IEEMA Journal - September 2015 by IEEMA

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 7  ISSUE NO. 1  SEPTEMBER 2015  PGS. 126

ISSN 0970-2946



Rs. 50/-

Cover Story Evolving Equitable PVC Face2Face Mr Babu Babel, President (Elect), IEEMA In Depth Substandard Cables Installed in Distribution Networks Thought Leader of the Month 29 Mr Raimondo Salandra, President Low Voltage Products, ABB India

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From the President’s Desk

Dear Friends, This would be my last formal dialogue with you as President, IEEMA. The year just passed by and the take at the end of it are lots of very pleasant memories to cherish, partial satisfaction with what could be achieved and a long list of unfinished agenda. The new team consisting of President elect Bhagwat Babel and Vice Presidents elect Sanjeev Sardana and Ms Indira Prem Menon are committed to carry the unfinished agenda to its logical conclusion. As IEEMA President, my main focus was on three objectives and I tried to create the right kind of impetus for it to be unswervingly driven post my tenure too. The first one is: connectivity with IEEMA membership and creating opportunities for connecting them to their customers. Second: connectivity with policy makers, including the elected representatives and sensitizing them to issues facing the power equipment industry, and third: aligning the association with the paradigm shift that is occurring in the power sector, not just in India, but also in the rest of the world. Resultantly, the year witnessed an enhanced two way dialog between the membership on the one hand and the Office bearers and Secretariat on the other. This also helped in better understanding of the aspirations of the membership and framing IEEMA initiatives in that direction. I would like to mention only a few - the 1st edition of INTELLECT 2015, a four point action plan for Govt. of India for making the ‘Make in India’ initiative relevant to the Power sector (This is now part of the MoP’s work plan committed to the Hon’ble Prime Minister) and creating a greater consciousness about the threat of Chinese imports to Members of Parliament and the Bureaucracy, through direct contact and presentations and to the general Public through the Media. The Mission plan jointly made by the Ministry of heavy Industry and IEEMA had targeted to increase the output of the Indian electrical equipment industry to $100 billion by 2022 and make it a destination of choice for overseas buyers. This ambitious target can only be achieved with the active support from all the Stake holders. A clarion call for “Make in India” has been given by the Hon’ble PM. Some also choose to supplement it with another call for “Make for India”. We believe that both are not only relevant but extremely essential for our Power Sector. IEEMA during the year has partnered with Govt. of India in its “Make in India” initiative and also to identify an action plan for achieving the ambitious target. Power being a concurrent subject, while the policy framework is decided by the GOI, the implementation is at the State level. IEEMA has been successful in interacting at both levels in a positive manner. In years to come, I am sure IEEMA would be able to influence policy formulation rather than react over ‘faulty’ policies. Only then IEEMA shall be of greater service to its membership. My dialogue would be incomplete if I do not mention ELECRAMA 2016. ELECRAMA 2016 with many ‘Firsts’ will not only witness the preparedness of the Indian electrical equipment industry, I assure you, it would be more relevant to your business. I look forward to meet all of you either as exhibitors or visitors, Lastly, I thank all IEEMA members who were extremely cooperative with the new initiatives IEEMA has taken during the year and I wish them more business in the years to come and higher profits. The new team of Office bearers is full of enthusiasm to take IEEMA to new heights. My best wishes to them.

Vishnu Agarwal

September 2015

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Samvaad...

Dear Members, Turmoil of the world seems to be unending when on one hand we witnessed the bombing in Bangkok, in India also we had our share of insurgency in Kashmir and Punjab, both acts of cowardice and to be condemned. On the other hand we also witnessed the devaluation of Yuan, which from the Chinese view point is a master stroke in managing their economy but raises challenges for the Indian industry. Despite of the challenges posed by Chinese devaluation of currency, Indian industry stands confident due to its entrepreneurial abilities and robust economic foundation. We also struggled during the monsoon session as a nation to achieve tangible results but this could not happen as the parliament was stalled by the opposition. The Indian industry was very concerned due to the dysfunctional session of the parliament, which seems to be a repeat, one after the other irrespective of which partly is in power or in opposition. One of the political commentators gave a very radical solution to this impasse that why canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t one party stand up and say that we have made a mistake by not allowing the parliament to function and collectively resolve to find alternative means of expressing dissent, while continuing the constructive work of nation building. Voice of Indian industry carries substantial weight today and we hope that the expression of India Inc. would not go unnoticed. Back in IEEMA, a new team has been elected for the coming year and would take charge at the AGM of IEEMA, on 25th of this month. I join members of IEEMA in welcoming the new team, which will carry on the initiatives in the best tradition of the organization.

Sunil Misra

September 2015

Contents

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

Volume 7 Issue No. 1 September 2015 CIN U99999MH970GAP014629 Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society

From the President’s Desk 9

Samvaad … 22

Appointments This new space in the IEEMA Journal will incorporate recent important appointments in the power and related sectors.

Thought leader of the month Mr Raimondo Salandra, President Low Voltage Products, ABB India speaks to IEEMA Journal using ELECRAMA 2016 as an opportunity to launch ABB’s major new product range.

Cover Story The Indian Wires and Cable Industry is now Rs. 33,000 Crores in size, which is 14% higher than the previous year. However, the CAGR of the industry for 5 years is only 10% as the year before there was a dip in the market. In comparison, the Indian Electronics and Electricals industry, which saw a similar down turn in the previous year, has shown a growth of only 10 %.

Face2Face

Interview

Mr Babu Babel, Joint Managing Director, Secure Meters and President Elect, IEEMA speaks about his new role and priority areas to focus on after taking over as President IEEMA.

David Moore, Senior Manager of Market Development & Regulatory Affairs at Opower speaks to IEEMA Journal about the opportunities the company is looking in the Indian market.

Tech Space EHV Cable Systems High voltage underground cables are commonly used for the transmission and distribution of electricity. Mr Puneet Jain Assistant Manager- EHV Marketing and Mr Arvind Shrowty Executive Director, KEI Industries Limited

September 2015

Contents

In Depth

Expert Speak

How Substandard cables installed in Electrical Distribution Network raise electricity bills

High Quality Solar Cables: Importance for Long Term Performance for Solar installations

Mr Sanjeev Vyas, Havells India Ltd

Mr VK Bajaj, COO, Apar Industries Ltd

In Focus

Guest Article

Need of Standardisation of Distribution Transformers for Reliable and Sustainable Power Supply

Cables â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Flammability Evaluation Mr Nilesh Pandya,

Electrical Research and Development Association

IEEMA Transformer division

Opinion HDBaseT: Revolutionizing Video Distribution Micha Risling

Chair, HDBaseT Alliance, Marketing Committee

SME Talk

IEEMA SME Division

Tech Space HVDC Underground Cable System Mr Pankaj Kumar

Senior Engineer (EHV) KEI Industries Ltd

Feature EHV Cables and Insulations Mr Tony Martens

VP-Technology & Development, Polycab Wires Pvt. Ltd.

Perspective Smart Grid Cables-

Mr Yogendra S. Tiwari

Head Technical, KEC International Ltd. (Cable Division)

IEEMA Activities 102

Power Scenario

In Conversation Mr T Jagath Reddy, Director, Telangana Discoms and Telegana Transco speaks to IEEMA Journal about speeding up of generation plants which are under construction and transmission projects.

Global Scenario Indian Scenario

104

IEEMA Database Basic Prices & Indices Production Statistics

108

ERDA News 14

September 2015

Contents

Editorial Board

120

110

Seminars & Fairs

Advisory Committee

CPRI News 122 11

112

Product Showcase

Shocks & Sparks Theory worth reading

113

International News

Founder Chairman Mr R G Keswani

Chairman Mr Vishnu Agarwal

Members Mr Babu Babel Mr Sunil Misra Mr Sri Chandra Mr Mustafa Wajid

Sub Editor Ms Shalini Singh

Advertisements Incharge Ms Vidya Chikhale

Circulation Incharge Ms Chitra Tamhankar

Statistics & Data Incharge Mr Ninad Ranade

Regd Office - Mumbai 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018. Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528 Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705 Email: mumbai@ieema.org

115

National News

Corporate Office - New Delhi Rishyamook Building, First floor, 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001. Phones: +91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16 Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015 Email: delhi@ieema.org

117

Corporate News

Branch Office - Bengaluru 204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road, Bengaluru 560 001. Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318 Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317 Email: bangalore@ieema.org

Letters to Editor

Branch Office - Kolkata 503 A, Oswal Chambers, 2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001. Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Email: kolkata@ieema.org

Dear Editor, IEEMA is an organization that I have been in touch with for the past 31 years and have been utilizing the magazine for updating my knowledge from time to time but in a limited way as far as my work is concerned. My small suggestion is that magazine should enlighten and educate the people about the best practices that are being implemented all over the world and should bring to the notice of the authorities concerned so that the same can be implemented. T Jagath Reddy Director, Telangana Transco

Dear Editor, The IEEMA Journal that is being published on monthly basis is definitely useful and beneficial to us. It provides an insight to the current market scenario with relation to the Electrical industry / business in India and abroad . On regular basis we are using the statistical data published in ‘Basic Prices and Indices’ for making our Price Adjustment Claims to different Clients. In case of any queries with IEEMA regarding their publication we are getting prompt replies / clarification from various concerned authority. Joydip Bhattacharya Manager – Contracts. McNally Bharat Engineering Company Ltd

Website: www.ieema.in Articles: Technical data presented and views expressed by authors of articles are their own and IEEMA does not assume any responsibility for the same. IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original articles published in IEEMA Journal. Representatives: Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9706389965 Raipur (Chhattisgarh) - Rakesh Ojha Email: rakesh.ojha@ieema.org Mobile:+91 9826855666 Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) Ajuj Kumar Chaturvedi Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9839603195 Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana) Bharti Bisht Email: bharti.bisht@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9888208880 Jaipur (Rajasthan) Devesh Vyas Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org Mobile: +91 8955093854 Bhubaneshwar (Odisha) Smruti Ranjan Samantaray Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9437189920 Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Jesse A Inaparthi Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9949235153 Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) Mohammad Irfan Parray Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9858455509

IEEMA Members Helpline No. 022-66605754

Edited, Printed and published by Mr Sunil Kumar Misra on behalf of Indian Electricaland Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works, India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

September 2015

APPOINTMENTS Mr A Wadhwan appointed Additional Secretary, Department of Financial Services

Mr Sanjay Kumar joins as Director (Personnel), WCL

Anup Wadhwan has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of Financial Services. He is a 1985 batch IAS officer of Uttarakhand cadre.

Sanjay Kumar, GM, CIL, has taken over the charge as Director (Personnel), Western Coalfields Limited.

Mr GC Murmu appointed Additional Secretary, Department of Expenditure Mr Girish Chandra Murmu has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of Expenditure. He is a 1985 batch IAS officer of Gujarat cadre.

Ms BN Sharma appointed Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power

Mr IJ Kapoor takes over as Technical Member APTEL Mr Inder Jit Kapoor took over as Technical Member of Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL) in New Delhi. Before joining the Appellate Tribunal, Shri Kapoor was serving as Director (Commercial), on the board of NTPC Limited for about 7 years.

Mr DJ Pandian appointed chairman of BECL

Mr Badri Narain Sharma has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power. He is a 1985 batch IAS officer of Rajasthan cadre.

Former chief secretary D J Pandian has been appointed chairman of Bhavnagar Energy Company Ltd (BECL). He has also been appointed as Director General of Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University.

Mr SN Tripathi posted as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Ex-Cabinet secy Ajit Kumar Seth appointed PESB chief

Surendra Nath Tripathi has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. He is a 1985 batch IAS officer of Orissa cadre.

Ms Alka Panda appointed Director General, Bureau of Indian Standards Ms Alka Panda has been appointed as Director General, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). She is a 1983 batch IAS officer of Orissa cadre

Mr K Gupta appointed Additional Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy K Gupta has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy. She is a 1985 batch IAS officer of Maharashtra cadre.

