Lesson 5

Environmental concerns

Lesson

5

Read the text and then select the correct answer, A, B, C or D. There is an example at the beginning: (0) A situation B place C position D site

Earth is the only (0) ... we know of in the universe that can support human life. (1) ... human activities are making the planet less fit to live on. As the western world (2) ... on consuming two-thirds of the world’s 5 resources while half of the world’s population do so (3) ... to stay alive, we are rapidly destroying the very resource we have by which all people can survive and prosper. Everywhere fertile soil is (4) ... built on or washed into the sea. Renewable resources are 10 exploited so much that they will never be able to recover completely. We discharge pollutants into the atmosphere without any thought of the consequences.

As a (5) ..., the planet’s ability to support people is being reduced at the very time when rising human 15 numbers and consumption are (6) ... increasingly heavy demands on it. The Earth’s natural resources are there for us to use. We need food, water, air, energy, medicines, warmth, shelter and minerals to (7) ... us fed, comfortable, healthy and active. If we are sensible 20 in how we use the resources, they will (8) ... indefinitely.

But if we use them wastefully and excessively, they will soon run out and everyone will suffer.

Multiple Choice Cloze A B C D

A B C D

A B C D

A B C D

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Gap 1 A Although B Still C Yet D Despite

Gap 2 A continues repeats B carries C follows D

Gap 3 A already just B C for entirely D

Gap 4 A sooner neither B C either rather D

Gap 5 development result reaction product

Gap 6 doing having taking making

Gap 7 hold maintain stay keep

Gap 8 last stand go remain

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CONSUMPTION (noun): the amount that is used of sth a) Industrialized countries should reduce their energy consumption. Authorities must invest in renewable energy sources. b) The new law has led to a reduction in alcohol consumption in Brazil. The designated driver doesn’t drink to make sure the others get home safely. c) _________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ DISCHARGE (verb): to send out gas, liquid, smoke etc, or to allow it to escape • to officially allow someone to leave somewhere, the hospital or the army, navy etc, or to tell them that they must leave a) Some industries discharge highly toxic materials into rivers. b) Louise underwent minor surgery and was discharged the next day because things had gone well. c) _________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ EXPLOIT (verb): to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return - used to show disapproval • NOUN: exploitation a) Those who borrow money from loan sharks are terribly exploited as they charge extremely high interests. b) Certain companies have been accused of child and labor exploitation as many of their workers are underage and forced to work up to 100 hours a week. c) ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ FIT (adjective): suitable or good enough for something [≠ unfit] • someone who is fit is strong and healthy, especially because they exercise regularly a) A president who took such measures isn’t fit to run the country! b) The hikers were unsure the water of the river they came across was clean and fit to drink. c) Besides working out at the gym, Susie runs twice a week to keep fit. d) _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ RENEWABLE (adjective): renewable energy replaces itself naturally, or is easily replaced because there is a large supply of it • if an agreement or official document is renewable, you can make it continue for a further period of time after it ends • Verb: renew a) The best measure is to conserve energy and increase funding for research into renewable energy sources. b) The police officer advised the driver to look for the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and renew his license, which had expired. c) ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

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RESOURCE (noun): something that a country has that can be used to increase its wealth (coal, oil, land, etc) • A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be used in order to make sth function effectively a) It’s a shame to see a country so rich in natural resources face so many problems caused mostly by a corrupt government. b) The police are using every resource in an attempt to track down the killer. c) ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ RISING (adjective): becoming more and more a) The rising temperature has driven locals and tourists to the beach this weekend. b) The rising rate of smoking among teenagers has been concerning parents. c) ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ SENSIBLE (adjective): reasonable, practical, and showing good judgment a) I always talk to my grandfather when I need sensible advice. He is a successful man who made the right decisions in his youth. b) It’s sensible to save some of your allowance rather than spend it all on clothes. c) ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ SHELTER (noun): a place to live, considered as one of the basic needs of life; protection from danger or from wind, rain, hot sun etc a) Those who fled the country were seeking food and shelter. b) We took shelter from the rain at the bus stop. c) Ana had been a victim of domestic violence for years. Fortunately, she was able to go to a shelter for battered women, where she stayed until she felt strong enough to restart her life on her own. d) ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise Energy 1. Fill in the gaps using the following words: CLEANER

