Thesis Portfolio

HEADSPACE

Human Memory is Unreliable: Tracing Memory and Place

Isabelle Fleming MARC6000 2023 Headspace | Rose McEnery

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to express my gratitude to Rose for her guidance and encouragement during this semester's research.

My always-supporting family and friends who have been there for me throughout my entire degree and especially during this thesis semester.

A special acknowledgment goes to my mother, whose enduring empathy and commitment to helping others throughout her lifelong career as a mental health professional serve as a constant inspiration for me.

Sincerely,

Isabelle Fleming

HUMA N ME MORY I S U NR ELI AB LE

The profound influence of our connection with the surrounding environment on our mental state is undeniable. The site stands as a testament to centuries of labour, bearing a diverse collection of enduring fragments shaped by countless actions of people, animals, and nature. This gradual transformation underscores the powerful concept of nurturing a place through myriad minuscule acts, contributing to the site's ever-evolving narrative. Similar to the Rorschach test, the project invites clients to engage by offering them portions of the site's diverse layers. Just as the inkblot test elicits personal interpretations and insights, this project encourages clients to infuse the site with their unique perspectives, offering their therapists insights into their psyche.

Human memory, as research demonstrates, is inherently unreliable, as it frequently blends narratives and concepts with each recollection, altering even the smallest details and the factual accuracy of events.

This intriguing phenomenon leads to a rich tapestry of diverse spatial memories for each individual visiting the site.

ABSTRACT

CONTENT

Context

Concept

Design

Bibliography

Model Photos

ENVIRO

The Secret Garden book cover + Pa

The connection that humans share with their surroundings exerts a significant influence on their mental state. Our innate instincts guide us to react in distinct ways when placed in different environments. This intricate relationship between humans and their surroundings plays a pivotal role in shaping our emotional and psychological well-being.

ONMENT

archement Works House Precedent

figure 1.

COLLE

Site Fragme

The site offers a testament to the labour spanning centuries, as it holds a diverse collection of fragments that have endured the test of time. These fragments have been moulded and shaped by an intricate tapestry of countless small actions carried out by people, animals, and nature. This gradual transformation underscores the powerful notion of caring for and nurturing a place, as it vividly illustrates how each minuscule act contributes to the site's rich and evolving narrative.

CTION

ents Collage

PROJE

ECTION The Rorschach Test

figure 2.

The project's intentions can be likened to the Rorschach test, a psychological tool that prompts individuals to interpret ambiguous inkblots. In this context, clients are invited to engage with the project by offering them pieces of the site's various layers. Just as the inkblot test elicits personal interpretations and insights, this project encourages clients to imbue the site with their unique perspectives and ideas, giving therapists a look into their psyche.

MEM

The human memory is unreliable, frequently interweaving narratives and concepts. Research has consistently demonstrated that each time a memory is recollected, it undergoes alterations, from minor details to the question of whether the event truly occurred at all. Extensive studies reveal our propensity to amalgamate recollections, blurring the boundaries of reality, and even embracing beliefs in events that never transpired. This captivating idea generates an array of possibilities for distinct memories of spatial experiences for every individual who visits the site.

MORY

CONTEXT

CALLAN

HISTORY FRO

N PARK

Lilyfield, NSW

OZEN IN TIME

figure 3.

figure 4‌

1871

H UDS ON RI VER HO SP I TAL FO R THE I NSANE F R E DRI C K W I T H E RS A N D T H OM A S K I RK BRI DE

figure 5

1875

S T AU G U STI NE’S HOSP I TAL J OH N G I L E S A N D E DWA RD G OUG H

figure 6‌

1884

KI RKB RI D E CO MP LEX J AM E S BA RN E T & F RE DRI C K N ORT ON M A N N I N G

TH E K IR K B RID E COM P LEX

MAN N ING REP ORT Thomas Kirkbride was an American psychotherapist who's research for mental health facilities was at the forefront of the 19th century.

Manning Report: Design Principles

Patient to Landscape Ratio

Ample Sunlight

Utilise Courtyards

Avoid Isolation

Entrusted with the creation of a pioneering asylum in Sydney, medical practitioner Frederick Norton Manning embarked on a global odyssey to unearth the finest therapeutic facilities. His findings were compiled into the Report on Lunatic Asylums (1868).