Mr Ajay Kumar appointed Additional Secretary, Department of Electronics and Information Technology Ajay Kumar has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of Electronics and Information Technology. He is a 1985 batch IAS officer of Kerala cadre.

Former Cabinet secretary Ajit Kumar Seth was on Friday appointed as the Chairman of the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB), the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head-hunter. Seth, a 1974-batch IAS officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre, completed his extended tenure of four years at the Cabinet secretariat on June 13 this year. He has been appointed for a period of three years or till he attains 65 years of age, said the order issued by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT).

Mr Ved Prakash appointed Director ONGC (onshore) Mr Ved Prakash Mahawar has been appointed as Director (onshore) of ONGC. He will look after the all onshore operations spread across India. Mahawar has 33 years of experience in managing drilling and operational functions, holding various key positions across vast spectrum of oil fields.

Mr DK Venkatesh selected HAL Director Mr DK Venkatesh has been selected by the PESB for the post of the Director (Engineering and R&D) in Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Venkatesh is currently holding the post of GM, HAL. As many as 15 persons were interviewed for the post of the Director (Engineering and R&D).

September 2015

CoverStory

he Indian Wires and Cable Industry is now Rs. 33,000 Crores in size, which is 14% higher than the previous year. However, the CAGR of the industry for 5 years is only 10% as the year before there was a dip in the market. In comparison, the Indian Electronics and Electricals industry, which saw a similar down turn in the previous year, has shown a growth of only 10 %. The wires and cables market is expected to witness rapid growth in the coming years due to government investments in power and telecommunication, dynamic industrialization and urbanization. Indian manufacturers have proven that they are as capable as global players in terms of manufacturing for special applications within India as well as for Exports. The latest entrant to product up-gradation is the 220 Kv technology that has more than 5 players in the industry versus less than two just a few years back.

Price Variation Clause Incorporation of PV clause is a logically acceptable solution in normal as well as in inflationary conditions. It is advantageous to have a well-defined PV clause with third party impartial data available

Cables

for determination of price variation. Understanding the need of its members and their buyers, IEEMA was involved in establishing various PV clauses for different electrical equipment. IEEMA as you all know is the first ISO certified Association in India and therefore has a wellestablished documented procedure for evolving and operating PV Clauses. The important stages followed during the evolution process are as under: 1) Collection of cost data from member manufacturers. 2)

c) Finalizing weights for key raw materials and also for labour cost d) Deciding on lead time for purchase of various raw materials 5) Circulation of formula evolved by product division to buyers and other manufacturers for their comments and suggestions. 6) Discussions with the product division on comments and suggestions 7) Finalisation of PV clause and circulation to all manufacturers and buyers.

Analysis of cost data to identify key raw materials.

8) Circulation of prices / indices regularly every month.

3) Evaluating average weight based on its cost, for each raw material.

9) Providing support to buyers and contractors in case of interpretation problems.

4) Evolving a draft PV clause after discussing in respective product divisions. a) Deciding on fixed cost based on the study of the balance sheets

IEEMA is involved in this activity for over 30 years and has been successfully operating Price Variation Clauses for about 25 products. All Utilities, PSUs like NTPC and POWERGRID, International funding agencies like World Bank, ADB etc. have accepted IEEMA PV clauses.

b) Identifying source/s of supply for key raw materials

One of the oldest IEEMA PV clause was for Power Cables.

The discussions include;

September 2015

CoverStory

Cables

PV Clause based on prices of raw materials only C. P = P0 + F1 (RM1 –RM10) + F2 (RM2 – RM20) WhereP /P0

Price Payable /Price Quoted

per unit quantity F1, F2

Mr Bharat Jaisinghani, Chairman, IEEMA Cables Division speaks to IEEMA Journal about the growth of cable industry

Factors indicating actual quantity per unit

RM1, RM2, …. Raw Material prices per unit quantity at the time of delivery RM10, RM20…. Raw Material prices per unit quantity at the time of quoting

This type of formula is used when only one or two types of raw materials are used and quantity of which is easily identifiable. IEEMA is using such clauses for Cables and Transformer Oil

PV formulae development for Cables PVC Insulated AL & CU cables & PILC cables wef 1st Apr 1981 PVC Insulated AL & CU cables & PILC cables wef 1st Aug 1984 PVC Insulated AL & CU cables & PILC cables – wef 1st apr 88 Variation factors for al armoured & copper mining cables wef 7th Jan 92 PV formula with Steel factors for pvc control armoured cables wef 1st Mar 93 Shift of origin/base value of all IEEMA PV formulae took place wef. 1st Jan 2001 In 2007 major changes took place in revision of PV clause for Cable. A sub-committee of major member manufacturers of Cable added following new PV clauses a.

LT XLPE Power Cable

LT XLPE Control Cable

HT (3.3 to 33 KV) XLPE Power Cables

September 2015

How would you size up the emerging opportunity in India in for the Cables and Wires business, if India were to grow its GDP at 8-9%? India is expected to grow from a $ 2 Trillion economy to a $ 10 Trillion economy in the next 15 to 20 years where the manufacturing sector will contribute to 25% of the GDP compared to the current 16%. To estimate the opportunity in India over the next few years it is best to look at the consumption of Cables and Wires in China which is a $ 10 trillion economy with a population of just 10% more than of India. In 2013, China consumed 6 million tonnes of Copper and 9 million tonnes of Aluminium in the Cables and Wires industry. India’s current consumption should be approximately 15% of the above figures. The Indian Wires and Cable industry, which is at approximately Rs 33000 crores right now, will be between 2 to 3 times in 10 years.

What are the growth drivers for the Indian cable industry? Cables and Wires are dependent on the traditional growth drivers like construction and infrastructure. India has the following drivers in its favour: The Indian population is the 2nd highest in the world and 65% of it is below the age of 35, whichwill lead to the growing needs of infrastructure. Increase of cost in China and increase in job requirement for the young of India will make us more competitive for global manufacturing at least for the next 2 decades. This will support the Make In India initiative, which will result in massive industrialization and urbanization. We now have a stable government and the action plan initiated by the new government has improved overall international investor’s confidence in India. Countries like China and Japan have committed more than 100 Billion USD of FDI investments. The government has understood that all this cannot materialise without focus on power and infrastructure and therefore announced investmentsof $ 250 billion in the Power, Coal and Renewable Energy sector. There is special focus on solar energy as India lies in the sunny tropical belt with about 300 days of clear sun. We could greatly benefit from the renewable energy trend, as it has the ideal combination of both - high solar isolation and a big consumer base density.

CoverStory

At the same time there are non traditional drivers like increase in use of underground cables and insulated overhead conductors in distribution networks, the rise of use in electric vehicles and electricity driven transport, the need to replace ageing cables, etc. which will lead to growth of the industry.

In a country like India price weighs over quality, how can this be tackled? What would be the market share of the organized sector? Good quality comes at a price and in most cases the difference between good and bad products are clearly visible in the form of recycled raw material or undersized products. In developed markets, the government forces standardisation of products and there is policing and serious actions against manufacturers making products below the desired quality standards. India will take some time to get there. Quality consciousness also comes from the education of the end client whether it is the formal education or various institutions / companies explaining the risk of using bad quality products for specific applications. At the same time the end clients must understand the risk using low quality products, which can lead to loss of life or could also damage the environment. Slowly and steadily the industry is turning more brand conscious, which brings about an assurance on quality. The unorganised sector in India, which contributes to the price conscience market, is estimated at 10% in the case of the electrical cables business and 40% in the case of the Housing Wiring segment, which is significantly lower than the numbers few years.

On products side, how much would be the current capacity utilisations in different segments like cables? Do you foresee significant operational leverage in any of these segments, going forward? The average capacity utilisation in the industry is at 55%. If this has to be split in to various segments then the highest available capacities are in the Low Density and the Low voltage cables which is at 40% utilisation, instrumentation being at 45% and the Medium Voltage Cables at 65% of Industry capacity. The segments that will surge in the short term creating significant operational leverage are the EHV, Solar, Railways and Optical Fibre segments. Although the industry is currently in a phase of underutilization, I believe 2 years from now most companies would want to invest in new capacities.

What’s the prime concern for the industry? The biggest issue faced by the industry is to do with the payment terms by various buyers, which could be due to delayed projects or sometimes fund unavailability. At times it’s the payment terms and quite often it’s the adherence to payment terms that leads to the erosion of profit. At the same time, other commercial terms of various buyers like Bank guarantees, price variations, earnest money deposits, inspection notifications and warranty’s makes it difficult for manufacturers to make profit. Besides these, there are many customers who buy products below quality standards from B grade suppliers and thus there is no room for comparison. The industry being a buyers market is very competitive and the above two points creates further disturbances. Limited capacities for testing cables in India with Indian laboratories not being recognised internationally and lack of standardisation amongst most cable buyers are also

Cables

The committee also evolved variation factors for all items including PVC and Polymer used in HT Power Cables. However, XLPE Component factors were not evolved. In July 2010, new Round Wire steel factors for LT & HT cables and factors for XLPE insulated 3.3 to 33 KV Power Cables with Copper/ Aluminium Conductor of 25 sq. mm. cross sectional area and only for 33KV (E) power cable of 50 sq. mm. cross sectional area were added for looking at demand from users. In July 2012, variation factors of Steel for LT PVC insulated Power and Control cables were revised.

Raw material prices Common issue: IEEMA prices and indices do not reflect actual market prices. It must be understood that each supplier has different strategy and policy to quote prices to the buyers based on delivery schedules, payment terms, quantity of supply, credit worthiness of the buyer etc. The sources, which are giving prices to IEEMA, are unable to disclose such policies. However, while obtaining prices on regular basis from the suppliers, IEEMA always advises such suppliers to follow consistent policy while sending prices to IEEMA. Such prices received by IEEMA, therefore, could be either average price, prices offered to one preferred buyer or even the list prices. Therefore it is observed that, though the prices indicated to IEEMA do not reflect market levels, variation in the prices sent to IEEMA are almost identical to the market fluctuations. Since the IEEMA PV clause is ratio based and as explained above since the variation is identical, it is observed that the ratio of prices indicated to IEEMA and those of market prices are almost same. PVC Compound – Nocil WB-85 & WH-95 were published til 1999 and subsequently equivalent grades of

September 2015

CoverStory

Cables

major pain points. While the above are more industry related concerns fluctuating commodities, forex and global oil prices are major concerns of the industry.

What role is IEEMA and the Cable Division playing address some of the above concerns? The following improvement initiatives are in discussion within the Cable Division and/or with collaboration with other divisions:

CW-22 and HR-11 of Shriram Axiall Pvt. Ltd. For representing XLPE Compound prices; Cable division made several attempts for prices of base material like PE as well as few domestic & overseas sources of XLPE; however could not conclude with conformity in accuracy and sustainability of these prices.

1. A commercial committee has been formed to work with the transformer division on standardisation of commercial terms with majority of the utilities. The idea is also to sensitise the buyers about the profit erosion that is caused due to ambiguous and one sided payment terms. 2. Recently, a vision setting exercise was done for the Technical Committee of the cables division. Some of the objectives that the division will take up would be a) Creating standards for products which have none b) Working with the bureau of Indian standards and other standard setting bodies to improve existing standards and c) on request educate the customers on how standards have been set along with resolving their queries d) start marketing campaigns for educating the customers about cables and its application

Copper – IEEMA was publishing Copper prices sourced from MMTC till 1990. Further the prices were based on Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL). In 2007, while publishing new PV clause, Copper price source was shifted to Sterlite Limited. However, from 2001, the Copper prices were based on Final LME Average Settlement price including premium & freight for accurate variation.