FOSSIL

RENEWABLE

SOURCES

STATIONS

TURBINES

We definitely need to find more sustainable ________________ of energy. Not all the experts agree, but some estimates say that we will run out of ________________ fuels in the next 50 years. One obvious solution is to use ________________ energy sources such as solar energy and wind power. Another benefit of doing this is that wind ________________ and solar panels are much ________________ and greener than conventional power ________________.

pollution

2. Fill in the gaps using the following words: CONTAMINATED

DUMPING

FUMES

ISSUE

SMOG

URGENT

WASTE

One extremely serious ________________ is water pollution. This is largely caused by factories ________________ chemicals and ________________ products in rivers with result that the water has become ________________. Another ________________ problem is air pollution. In some cities, the ________________ is so terrible that people have to walk around wearing masks so that they do not breathe in the dangerous ________________.

the natural world 3. Fill in the gaps using the following words: HABITATS

ISSUE

IRREVERSIBLE

NATURAL

UNDER

RAINFORESTS

We need to make sure that we pay attention to the ________________ of the ________________ world.

In many countries, the ________________ of animals are ________________ threat. This is particularly the case in the ________________. If we take no action now, we may do ________________ harm to the biodiversity of the planet.

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1 What kind of pollution bothers you most on a day-to-day basis?

2 What do you do with a piece of trash when there is no trash can near you? Should people who litter

be fined?

3 Have any of your family’s habits changed in an attempt to help protect the environment?

4 Should the Brazilian government encourage people to carpool?

5 If you lived a little closer to school, would you be willing to get up earlier and walk there?

6 Do you think cars should be banned from city centers?

7 What are some ways energy and water are wasted?

8 Who is more responsible for pollution, individual people or the government?

5 Does your local government make it easy or hard for citizens to recycle?

6 Does your country have a smoking ban law in place?

7 How do individual decisions about number of children affect overall population numbers?

Is overpopulation an important environmental issue?

8 Do you have any ideas on how to minimize the use of plastic bags?

Research into the following topics: a) Which countries produce the most pollution?

And which countries have the most environmentally friendly reputation? b) Name a few alternative energy sources.

Which do you find the most likely to be developed in Brazil?

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BOX 1 - REPORTED OR INDIRECT SPEECH If someone tells you something and you want to tell another person, you can use ‘direct speech’ or ‘reported speech’. Reported speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said without using the exact words.

It is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like say, tell, ask, and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words.

Reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said.

1. CHANGES IN VERB TENSE - We usually put the verb in the reported clause back one tense. For example, if the direct speech words are in the present tense, in reported speech, the verb is in the past tense.

E.g.: DIRECT SPEECH: ‘I visited Europe in 2015’. (direct speech –past simple) REPORTED SPEECH: Mary mentioned / said that / told me that she had visited Europe in 2015. (reported speech – past perfect) Check this grid carefully:

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Bob said / told me (that) he played football twice a week.

‘I am playing football.’

Bob said / told me (that) he was playing football.

Bob said / told me (that) he had played ‘I have played football since I was a kid.’ football since he was a kid.

Bob said / told me (that) he had ‘I played football yesterday.’ played football the day before.

‘I have been playing football Bob said / told me (that) he had been playing professionally for five years.’ football professionally for five years.

Bob said / told me (that) he would play ‘I will play football tomorrow.’ football the following day.

Bob said / told me (that) at he ‘I can play football well.’ could play football well.

Bob said / told me (that) he was ‘I am going to play football in a while.’ going to play football in a while.

Bob said / told me (that) he would be playing ‘I will be playing football at 10 o’clock tomorrow.’ football at 10 o’clock the next day.

‘I play football twice a week.’

In direct speech, we use inverted commas to show the exact words the person said.

For example: ‘I’m from Spain.’ – Mary said, ‘I’m from Spain’.

IMPORTANT POINTS: • If we report something which is still true, it is not necessary to change the verb.

DIRECT SPEECH: ‘My car is bigger than yours.’

REPORTED SPEECH: He said his car is / was bigger than mine.

• Modal verbs could, might, would, should, ought to and had better do not usually change in reported speech.

DIRECT SPEECH: ‘You’d better do all your late homework.’

REPORTED SPEECH: He said that I’d better do all my late homework.

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2. OTHER CHANGES - Changing the adverb of time might also be necessary when using reported speech.