Vision for the Kirkbride Complex

A lithograph of Callan Park based on a painting by colonial architect James Barnet,

1. Allen, Sandy. 2019.

1. "Mental Hospitals in England." 2015.

3. National Library of Scotland. 2023.

figure 7

34

28

5

8

67

16 22a

2

23

15a1

21

24 22

5b 15

25

20a 17 18

19

14

1 26

9

20

10

13 27

12

11

1 Ward One (convalescent men)

15 Recreation Hall / Chapel

2 Ward Two (violent and refractory men)

15a Male dining hall

3 Ward Three (Intermediate men)

15b Female dining hall16 Medical Officer's Wing

4 Ward Four (admissions and acute men)

17 Water Tower

5 Ward Five (hospital ward for men)

18 Laundry

6 Ward Six (hospital ward for women)

19 Underground Tank

figure 8

7 Ward Seven (admission and acute women) 20/20a Planned female bath house site / actual site 8 Ward Eight (intermediate women)

21 Boiler chimney stack

9 Ward Nine (violent and refractory women) 22/22a Planned male bath house / actual site 10 Ward Ten (convalescent women)

23 Underground tank

11 Medical superintendent's residence

24 Stables and workshops (now demolished)

12 Administration block

25 Boiler house and engine room

13 Store

26 Mortuary (now demolished)

14 Kitchen

27 Dispenser's residence & chief attendant's residence 28 Perimeter wall

Dormitories Amenities Communal Space Staff Space BOH

DI S EC T IN G T H E K I R K BR I DE

Despite its complex appearance, the program functions and very straight forward and simple. The elvations reveal the design inspiration from precedents studied from Manning but adapted for Australian climate but as more awning and courtyards for ventilation.

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION Elevations traced from Original Drawings

figure 9‌

Kirkbride Complex

Bonnyview Cottage

GarryOwen House

Past and Future Callan Park boasts a layered history, featuring aboriginal carvings, the establishment of Callan Park Hospital, and its current use as a venue for various events. The Inner West Council is currently undertaking the restoration of the historic buildings on the site.1 This meticulous effort is geared towards preserving the rich historical remnants within the park.

As the restoration progresses, Callan Park is poised to continue evolving as a testament to its diverse past. The site stands as a living collection of history, embodying its cultural heritage through each layer of time.

C EN T UR I E S O F L AY E R S

TIMELINE 1840s Manning Irrationally high lunatic rate in the new colony as people were sent to Australia by family members. In addition to recovering convicts seperated from families and Australia as a whole searching for identity. 2

1870 Manning Had the caring approach needed for Callan Park and 1823-1873

he traveled around the world looking for the best facilities and practices. He also pushed for use of the

1876

term hospital instead of asylum. 3

First Patients 44 well behaved men are transferred to the GarryOwen house from Gladesville Asylum. The men chosen were carpenters, builders, carpenters, etc. to assist with the new facility and show the hesitant surrounding suburbs they could co-habitate.

4

1881 Blaxland Assistant Medical Officer Inspector General, he lived at Callan Park and his kids were all born and raise there. He had patients help with renovating and maintaining buildings and gardens. 5

1884 Completed Kirkbride

1945-1990

Kirkbride Complex is completed and patients from the GarryOwen House are the first into the new faclity with the remainder of the patients from the Gladesville asylum.5

1994 Closure Kirkbride Complex was used by patients until 1994 when it was shut down after the NSW State Government inspection report on its unsafe and over-crowded conditions. 6 1. NSW Environment and Heritage. 2023."Heritage Restoration." NSW Environment and Heritage. 2023.

2. Luke, Sarah. 2018. Callan Park: Hospital for the Insane. (22)

1914-1945

3. Ibid. (47) 4. Ibid. (13) 5. Ibid. (44) 6. Royal Commission of Inquiry in Respect of Certain Matters Relating to Callan Park Mental Hospital.