3. IEEMA has played an important role in supporting the “Make In India” campaign. The cable industry has submitted data with evidence explaining some products, which must have higher entry barriers for the industry to survive.

AL prices

Times of India, in a story filed from Beijing just termed India as the “next emerging factory of the world”. I feel that the cables and wires business is a localised business and hence we cannot export every product we manufacture as there are barriers like import duty, transportation costs and local advantages to the country.

For long period, Aluminium prices are published based on prices of major 3 domestic primary producers. The prices were published as on 1st working day. During past few years, industry has been facing large fluctuations in Aluminium prices during the month including changes in rebits/ discount structure etc. This has hurt in procurement process of manufacturers as well as affecting adversely in realizing accurate price variation. IEEMA therefore decided to shift to publishing domestic prices of Aluminium based on monthly weighted average price mechanism from July 2013 for fair representation & optimum Price variation.

September 2015

4. IEEMA also creates special task forces to help Government bodies draft guidelines and policies for special initiatives. Recently a Smart Grid division has been formed by IEEMA to draft such guidelines. 5. If there are any issues that are faced by the Industry, IEEMA and the Cable Division are used as a strong platform to communicate the issues and bring resolution.

How do you foresee the export market?

At the same time any local buyer wants at least a 5% cost advantage to take the pain to buy from a low cost country (LCC). Every country has its own certifications and local body requirements which make it difficult to sell internationally. However, I see a great potential for Indian cable manufacturers to supply products to developed countries where the import duties are low and cost of manufacturing is high especially for labour intensive products like Instrumentations, EPR’s, Railway Signaling and to some extent Medium and High Voltage cables in the medium and long term. I do hope that the government of India will announce Export oriented incentive packages that will help the industry.

How does the industry deal with the situation fluctuation of metal prices? The Indian manufacturers have learnt it the hard way. From the year 2001 to 2008 Metal prices and the Rupee kept on appreciating. While this increase hit them on the existing orders if raw materials were not bought at time of booking the order, it also rewarded them in the increase of

CoverStory

Cables

sales value and inventory thus increasing the profit. As there was always a shortage of material companies tried to buy in bulk at fixed prices in anticipation of an upward trend which led to wealth erosion when Copper and Aluminium came down to their historic low of 6 years in 2009. believe the industry has learnt from its mistakes and has become wiser over a period of time and they seem to have implemented Risk Management techniques with the help of financial institutions and vendors. Customers’ acceptance of the IEEMA Price Variation formula has also marginally helped the industry. However, a drastic fall in prices like in the current situation where Copper has come down from USD 7000 / tonne to USD 5000 / tonne will definitely hit the industry in the short term and there is not much that can be done.

What initiatives of the Government will make the industry grow its size?

mentioning both the domestic & the LME linked prices of Aluminium.

The government has taken some new initiatives like “Make in India”, Smart Cities, Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna (Building India’s villages), Housing for all, 24x7 Power for all, etc. Our Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has quoted “Fruits of development will not reach the common man unless energy connectivity reached every last household of the country”. However, the government itself will face some challenges due to issues with Coal shortage leading to less use of generation capacities, accumulated losses of DISCOMS which is not helping them flourish and lack of focused energy conservation techniques and also challenges of T&D losses.

Instrumentation PVC In late 2013, Cable division members felt the need to evolve Price Variation clause for Instrumentation Cables. A sub-committee of major members was formed to guide this activity. IEEMA as per standard process, collected factors for Copper and Steel for 4 types of Instrumentation Cables: Paired and Triad – Individual and Overall Screened

Keeping in mind the growing need for generation, demand and supply gap due to increased residential demand and lack of penetration in rural areas the government will have to increase focus on innovative solutions to improve reliability and quality of power. At the same time some initiatives of the government like incentivising exports, implementation of the long awaited Goods and Services Tax (GST) etc will result in boosting the morale of both domestic and overseas investors. The Government thinking and strategy is in the right place. The key to success lies in the execution!

Shifting to LME Average AL prices The Aluminium metal prices worldwide are primarily based on the LME prices. While majority of the foreign Aluminium producers keep their prices linked to the LME, some of the Indian Aluminium producers have started doing this. On the other hand, the consumers of Aluminium conductors & cables and other Aluminium based products, especially in the private sector, are linking their Purchase Orders with the LME. The benefit of this linkage is that the LME prices are transparent, hedge-able and highly credible.

Based on the wider acceptance of LME based metal prices and the experience with LME Copper prices which are also readily accepted by all stakeholders; It was decided to include LME average settlement prices of Aluminium including premium in the IEEMA Monthly Price Index Circulars from October 2014. IEEMA; in view of the above; recommended to electrical equipment suppliers/ bidders to preferably opt for LME based Aluminium prices for all future contracts/quotes. Monthly IEEMA PV circulars for Conductor, Cable, Transformers and Transmission Line Accessories & Hardware (TLA&H) would be

Members reviewed the factors and the PV formula including raw material sources and the PV formula after due process of review by all stakeholders; published and made operational w.e.f. 1st July 2014

PV Calculator IEEMA PVC is a highly credible service used by number of stakeholders in this sector to mitigate the risk arising due to fluctuations in raw material prices. IEEMA has now developed an online PV Calculator portal (www. pvcalculator.ieema.org) where a user can get Certified Report of Price Variation calculations by submitting key inputs of the contract. This will help users to settle the PV claims amicably. The web site currently is in beta version and shortly will be fully functional after adding all features of desired calculations. n

September 2015

- Ninad Ranade, IEEMA

Thought Leader

ELECRAMA-2016

EL-2016

‘‘

ABB will focus on its smart solutions for sustainable growth. - Mr Raimondo Salandra

of the

Month - ABB

ELECRAMA-2016

‘‘

EL-2016

Month - ABB

ABB will focus on its smart solutions for sustainable growth. - Mr Raimondo Salandra

President Low Voltage Products, ABB India

ABB is a leader in power and automation technologies that enable utility, industry, and transport and infrastructure customers to improve their performance while lowering environmental impact. Mr Raimondo Salandra, President Low Voltage Products, ABB India speaks to IEEMA Journal using ELECRAMA 2016 as an opportunity to launch ABB’s major new product range.

In the last few years, ELECRAMA has been a platform where Low Voltage Products business has reached a balanced audience of customers from different sectors.

September 2015

Egypt

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ABB has been making in India for around six decades - so for us, the term ‘Make in India’ may be new but the practice is old. India is the only manufacturing location for several ABB products globally and is also home to the largest corporate research center for ABB globally. of the

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Thought Leader

of the

Month - ABB

ELECRAMA-2016

Thought Leader

of the

Month - ABB

ELECRAMA-2016

ABB will focus on its smart solutions for sustainable growth.

September 2015

Month - ABB

‘‘

- Mr Raimondo Salandra

President Low Voltage Products, ABB India

In the last few years, ELECRAMA has been a platform where Low Voltage Products business has reached a balanced audience of customers from different sectors.

September 2015

0-2946 ISSN 097

of the

ABB will focus on its smart solutions for sustainable growth. - Mr Raimondo Salandra

President Low Voltage Products, ABB India

In the last few years, ELECRAMA has been a platform where Low Voltage Products business has reached a balanced audience of customers from different sectors.

September 2015

Egypt

Profile Country

rab rgy Mr Saur for Power, EneGujarat

Face Face2 h Patel

Africa

re Featu SpecialUtility Week

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EL-2016

EL-2016 32 Egypt

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Africa

re Featu SpecialUtility Week

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Month - ABB

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ELECRAMA-2016

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ELECRAMA-2016

WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM

YOUR ACCESS TO THE WORLD OF ELECTRICITY

▲ELECRAMA 2016 Chairman Mr Aadtiya Dhoot alongwith his delegation

met officials of Kenya Power during their visit to Kenya to promote ELECRAMA 2016

◄ IEEMA President Mr Vishnu Agarwal and Chairman ELECRAMA 2016 VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

Mr Aaditya Dhoot met President of Tanzania H.E. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete to discuss the 12th edition of ELECRAMA-2016, to be held from 13 to 17 February 2016 at Bangalore, India. Tanzania and India have traditionally enjoyed close, friendly and co-operative relations. In recent years IndoTanzanian ties have evolved into a modern and pragmatic relationship with greater and diversified economic engagement

12:37 pm

19/06/15

12:37 pm

September 2015

ELECRAMA-2016

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM

12:36 pm

WHAT TO EXPECT AT ELECRAMA 2016? IEEMA is organising the 12th Edition of the exhibition, ‘ELECRAMA-2016’ at Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC), Bangalore, from 13th to 17th February 2016. The theme of the exhibition is “World Electricity Forum” with emphasis on new innovations, technological advancements and stimulating discussions of the opportunities for future international collaborations.

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

12:37 pm

ELECRAMA, organised by IEEMA – the voice of the Indian Electrical Industry, since its inception has followed VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

12:36 pm

a single minded pursuit of being relevant to the Industry and the needs of its constituencies. ELECRAMA is the single biggest forum capturing this rich diversity of globally relevant challenges and solutions. VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

12:37 pm

PROUD PARTNER OF:

September 2015

Face2Face

T&D sector revival is going to be the main focus: Mr Babu Babel Mr Babu Babel, Joint Managing Director, Secure Meters and President Elect, IEEMA speaks about his new role and priority areas to focus on after taking over as President IEEMA.

What will be the priority areas to focus after you take over as President IEEMA?

What are your key objectives for the Electrical Equipments Industry during 2015-16?

We will work on an agreed strategic road map to carry the major industry issues forward. The key goal is to make the Association relevant for its members and help the industry contribute to the collective national targets in power sector. This will involve

The key objective is to create a collaborative approach all around to help deliver the key priorities mentioned earlier. There is a general mood around the country to focus on economic growth. However we live in a turbulent global economic environment and therefore need to be very careful with our expectations. T&D sector revival is going to be the main focus.

a) Increased communications right from sharing strategic road map to regular updates on key activities. b) Strengthening the secretariat and having greater responsibility and accountability. c) Integrated approach with various divisions to effectively represent the industry at various Government policy bodies, regulatory bodies and standards committees. d) Assistance to the central and state Governments in there efforts to improve the T&D networks and reduce losses. Continue the Utility outreach programs e) Support the SME and non utility segments electrical industry as required. f) Focus on quality and reliability and exports growth. Support skill enhancement efforts of the government g) Effective brand building, through world - class exhibitions, seminars and interaction with key players. h) Interact with other leading industry association and educational institutes. i) Leverage the experience of Past office bearers and industry leaders while developing a pipeline of younger talent to take the industry forward.

What are the concern areas for the Electrical equipment industry? a) The key concern has been under utilization of established manufacturing capacity across the industry. b) Need for level playing field against dumping and cheap low quality imports. c) Need for change in buying practices by Government organisations to take care of overall ownership cost rather than the lowest initial cost. d) Ease of doing business with government organisations. e) Wide Currency fluctuations. f) Non tariff barriers faced by exporters

Please share your views on the concept of smart metering in India? India was second country after England to introduce Electronic energy meters, way back in 1988. These were a lot smarter than the Ferraris disc meters. The meters bought today have reasonable intelligence. It is what we do with intelligence that is important. We need to be smarter there. Our key focus has to be reducing revenue losses and looking at revenue completeness. Smart metering Solutions used in the western world are not directly relevant for India. Our challenges and business drivers are different. Expensive solutions will not be justified. We need a combination of Technology, a cadre of competent people to run the utilities (with continuity) and processes that will support. Working smartly is more relevant than using western style smart meters. It is not a magic bullet for our power sector ailments.

What steps can be taken to ensure that smart meters are secure? Advanced techniques of data encryption is used for secure data transfer. Overall system and IT integration is important for a secure system.

