Synthesis and Application of Graphene Oxide (GO): A Review

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 01, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Synthesis and Application of Graphene Oxide (GO): A Review Arunendra Kumar Patel1 Nidhi Jain2 Pooja Patel3 Rakesh Bajapi4 1,2,3,4 Department of Physics 1,2,3 St. Aloysius College, Jabalpur 4Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur Abstract— Graphene oxide (GO) has currently come into vision as a new carbon-based nanoscale particle. Graphite is not expensive and it is available in large amount. Namely graphite has 3 types- first one is crystalline flak second one is lump graphite and last one is amorphous Graphite and all types are not same in their structure. The synthesis of Graphine Oxide is of prime interest. In present paper the review has been done for synthesis of Graphene Oxide by various method and other modifications. The synthesis can be done by two different approaches, first top down method and second bottom up method. In top down method synthesis of Graphene oxide done using graphite as the parent material

by Hummer method and modified Hummer methods. In bottom up method the synthesis approach to fabricate GO aiming to synthesis a facile, controllable, and safer technique. This technique employs glucose as a sole reagent, utilizing the bottom-up assembly technique to synthesize GO. Key words: Graphene Oxide, Top Down Method, Bottom Up Method, Hummer Method

There are three major methods of synthesis of graphene oxide, Brodie, Staudenmaier, and Hummers.

However, the Brodie and Staudenmaier methods both generate ClO2 gas, which is very toxic and explosions, this drawback has been eliminated by the Hummers method; in this method graphene oxide is made by the mixture of graphite and concentrated acid.

Graphene oxide can be synthesized by Graphite.

Namely there are three types of graphite; first one is crystalline flake (flake graphite), second one is lump graphite (vein graphite), and the last one is amorphous graphite and these are different in their structure and morphology. Graphene oxide is produced from hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups and these groups are put is different ways as hydroxyl and epoxide groups are puts in top and each sheet of the bottom and also the carbonyl functional groups and carboxyl functional groups are put in sp 2 hybridized carbons[3]. The fictitious prose of nanomaterial have more potential in their applications like as electrochemical devices, energy storage, adsorption of enzyme, cell imaging and drug delivery.

I. INTRODUCTION Early in 1859, Brodie reported synthesis technique of graphite oxide during investigating the structure of graphite.

Similar to graphene which is a monolayer of graphite, GO can also considered as a monolayer of graphite oxide.

Graphene oxide is a single layered material as shown in Fig 1, which is made from oxidize graphite is available in large amount. Now Graphene oxide has achieved more focus cause of it is easy functionalization.

II. SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE OXIDE The synthesis of graphene oxide is of prime interest from last five decade. There are basically two method of synthesizing graphene oxide i.e top dowm method and bottom up method. The top down method includes hummers method and modified hummers method, which is the most common method of synthesis of graphene oxide. The classification of synthesis method is shown in Fig Below.

Fig. 2: Synthesis technique of Graphene Oxide Fig. 1: Structure of Graphene oxide.

It is makes promising nanomaterial for bioapplication. In industry’s graphene oxide is made because we can widely use the application of graphene oxide like as solar cell, hydrogen storage, transparent conductive films, polymer composite, paper like materials, biomedicine, fabricating nanoelectronic device, energy storage devices, biosensors, catalysis and transparent electrodes. It has huge attention because of activities of graphene oxide [1,2]. Graphene oxide is well in structural, thermal, electrical and plane material properties. These properties are interesting for engineering application.

Graphene oxide is synthesized by the method of heat treatment in hydrogen and this thermal method is done at different temperature [2].

A. Hummer’s Method: Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized according to hummers method by using graphite flakes, sodium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide(30%), sulphuric acid(70%), potassium permanganate (99%),. KMNO4 (9g) was added at different proportions to a cooled (0oC) then the solution of concentrated H2SO4 (69ml) containing graphite (3g) and NaNO3. Now the mixture was stirred at room temperature for nearly 5days and then distilled water was added slowly to the reaction mixture while doing this the temperature is kept below the 98oC for 3hrs. After that the resultant yellow suspension was diluted and solution of H2O2 was added drop wise. Now the obtained reaction mixture was centrifued and washed to remove the remaining salt. Then the wet graphene oxide was dried by vacuum drying(50 oC). for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, graphite oxide (75mg) was

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Synthesis and Application of Graphene Oxide (GO): A Review (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 01/2016/284)

dispersed in water (75ml) along with sonication and sodium borohydride (600 mg) was added to the graphene oxide dispersing after which the pH is being adjusted to 9-10 with 5% sodium carbonate solution. Now under the constant string the mixture obtained is kept under 80oC for 1h then the dispersion turned from dark brown to black along with gassing. The obtained mixture is then centrifuged at 10000rpm for 15 min and washed 3-4 times with distilled water to remove all the impurities. Thus finally results the synthesis of graphite oxide nanoparticle [1,2,5,8].

B. Modified Hummer Method: Kovtyukhova was the person, who first reported regarding the modifier hummer method. According to him this method involved an additional pre-oxidation step as compared with hummer method. In his paper he claimed that this preoxidation step was important to terminate the formation of incompletely oxidized graphite core particle. This method is being used at a wide range for graphene oxide synthesis.

