1. 180mm diameter Insulated Flexible PVC Duct HosE

-

Connects indoor and outdoor unit , direct air flows and flexible.

Figure 5.13

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5.5

COOLING CYCLE

Figure 5.14

Water cooled air conditioning system supply cool air and return warm air out of the building. The diffuser and return air vent are located above ceiling

(indoor), connected with ductwork to the outdoor unit. The

outdoor unit has

back into the outdoor unit.

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Figure 5.15

It blows cool air into various rooms to gradually cool the temperature in spaces. The blower fan has the capacity to handle large volume of air required

for cooling a number of rooms. From the top of the package air

conditioners the duct comes out that extends to the various rooms that are to be cooled.

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5.6 UBBLs REQUIREMENTS OR RELATED REGULATIONS

MS1525 AS STATED FOR PACKAGED UNIT AIR CONDITIONING

8.2 SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT SIZING

8.2.1 Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be sized to provide no more than the space and system loads calculated in accordance with

8.3

SEPARATE AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

8.3.1 Zones, which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year, shall be served by separate air distribution systems

As an alternative off-hour controls shall be provided in

accordance with

8.4.8.

8.3.2 Zones with special process temperature and/or humidity requirements shall be served by separate air distribution systems from those serving zones requiring only comfort cooling, or shall include supplementary provisions so that the primary systems may be specifically controlled for comfort purposes only.

Exception: Zones requiring comfort cooling only which are served by a system primarily used for process temperature and humidity control, need not be served by a separate system if the total supply air to these zones is no more than 25 % of

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the total system supply air, or the total conditioned floor area of the zones is less than 100m.

8.3.3 Separate air distribution systems should be considered for areas of the building having substantially different cooling characteristics, such as perimeter zones in contrast to interior zones.

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6.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION

6.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The modern building materials and construction techniques used nowadays

have made buildings increasingly tighter; this has prompted the

need for

mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is vital inside a

building’s

space as an alternative to the unreliable natural systems. It

preserves Oxygen content and removes Carbon Dioxide, controls humidity for human comfort, prevents heat concentrations, and most importantly dispose contaminants such

as smoke, dust gasses and body odors, as

well as provides fresh air. The basic

components

ventilations are fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers

of and

Mechanical Ventilation can be found in various systems

mechanical diffusers. depending

on

the function of the space.

Better Indoor Air Quality: Indoor air can be many times more polluted than outdoor air. Ventilation systems can significantly improve a home’s air quality by

removing allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause mold

problems. More Control: When homes rely on airflow through walls, roofs, and windows for

ventilation, there is no control over the source or amount of air that comes

into the

house. In fact, air leaking into the house may come from

undesirable areas such as the garage, attic, or crawl space. Mechanical ventilation systems, however,

provide proper fresh airflow along with

appropriate locations for intake and

exhaust.

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Improved Comfort: Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow of

outside air into the home and can also provide filtration,

dehumidification,

and

conditioning of the incoming outside air.

For the elderly center we are going to include the mechanical ventilation, we

analyzed the needs of the elderlies occupying the center. We found out

that

mechanical air supply needed to be included into some specified spaces,

which normally work with natural air supply, for example the gymnasium & dancing

studio. On the other hand, the

mechanical air exhaust to

toilet

&

kitchen

ensure the dirty or hot air will not be

require trapped

inside the space. The mechanical fresh air from the exterior will be drawn in naturally.

6.2 INTRODUCTION

This Elderly Center uses two types of mechanical ventilation system. This is due to the different functions, locations and specifications of the spaces

In

the building. 

Mechanical Air Supply System



Mechanical Air Exhaust system

A mechanical ventilation system can be combined with all sorts of heating combined

in

the

air-conditioning

system.

52

In a mechanical ventilation system the supply air and the exhaust air are transported mechanically. Advantages of mechanical ventilation are:

1.

Good control of the ventilation capacity; no dependence of the outdoor

weather

conditions

and

despite

possible

noisy

environment 2.

The possibility of extracting heat from the exhaust air and use it

to

preheat the fresh air supply (heat recovery)

3.

The possibility of preheating and pre-cooling of the air supply

4.