Indian power companies want blanket ban on Chinese equipment citing the potential security threats. How do you look at this? Awarding projects related to power generation, transmission and distribution network to Chinese companies will be a serious threat to national security as the electric distribution system carry power to pipelines, water systems, telecommunications and other critical infrastructure, while also serving critical government or military facilities. The need of the hour is not to protect the

September 2015

Face2Face

Indian industry but to intelligently safeguard our business and economy from a neighbour whose intentions are suspicious, and where pricing and business are not rational nor driven by the market

economists use “levelised costs”—the net present value of all costs (capital and operating) of a generating unit over its life cycle, divided by the number of megawatthours of electricity it is expected to supply.

Indian IT prowess and its capability to address complex security issues are well known. The entire world depends on our expertise. We have a very evolved electrical equipment manufacturing base as well. Why should we not entrust them collectively to safeguard our key power sector installations?

The trouble, as Paul Joskow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has pointed out, is that levelised costs do not take account of the costs of intermittency.* Wind power is not generated on a calm day, nor solar power at night, so conventional power plants must be kept on standby—but are not included in the levelised cost of renewables.

How do you see the future of renewable capacity addition in India?

Electricity demand also varies during the day in ways that the supply from wind and solar generation may not match, so even if renewable forms of energy have the same levelised cost as conventional ones, the value of the power they produce may be lower. In short, levelised costs are poor at comparing different forms of power generation.

We have very supportive national and state governments to add more renewables. SUBSIDIES for renewable energy are one of the most contested areas of public policy. Billions are spent. The idea seems to be working. Photovoltaic panels have more than halved in price since 2008 and the capital cost of a solar-power plant—of which panels account for slightly under half—fell by 22% in 2010-13. But whereas the cost of a solar panel is easy to calculate, the cost of electricity is harder to assess,

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So overall there is good future for renewables but the overall growth will be eventually dictated by ownership cost. n - Shalini Singh, IEEMA

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September 2015

Interview - Opower

Transforming households through energy conservation way

ounded in 2007 Opower is a technology company that combines behavioral science, data management, and insightful analytics to transform the way utilities relate to their customers. Opower’s software has been deployed to more than 95 utility partners around the world, and reaches more than 50 million households and businesses. David Moore is Senior Manager of Market Development & Regulatory Affairs at Opower speaks to IEEMA Journal about the opportunities the company is looking in the Indian market. Opower combines a cloud-based platform, big data, and behavioral science to help utilities around the world reduce energy consumption and improve their relationship with their customers. This helps consumers lower their energy use and costs, and significantly reduces carbon emissions. Opower is transforming the way the world approaches household energy conservation. Opower’s software uses statistical algorithms to perform pattern recognition analysis from data in order to derive actionable insights for utility customers. Without any devices installed in the home, the platform can perform usage-disaggregation analysis, presenting end users information such as heating or cooling usage apart from overall usage, and thus allowing them to spot additional opportunities to save money. Opower’s Energy Reports incorporate the behavioral science techniques of Robert Cialdini, Opower’s chief scientist and the author of Influence, a 1984 book on persuasion. The reports include targeted tips that seek to motivate customers to lower their energy consumption to the “normal” neighborhood rate. The reports also feature smiley-face emoticons for the most energy-efficient homes, a feature that Opower added after research showed that some consumers who used less energy than average started using more once they knew the norm. The reports also compare energy usage among neighbors with similarly sized houses The company mails the reports to consumers, but also offers the information in other formats, including internet portals, text messages, email and in-home energy displays. Opower’s software enables customers to input more information to generate recommendations about specific types of energy use, such as air-conditioning and heating. According to Moore, “It’s no secret that consumers complain about their electricity providers. Traditionally, there has been a huge expectation gap between customers and the utilities that serve them.” The company, which has utility clients across the United States and internationally, hears the same complaints around the world, in developed and developing countries alike. “People want lower bills, they want accurate bills, and they look to utility companies for energy information. The Opower software creates an alignment of the customer’s interests with the utility’s interests and with,

David Moore, Senior Manager, Market Development & Regulatory Affairs, Opower usually, the government interests — in terms of demandside management, or emissions reductions or simply giving people information they deserve,” Moore said. “Transforming the way utilities interact with their customers based on the data provided by those customers — how they use energy, when they use it, and how they engage with utility communications — gives a community feel to what has been, traditionally, a public service,” Moore believes. Such refinements were not possible a few decades ago. “Data can unlock transformative opportunities that were not available to the utility industry before the computer age,” Moore said. Opower’s technology platform has saved families and businesses six terawatt-hours (TWh) of energy across more than 95 utility deployments worldwide. Saving six TWh is equivalent to taking all the homes in Alaska and Hawaii — states with a combined total of 2.1 million people — off the grid for a full year. Opower is transforming the way the world approaches household energy conservation. He opines,” We are open different kind of opportunities in India we are aware that India is unique we are trying to understand the demographics and the challenges of the Indian market . we see the fundamental challenges in the Indian market are ensuring 24X7 power to all. And I think there are opportunities for us to work in parallel and empowering not only the utilities and regulators but also common people in order to improve energy efficiency measures in India.” n - Shalini Singh, IEEMA

September 2015

TechSpace

n urban areas, high voltage underground cables are commonly used for the transmission and distribution of electricity. Such high voltage cables have metallic sheaths or screens surrounding the conductors, and/or armour and metallic wires surrounding the cables. During earth faults applied to directly earthed systems, these metallic paths are expected to carry a substantial proportion of the total fault current, which would otherwise flow through the general mass of earth, while returning to system neutrals. These alternative return paths must be considered when determining the extent of the grid potential rise at an electrical plant due to earth faults. For safety and reliable operation, the shields and metallic sheaths of power cables must be grounded. Without grounding, shields would operate at a potential considerably above ground. Thus, they would be hazardous to touch and would cause rapid degradation of the jacket or other material intervening between shield and ground. This is caused by the capacitive charging current of the cable insulation that is on the order of 1 mA/ft of conductor length. This current normally flows, at power frequency, between the conductor and the earth electrode of the cable, normally the shield. In addition, the

Cables

shield or metallic sheath provides a fault return path in the event of insulation failure, permitting rapid operation of the protection devices. In order to reduce Circulating current and electric potential difference between the sheathings of single core three-phase cables, the sheathing is grounded and bonded at one or both ends of the cables. If the cable is long, double bonding has to be carried out which leads to circulating currents and increased total power loss. Raising the sheath’s resistance, by decreasing its cross section and increasing its resistivity, can reduce this almost to the level of the core losses. However, in case of an earth fault, a considerable portion of the fault current flows through the increased sheath resistance, creating much higher power in the sheaths than in the faulty core. A simple solution, a conductor rod buried into the soil above or under the cable can divert this power from the sheaths.

Voltage source. These losses reveal the real characterstic of the cable’s property, namely that the cable can be considered as a “capacitor”. An ideal capacitor consumes purely capacitive power- or capacitive current. A real capacitor, such as cable, not only has capacitive power but also has reactive power or reactive current. The angle between reactive current or capacitive current is known as Tan δ ( tangens delta). The reactive power thereby represents the dielectric losses in the cable insulation that are caused by structural irregularities of the insulation itself. These losses can be considered as dielectric losses abd are therefore described as “dielectric loss power” Pd. the voltage dependent losses can be calculated as: Pd= U02* ω*Cb* Tan δ (W/km) U0= Rated Voltage for the cable in KV ω = Angular frequency

I. Cable Losses In cable system, two basic types of losses are present. Voltage dependent losses:- As the name suggests these are the Losses that are caused by High Voltage. These losses occur at any moment in which the cable is connected to A.C

Cb = Operating capacity in µF/km. Tan δ= Dielectric power loss factor. Current dependent losses:Despite ohmic conductor losses, current dependent losses only appear when A.C current flows through the cable. The consist of the

September 2015

TechSpace

Cables

following components. 1.

Ohmic conductor losses

Losses due to skin effect

Losses due to proximity effect

Losses in metallic sheath

Ohmic Conductor Losses:- These are the lauses caused by the electron flow through the conductor. They are determined by the conductor material and the temperature P= I2*R in which I:

Current through the cable core

R: Resistance at a certain temperature in mΩ or mΩ/km. Losses due to Skin effect:-Losses due to skin effect are caused by the displacement of the current towards the conductor surface. Each current has the ability to induce a voltage in a conductor. The voltage induction also takes place in its “own” conductor. With the resistance of the conductor, an additional current flows. The direction of this current causes a higher current to flow at the outer diameter area of the conductor and lower current to flow at the conductor centre. The uneven current distribution leads to higher losses.

Losses due to Proximity Effect:-Losses due to proximity effect are caused by the electromagnetic field of the neighboring conductors. The closer the conductor, higher the losses- hence the term ‘proximity effect’. Sheath Losses:- Sheath losses are generated by the magnetic induction of the conductor currents in the metallic screen and sheath of the cable. They are caused by: 1.

Circulating currents in the cable

Eddy currents in the cable sheath

3. Resulting sheath currents caused by the induced sheath voltage (in unbalanced earthing systems). Particularly during high circulating currents, sheath losses may substantially reduce the current load capacity of the cable. Sheath losses can be lowered significantly by means of special earthing methods

III Cable Screen (1) Purpose of cable screen:

Losses due to skin effect are approximately quadratic with the power frequency and conductor diameter. They can be reduced by a suitable design of the conductor cross section, such as segmented conductors and/or enameled wires. It is worth mentioning that the skin effect is zero at D.C currents as there is no induction.

the metallic sheaths of the cables so by reducing the current flows in metallic sheath by different methods of bonding we can increases the load current carrying capacity (ampacity) of the cable. It provides low impedance fault current return path and provides neutral point for the circuit.It provides shielding of electromagnetic field.

Cable screen controls the electric field stress in the cable insulation. Cable Screen Provides return path for Cable neutral and fault current.If the screen is earthed at two ends than it provides Shielding for electromagnetic radiation. Enclosing dangerous high voltage with earth potential for safety

(2)

Purpose of bonding screens at both ends:

cable

The electric power losses in a cable circuit are dependent on the currents flowing in

(2) Induced voltage & circulating circulating current in cable screen: If the cable screen is single point bonded, no electrical continuity and mmf generates a voltage.If the cable screen is bonded at both ends, the mmf will cause circulating current to flow if there is electrical continuity. The circulating current produces an opposing magnetic field. Suitable bonding method should be employed to meet the standing voltage limit and keep Circulating current to an acceptable level. When laying out a cable system and selecting surge voltage limiters, knowledge of the range of induced voltage during normal conditions and during failures is essential. The induced voltage within the cable screen generally depends on hh

The mutual inductance between core and sheath

The conductor current

The length of the cable

The mutual inductivity between core and sheath depends on the:

September 2015

Mean sheath diameter

Axial spacing between different phases

TechSpace

Cables

are laid in a compact and symmetrical formation, induced in the screen can be minimized.

Disadvantages 1. The trefoil formation is not appropriate for heat dissipation because there is an appreciable mutual heating effect of the three cables.

Type of laying of cables, these being trefoil or flat formation

Assumed conditions in the system ( normal Operating, one pole short circuit,, three pole short circuit.)

Depending on the calculations of the induced voltage, several different types of earthing or bonding systems can be applied.

IV Laying Method of Cable The three Single core cables in a 3-phase circuit can be placed in different formations. Typical formations include trefoil (triangular) and flat formations.

(1) Trefoil Formation To minimize the electromechanical forces between the cables under short-circuit conditions, and to avoid eddycurrent heating in nearby steelwork due to magnetic fields set up by load currents, the three single-core cables comprising the three phases of a 3-phase circuit are always run clamped in ‘Trefoil’ formation.

The cumulated heat in cables and cable trench has the effect of reducing the cable rating and accelerating the cable ageing.

(2) Flat Formation:

This formation is appropriate for heat dissipation and to increase cable rating. Note:- The Formation choice is totally deepened on several factors like screen bonding method, conductor area and available space for installation.