Now then, at the time, at the moment Today that day, on Monday Yesterday the day before

/

This week Tomorrow Last week

that week the next/following day, on Tuesday the week before, the previous week

Other words might also have to be changed, such as: Here This These

there that those

3. REPORTING QUESTIONS - To report questions, we can use different verbs. If it is a yes/no question, we use if or whether. If it is an open-ended question, we use the question word. Check the examples: Direct Speech: ‘What is your name?’

Reported Speech: He asked what my name is/was.

Direct Speech: ‘Do you have a driver’s license?’

Reported Speech: The police officer asked if/whether I had a driver’s license.

Direct Speech: ‘Where do you come from?’

Reported Speech: He wanted to know where I come/came from.

Direct Speech: ‘Have you been living here for a long time?’

Reported Speech: He wondered if/whether I had been living there for a long time.

4. REPORTING THE IMPERATIVE - To report imperative sentences, we usually use the verbs tell or ask. Check the examples: Direct Speech: ‘Please close the door.’

Reported Speech: He asked me to close the door.

Direct Speech: ‘Don’t worry.’

Reported Speech: The doctor told me not to worry.

Direct Speech: ‘Would you mind not smoking here?’

Reported Speech: The secretary asked me not to smoke there.

Direct Speech: ‘Shut up right away!’

Reported Speech: The captain told the soldier to shut up right away.

5. USING REPORTING VERBS - Some verbs give more information about what the person said.

Check the examples: Direct Speech: ‘I’ll do the shopping for you.’

Reported Speech: David offered to do the shopping for me.

Direct Speech: ‘Please, please, please can I go on holiday with my friends? Please.’

Reported Speech: Samantha begged her parents to let her go on holiday with her friends.

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Direct Speech: ‘It was your fault.’

Reported Speech: The cyclist blamed the taxi driver for the accident.

Direct Speech: ‘It’s a really good idea to join a social club.’

Reported Speech: The counselor encouraged the new students to join social clubs when they started going to university.

Direct Speech: ‘It’s not true. I’ve never embezzled any tax money.’

Reported Speech: The politician denied having embezzled tax money.

Direct Speech: ‘Why doesn’t your sister go to Italy?’

Reported Speech: The travel agent suggested my sister go to Italy.

Direct Speech: ‘Well done! You’ve done a great job!’

Reported Speech: The teacher congratulated the student on passing her exams.

Direct Speech: ‘If I were you, I’d see another doctor for a second opinion.’

Reported Speech: My father advised me to see another doctor.

Direct Speech: ‘If you call the police, you won’t see him alive again.’

Reported Speech: The kidnapper threatened to kill their son if they called the police.

Direct Speech: ‘Drive carefully. The road is slippery.’

Reported Speech: The police officer warned Joe to drive carefully.

Direct Speech: ‘It was you who ate my chocolate, wasn’t it?’

Reported Speech: The boy accused his sister of eating his chocolate.

Direct Speech:‘OK, it was me. I ate your chocolate.’

Reported Speech: The girl admitted that she had eaten the chocolate.

Direct Speech: ‘I’m afraid I’ve got some bad news. The company’s closing.’

Reported Speech: The manager announced that the company was closing.

Direct Speech: ‘This soup is awfully cold.’

Reported Speech: The customer complained about the soup.

Direct Speech: ‘It most certainly wasn’t me that left the front door open.’

Reported Speech: Sheila denied having left the front door open.

Direct Speech: ‘Would you like to come over for dinner on Friday?’

Reported Speech: Melanie invited the couple for dinner on Friday.

Direct Speech: ‘Don’t forget it’s your mom’s birthday today.’

Reported Speech: Steph reminded her husband of his mom’s birthday.

Notes: __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the indirect (reported) speech. a) I said, ‘I don’t feel well today’.

I said that I ___________________________________________________________________________ . b) Mother said, ‘The girls are playing in the park’.

Mother said ___________________________________________________________________________. c) Mrs. Woodward said, ‘I will be your new teacher’.

Mrs. Woodward said that _________________________________________________________________. d) Bob said, ‘I read the newspaper yesterday’.

Bob said that __________________________________________________________________________. e) My grandfather said, ‘I will be working tomorrow’.