figure 10‌

C A R E TA K E R S CA RE OF PE OPL E A ND TH E LAND Recognizing the therapeutic benefits of active involvement, Herbert Blaxland encouraged patients to participate in maintaining the buildings, gardens, and the landscape, which even included a cricket pitch where he engaged in games with them.8 His aim was to instil a sense of ownership in their residence and provide them with meaningful activities during their stay. He ensured that the gardens and landscape were consistently tended to and looked after. This small-scale, community-oriented approach proved to be successful until the completion of the Kirkbride Complex four years later when more individuals from Gladesville were transferred to the larger facility. They tried to keep the same ideals but it was hard to replicate with hundreds living at kirkbride. Although the Kirkbride Complex may have aged to contemporary mental health needs, the foundational design principles and compassionate care pioneered by Blaxland continue to resonate and serve as a testament to the enduring importance of patient-centred approaches in mental healthcare and are evident in the scattered fragments around the site of these hand made efforts. The foundational design principles and compassionate care pioneered by Thomas Blaxland continue to resonate and serve as a testament to the enduring importance of patient-centred approaches in mental healthcare and are evident in the scattered fragments around the site of these hand made efforts.

figure 11

S C AN M E! "Out of the Shadows" Short film by NSW Department of health to recruit nurses for Callan Park.

1. LUKE, SARAH. 2018. CALLAN PARK. (0)

Gardeners of Callan Park The only listed gardeners under Blaxland, the Cheetham brothers9 The Civil Service List.

The following is a continuation of the "Civil Service List" for 1886, as prepared be the Civil Service Board appointed under the Act. The list contains the names of all officers of each division and class,

End of contruction. 1883

figure 12‌

End of contruction. 1883

figure 13‌

End of contruction. 1883

figure 14

10

and of all other persons employed in the Civil Service of New South Wales:

Cheetham, John, grounds attendant, Hospital for Insane, Callan Park Cheetham, Samuel, gardner, Hospital for Insane, Callan Park

The foundational design principles and compassionate care pioneered by Thomas Blaxland continue to resonate and serve as a testament to the enduring importance of patient-centred approaches in mental healthcare and are evident in the scattered fragments around the site of these hand made efforts.

7. Luke, Sarah. 2018. Callan Park: Hospital for the Insane. (46) 8. Australian Royalty: Genealogy of the Colony of New South Wales. 2023.

9. Sydney Morning Herald. 1885.

Sarah Luke's Epilogue summarising Callan Park: "I was hoping (to find) brutal treatment, fear, humiliation. But in researching Manning the jewel in his crown (Callan Park) I found a truly humane and benevolent doctor and institution. Yes, there was an occasional ill-considered attendant but there were dozens of staff who were caring and devoted to the men and women in their charge"11

This approach to mental health especially in navigating the challenges of a post-COVID world, shows how it has become imperative to embrace a nuanced and open-minded approach. Such an approach not only underscores the commitment inherent in the profession but also sheds light on the intricacies of addressing mental health stigmas. The dedication invested in understanding and unraveling the complexities of mental well-being is a crucial aspect of the journey. By delving into research with an open mind, we not only gain valuable insights into the intricate workings of the human mind but also foster an environment that encourages empathy and compassion.

A U T H O R ’ S E PI L O G U E

11. Luke, Sarah. 2018. Callan Park: Hospital for the Insane. (212)

tracing of figure 13 ‌

RECOLLECTING THE SITE

As the remnants of this expansive site endure the passage of time, they elicit varied and personal recollections from each visitor. The fragments, whether architectural or historical, possess a unique ability to evoke diverse memories and interpretations, shaping individual perceptions. Every person who explores the site brings their own perspective, experiences, and emotions, contributing to a mosaic of memories that collectively form the narrative of this place.

In essence, the site becomes a living repository of collective memories, a space where the echoes of the past coalesce with the present experiences of those who traverse its grounds. The diverse perspectives woven into the tapestry of recollections enhance the site's significance, transforming it into more than a physical location but a repository of shared histories and individual reflections.

CONCEPT

T H E SEC RE T GA RD EN B I O P H I L I A - "the innate connection that humans hare with other life forms", was introduced by Erich Fromm in his work "The Anatomy of Human Destruction" (1973). While this concept has become a common selling point and often has now become entangle with the idea of greenwashing.

Fromm's original articualtion of the term depicted the symbiotic cycle existing beween humans and nature, a relationship where the threads of life intertwine seamlessly.

Biophilia Design Principles

Protection

Resources

Sensory

Apollo Persuing Daphne Giovanni Battista Tiepolo Venetian, 1696 - 1770

Socialising

PRIMAL INSTICTS OF PLACE

Primal instincts huide our preferences, shape our likes and dislikes based on an innate understanding of safety and danger.12 Fromm explains biophilia with two ideas of modes of existence; having and being.