Accessories for HT Cable Sheath Bonding: High voltage cable systems must always be earthed. The earthing, sometimes reffered to as grounding , very much depends on cable parameters and on the application of cable systems. Link box are used to realize the earthing at terminations or joints. Link boxes can be realized for three phase or for single phase earthing.Link box can also be equipped with SVL.

Type of Core and Induced Voltage:

(1) Three Core Cable hh

For LT application, typically for below 11 kV.

Well balanced magnetic field from Three Phase.

Induced voltages from three phases sum to zero along the entire length of the cable.

Cable screen should be earthed at both ends

Virtually zero induced voltage or circulating current under steady state operation.

2) Single Core Cable

1. This type of Formation minimizes the sheath circulating currents induced by the magnetic flux linking the cable conductors and metallic sheath or copper wire screens.

For HV application, typically for 11 kV and above.

Single–core cables neglects the use of ferromagnetic material for screen, sheath and armoring.

Induced voltage is mainly contributed by the core currents in its own phase and other two phases.If cables

A suitable screen bonding method should be used for single–core cables to prevent Excessive circulating current, high induced standing voltage high voltage.

(1) Link Box

Advantages

This configuration is generally used for cables of lower voltages (33 to 132kV) and of smaller conductor sizes.

Link Box is electrically and mechanically one of the integral accessories of HV underground above ground cable bonding system, associated with HV XLPE power cable systems.

Link boxes are used with cable joints and terminations to provide easy access to shield breaks for test purposes and to limit voltage build-up on the sheath

Lightning, fault currents and switching operations can cause over voltages on the cable sheath. The link box optimizes loss management in the cable shield on cables grounded both sides.

In HT Cable the bonding system is so designed that the cable sheaths are bonded and earthed or with SVL in such way as to eliminate or reduce the

September 2015

TechSpace

Cables

circulating sheath currents. hh

Link Boxes are used with cable joints and terminations to provide easy access to shield breaks for test purposes and to limit voltage build-up on the sheath. The link box is part of bonding system, which is essential of improving current carrying capacity and human protection.

(2) Sheath Voltage Limiters (SVL) (Surge Arrestors) hh

SVL is protective device to limit induce voltages appearing on the bonded cable system due to short circuit.

It is necessary to fit SVL’s between the metallic screen and ground inside the link box. The screen separation of power cable joint (insulated joint) will be protected against possible damages as a result of induced voltages caused by short circuit/break down.

For single point bonding , only one end of the cable screen is connected to the earth while the other end is left floating. The voltage is induced linearly along the whole cable length and at the ‘open end’ a standing voltage occurs. The open end should be protected with a Sheath Voltage Limiter (SVL) This diminishes the chance of overvoltages occurring inside the cable screen, protects the cable system and ensures that relevant safety requirements are upheld. hh

Type of Sheath Bonding for HT Cable: There is normally Three Type of Bonding for LT/HT Cable Screen. hh

(1) Single Point Bonded 1. One Side Single Bonded System.

Point

2. Split Single Point Bonded System. (2) Both End Bonded System (3) Cross Bonded System (1) Single point bonded system:

(A) One Side Single Bonded System:

September 2015

A system is single point bonded if the arrangements are such that the cable sheaths provide no path for the flow of circulating currents or external fault currents. This is the simplest form of special bonding. The sheaths of the three cable sections are connected and grounded at one point only along their length. At all other points there will be a voltage between sheath and ground and between screens of adjacent phases of the cable circuit that will be at its maximum at the farthest point from the ground bond. This induced voltage is proportional to the cable length and current. Single-point bonding can only be used for limited route lengths, but in general the accepted screen voltage potential limits the length. The sheaths must therefore be adequately insulated from ground. Since there is no closed sheath circuit, except

through the sheath voltage limiter, current does not normally flow longitudinally along the sheaths and no sheath circulation current loss occurs. hh

Open circuit in cable screen, no circulating current.

Zero volt at the earthed end, standing voltage at the unearthed end.

Optional PVC insulated earth continuity conductor required to provide path for fault current, if returning from earth is undesirable, such as in a coal mine.

SVL installed at the unearthed end to protect the cable insulation during fault conditions.

Induced voltage proportional to the length of the cable and the current carried in the cable .

Zero volt with respect to the earth grid voltage at the earthed end, standing voltage at the unearthed end.

Circulating current in the earth–continuity conductor is not significant, as magnetic fields from phases are partially balanced.

The magnitude of the standing voltage is depended on the magnitude of the current flows in the core, much higher if there is an earth fault.

High voltage appears on the unearthed end can cause arcing and damage outer PVC sheath.

TechSpace

The voltage on the screen during a fault also depends on the earthing condition.

Standing voltage at the unearthed end during earth fault condition. hh

During a ground fault on the power system the zero sequence current carried by the cable conductors could return by whatever external paths are available. A ground fault in the immediate vicinity of the cable can cause a large difference in ground potential rise between the two ends of the cable system, posing hazards to personnel and equipment. For this reason, single-point bonded cable installations need a parallel ground conductor, grounded at both ends of the cable route and installed very close to the cable conductors, to carry the fault current during ground faults and to limit the voltage rise of the sheath during ground faults to an acceptable level. The parallel ground continuity conductor is usually insulated to avoid corrosion and transposed, if the cables are not transposed, to avoid circulating currents and losses during normal operating conditions. Voltage at the unearthed end during an earth fault consists of two voltage components. Induced voltage due to fault current in the core.

Advantage hh

No circulating current.

No heating in the cable screen.

Economical.

Disadvantage hh

Standing voltage at the un– earthed end.

Requires SVL if standing voltage during fault is excessive.

Requires additional earth continuity conductor for fault current if earth returned current is undesirable. Higher magnetic fields around the

Cables

cable compared to solidly bonded system. hh

S t a n d i n g voltage on the cable screen is proportional to the length of the cable and the magnitude of current in the core. Typically suitable for cable sections less than 500 m, or one drum length.

(B) Split Single Point-bonded System hh

It is also known as double length single point bonding System.

Cable screen continuity is interrupted at the midpoint and SVLs need to be fitted at each side of the isolation joint.

Other requirements are identical to single–point– bonding system like SVL, Earth continuity Conductor, Transposition of earth continuity conductor.

Effectively two sections single–point–bonding.

No circulating current and Zero volt at the earthed ends, standing voltage at the sectionalizing joint.

Most Simple and Common method.

Cable screen is bonded to earth grids at both ends (via link box).

To eliminate the induced voltages in Cable Screen is to bond (Earth) the sheath at both ends of the cable circuit.

This eliminates the need for the parallel continuity conductor used in single bonding systems. It also eliminates the need to provide SVL, such as that used at the free end of single-point bonding cable circuits

Significant circulating current in the screen Proportional to the core current and cable length and de rates cable.

Could lay cable in compact trefoil formation if permissible.

Suitable for route length of more than 500 Meter.

Very small standing voltage in the order of several volts.

(2) Both End Solidly Bonded (Single-core cable) systems

Advantages hh

Minimum material required.

For both end bonding, both ends of the cable screen are connected to the ground. There is no standing voltage occurring at the cable ends. Though, the circulating currents may flow inside the screen as the loop between the two earthing points is closed through the ground. As these circulating currents can be as high as the the conductor current itself, they can reduce the cable ampacity significantly.

Most economical if heating is not a main issue.

September 2015

TechSpace

Cables

Provides path for fault current, minimizing earth return current and EGVR at cable destination.

Does not require screen voltage limiter (SVL).

Less electromagnetic radiation.

Disadvantages hh

Provides path for circulating current.

Heating effects in cable screen, greater losses .Cable therefore might need to be de–rated or larger cable required.

The advantage of cross bonding is the absence of residual voltages at the end of the three sections. With no driving voltages,the sheath currents and therefore the losses in the system are zero. With good crossbonding system, the sheath losses can be kept very low. Another advantage of regular cross bonding is that at the grounded termination ends the voltage is zero. hh

Transfers voltages between sites when there is an EGVR at one site. Can lay cables in trefoil formation to reduce screen losses . Normally applies to short cable section of tens of meters long. Circulating current is proportional to the length of the cable and the magnitude of the load current.

Most disadvantageous earthing system method as far as economical issues are concerned. Hence applied for very short distances and medium voltage systems. hh

(3) Cross-bonded cable system A cross bonding is necessary for long cable segments with many joints. The crossbonding system consists of three sections,each followed by a cyclic sheath crossing. At the terminations, the earthing must be solidly bonded to the ground. In ideal cross bonded system,the three sections are of equal length.

September 2015

U (Rise) = 0. In practice, the cable length and the laying conditions will vary, resulting in a small residual voltage and a negligible current. Since there is no current flow, there are practically no losses in the screen. hh

The total of the three voltages is zero, thus the ends of the three sections can be grounded.

Summing up induced voltage in sectionalized screen from each phase resulting in neutralization of induced voltages in three consecutive minor sections.

Normally one drum length (500 m approx) per minor section.

Sectionalizing position and cable jointing position should be coincident.

Solidly earthed section joints.

Transpose cable core to balance the magnitude of induced voltages to be summed up.

Link box should be used at every sectionalizing joint and balanced impedance in all phases.

For cross bonding, the cable length is divided into three approximately equal sections. Each of the three alternating magnetic fields induces a voltage with a phase shift of 120° in the cable shields.

Induced voltage magnitude profile along the screen of a major section in the cross– bonding cable system.

Virtually zero circulating current and Voltage to the remote earth at the solidly earthed ends.

The cross bonding takes place in the link boxes. Ideally, the vectorial addition of the induced voltages results in

In order to obtain optimal result, two ‘‘crosses’’ exist. One is Transposition of cable core crossing cable core at

A system is cross-bonded if the arrangements are such that the circuit provides electrically continuous sheath runs from earthed termination to earthed termination but with the sheaths so sectionalized and crossconnected in order to reduce the sheath circulating currents. In This Type voltage will be induced between screen and earth, but no significant current will flow. The maximum induced voltage will appear at the link boxes for cross-bonding. This method permits a cable current-carrying capacity as high as with singlepoint bonding but longer route lengths than the latter. It requires screen separation and additional link boxes.

major

TechSpace

Cables

each section and second is Cross bond the cable screens effectively no transposition of screen. hh

Cross bonding of cable screen: It is cancelled induced voltage in the screen at every major Section joint.

Transposition of cables:It is ensure voltages to be summed up have similar magnitude .Greater standing voltage at the screen of the outer cable.

Standing voltages exist at screen and majority of section joints cable and joints must be installed as an insulated screen system.

The sheath currents in singlecore cables are induced by â&#x20AC;&#x153;transformerâ&#x20AC;? effect; i.e.by the magnetic field of alternating current flowing in cable conductor which induces voltages in cable sheath or other parallel conductors.

The sheath induced electromotive forces (EMF) generate two types of losses: circulating current losses (Y1) and eddy current losses (Y2), so the total losses in cable metallic sheath are: Y= Y1+Y2

The eddy currents circulating radially and longitudinally of cable sheaths are generated on similar principles of skin and proximity effects i.e. they are induced by the conductor currents, sheath circulating currents and by currents circulating in close proximity current carrying conductors.

They are generated in cable sheath irrespective of bonding system of single core cables or of three-core cables

The eddy currents are generally of smaller magnitude when comparing with circuit (circulating) currents of solidly bonded cable sheaths and may be neglects except in the case of large segmental conductors and are calculated in accordance with formulae given in the IEC60287.

Advantage hh

Not required any continuity conductor.

Virtually zero circulating current in the screen.

Standing voltage in the screen is controlled.

Technically superior than other methods.

earth

Suitable for long distance cable network.

Disadvantage hh

Technically complicated.

More expensive.

Sheath Losses according to type of Bonding: hh

Sheath losses are currentdependent losses and are generated by the induced currents when load current flows in cable conductors.