According to this method the graphite is pre-oxidized with concentrated H2SO4, K2S2O8 and P2O5 the pre-oxidized is further oxidized using hummers method [ 2, 7]. In the modified method, modification has been done using 10-L pyrex reactor with a water cooling system utilized to mix 5g of natural graphite, so the temperature can be controlled [8].

The washing process can be carried out using a simple decantation of the supernatant with centrifugation technique at 5000rpm for 30min which result in formation of graphene oxide [9].

C. Bottom Up Method: For the production/synthesis of graphene oxide on a large scale then this method (bottom-up method) is used. The above tow method i.e. hummer and modified hummer method has the drawback which has been overcome by the bottom-up synthesis. The main drawback of top-down approach is the method uses strong oxidizing agents and small lateral size of GONs with tunable thickness ranging from ~1nm to ~1500nm. The lateral size of the single layer and few layer GONs are about 20µm and 10µm. there the GONs are prepared by hydrothermal method using glucose as a sole agent. This method is being environment friendly and economical in nature [10].

III. APPLICATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE There are many applications of graphene oxide. Ultrafast terahertz electron mobility is in the graphene which gives very bright future to build smaller, faster , cheaper electronic devices like as field effect transistor, touch screen, sensor.

A. Field Effect Transistor: Due to unique structure of graphene the carriers are bipolar , along with electrons and holes, which is continuously loned by gate electrical field . the graphene based field effect transistor is a device with a single back gate . the mobility of grphene is one order higher than Si in magnitude . using a organic polymer a buffer layer can be further optimized. On a substrate SiC a graphene is used which have a band spliting of 2.6eV. this gap goes on decreasing as sample thickness increases. At a very lower temperature a small gap is rept open in perpendicular electric field having a double

gate structure a regularly tunable band gap is nearly 0.25eV in GFETs at normal room temperature[5].

B. Sensor: graphene is a very useful for making sensor of various types.

Due to its high conductance. The charge which is being transferred from the adsorbed molecules and graphene is the cause for the chemical response. As these adsorbed molecules accumulate on surface of graphene. This adsorption experience change transfer as doner or acceptor and hence change in Fermi land carrier density of graphene.

At the time of expensive of device to gas sources drain current (Id) v/s gate voltage(Vgs) is recorded. This dirac point is observed a -20V and slowly get shifted to final at 30V. hence the result shows that NH3 adsorb on suface of graphene in FET device. Various of the recent reseoach shows that NH3 and CO molecule act as donor whereas H2O and N2O acts as accepters on the surface of grapheme[5].

C. Biomedical Application: There are various application of graphene in the field of biomedical studies which have taken the bio-medical concept to a certain heights. Here are the few example 1) Gene Delivery: (PEI) Polyethylene imine has been highly used as a surface modifier graphene oxide. For the purpose of gene delivery into cells By a method of electrostatic interaction.

2) Small molecule drug delivery: By using graphene oxide as a carrier small molecule drug which are pH dependent solubility is used pH response delivery[13].

D. Drug Delivery and Cell Imaging: Drug delivery in living cell is another excellent and interesting area of graphene oxide. For delivery of watersoluble cancer drugs, graphene oxide has been found as a cargo. To make functional with polyethylene glycol becomes high solubility in watery solution as well as stability in physiological solution, like as serum[12].

E. Super Capacitor Electrodes: For develop to synthesis of graphene- based materials, there are many several effects and facile approaches, including 1) vapor deposition growth of graphene on SiC. 2) graphene platelets in a microwave plasma reactor. Graphene materials are used for super capacitors electrodes as a chemical exfoliation of graphite to graphene oxide[14].

F. Enery Storage Material: Ultrafast terahertz electron mobility is in the graphene which gives very bright future, cheaper electronic devices like as field effect transistor, touch screen sensor.

IV. SUMMARY The synthesis of Graphene oxide was first performed in the 1859 by Brodie. Later in 1898, Staudenmaier modified Brodie’s approach by adding the chlorate (such as KClO 3 or NaClO3) in various aliquots during the reaction, as well as addition of the concentrated H2SO4 increases the acidity of the mixture. Then, in 1958, Hummers and Offeman developed an optional oxidation technique by reacting graphite with a mixture of KMnO4 and concentrated H2SO4, which also achieved parallel levels of oxidation [1-5]. The

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Synthesis and Application of Graphene Oxide (GO): A Review (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 01/2016/284)

Hummer method involves production of toxic gas and huge heat which may cause explosion. The modified technique for producing GO has momentous advantages over Hummers’ method. The protocol for running the reaction does not involve a large exotherm and produces no toxic gas. The bottom-up method is a novel method to prepare GO. This method is environmentally friendly as well as low cost. The application of GO includes medical, electronics devices, sensors, etc. make it one of the key material for future technology.

[12] Ying Wang, Zhaohui Li, Jun Wang, Jinghong Li1 and Yuehe Lin , Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology, Vol. 29, No. 5, 2011.

[13] Chul chung, young-kwan kim, dolly shin, soo-ryoon ryoo, byung hee hong, and dal-hee min, Biomedical Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide, Vol. 46, No. 10, 2013.

[14] Yi Huang, Jiajie Liang, and Yongsheng Chen, an Overview of the Applications of Graphene-Based Materials in Supercapacitors , 2012.

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