Having is based on possessing, consuming, dominating, while being is based on sharing, loving, and creating. He argued that humans having nature leads to alienatino, destructiveness, and dispair, while being apart of nature leads to fulfilment, growth, and hope.13

Environmental Triggers

Water Food Shelter

No Danger

No Water No Food No Shelter

Danger

No Action Needed

Action Needed

Rest and Digest

Fight or Flight

Decreased heart rate

Increased heart rate

Decreased resperation rate

Increased resperation rate

Dialated blood vessels

Constricted blood vessels

Relaxed muscles

Tensed muscles

Decreased blood pressure

Increased blood pressure

Strengthens immune system

Supressed immune system

figure 15‌

Biophilic design delves into the intricate ecosystem of a tree, seeking to comprehend the elements that have sustanied it over centuries. It goes beyond merely replicating a single component, like a lead, recognizing that the vitality of the enitre tree aristes from its holistic system. In this approach, form beautifully aligns with functino, embodying the principle that each element serves a purpose within the greater whole.

13. Heiskanen, Siru. n.d. "Biophilia - the Love of Life and All Living Systems."

12. Fromm, Erich, and Hoopla Digital. 2013. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness.

United States: No Publisher.

B I O P HILIC INSTINCTS

A N ATOMY OF NATURE

Concept

When humans percieve themselves as integral to nature rather than detatched from it, the inherent biophilic deisng within the body's anatomy signifies an evolutionary advancement towards optimised functionality. Neuroscientist Cajal's early 20th century illustrations and ecologists' renderings depict strikingly similar patterns, where the architecture of neurons and tree roots adheres to parallel design principles, driven by the quest for effective function.14

Keith Perelli 1968

"Purkinje Neurons From the Human Cerebellum", An 1899 Drawing.

"Glial Cells of the Cerebral Cortex of a Child", Drawings from 1904.

Cajal Institure, Madrid

Cajal Institure, Madrid

The Ecological Relations of Roots

Across the epochs and continents, the history of gardens unveils shared geometries and profound symbolism. Amidst this diversity, fundamental principles emerge, transcending time and place. From regal connotations to mythical allegories, these gardens have narrated stories that trancend mere aesthetics.

Geometric Design Principles

Balance

Rhythym

Unity

Simplicity

For centuries, the manipulation of geometries to convey diverse intentions has been a prevalent practice, Royalty showcased their might through precise landscape designs, while narratives found expression in gardens like the labryinth and the Garden of Eden, each embodying distinct motives.15 Illustrated by Pierre Laurent, the etching encapsulates the dynamic battle for control within landscape design, portraying a tug-of-war between two figures, and a harmonious yet challenging interplay between the realms of painting and architecture. 16

Delille, Jacques: Les jardines, ou l'art d'embellir les paysages, Paris 1782

14. "W. Cowper, Anatomy of Humane Bodies, 1698." n.d.

15. Dolbear, Sam. 2019."Mazes and Labyrinths (1922)."

16. Lazzaro-Bruno, Claudia. 1977. "The Villa Lante at Bagnaia: An Allegory of Art and Nature."

Peter Paul Rubens, Jan Brueghel the Elder, The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man, 1615

GEO M E T RY & MYTHOL OG Y

HUMAN IS UNR

MEMORY ELIABLE

W h ich ink blo t w as o n the c o v er pa g e ?

N on e ! B u t, y o u c o uld ha v e b een con vi n ced of an y. Ou r b ra i n f ills in th e ga ps t o m a k e t hi ng s m ake s en s e - even i f t h ey don’t.

Re s e a r c h T hr o ug h M e m o r y

studies indicate that the nature of memory is far from resembling a static tape recorder; instead, it is a dynamic and inherently inaccurate process.17 As individuals recall events, the memory undergoes constant changes and alterations, influenced by various factors such as the environment in which the recollection occurs. This dynamic nature of memory challenges the conventional notion and emphasises the malleability and subjectivity inherent in the act of remembering.18

This fluidity extends to the broader concept of history itself. History, rather than a fixed and singular narrative, is a complex amalgamation of multiple perspectives and interpretations. The existence of multiple narratives surrounding historical events highlights the subjectivity inherent in defining the "hard truth." What may be considered factual from one perspective might be viewed quite differently through another lens, emphasizing the intricate and subjective nature of historical understanding.20 In essence, both individual memory and historical narratives are intricately woven with subjective elements, challenging traditional notions of objectivity and absolute truth.