My grandfather said that _________________________________________________________________. f) Raphael said, ‘I am studying biology now’. ____________________________________________________________________________________ . g) The bus driver said, ‘I will have reached San Francisco by this time next Friday.’ ____________________________________________________________________________________ . h) The student said, ‘Could you explain number four, please?’ ____________________________________________________________________________________ . i) Peter said, ‘I saw Jessica last night’. ____________________________________________________________________________________ . j) The doctor asked, ‘How often do you play sport?’ ____________________________________________________________________________________ . k) Riley asked, ‘How was your holiday?’ ____________________________________________________________________________________ . l) Rowan said, ‘Please don’t forget to bring my book’ ____________________________________________________________________________________ . m) ‘I’ll come and help you on Saturday,’ Jacob said. ____________________________________________________________________________________ .

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2. Use the key word and a maximum of four more words to fill the gap so that the second sentence means the same as the first sentence. a) ‘How far is Springfield from here?’ Peter asked Allison. (FAR) Peter asked Allison _____________________________________________________________ from there. b) ‘Did you go on the demonstration on Sunday?’ Mariah asked Carl. (HAD) Mariah asked Carl _______________________________________________ the demonstration on Sunday. c) ‘What is the length of the pool?’ Sam asked the lifeguard. (LONG) Sam asked the lifeguard _________________________________________________________________ . d) ‘Don’t play computer games without regular breaks,’ our parents told us. (WARNED) Our parents _______________________________________ computer games without taking regular breaks. e) ‘I’m sorry I broke your computer,’ said Frank. (FOR) Frank _____________________________________________________________________ my computer. f) ‘Don’t forget to do your homework tonight,’ said the teacher. (US) The teacher __________________________________________________________________ homework. h) ‘What time is it?’ (KNOW) The man sitting beside me ___________________________________________________________ it was. i) Robert said he would not pay me back. (MONEY) Robert refused ____________________________________________________________________ back. j) Paul said it had been my fault that we didn’t make a profit. (FOR) Paul ________________________________________________________ fact that we didn’t make a profit. k) Susie said, ‘You put that thumbtack on my chair, didn’t you, Calvin?’ (OF) Susie ____________________________________________________________ a thumbtack on her chair. l) At the interview, Olivia was asked how well she had done in her exams. (DO) The interviewer asked Olivia, __________________________________________________ in your exams?’ m) Jordan denied wasting his time at school when he was younger. (NOT) Jordan said he ________________________________________________ at school when he was younger.

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BOX 2 - STATIVE VERBS Correct the following sentences, if necessary: a) The student said that he wasn’t understanding anything. _________________________________________________________________________________ b) That pair of shoes cost 100 dollars last month, but now it’s costing 200! _________________________________________________________________________________ c) Sarah can’t wear that dress anymore because she’s weighing much more than she used to. _________________________________________________________________________________ d) The mother told the kid to take a shower because he was smelling bad. _________________________________________________________________________________ e) As I’m owing Jake money, I avoid meeting him. _________________________________________________________________________________ f) I think I’ll quit the creative writing class because I’m not liking it. _________________________________________________________________________________ g) My clothes are not fitting me anymore as I have gained weight. _________________________________________________________________________________ h) I have been wanting to go to Paris since I saw pictures of the overwhelming sights they have there. _________________________________________________________________________________ i) The wife complains that her husband hasn’t been noticing anything nice she does for him lately. _________________________________________________________________________________ j) The teacher asked the student to speak up because she wasn’t hearing him. _________________________________________________________________________________ k) Larry doesn’t think his son is deserving an allowance at present because of his low grades. _________________________________________________________________________________ Stative verbs are verbs that concern a state, not an action. Such verbs are not used in the continuous tenses (verb to be + -ing). Here are some of them:

Like Cost Perceive Love Weigh Resemble Hate Smell Excel Deserve Owe Distinguish Understand Fit Notice Know Conceive of Comprise of Want Mean Hear

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BOX 3 - NUMBERS We use numbers to express different things. Look at some of them:

TIME 1

2

5

4

3 1. twelve-thirty or half past twelve 2. twelve-thirty or half past twelve

3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________________________

dates

1

2

4

5

3

6

1. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________________________________

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fractions

1

4

3

2

5

6

1. one half or one-half 2. three eighths or three-eighths 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________________________________