The possibility of humidify and dehumidify of the air supply

5.

The possibility of cleaning the air by an air filter or supplying the air from a relative clean site of the building

By controlling the ventilators it is possible to control the ventilation capacity of the system. To prevent draught the air supply in the room has

to

be

placed as high as possible. By preheating the incoming air draught problems are also decreased. The location of the air exhaust grid is of less importance.

Even high exhaust velocity cannot produce draught. Yet the air velocity is restricted, because high air velocity (globally

exhaust

above 2 m/s) in

the ducts causes noise. For proper functioning of the system the building has to be sufficiently airtight.

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Figure 6.1: Both Mechanical Air Supply and Exhaust system used in the Elderly Center

UBBL1984, Section 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning 1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation is intended, the relevant building bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

2) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By- Laws shall apply to the buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air- conditioned.

3) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for a maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Thirds Schedule to these By Laws, the provisions of these By Laws relating to the natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

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6.3 MECHANICAL AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM When the air supply is controlled mechanically and the air exhaust takes place on a natural way by ventilation openings, windows or shafts there

will

be an overpressure in the building. To prevent draught, the air supply

in

the room has to be placed as high as possible and the air inlet grid must have a possibility to be regulated. By preheating the incoming air draught

problems can also be decreased. An air filter can be used to

clean the

incoming air. A ventilator controls the air supply and the outdoor

air is transported into the building by ducts. Because of the mechanically produced over pressure in the building, the system is less dependent on

the weather conditions than a fully natural ventilation system. By controlling the ventilator it is possible to control the ventilation capacity of the system. Areas used in the building for this system are therapy room, dancing room, gymnasium, surau and exhibition gallery.

Figure 6.2: Mechanical Air Supply System used in area such as dancing room, gym and etc.

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6.4 MECHANICAL AIR EXHAUST SYSTEM

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4: Mechanical Air Exhaust system used at the kitchen of Elderly Center

The mechanical air exhaust system creates an under pressure in the building, through which the system is less dependent on the weather than fully natural ventilation. The under pressure creates a pressure difference over the ventilation openings, so air is suck in. But never the less a high wind pressure

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or temperature difference can result in draught problems. To prevent draught the air supply openings have to be placed as high as possible and the air inlet grid must have a possibility to be regulated. A controllable exhaust ventilator controls the ventilation capacity. In residential buildings suction takes place from at least the kitchen, the bathroom and the toilet. Suction ducts are needed. In non-residential buildings suction mostly takes place from the corridor. For locations where the sound load is high sometimes baffle filters can be used. Areas used in the building for this system are male and female toilets, kitchen and lift.

6.5 MATRIX DIAGRAM OF VENTILATION SYSTEM

THEATRE

AIR-

MECHANICAL

MECHANICAL

CONDITIONAL

AIR SUPPLY

AIR EXHAUST

 

THERAPY



TOILET CINEMA

 

DANCE ROOM



KITCHEN CARETAKER

 

GYM



LIFT LOBBY

 

SURAU OFFICE GALLERY



 Table 5.1: Matrix diagram of system used

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6.6 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS



Risk of injury from sharp edges and corners, ridges and thinwalled sheet metal parts! – Proceed carefully with all work. – Wear protective gloves, safety shoes and protective helmet.



Electric shock when touching live parts. Electrical equipment is under dangerous electrical voltage. Non-compliance may lead to death, serious physical harm or material damage! – Only electrical specialists may work on electrical components. – Switch off the power supply voltage prior to electrical work.



Danger from incorrect use. Misuse of the product may lead to dangerous situations. The product must not be used: – in areas subject to explosion hazards; – in the open air without sufficient protection against weather effects; – in atmospheres that may have a damaging and/or corrosive effect on the product due to scheduled or unscheduled chemical reactions.



Risk of injury due to insufficient qualifications! Improper handling may lead to considerable personal harm or material damage. – All activities may only be carried out by suitably qualified staff.

58



Damage to the product due to improper handling. Check the device for damage and contamination prior to operation!

Improper handling may lead to considerable material damage of the product. – Do not use any acid or abrasive cleaning agents.

– Adhesives from sticky tape may lead to colour damage.