“ W E DO N ’ T S E E T HIN G S A S T H E Y A R E , W E S E E T HIN G S A S WE A R E ” - A N A I N N I N , 1 961

Collage of Callan Park

The aspects that captivate my attention are the meticulously handcrafted architectural elements, predominantly composed of stone and brick, along with the abundant remnants left behind. These features hold profound significance for me, as if they serve as tangible links to the past. Sensing the presence of the individuals who once occupied that very space becomes almost palpable, envisioning the laborious efforts put into meticulously crafting and constructing each step. It's a connection to history that transcends mere observation, inviting a deep appreciation for the human touch embedded in the architectural details.

17. Semin, Gun R, and Gerald Echterhoff. 2011.

18. Bard, Jennifer S. 2012 19. Said, Edward W. 2000

DESIGN

FA M ILIAR P RE CE D E N TS My mother is a councelor and I've grown up in therapy spaces watching her schedule, helping her host classes for her continuing education courses for other councelors, and even assist in creating her equine therapy practice.

Classroom

Dundee Rd, Northbrook, IL USA

BOH / Toilets

Therapist Office Space Classroom

Therpay Space

Communal Space

Entrace / Lobby

Huehl Road, Northbrook, IL USA

Horse Stalls

Equine Therapy Indoor Arena

Classroom

Wells Road, Granby, CT USA

I have learned a lot from these spaces as she has modified them to suite her needs best.

Adjustments such as ensuring descrepency from clients coming and going through the waiting area layout and always having a small fountain running during sessions to create white noise to avoid anyone overhearing private conversations.

Barn Storage

These mental health centres display a variety of ways to coordinate functions of spaces. I have chosen them because of the mixed functions created from series of smaller spaces.

plan

section

Warm Nest Healthcare Center / Ark-shelter + ARCHEKTA

plan

section

Maggie's Leeds Centre / Heatherwick Studio

plan

section

Maggie's Cancer Caring Center / Snohetta

R ES E ARC H P RE CE D E NT

H E ADSPA CE & YOUTH Headspace plays a crucial role in supporting the mental health journeys of youth and young adults by providing a tailored approach. Offering a diverse range of resources, the program recognises the specific challenges and needs of this demographic. Through its initiatives, Headspace not only acknowledges the individuality of each mental health journey but also strives to create a supportive environment that fosters growth and well-being.

Headspace Overview

"Young people should be engaged in the implementation of changes to the mental health system. Embedding the perspective of young people in system reform reflects an acklowledged value of listening to experts of experience when reviewing models of care. It represents a cultural shift in a sector that historically established power inequilities between authorities and vulnerable communities.

Lived experience and peer support is an important element of service design and planning; youth mental health services should be youth-focused - designed with young people, for young people"20

Journey of Mental Health Entry Understanding

Looking

"I'm aware of mental health issues in general"

"Who/where could

Outcomes

"I took the first step"

"My mental health is changing"

I turn to?"

Awareness "I don't know if it is normal to feel this way"

Seeking Help

In the System

Re-entry

"I've got support"

"I think I need more support"

Service Provision

Transition

Transitioning Out

Exit

"I'm getting assistance"

between services

"My service is finishing"

"It's too hard. I give up"

"I need to go somewhere else" "I'm prepared to reach out"

figure 16

Demographics of the Inner West

With a young demographic in the inner west of Sydney, this program is perfect for the 18-25 year old age group. Of this large demographic 13.4% live on their own.21

A headspace program will aid this group on career progression and help them find support amongst each other.

20. Headspace, National Youth Mental Health Foundation. 2019.

21. Census Results Inner West Council Area. 2021.

Breaking down the conventional mental health space diagrams and the layout bubble of the Headspace program involves dividing them into four distinct areas, each dedicated to a specific function while also containing each piece of an internal functioning space.