Circulating currents are generated in cable sheath if the sheaths form a closed loop when bonded together at the remote ends or intermediate points along the cable route.

Conclusion hh

There is much disagreement as to whether the cable shield should be grounded at both ends or at only one end. If grounded at only one end, any possible fault current must traverse the length from the fault to the grounded end, imposing high current on the usually very light shield conductor. Such a current could readily damage or destroy the shield and require replacement of the entire cable rather than only the faulted section.

With both ends grounded, the fault current would divide and flow to both ends, reducing the duty on the shield, with consequently less chance of damage.

Multiple grounding, rather than just grounding at both ends, is simply the grounding of the cable shield or sheath at all access points, such as manholes or pull boxes. This also limits possible shield damage to only the faulted section.

References 1 Application guide for high voltage accessories by Ruben Vogelsang

Standing Voltage at Cable End

Sheath Voltage Limiter Required

Application

3 Drawing prepared by Mr. Rasham Pal Sharma

Yes

Up to 500 Meter

4 Sr. Draftsman EHV , KEI Industries Limited.

Double End Bonding

Cross Bonding

Only at cross bonding points

Yes

These losses are named sheath circulating current losses and they are determined by the magnitude of current in cable conductor, frequency, mean diameter, the resistance of cable sheath and the distance between single-core cables.

2 Articles from Internet related to EHV bonding Systems.

Bonding Method Comparison Earthing Method Single End Bonding

Up to 1 Km and Substations short connections, hardly applied for HV cables, rather for MV and LV cables Long distance connections where joints are required

Mr Puneet Jain Assistant Manager- EHV Marketing and

Mr Arvind Shrowty Executive Director, KEI Industries Limited

September 2015

InDepth - Substandard Cables

s we are well aware that modern civilization depends upon the Electricity and flow of electricity depends upon the cables. Hence cables are the backbone of any electrical distribution network. There are numerous brands of electric cables available in Indian market for the purpose. Everyone is claiming the compliance of it to specific standard specification but many times such claims are not true. While selecting the cable for particular application, emphasis must be on the quality as annual running cost plays a vital role beside safe functional performances. In this article, an attempt has been made to make end user understand that if the cables are not selected with caution then how it leads to direct financial loss in term of excessive annual running cost and create unsafe conditions. Loss occurred to the nation is substantial in term of excessive energy consumption by using substandard cables. In general, Aluminum and copper constitute more than 70 % of the total cost of cable .Keeping in view today’s market scenario, drastic rising trend of Aluminium and

Cables

copper prices can be seen since last few years.

and reduced level of safety in electrical system network.

This has added to the serious problem of supplying sub-standard cables now a days. Manufacturers of cable are tempted to cut corners and use lesser copper or Aluminium than it is required and also by making the conductor with impure/ Recycled copper or Aluminum , tendency of cable manufacturer is to reduce overall input cost.

In general as far as functional performance is concerned, such serious defects cannot be judged during buying or installation of cables at consumer end. As L.V. cables are designed to operate at 1100 volts but in actual conditions being operated at system voltage of 415volts in India.

Cable standards specify the maximum conductor resistance. Drawing down lesser diameter of the wires .Use of impure/recycled material being cheaper shall reduce the considerable amount of input cost of copper/ Aluminum With Reduced Aluminium and copper components, cables are being provided with cheaper prices. Many times it is surprising to notice that cables are being supplied at prices even lesser than required Raw material cost. Defects caused due to under –rated substandard cable is seriously affecting as direct money loss in term of excessive power Consumption beside overheating

Functional performance may be seen satisfactory for the years as such during the operation. Certificate of compliance is being issued to the cable brands on the basis of functional performances but unfortunately the losses caused in term of excessive annual running cost on account of higher energy consumption are being ignored by the end users which is quite substantial. In Europe, Public Warning Notices about such unsafe cables are being published authorities like BASEC (British Approval Services For Electric Cables)to assist the public safety and to make aware of such unsafe and noncompliant cables. But In India we are lacking with such approach and awareness.

September 2015

InDepth - Substandard Cables

Cables

With the findings of a case study here ,an attempt has been made to address it to the end user as how annual running cost increases and excessive energy losses occur due to use of substandard cables.

diameter of cable was matched to 150sqmm with increased thickness of insulating material

Case study

Such defect could not be noticed during operation as recommended size of 150sqmm with rated capacity of 255Amps was selected to operate at 160Amps (65% of rated capacity) and 20 % underrated cable has not caused any immediate functional issues (Since rated current of 120sqmm is 225Amps) hence operational performance was seen satisfactory somehow .

For a particular electrical system, Following were the system parameters System Voltage: 415V, 3phase, 4 Wire system Load Current = 160Amps Route length = 620mts 3.5C x 150 sqmm Cable with Aluminium conductor and XLPE Insulation was selected for the operation. There were two cable suppliers for this. Supplier A @ Rs- 350/- per meter Supplier B @ Rs – 300/- per meter. Cable of supplier “B” was selected for the purpose being cheaper. On investigation, it was noticed that actual size of cable of supplier B was 20 % lesser i.e (120sqmm instead of 150sqmm). Overall

since input cost was lesser hence cable was supplied at cheaper prices.

Now let us understand it by following calculation, how it has picked up our pocket in term of excessive electricity bills. First of all we need to calculate Economical Running Cost Constant Kf in standard conditions. Kf(Standard) =Total Amount in term of Energy losses in 3 phase system Kf(standard)= 3phase loss X Unit rate

energy

= 3 x (I) 2 x R x t x unit rate I= rated current Rating of cable in Amps R= A.C. resistance at operating temperature in ohms/km Values of Rated currents & A.C. resistances are normally given in manufacturer’s catalogue and shown below for AL/XLPE cables for ready reference for particular sizes of cable used. Sizes

A.C

Current

Calculated

Resistance

ratings

(Kf)

at 90 deg c

ground

in Rs/km/Hr

Amps 3.5C

0.325 ohm/

X 120

3.5C

0.265 Ohm/

X 150

225

246.8

255

258.5

Unit Rate is taken as @ Rs-5/- KWH

Kf (Standard) as calculated above are based on following assumption 1) Cables are to be charged at rated current . 2)

Route length of one KM ,

But in actual practical conditions, load current is lesser with varied route length. Hence Kf is required to be calculated at site conditions and calculated as below.

Kf For particular installation = X2 x Kf( Standard) X ROUTE LENGTH IN KM x = Actual load current/ Rated current of cable x for 150Sqmm=160/255 = 0.63 x for 120Sqmm=160/225 = 0.71 Since for particular Installation Actual load current was 160 Amps Route Length was = 0.620KM Hence calculated Values Kf FOR 120SQ MM= (0.71)2 X 246.8X 0.62 =77.1 Rs /Hour Kf FOR 150SQ MM= (0.63)2 X 258.5X 0.62 =63.6 Rs /Hour NOW INTIAL COST ( Amount spent to buy the Cable)

September 2015

InDepth - Substandard Cables

Cables

used for particular application in one year =63.6X20X30X12=4.579Lacs (Assuming 20Hours operation in a day) Amount Spent in term of Energy Consumption in case of cable “B” cable used for particular application in one year =77.1X20X30X12=5.551Lacs (Assuming 20Hous operation in a day) for Cable A=350X620 = Rs 217000/for Cable B=300X620 = Rs 186000/Total amount saved to buy Cable B as compared to A = 217000-186000=Rs 31000 Amount Spent in term of Energy Consumption in case of Cable “A”

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Total loss on account of cable(B) = 555100 – 457900 = Rs 97200/- per Year = Rs 8100/per Month

Conclusion There is loss of RS - 8100/- per month on account of excessive power consumption in substandard quality cable.

Thus It will take only four months to loose Rs -31000/- which we have saved one time on account of buying cheaper cable and after that, Rs- 8100/- per month would be a punishment for buying substandard/ Cheaper cable for a Life time. Hence the cable which has been purchased today at 10% lesser prices one time may become 20 % costlier for a life time if proper attention is not given to the quality of cables. Hence it is need of today that economical running condition of installed cable in your electrical distribution network must be considered as an element while energy audits.n

R 50/ Rs.

0 3 201 JUNE

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rab rgy Mr Saur for Power, EneGujarat Gov t of Ministe oleum, & Petr

Profile Country Egypt

September 2015

Mr Sanjeev Vyas

General Manager, Havells India Ltd

InDepth - EHV Cable

he topic of EHV cable is very broad and I will start with specialized conductors to motivate more thought and stimulation to develop areas of technical interest to support the local Power Grid Corporation of India which owns and operates about 1,16,625 ckt kms (Circuit Kilometers) of transmission lines at 800/765kV, 400kV, 220kV & 132kV EHVAC & +500kV HVDC levels and 195 sub-stations. Also the transformation capacity of about 2,34,709 MVA as at 31st May 2015. This gigantic transmission network, spread over length and breadth of the country, is consistently maintained at an availability of over 99%. Now in the world over, there have been dramatic shifts and improvements in power system in all its facets - design, installation, operation and maintenance. Practices in maintenance of EHV transmission lines have been undergoing refinements in techniques and broadening of scope, consistent with rapidly changing requirements and compulsions. India has a massive transmission network expansion programme and several EHV transmission lines are planned in the years ahead, which would form an integral part of the

Cables

National Grid. The transmission lines are the connecting links between generating stations and distribution systems, as well as links between transmission systems. Extensive transmission networks have come into existence for transporting bulk power from generating stations, many 400 kV AC and few 765 / 800 kV AC & 500 kV HVDC transmission systems are already working satisfactorily in our country. The 800 kV HVDC (Six conductor bundle configuration) transmission system is also in the process of implementation, plans are already afoot in the country to introduce 1200 kV AC (Eight conductor bundle configuration) transmission lines. India has massive transmission network expansion program and several EHV/UHV transmission lines are planned in the years ahead, which would form an integral part of the national grid. In addition, all our efforts have to be put in to ensure that the existing EHV/ UHV transmission lines perform satisfactorily with no downtime so that additional investment in transmission system network could be judiciously planned. The difficulties experienced by the power utilities in finding the required corridor for new transmission lines

and increased demand for power can be met by Up-rating or Upgrading the existing transmission lines with suitable modifications. The main issue in all power circuits is the ability of the conductor to perform and voltage with stand performance of any particular insulated conductor. The cable industry has to challenge itself to provide the requirement for a more technical OHL (overhead line) lines with the composite materials that are now available and invest in equipment to provide the designs that give the optimization of load capacity, physical strength for reduced spans, towers etc. The materials being Calcium aluminium and carbon reinforced aluminium, these conductors are currently available and are known as ‘composite’ conductors and are classified under the “High Temperature Low Sag”, or HTLS conductors. These composite conductors are currently required to be used on long crossings and replacement of existing lines where a larger conductor is needed to carry more power but with a lower weight and is a good economical alternative to building new transmission towers. The shape (compactness, roundness and

September 2015

InDepth - EHV Cable

Cables

wires with the lowest inductance. In practice, the proximity effect is weaker than the skin effect and rapidly diminishes when the cables are moved away from each other. The proximity effect is negligible when the distance between two cables in the same circuit or in two adjacent circuits is at least 8 times the outside diameter of the cable conductor. There are two designs of smoothness) of these conductors are critical to performance in windy and icy conditions.)

Roll Formed Profiles

Wire Assembly into Double Twist

The ACCC ( aluminium Carbon Composite Conductors) conductor’s hybrid carbon and glass fiber composite core offers many advantages compared to an allaluminum or steel-reinforced conventional conductor. It offers twice the capacity while cutting line loss by 25-40% under equal load conditions. The combination of high tensile strength and low thermal sag enables longer spans, so new lines can be built with fewer structures.