Decimals and Percentages 1

2

Brazilian illiteracy rate in 1950: 50,5%

Brazilian illiteracy rate in 2000: 13,6%

3

Unemployment rate in the US (July 2015): 5,3%

4

1. fifty point five percent 2. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________________

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MONEy On a certain day in 2016, R$ 100 (one hundred Brazilian reals) equaled this amount of the following currencies:

1

3

2

1. twenty-five dollars and seventy cents 2. twenty-two euros and ninety-two cents 3. seventeen pounds and sixty pence

Height, weight, area, depth and temperature 1

2

The highest mountain in the world: 8,848 m

4

3

The heaviest newborn baby: 10.2 kg or 22 lb 8 oz

5

The deepest part of all the oceans on Earth: 10,994 m or 36,070 ft

The biggest residential house in the world: 2,15 million ft2 or 199,741.54 m2

6

The highest temperature ever recorded in the U.S.

56.7 ºC or 134 ºF

The coldest day ever

−94.7 ºC or −138.46 ºF 8

7

The biggest shark ever measured: 23 ft or 7.01 m

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The tallest person ever: 8 ft 11 in or 2.72 m

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1. eight thousand, eight hundred and forty-eight meters 2. ten kilos and two hundred grams or twenty-two pounds and eight ounces 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________________________________________________

1 meter = 3.28084 feet 1 foot = 0.3048 meter 1 kilo = 2.20462 pounds 1 pound = 0.453592 kilo 100 grams = 3.5274 ounces 1 ounce = 28.3495 grams 1 kilometer = 0.621371 mile 1 mile = 1.60934 kilometer

speed

The fastest car in the world: 270 mph or 435 km/h

The fastest person in the world: 10.44 m/s or 23.35 mph

very large numbers 1 A lightyear: ≈ 9,500,000,000,000 km (nine trillion, five hundred billion kilometers / nine and a half trillion kilometers)

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2 2. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The distance between the Earth and the sun: 92,955,807 miles

______________________________________________________________

Math Vocabulary

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addition

subtraction

division

multiplication

plus

minus

times or multiplied by

divided by

nth root of a

square root of x

cubic root of 2

x to the yth power

a squared

c cubed

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There are some rules concerning writing numbers. Here are some of the most widely used:

Rule 1 - Spell out all numbers between zero and nine, except dates and years.

Examples: Sonya was seven years old when her family immigrated to the U.S. Tony accurately used eight new words in his essay. As a result, the teacher gave him an extra point for good use of vocabulary.

Rule 2 - Spell out all numbers beginning a sentence, except years.

Examples: Twenty-three hundred sixty-one victims were hospitalized.

1956 was quite a year.

Rule 3 - Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.

Examples: Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck.

Twenty-seven of them were hospitalized.

Rule 4 - Written-out fractions are not necessarily hyphenated, but do hyphenate them when they are used as part of a compound adjective.

Examples: Keanu Reeves was born in Lebanon. He is one-quarter Chinese, one-quarter Hawaiian, half-English, and a Canadian citizen.

The groups in these various studies were roughly three-fourths white; no participants were black.

Rule 5 - For clarity, use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 PM and 12:00 AM. Rule 6 - Large round numbers are often spelled out, but be consistent within a sentence.

Consistent: You can earn from one million to five million dollars.

Inconsistent: You can earn from one million dollars to 5 million dollars.

Rule 7 - In English, the word hundred remains in its singular form regardless of the number before it.

The thousands, millions, billions, and so on follow suit, with the number followed by the word “thousand”, “million”, “billion”, and so on in its singular form. When you don’t specify the number before them, they come in the plural form.

Examples: More than eight million people inhabited New York City in 2013.

Advances in technology are improving the daily lives of millions of people, but they also cause problems.

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Exercise 1. Write the following numbers in full: a) 40: _________________________________________________________________________________________ b) 12,756 km: __________________________________________________________________________________ c) 200,000: ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) 1994: _______________________________________________________________________________________ e) 1/5: _________________________________________________________________________________________ f) ¥370.00: _____________________________________________________________________________________ g) 3/8: ________________________________________________________________________________________ h) 3.141592: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ i) 212 ºF: ______________________________________________________________________________________ j) 3.73%: ______________________________________________________________________________________ k) £3.30 : ______________________________________________________________________________________ l) 1,670 kph: ___________________________________________________________________________________ m) 2,716 ft: ____________________________________________________________________________________ n) 9,000: ______________________________________________________________________________________ o) 1,300 g: _____________________________________________________________________________________ p) 33%: _______________________________________________________________________________________ q) 1500: _______________________________________________________________________________________ r) 6,064,290,130: _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Now, match them to the following questions: (

) How fast does the Earth spin?