garden space

threshold

threshold therapist office garden space

garden space

garden space

reception therapy space

wc circulation / garden space moments

communal kitchen

communal

therapy space

wc

communal

garden space

wc therapy space

boh

garden space

therapy space

garden space communal

therapist space

garden space

garden space

garden space garden space

wc

circulation / moments boh

garden space

boh

therapy space

wc

garden space

quiet space

wc

garden space

therapy space

therapist office ce therapy space

garden space

therapist space

wc

therapy space

therapy space

boh

circulation / moments

garden space

wc

quiet space

sitting space

communal kitchen

therapist office

garden space

therapist space

therapy space

sitting space

therapy space

reception

therapy space

garden space

garden space

garden space therapy circulation / space moments

Single building program layout

Multiple building program layout

Form created from program

Program initial form

PR O G RAM D E VE L OP M ENT

IN T ERN AL P ROGRA M S First iteration of these four internal spaces

Entrance & Staff Spaces

Study & Sensory Spaces

Classroom and Therapy Spaces

Group Therapy Spaces

CREATING THE F ORM Engageme nt Engageme nt Engageme nt Collabor ations Collabor ations

Collabor ations

prog ram

Exhibition s

Gatherin g

Gatherin g

Gatherin g

Exhibition s

Exhibition s

Program evolution

Existing

Dissolving

Additions

Communal Areas

Therapy Space

therapist office

BOH

Outdoor space

Program Layout Diagram

1

4

3

2

FRAGMENT

8

6 7

10

5

TS ON SITE

9

N

Site Map 0 12

4

8

SI T E M A P

ion

A

ct

Se

ion

ct

Se B

1. Entry 2. Staff Area 3. Classroom 4. Study Space 5. Shed Therapy Spaces 6. Group Therapy Spaces 7. BOH N

Ground Floor Plan 0

1

2

4

F L O O R PLA N

AX O N O M E T R I C V I E W

SE C T I ON A

Memory Collage B

Memory Collage A

SE C T I ON B

I N T E R I ORS

M EM O

ORY A

Visitor A: remembers the therapy session they had in the afternoon with the airiness of the space and filtered daylight coming in around them. The strange old fountain they walked past as they wandered the immediate site paths with some spare time before their appointment. And they check out Bonnyview cottage that has now become a Callan Park hospital museum on their way out of the site after their appointment.

M EM O

ORY B

Visitor B: could vividly remember the arched brick wall, a gathering spot for their friends before the art gallery night began. They witnessed the frenzy of artists painting on the ground, preparing to showcase their creations across the expansive brick walls. Although the specifics of their artwork eluded them, it evoked a memory of a paint set tucked away in their closet, prompting a mental note to retrieve it upon returning home. They might also recollect the enduring presence of the "Ward 16" sign near the window cutouts at the entrance as well as vibrant flowers pushing through the concrete's crevices and the creeping ivy, on the verge of engulfing the brick wall.

C ON CL USION Our connection with the environment deeply affects our mental well-being, as evident in a site that reflects centuries of human, animal, and natural interactions. The site, shaped by countless actions, becomes a testament to the concept of nurturing a place through small acts, contributing to an ever-evolving narrative. In a project reminiscent of the Rorschach test, clients engage with different layers of the site, infusing it with their unique perspectives and providing therapists insights into their psyche. Similar to the inkblot test, this engagement elicits personal interpretations and adds depth to the site's narrative. The unreliability of human memory, blending narratives with each recollection, creates a rich tapestry of diverse spatial memories for each visitor.

BIBLIOGRA P HY Allen, Sandy. 2019. "The Kirkbride Plan - 99% Invisible." 99% Invisible. October 8, 2019. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-kirkbride-plan/.

Bard, Jennifer S., Oh Yes, I Remember it Well: Why the Inherent Unreliability of Human Memory Makes Neuroimaging Technology a Poor Measure of Truth-Telling in the Courtroom (March 13, 2012). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn. com/abstract=1813425

Dolbear, Sam. 2019."Mazes and Labyrinths (1922)." n.d. The Public Domain Review. Accessed November 9, 2023. https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/mazes-and-labyrinths-1922/.

Fromm, Erich, and Hoopla Digital. 2013. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. United States: No Publisher.

Georeferenced Maps - Map Images - National Library of Scotland.- n.d. Maps.nls.uk. Accessed November 9, 2023. https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.7&lat=51.24768&lon=1.02947&layers=6&b=1.

Headspace, National Youth Mental Health Foundation "Response to the Productivity Commission's Inquiry into Mental Health Draft Report." n.d. https://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/251360/sub947-mental-health.pdf.

Heiskanen, Siru. n.d. "Biophilia - the Love of Life and All Living Systems." Www.naava.io. https://www.naava.io/ editorial/biophilia-love-of-life.