Compact conductor

The Roll Form Strander is equipped with an external roll form system to be able produce the compact smooth OHL conductor. The objective of this system is to present to the strander the material in the optimum format depending on the desired strand construction. This roll form system can be as simple as a two layer (ie: 1+6) construction or as intricate as a five layer (ie: 1+6+12+18+24) construction. The scope of the strand design determines the application configuration. (a) Roll forming of the input wires. This is achieved with a driven roll stand shaping each wire in a layer. (b) Round wire layers where a number of round wires are closed without any change in section. The “S” roll metering system is used in this instance.

Polycab Wire and Cables are producing many copper, aluminium conductors and overhead lines with many options to offer. Undergrounding is the opposite to overhead lines and are necessary when overhead is not practical as in most cities. The conductors that are now being used for EHV have grown considerably in size and 3200mm2 have now been achieved for 500kV XLPE cable. The 2 issues working against the large current carrying capacity conductors are “skin effect” and “proximity effect” The skin effect is the concentration of electric current flow around the periphery of the conductors. It increases in proportion to the cross-section of conductor used. The short distance separating the phases in the same circuit generates the proximity effect. When the conductor diameter is relatively large in relation to the distance separating the three phases, the electric current tends to concentrate on the surfaces facing the conductors. The wires of the facing surfaces indeed have a lower inductance than wires that

PROCESS STEPS

are further away (the inductance of a circuit increases in proportion to the surface carried by the circuit).

Round Wire Coil Payoff

The current tends to circulate in the

September 2015

conductor, 1) compact round stranded and 2) segmental “Milliken” stranded. 1) Compact round conductors, composed of several layers of concentric spiral-wound wires. In round stranded compact conductors, due to the low resistance electrical contacts between the wires, the skin and proximity effects are virtually identical to those of solid plain conductor. 2)

Segmental conductors, also known as “Milliken” conductors are composed of several segment shaped conductors assembled together to form a cylindrical core. The large cross-section conductor is divided into several segmentshaped conductors. There are from 4 to 7 of these conductors, which are known as segments or sectors. They are insulated from each other by means of semi-conductive or insulating tape.The spiral assembly of the segments prevents the same conductor wires from constantly being opposite the other conductors in the circuit, thus reducing the proximity effect. This structure is reserved for large cross-sections greater than 1200 mm2 for aluminium and at least 1000 mm2 for copper. The Milliken type structure reduces the highly unfavourable skin effect and proximity effect.

Enameled copper wire for copper conductors with cross-section of greater than 1600mm2,enameled

InDepth - EHV Cable

Cables

wires (around two thirds are included in the structure of the Millliken type segmental conductor. The proximity effect is almost eliminated, as each conducting wire follows a path alternating between areas that are far away from and areas closeto the phase conductors. The skin effect is reduced due to the small cross-section of the wires used, each insulated from each other. In practice, a Milliken structured conductor containing enameled wires adds roughly one whole conductor cross-section. For example a 2000mm2 enameled copper cable is equivalent to a 2500mm2 non-enameled copper cable. The connection of enameled copper conductors requires special technology to remove enamel for connections/jointing. Reduction in skin effect as compared to IEC and CIGRE

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formulas. Reduction in Skin Effect AC Resistance 900 DC Conductor Structure Resistance 900 Cross Milliken Compacted Milliken Sectional Area Enameled Segment Circular mm2 Wire 1600 1.33 1.24 1.03 2000 1.46 1.35 1.04 2500 1.62 1.56 approx 1.05 3000 1.76 1.73 approx 1.06

Cupric oxide coated conductor wires The enamel coating method has been generally used for the insulation of a strand. This enamel coating method, however, has the drawback of being expensive. There is available is a method of forming a surface oxide film on a strand by oxidizing the surface of every stand. In this method, each strand is individually immersed in oxidizing liquid which should

preferably be a mixed solution of 5% sodium chlorite and 5% sodium hydroxide to form an oxide film on the surface of the strand. In the manufacturing method, the conditions of the oxidation treatment are determined such that the cupric oxide films have about 0.3 to about 3 μm in thickness When the wires are stranded to form a conductor for a cable, the wires with the oxide films are stranded by means of rotating equipment which may cause a relatively large frictional force to occur between the strands during the stranding, operation, techniques for smooth passage through stranding is are required to prevent the removal of the oxide films on the surfaces of the strands.n

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Mr Tony Martens

VP-Technology & Development, Polycab Wires Pvt. Ltd.

September 2015

GuestArticle - Flammability Evaluation

lectricity is a wonderful aspect of modern life, while on other hand, it can be dangerous if handle without proper care. In majority case of fire accidents, electrical fire are found very common. As various types of cables are playing role as electricity carrier, these cables became responsible directly or indirectly for initiation of fire and / or spreading of fire, which has ultimately resulted into a huge loss of revenue as well as loss of human lives. According to data analyzed by the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), more than 69,000 fires were reported in a span of 2002 to 2009 associated with cables in USA. When a cable is under fire, as it is connecting different parts of a building, the fire gets path to spread over in a large area in very short time. Further a dense black smoke is generated due to burning of cable, the visibility of effected area will reduce drastically and difficulty increases for finding EXIT path. In many cases, damages found not only due to the flame but also due to poisonous – toxic corrosive fumes generated due to burning of cable. These toxic fumes will directly attack the person’s lung system while inhaling and in absence of proper timely treatment, it may result into a great loss of life.

Cables

Awareness is increasing about use of a cable having good fire resistance properties. For highly populated area/mass gathering centers like theatre, shopping malls, multistoried buildings, air crafts, metro rails, refineries etc. and for highly critical area like power plants, hospitals, communication centers, data storage centers, industries etc., it now becomes mandatory to use fire retardant cable, low smoke evolution cable, fire survival cable etc. depending upon the applicable conditions. Considerable efforts have been made to develop suitable cables and cable materials which constitute a reduced fire hazard.

Classification of Cables w.r.t. FIRE performance

With development of cable having fire resistance properties, prediction of its behavior in a fire is now appreciated with numerous small and large scale standard tests. Major factors; not limited to, considered to evaluate the cable’s flammability and combustion behavior are a) Ease of ignition, b) Resistance to propagation, c) Heat of combustion, d) Smoke emission, e) Toxic gas evolution and f) Corrosive gas evolution.

In recent years, emission of smoke and corrosive gases from burning cables have increased concerns. Apart from other requirements, demand for low smoke generation and low halogen or zero halogen is increased. Now a days, FS - Fire Survival cables are also having increasing demand for maintaining essential circuits such as emergency lighting, fire alarms as well as for safe shutdown of very critical processes etc.

This article describes various types of cables with different fire properties, specific requirements for each fire property, significance and briefed methodology of applicable tests to evaluate fire properties.

For different applications, relevant cable has to be selected from a wide range of cables with different materials as well as different constructions. As far as flammability properties are concerned, selection of a cable depends upon acceptable degree of fire hazard for a particular application. On the basis of their flammability requirements, Indian Standard classifies cables into three main categories i.e. 01, C1 and C2, as mentioned in Table-1. Some of the other special fire requirements are also tabulated in Table 1.

Evaluation of Cables for Fire performance. With respect to behavior of cable under fire, evaluation methodology

September 2015

GuestArticle - Flammability Evaluation

Classification Cat 01 Cat C1 / FR

Cat C2 / FRLSH

LSZH / LS0H ZHFR / HFFR FS

Table-1 General requirements Flame Retardant with self-extinguishing properties With improved fire performance. Flame Retardant, selfextinguishing, does not propagate flame when installed in groups in vertical duct Flame Retardant Low Smoke with Reduced Halogen evolution. Cables in constrained area with limited human activity, presence of sophisticated systems. Low Smoke Zero Halogen Zero Halogen Fire Retardant / Halogen Free Flame Retardant Fire survival, maintaining circuit integrity under fire for a specific time

considers two major aspects – first is the fire resistance or fire survivability and second is fire hazard posed by the combustion of cable. The cable material and cable construction plays role on level of fire performance as well as potential fire hazard. In general, fire test methods are split into two categories, tests for individual component material and tests on whole cable. Various international standards describe procedure for evaluation of fire performance of cables, which are also considered in Indian Standards. Flammability tests for the insulating materials and finished product (i.e. cables) are listed in Table-2. It also mentions the general acceptance value. For more details, relevant test standard needs to be referred. A brief significance of each test is described in following texts.

Oxygen Index Test By definition, “Oxygen Index” is the minimum concentration of Oxygen

(% volume) in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, required just to support burning of a material. This is the most widely used indicator of individual material flammability property. To continue the fire basic three things are required; first spark or a flame, secondly fuel and third presence of oxygen. For a given material, after applying a flame, if the material requires higher oxygen than the atmospheric oxygen of 21%, the material termed as a selfextinguishing material. This test is helpful for selection of a material for fire resistance. A standard test specimen is mounted in a test chamber having controlled concentration of oxygen and nitrogen. Initially flame is applied and on removal of flame, continuation of fire for min. 3 mins or propagation upto min. 50 mm to observe. With repeat trails techniques, minimum oxygen required for burning to determine.

September 2015

concentration with higher temperature. When there is a fire, naturally surrounding temperature will increase, and reaching to a particular temperature the material will start burning immediately with a flame at atmospheric oxygen level of 21%, this temperature is termed as Temperature Index. In this test, “Oxygen Index Test” is conducted at different higher temperatures and temperature at 21% oxygen concentration is derived from plotting the values of Oxygen index Vs temperature.

Flame Retardant Test on Single Cable This test is conducted to evaluate fire-resisting property of a single vertical mounted cable. It reflects the self-extinguishing and non-fire propagating property of a cable. A 600 mm long sample is suspended in a draught free chamber and a specific flame is applied at an angle of 45o to the horizontal. After a specific time flame is removed and the self-burning time as well as the extension of effect of burning in terms of charring is recorded.

Temperature Index Test For polymeric material, ease of ignition increases with increasing temperature, in other words, with increasing temperature in the vicinity of material, the oxygen index of a material decreases. The material will start burning at lower oxygen

Oxygen Index test set up

Cables

Single vertical flammability test set up

Flame Retardant Test on Bunched Cable Number of cables when running in parallel from one end to far end of a building, the severity increases

GuestArticle - Flammability Evaluation

with burning of one cable and subsequently others too. In many electrical fire accidents and that due to cables, the spreading of fire in a short time in a large area observed. To tackle this, cables with new material and construction are developed, exhibiting reduced fire propagation behavior. To address different application severity, the test is divided into three test categories namely A, B and C. This category decides test volume of cables and flame application time. Based on the test category, number of test specimen each of 3.5 meter length, are arranged in vertical and specified flame through a ribbon type burner is applied at the bottom for a specific time. After removal of burner, the effected portion is measured. In this test, the test specimen are mounted on a vertical ladder and therefore commonly it is also called as ‘Ladder test’.

Cables

Table-2 : Tests for Materials and Cables No. 1 2 3

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

Test

Standard

Oxygen Index Test Temperature Index Test Flame Retardant Test on Single Cable

As per IS:10810Pt.58, ASTM D 2863 As per IS:10810Min. 250 oC Pt.64, ASTM D 2863 As per IS:10810Self-extinguishing Pt.53, IEC 60332-Pt.1 within max 60 secs and charred portion max. 450 mm from burner. As per IS:10810Should not propagate Pt.62, IEC 60332beyond 2.5 mtrs Pt.3, BS:4066-Pt.3 As per IEEE 383 Should not burn for total height As per IS:10810Min. 300 mm unaffected Pt.61, SS:4241475 portion from top.

Flame Retardant Test on Bunched Cable Flammability Test Flame Retardant Test (Swedish Chimney) Smoke Density Test Smoke Density Test (3M3 Chamber) Acid Gas Generation Test pH & Conductivity Test Toxicity Index Test Fire Survival Tests (For Category C,W,Z)

As per ASTM D 2843 As per IS:10810Pt.63, IEC 61034, BS:50268 As per IS:10810Pt.59, IEC 754-Pt.1 As per IEC 754-Pt.2

As per NES 713 As per IEC 60331Pt.11, BS:6387

measured.