(

) How high is the Burj Khalifa building in Dubai?

(

) What percentage of the people living in the U.S. are illegal immigrants?

(

) What fraction of the world’s 2.5 million medical doctors are Russian?

(

) How many taste buds are there on the tongue?

(

) How many times does the human heart beat in an average lifetime?

(

) How much did a Big Mac cost in Japan in January 2016?

(

) How much does a portion of fish and chips cost on average?

(

) How much does the average adult human brain weigh?

(

) What fraction of an hour are 22 minutes and 30 seconds?

(

) What percentage of all music CDs sold around the world are pirated?

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(

) What was the world population on 04/07/2000 at 9:40 am?

(

) What’s the biggest crowd ever at a soccer game?

(

) What’s the boiling temperature of water on the Fahrenheit scale?

(

) What’s the diameter of the Earth?

(

) What’s the only number which, when spelled out in English, has its letters in alphabetical order?

(

) What’s the population of Monaco?

(

) What’s the value of pi (π)?

(

) When did racer Ayrton Senna die?

(

) When was Brazil discovered?

1. Fill in the gaps using the right preposition.

When no preposition is needed, write an X:

BOX 4 - PREPOSITIONS

a) Ginger was telling us about this man she knows ___________ that was buried alive. She read about him ___________ Facebook. b) Tracey knows ___________ a woman who gave birth four times to eight twins. She met her ___________ Joe’s party. c) It is estimated that 9.7 billion people will be living ___________ Earth in 2050. d) Jill’s parents don’t trust ___________ her anymore because she has lied to them too many times. e) “___________ God we trust” is written in every dollar bill. f) Hugh told his fiancée that he was ___________ a bar with his friends last night, but she didn’t believe ___________ him. g) Everybody believes ___________ Lisa and thinks she will pass ___________ the bar exam. i) Timmy is extremely bad ___________ drawing and lacks patience to learn. j) People should not vote ___________ politicians who have embezzled money. k) Dylan still can’t believe that such a wonderful thing could have happened ___________ her. l) There are lots of square dance parties ___________ June ___________ Goiânia.

2. Now make great sentences of 20 words using new vocabulary and the collocations above. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________

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BOX 5 - PHRASAL VERBS 1) Discuss the meaning of the following phrasal verbs with a partner: a) Robert is going to the grocery store later today because he has run out of coffee. b) William ran out on his wife and kids because he no longer wanted to be responsible for them. c) George carried on seeing Jessica despite his friends’ warnings about her unfaithfulness. d) Kids start being disrespectful to their parents when the latter don’t carry out their threats. (carry out a threat / a promise / an order / a plan / an instruction / an investigation / research) e) Susan had set to meet her best friend at a party, yet called it off at the last minute, which deeply upset her friend. That’s why she has promised to make it up to her and is thinking of purchasing an expensive present for her. f) Jill’s friends were startled when they saw her making out with a boy she supposedly thought was unbearable. g) The mother saw her child crying and said she would kiss his tears away. (kiss tears / worries / pain away) h) Terry’s colleagues are contemptuous of him because he is always kissing up to their boss. i) The wedding was put off because the bride’s beloved grandmother had passed away three days before. j) Brenda starts coughing rather than ask someone to put out their cigarette to see if people can take a hint. k) Chris keeps to himself and doesn’t talk much in class. l) Doctors often advise people who have high blood pressure to keep off salt.

2) Complete the second sentence using the word in bold so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word in bold and use between two and five words: a) Sarah is going to buy her teacher some chocolate as a way to apologize for having lied to her. (MAKE) Sarah is going to buy her teacher some chocolate to ___________________________ for having told a lie. b) Gregory had promised to take his wife out to dinner, but he forgot all about it. (OUT) Gregory failed to ____________________________ of taking his wife to dinner. c) Some people flatter politicians whom they think can favor them when they take office. (KISS) Some people _____________________ politicians whom they think can favor them when they take office. d) They rescheduled the meeting because most people wouldn’t be able to attend it. (OFF) The meeting _________________________ because most people wouldn’t be able to attend it. e) The secretary quit her job when her employer needed her the most. (RAN) The secretary ____________________________ her employer when she needed her the most.