Lazzaro-Bruno, Claudia. 1977. "The Villa Lante at Bagnaia: An Allegory of Art and Nature." The Art Bulletin 59 (4): 553-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.1977.10787480.

Luke, Sarah. 2018. Callan Park: Hospital for the Insane.

"Mental Hospitals in England." 2015. Historic Hospitals. May 30, 2015. https://historic-hospitals.com/ mental-hospitals-in-britain-and-ireland/mental-hospitals-in-england/.

NSW Environment and Heritage. 2023."Heritage Restoration." NSW Environment and Heritage. January 12, 2023. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/park-management/callanpark/restoring-heritage-buildings.

Review of 2021 Census Results Inner West Council Area. 2021. Inner West Council.

Royal Commission of Inquiry in Respect of Certain Matters Relating to Callan Park Mental Hospital." n.d. "AGY-4960" Research Data Australia. Accessed November 9, 2023. https://researchdata.edu.au/agy-4960-royal-mentalhospital/167507.

Said, Edward W. 2000. "Invention, Memory, and Place." Critical Inquiry 26, no. 2 (2000): 175-92. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/1344120.

Semin, Gun R, and Gerald Echterhoff. 2011. Grounding Sociality. Section II Sociality and Memory: On the Virtues of an Unreliable Memory. Psychology Press.

"W. Cowper, Anatomy of Humane Bodies, 1698." n.d. Wellcome Collection. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ sb3seu7f.

Figure 1.

"The Parchment Works House / Will Gamble Architects." 2020. ArchDaily. April 6, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/936947/the-parchment-works-house-will-gamble-architects.

Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Inga Moore. 2010. The Secret Garden. Somerville, Massachusetts: Candlewick Press.

Figure 2.

The Rorschach Test (Rorschach, 1921/1942)

Figure 3.

Greenland, Hall. 2019. "Seven Priorities for Callan Park & Broughton Hall." Friends of Callan Park. September 9, 2019. https://www.callanpark.com/seven-priorities-for-callanpark-broughton-hall/

Figure 4.

Allen, Sandy. 2019. "The Kirkbride Plan - 99% Invisible." 99% Invisible. October 8, 2019. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-kirkbride-plan/.

Figure 5.

"Mental Hospitals in England." 2015. Historic Hospitals. May 30, 2015. https://historichospitals.com/mental-hospitals-in-britain-and-ireland/mental-hospitals-in-england/.

Figure 6.

Georeferenced Maps - Map Images - National Library of Scotland.- n.d. Maps.nls.uk.

Accessed November 9, 2023. https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.7&lat=51.24768&l on=1.02947&layers=6&b=1.

Figure 7.

Barnet, James. September 1879. Illustrated Sydney News

Figure 8.

Luke, Sarah. 2018. Callan Park: Hospital for the Insane. (0)

Figure 9.

Barnet, James. 1877. Callan Park Hospital for the Insane. NRS-4335-4-Plan1057-MH2/681.

Western Sydney Records Centre.

Figure 10.

NSW Environment and Heritage. 2023."Heritage Restoration." NSW Environment and Heritage.

January 12, 2023. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protectedareas/park-management/callan-park/restoring-heritage-buildings.

Figure 11.

Out of the Shadows. NRS4911_AO_Film_150_A000021538. 1945. NSW Department of Health.

Figure 12.

"Callan Park Hospital, toward End of Construction", circa 1883. NRS-4481-2-4/8631-938. n.d.

Western Sydney Records Centre.

Figure 13.

"Callan Park Hospital, toward End of Construction", circa 1883. NRS-4481-2-4/8631-940. n.d.

Western Sydney Records Centre.

Figure 14.

"Callan Park Hospital, toward End of Construction", circa 1883. NRS-4481-2-4/8631-952. n.d.

Western Sydney Records Centre.

Figure 15.

Heiskanen, Siru. n.d. "Biophilia - the Love of Life and All Living Systems." Www.naava.io. https:// www.naava.io/editorial/biophilia-love-of-life.

Figure 16.

Headspace, National Youth Mental Health Foundation "Response to the Productivity Commission's Inquiry into Mental Health Draft Report." n.d. https://www.pc.gov.au/__ data/assets/pdf_file/0017/251360/sub947-mental-health.pdf.

MODEL 1:500

MODEL 1:200

Isabelle Fleming MARC6000 2023 Headspace: Rose McEnery

HUM A N ME MORY I S U NR ELI AB LE