Iisrt sibi kumar (mech)

International Journal of Mechanical, Civil, Automobile and Structural Engineering (IJMCAS) Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015

ISSN (Online): 2395-6755

Performance and emission analysis of an alternative fuel S.ALPHONE INFANT LEO #1, K.SIBI KUMAR#2 , S.GOWTHAM#3 , E.MARIA DERRIK JERRY#4 , S.SATHYANARAYANAN#5 , Dr.L.MURUGANANDAM#6 #1, 2, 3, 4 Student, #5 Assistant

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy #6 HOD, Department of Chemistry, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

ABSTRACT This experimental work exhibits the exhaust gas emission levels and performance test on a four stroke petrol engine by using petrol and n- butanol blends. A gasoline powered engine without any modifications was used in this experiment. The fuel for the engine is supplied using the conventional carburetor system. The emission levels are measured for gasoline-butanol blends at different proportion. Emissions are recorded for butanol from 10% to 25% in steps of 5. Increasing load conditions was applied and their results were tabulated. Emission of various pollutants (HC, CO) where reduced and the overall efficiency is increased compared to petrol.

from agricultural feedstock. However, butanol is proving to be much more advantageous than ethanol.

In the search for liquids that mix well with petrol with good combustion characteristics and have less corrosive nature, butanol proved to be one of the potential alternative fuels that can be burned in IC engines in the same way as petrol. This paper investigates the application of butanol as a blending component for liquid fuel in two wheeler and its effects on emission control & performance characteristics.

II.

PROPERTIES OF BUTANOL Regarding the automotive use of butanol, a nonfood-based biofuel is cost-competitive. With respect to gasoline, n-butanol (or biobutanol) has a number of advantages over other common alcohol fuels such as ethanol and methanol. Butanol is far less hygroscopic than other alternative fuels. Lower alcohols (Ethanol, Methanol, and Propanol) are fully miscible with water, whereas butanol has only modest water solubility. Butanol is less corrosive than ethanol, can be transported in existing pipelines and is much safer to work with than lower alcohols based on its relatively high boiling point and flashpoint. In comparison with ethanol, the adding of butanol to conventional hydrocarbon fuels for use in a spark-ignition engine can increase fuel octane rating and power for a given engine displacement and compression ratio, thereby reducing fossil fuel consumption and emissions. This research activity demonstrated that the concentrations of 10% to 25% butanol in gasoline to run the engine at a leaner mixture than gasoline for a fixed performance. The blends increased the NOx emissions to a level higher

KEYWORDS: Alternative fuel, Performance, Emission.

I.

INTRODUCTION Road transport accounts worldwide, motor vehicles currently emit well over 900 million metric tons of CO each year. These emissions account for more than 15% of global fossil fuel CO releases emissions of carbon dioxide which is the major contributor to global warming. Rising fuel prices and increased oil consumption along with the lack of sustainability of oil-based fuels have generated an interest in alternative, a renewable source of fuel. In the current scenario of growing demand for petroleum fuels and highly volatile crude prices it is imperative to find an alternative renewable fuel particularly for transportation purpose. A deep survey is done to produce more environmentally friendly fuels to combat greenhouse gas emissions produced from petroleum. Scientists have turned to biofuels as an effective alternative to fossil fuels. Until now, ethanol has been the primary biofuel, because it is economically favorable to produce and easy to manufacture. It is also a renewable fuel that is made

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International Journal of Mechanical, Civil, Automobile and Structural Engineering (IJMCAS) Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015

ISSN (Online): 2395-6755

than pure gasoline at its leanest mixture with decreased CO and HC emissions. Slight decrease in Specific fuel consumption with the butanol blending shows effective combustion characteristics. It’s almost constant and increasing values prove that butanol blend can be used directly without any modification in engine with increasing efficiencies leading to much advantageous. The below table1.0 explains what makes butanol so close to gasoline that it can allow a straight-across replacement in terms of energy.

Table.2, Engine Details BHP 2 HP No. of cylinders 1 Compression Ratio 4.67 : 1 Bore 70 mm Stroke 66.7 mm Speed 3000 rpm Orifice 20 mm Make GREAVES LTD. IV. EXPERIMENT Initially the carburetor was cleaned to remove the residues and dust. Besides, the engine was tested for its normal working under no load condition for about 3min (petrol -250ml). There was no modification carried over the engine. The air would be naturally aspirated through the air filter and then it would mix with the fuel vapor in the carburetor and passed to the engine for combustion.

The exhaust gas would leave the engine and it escapes to the environment through the muffler (silencer). An AVL DIGAS gas analyzing equipment (emission testing device) along its probe setup was used to analyses the exhaust gas of the engine at varying proportion of the fuel mixtures. An experimental study was carried over a two wheeler four stroke SI engine using AVL DIGAS, electrical loading setup. Also the study was carried out very similar to real world experimenting. Cold start emission readings were noted in a no-load condition, followed by the performance test. Both the performance and emission test were conducted under load and no-load condition on it using gasolinenbutanol blend at varying proportion. The following conclusions were observed.