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f) Jimmy has avoided eating pasta in an attempt to shed a few pounds. (OFF) Jimmy has _______________________ in an attempt to shed a few pounds. g) It’s disheartening to think that people are likely to continue killing others because of their religious beliefs. (CARRY) It’s disheartening to think that people will __________________________ others because of their religious beliefs. h) Martha didn’t know how to feel when her daughter told her she had kissed a boy for the first time. (WITH) Martha didn’t know how to feel when her daughter told her she had ________________________ for the first time. i) Barry gave his wife a lot of kisses so that she didn’t worry about her job for a while. (AWAY) When Barry’s wife complained about her job, he _________________________________________. j) The fire couldn’t be extinguished in time and the house burned down. (PUT) The firefighters weren’t able to _____________________________ in time and the house burned down. k) People worldwide are concerned about not having any more drinking water in a near future. (RUNNING) People worldwide are concerned about _____________________________ drinking water in a near future. l) Nobody has ever complained about Timothy because he’s the kind of employee who remains quiet and only talks to people when they request his assistance. (HIMSELF) Nobody has ever complained about Timothy because he ___________________________________ and only talks to people when they request his assistance.

Notes:

_________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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BOX 6 - VERBS Present

past

past participle

1.

ban

banned

banned

2.

be able to

__________________

been able to

3.

bother

bothered

bothered

4.

build

built

__________________

5.

carpool

carpooled

carpooled

6.

consume

consumed

consumed

7.

destroy

destroyed

destroyed

8.

discharge

discharged

discharged

9.

exploit

exploited

exploited

10.

feed

__________________

fed

11.

keep

kept

__________________

12.

last

lasted

lasted

13.

litter

littered

littered

14.

live

lived

lived

15.

minimize

minimized

minimized

16.

preserve

preserved

preserved

17.

protect

protected

protected

18.

recover

recovered

recovered

19.

reduce

reduced

reduced

20.

run out of

ran out of

__________________

21.

suffer

suffered

suffered

22.

survive

survived

survived

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BOX 7 - PATTERNS 1. ban: smoking / one from driving 2. be able to: recover / play an instrument / make a living from acting / use a computer 3. bother (someone) 4. build: new houses for the poor/a bridge 5. carpool 6. consume: natural resources / alcoholic beverages / too many calories 7. destroy: the environment / rainforests / one’s career / reputation 8. discharge: sewage / patients 9. exploit: natural resources / one’s employees 10. feed someone (on sth) 11. keep: one’s room tidy / sb busy / keep fit 12. last 13. litter 14. live: in England / across the street from sb / alone / in fear of crime / in peace 15. minimize: traffic problems / one’s pain / risks 16. preserve: traditions / peace / nature 17. protect: the environment / one’s skin / endangered species 18. recover from: a heart attack / the operation / a breakup 19. reduce: the price / taxes / crime / costs / the amount of sth 20. run out of: time / money / water / ideas 21. suffer: the consequences of sth / from ill health / from a bad back 22. survive: the accident / the attack / cancer / the crisis

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Listening You will hear a woman called Angela Thomas, who works for a wildlife organisation, talking about the spectacled bear.

For questions 1-10, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

Angela says that it was the (1) ____________________ of the spectacled bear that first interested her.

Angela mentions that the bear’s markings can be found on its (2) ___________________________ as well as its eyes and cheeks.

Angela is pleased by evidence that spectacled bears have been seen in (3) ______________________________ areas of Argentina.

Angela says the bears usually live in (4) ____________________, though they can also be found in other places.

Spectacled bears behave differently from other types of bear during (5) _____________________________, which Angela finds surprising.

Angela is upset that (6) ________________________ are the biggest danger to spectacled bears.

Angela says that spectacled bears usually eat (7) ______________________ and tree bark.

Bears climb trees and make a (8) _________________________, which fascinated Angela.

When bears eat meat, they much prefer (9) ______________________ although they do eat other creatures.

One man has produced an amusing (10) ______________________ about the time he spent studying the bears.

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