Excessive moisture may lead to colour damage and corrosion. – Use only cleaning agents, greases and oils that are expressly specified.

6.7 COMPONENTS AND OPERATION OF VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.7.1 P

ROPELER FAN

A propeller is

a

type

of fan

that

transmits

power

by

converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced

between the forward and rear surfaces of the air foil-shaped

blade, and a fluid

(such as air or water) is accelerated behind the blade.

The main purpose is for

free air discharge (wall or window). It is commonly

used without ducting

placed on wall. Besides, it can also remove large

volume of air but not

allowing air to be force through long duct. It

requires low cost and easy

installation to the building.

59

Figure 6.5: (a) and (b): Propeller fan to extract hot air at the kitchen and toilet

6.7.2 DUCTWORK The ducted systems increase variation in airflow options ensuring the systems

operating in a way that best suits virtually all spaces layout.

Ductwork system

is an important device to channel gas across the building

to ensure better

interior air quality. The stale air is transport through the

pipes and tunnels and

expels the stale air to the exterior. Each space

uses a different and separate

ductwork system.

Figure 6.6 (a) and (b) : Ductwork found at the ceiling level which channel hot air

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6.7.3 FIRE DAMPLER Fire dampers are passive fire protection products used in ventilation, and air

conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside

the ductwork through fire-resistance dampers are similar

rated

walls

and

floors. Fire/smoke

to fire dampers in fire resistance rating, and also

prevent the spread of smoke

inside the ducts. When a rise in temperature

occurs, the fire damper closes,

usually activated by a thermal element,

which melts at temperatures higher

than ambient but low enough to

indicate the presence of a fire, allowing springs to close the damper blades.

Fire dampers can also close following

receipt of an electrical signal from a

fire alarm system utilizing detectors

remote from the damper, indicating

the sensing of heat or smoke in the

building occupied spaces or in the

HVAC duct system.

Figure 6.7 (a) and (b): Containment fire and smoke damper with smoke detector

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6.7.4 AIR SUPPLY DIFFUSER A grille is a basically a device for supplying or extracting air vertically without

any deflection.

A diffuser normally

has

profiled

blades

to direct the air

at an angle as it leaves the unit into the space, as shown

below. Grilles and

diffusers may be mounted in ceilings, floors, walls,

doors and in ducts. Some are suitable for horizontal or vertical mounting.

Louvre Bladed diffusers are

used in this building to supply air at ceiling

level. The curved blades deflect air in one, two, three or four directions depending on where the diffuser is

situated.

Figure 6.8 (a) and (b): Supply air diffuser found at the interior of Elderly Center

UBBL 1984, Section 156: Protected Shafts as Ventilating Duct 1. If a protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct (a) The duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without sub ducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals

and

inn such positions as may be necessary to reduce so far as practical , the risk of

fire

spreading from a compartment to any other compartment or such other provision shall be made as will reduce such risk so far as practicable; and (b) The duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially such risk 62

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

We have done in-depth research on the suitable building services such as fire protection system, mechanical transportation, air conditioning system and mechanical ventilation for the Elderly House in Old Klang Road.

Throughout this whole project, we learned to identify and understand relevant information related to the building services required. Besides that, we were also able to understand how each building services functions, including the connections and positions of different parts of each system and how it complements each other. This project gave us an insight on the reality of buildings, that they are not merely just aesthetics skin and structure, but it needs to be practical and functional as well. A practical building is one that gives comfort to the occupants inside and places safety of the occupants as first priority.

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9.0 REFERENCES

1.0 Schindler

Plan

–

Schindlerplan.com.

Elevator

design

Retrieved

25

–

Escalator

design.

(2016).

November

2016,

from

https://schindlerplan.com

2.0 Herman, S. & Sparkman, B. (2001). Electricity and controls for HVAC/R (1st ed.). Albany, N.Y.: Delmar Thomson Learning.

3.0 Schroll, R. (2002). Industrial fire protection handbook (1st ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

4.0 Santamouris, M. & Allard, F. (2002). Natural ventilation in buildings (1st ed.). London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd.

5.0 Chudley, R. & Greeno, R. (2004). Building construction handbook (1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

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