Table.1, Basic chemical properties PARAMETER n-BUTANOL ETHANOL

GASOLINE

Chemical C4H9OH formula Density 810 ( kg/m3 ) Calorific 33.07 value ( KJ/Kg ) Mixed Octane number RON 94 MON 80-81 Boiling 118 temperature ( ) Specific 0.43 Energy (MJ/Kg air )

C2H5OH

C4-C12

800

736

29.70

44.42

106-130 89-103 78

95 85 25-215

0.92

0.36

Heat of 0.43 vaporization ( MJ/kg )

0.92

0.36

Self-Ignition 343 Temperature ( )

420

V. 300

III.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP As per the objective of this project regarding reduced emission and performance modification in an conventional four stroke spark ignition engine the specification and standards the engine tabulated in table.2.

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EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT

International Journal of Mechanical, Civil, Automobile and Structural Engineering (IJMCAS) Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015

VI.

ISSN (Online): 2395-6755

Fig.1, Experimental arrangement EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

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International Journal of Mechanical, Civil, Automobile and Structural Engineering (IJMCAS) Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015

VII.

ISSN (Online): 2395-6755

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

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International Journal of Mechanical, Civil, Automobile and Structural Engineering (IJMCAS) Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015

ISSN (Online): 2395-6755 varying proportion .It was observed during the experimental investigation that butanol can be blended with gasoline up to 25% without any operational problem. The above results indicate that butanol-gasoline blended fuel can be a promising alternative fuel for automotive application. Thus to conclude emission of various pollutants was drastically reduced and performance characteristics were increasing.

X.

VIII.

REFERENCES

1) F. N. Alasfour, “Butanol--A Single-Cylinder Engine Study: Availability Analysis”, Applied Thermal Engineering Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 537549, 1997.

2) M .Al-Hasan, “Effect of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emission”, Energy Conversion and Management 44, 1547–1561, 2003.

3) M .Abu-Zaid, O .Badran, and J .Yamin, “Effect of methanol addition to gasoline on the performance of spark ignition engines”, Energy & Fuels 18, pp (312-315), 2004.

4) D.BALAJI, “Influence of isobutanol blend in spark ignition engine performance operated with gasoline and ethanol‟, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(7), 2010, pp. 2859-2868.

5) Veloo, PS, Wang, YL, Egolfopoulos, FN, Westbrook, CK: A comparative experimental and computational study of methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol flames. Combustion and Flame 157(10), 1989–2004 (2010) 6) Yacoub, Y, Bara, R, Gautam, M: The performance and emission characteristics of C1– C5 alcohol–gasoline blends with matched oxygen content in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. A. – Power. Energy 212,363–379 (1998) 7) Gautam, M, Martin, DW: Emission characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline blends.

Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. A. – Power. Energy 214, 165–182 (2000) 8) Heywood, JB: Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, New York (1988)

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

From graph we have come to conclusion that emission levels of CO, HC gases are much reduced. From performance graphs, it makes way to use n-butanol blend with gasoline directly in present engine without any modification. Both -nbutanol and gasoline start combustion at same rate and thus making almost complete combustion leading to increasing mechanical efficiency, high power output.

IX.

CONCLUSION An experimental study was carried over a four stroke SI engine using AVL DIGAS (gas analyzer), along with a Data acquisition system through electrical loading setup. Cold start emission readings were noted in a no-load condition, followed by the performance test. Both the performance and emission test were conducted under load and no load condition on it using gasoline-butanol blend at

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International Journal of Mechanical, Civil, Automobile and Structural Engineering (IJMCAS) Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015

ISSN (Online): 2395-6755

9) Durre P. Biobutanol: an attractive biofuel.

Biotechnology Journal 2007; 2:1525e34.

10) Szwaja S, Naber JD. Combustion of n-butanol in a spark-ignition IC engine Fuel 2010; 89:1573e82.

11) Yang J, Wang Y, Feng R. The performance analysis of an engine fueled with butanolgasoline blend. SAE 2011-01-1191; 2011.

12) Irimescu Adrian. Performance and fuel conversion efficiency of a spark ignition engine fueled with iso-butanol. Applied Energy 2012; 96:477e83.

13) Jin C, Yao MF, Liu HF, Lee CF, Ji J. Progress in the production and application of n-butanol as a biofuel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011; 15:4080e106.

14) Gaydon, AG, Wolfhard, HG: Mechanism of formation of CH, C2, OH and HCO radicals in flames. Symposium (International) on Combustion. 4(1), 211–218 (1953).

15) Irimescu, A: Full load performance of a spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline -isobutanol blends. Analele Universităţii “Eftimie Murgu”, Reşiţa. 16(1), 151–156 (2009).

16) Gautam, M, Martin, DW: Combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline blends.

Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.. 214A, 497–511 (2000)

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