Ladder test set up

Flame Test as per IEEE 383 This standard is for Class 1E Electric cables for Nuclear Power generating stations. In the basic criteria, the cable should not propagate fire even if its all insulating coverings are destroyed in the area of flame impingement. Here the specified number of cables, each of 8 feet length are mounted over the ladder. Specified burlap soaked into oil is allowed to burn in front of cable assembly in natural draught. After burning ceased, the affected portion due to burning of cable is to

Flame Retardant Test (Swedish Chimney Test) This test determines the fire resistance ability of single vertical cable when ignited with ethanol. A cable is considered flame retardant, even if it ignites in presence of flame source, but extinguishes on removal of flame. Cable length of about

General specific requirement Min. 29%

SDR – Max. 60% (in general) Min. 60 % / 70 % light transmittance w.r.t. application Max. 20 % by weight pH Min. 4.3 Conductivity Max. 10 µs/mm Max. 3 (in general) None of the fuse ruptures and none of the lamp is extinguished during the period of test

850 mm is suspended in center of a specific dimension steel tube having rectangular windows. A specified quantity of ethanol is used as an ignition fluid for a specified time. After removal of flame source the unaffected portion from the top is recorded.

Smoke Density Test

wedish Chimney test setup

The highly dense black smoke evolved due to burning of cable is one of the serious hazards because it prevents the rapid escape of people from the fire area. In many fire incidents, loss of lives observed due to not finding exit way because of the smoke and therefore smoke density is one of the critically required parameter.

September 2015

GuestArticle - Flammability Evaluation

ASTM D 2843 specifies the test methodology for evolution of smoke density of an individual material. A standard test specimen of 25.4mm × 25.4mm × 6.2mm size is allowed to burn in a specified volume test chamber with a specific flame. The smoke generated is measured by measuring obscuration of an optical light path over a time at regular interval. The light obscuration w.r.t. time is plotted and area under the curve gives smoke density of a material. The “EXIT” sign in the test chamber should be visible throughout the test. This test will help for selection of base material in view of Low Smoke requirement.

Photograph 5 : Smoke Density test setup

Smoke Emission - 3M3 Chamber Test This test was initially developed by London Underground Limited to evaluate smoke emission behavior for cables intended for use in mass transit system. The smoke density value determined by ASTM D 2843 method, will give the individual material performance. In actual case, when whole cable is under fire, it becomes necessary to determine the synergic effect of different cable component under fire. In Smoke emission – 3M3 test, whole cable of one meter length is exposed to a fire under a defined conditions and smoke emitted during specific time period is measured. Here also, with similar principle as per Smoke Density test, the smoke generated is measured by measuring obscuration of an optical light path over a time

Cables

at regular interval of time. The ignition fluid shall be 1 liter, which composed of ethanol, methanol and water. The smoke collected in the test chamber due to burning of the cable is measured through light transmittance using photo cell system. The photometric system measures the light transmittance inside the chamber.

Acid Gas Generation Test At the time of burning of cable, particularly PVC based material, it will liberate toxic gases, which when mixed up with atmospheric moisture, makes corrosive poisonous mixture. This is main responsible for spoiling the near vicinity area in terms of corrosion. Further, at the time of fire, carbon monoxide will liberate and oxygen depleted, which jointly makes the situation more severe for human lives. In USA, it is estimated 80% of fire deaths are due to inhalation of smoke and toxic fumes. IEC 60754-Pt.1 / IS: 10810-Pt. 59 address the methodology for measuring halogen gas evolved during burning of cable material. As this test is conducted on individual component of a cable, the combined effect assessment due to burning of a whole cable should be taken into consideration. A few grams of cable sheath/ insulation material is burned in a tubular furnace at 8000 C for 20 minute and gases evolved due to burning are collected in two wash bottles containing 0.1M NaOH solution. The solution is then back titrated with 0.1 M Ammonium Thiocyanate against Silver Nitrate.

Photograph 7 : Toxicity Index test setup

The amount of Halogen acid is expressed as milligrams of HCl per gram of the sample.

Toxicity Index Test In view of severity of toxic gases, there has been increasing demand for Zero Halogen cable. Cable compound based on polyolefins such as EVA, polyethylene and other ethylene co polymers, generally preferred in terms of zero halogen requirement. In general, determination of < 0.5% of HCl through IEC 60754 method, termed as a zero halogen. In addition to this, NES 713 describes in depth test procedure for determining the toxicity in terms of all toxic gases emitted from individual cable material while burning. As per NES 713 (Naval Engineering Standards), a small sample is allowed to burn under the flame of 11500 C and evolved gases are collected in 1m3 chamber. The

Acid gas generation test setup

September 2015

GuestArticle - Flammability Evaluation

Cables

the development from normal PVC cable to FR - FRLS PVC cables and today LSZH – FS cables, meeting to the various flammability properties as per national / international standards. The required test facilities are also developed to evaluate these flammability properties. Table 1 shows the findings of few flammability properties derived from about 200 samples received during 2014-15. Table : 1

Fire Survival test setup

various gases are extracted through colorimetric gas reaction tubes of particular gas. Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Sulpher dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Hydrogen cyanide, Ammonia, Hydrogen fluoride, Hydrogen bromide etc. are termed as toxic gases. From the concentration of above gases, toxicity index of a material is calculated. As this test is also conducted on individual component of a cable, the combined effect assessment due to burning of a whole cable should be taken into consideration

Fire Survival Test (For Category C, W & Z) It is learned from many fire incidents that even if there is a fire, some of the critical electrical circuitry must require to perform its functionality for some period. This is to help people to escape from the area under fire, for a safe shutdown of a critical process, emergency lighting, emergency alarm system, working of elevators in a multistoried building and many other emergency services. This type of cables are termed as FS- Fire Survival cables and cable has to maintain electrical circuitry for upto 3 hours at a temperature ranging from 750 oC to 950 oC or above, depending upon application requirement. At its most stringent, while maintaining electrical integrity at high temperature flame, cable also required to withstand water spray and mechanical impact. Due to fire, the cable coverings will

converted into char. It is expected that in presence of water spray and mechanical impact, char should provide required electrical isolation to avoid any short / open circuit and to maintain circuit integrity. In IEC 60331-Pt.11 and BS: 6387, the detailed procedure is laid down. For achieving FS property, cables with a special construction and with special material are available. Mineral insulated cable using a copper tube as an outer covering and copper conductor separated with the mineral powder like magnesium oxide, is one of the example. With the technological development, use of precise ingredients for char formation, use of silicon elastomers, use of mica impregnated glass fibre tape, use of armouring etc. are adopted for FS cable. In this test, 1.5 meter cable is held horizontally by means of suitable clamp fixture. Each core is energized for 0.25 amp. at its rated voltage and flame of specific temperature for a specific time is applied. The test is divided into three categories; cable with resistance to fire alone will designated as Category C, cable with resistance to fire and water spray will designated as Category W and cable with resistance to fire and mechanical impact will designated as Category Z. Cable conforming to all categories will designated as Category CWZ.

ERDA’s experience Over the 4 decades of its services to cable industries, ERDA witnessed

Properties Oxygen Index, %

FRLS

LSZH

30 - 33

35 - 39

37 - 45

Temperature 280-350 300 - 400 350-500 Index, oC Smoke Density Rating, %

35 - 50

< 20

Toxicity Index

1-2

Table 1 revels that indian cables are developed with the required flammability properties as per the standards.

Conclusion Cables under fire can take many forms, from initiation of fire and fire propagation to the evolution of poisonous toxic gases and smoke. Considering the destroying potential of electrical fire in terms of loss of revenue, loss of human lives, pollution to environment etc. it is need to use the advanced cables with improved construction and improved materials. Cables are available with significantly improved flammability properties like, fire resistance, low smoke, zero halogen, fire survival properties with the technological upgradation. Before installation, cable flammability performance of both individual materials and complete cable requires to evaluate through numerous small and large scale standard tests. n Mr Nilesh Pandya

Electrical Research and Development Association

September 2015

Opinion - HDBaseT

ver the years, we have grown accustomed to highperformance and high-quality video transmission. If, at one point, we were satisfied with a grainy image, today that is no longer true. And going forward, we have more of the same: higher video resolutions, higher expectations, better infrastructure for the transmission of video. Just as new technologies are introduced to address this issue, they also bring limitations and constraints that must also be addressed. HDMI, or High-Definition Multimedia Interface, was introduced back in 2003, and replaced analog video standards for a richer experience for end users. But HDMI brought forth some infrastructure challenges: hh

HDMI uses a proprietary cable and connector

HDMI has a limited distance of roughly 15 meters (50 ft)

At the onset, the premise of HDBaseT has been to guarantee the best-user experience when delivering highthroughput video over low cost and ubiquitous cabling infrastructure. Or, in other words, HDBaseT enables the delivery of uncompressed, highdefinition multimedia content over a single LAN cable. HDBaseT was introduced back in 2010, and addressed the

Cables

infrastructure challenges of HDMI: HDBaseT is transmitted over a single, regular LAN cable and standard RJ-45 connector, and has a range of up to 100m (330 ft), for the transmission of ultra-high-definition video. In addition, the cornerstone of HDBaseT is the feature set known as 5Play (Fig. 1): 1. Audio & Video: HDBaseT delivers up to ultra-HD video (4K), uncompressed. HDBaseT is compatible with HDMI, and supports features such as EPG, CEC, EDID and HDCP. The unique video coding scheme of HDBaseT ensures the highest video quality at almost zero latency. HDBaseT audio supports all standard formats, including Dolby Digital, DTS, Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HDMaster Audio. 2. Ethernet: HDBaseT supports 100Mb Ethernet, enabling communication between televisions, sound systems, computers, and other CE devices as well as access to any stored multimedia content (such as music or video streaming). HDBaseT also supports Ethernet Fallback Mode, which enables seamless integration between an HDBaseT device and an

Ethernet-only infrastructure. In such a case, only the Ethernet capabilities of the connection are enabled. 3. Control: HDBaseT enables multiple control signals for multiple purposes: Consumer Electronic Controls (CEC), Recommended Standard (RS)-232, and infrared (IR). IP control is also enabled due to the support of an Ethernet channel. HDBaseT’s wide range of control options provides manufacturers with virtually endless opportunities. 4. USB: HDBaseT supports USB 2.0, enabling features such as KVM (keyboard, video & mouse) and touch-screen functionality. 5. Power: Up to 100W of DC power can also be delivered over the same LAN cable. This provides the freedom to place equipment where you want it and not where an available power source happens to be installed.

Behind HDBaseT HDBaseT is based on an asymmetric transmission method, sending a wideband of 8Gb/s of audio & video, Ethernet, and controls from source

September 2015

Opinion - HDBaseT

Cables

Fig. 1: HDBaseT 5Play Feature Set

to sink, but only a narrower band of 300Mb/s are transferred back (audio, Ethernet and controls). HDBaseT utilizes all four pairs of the LAN cable to achieve this bandwidth, as well as to send up to 100W of power over the same line at the same time. HDBaseT is based on an innovative DSP engine and Analog Front End (AFE) architecture. This makes for an extremely robust and resilient platform, so it can deliver even ultrahigh-definition 4K video on an 8 Gbps link. HDBaseT employs PAM16 encoding, a version of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) technology, where digital data is represented as a coding scheme using different levels of DC voltage at high rates. PAM16 enables HDBaseT to handle electrical interference while still meeting the high performance expected. Although HDBaseT uses the same coding technology as Ethernet and even has an Ethernet channel for the transmission of 100BaseT, its packet-based technology is different from the traditional Ethernet packets. HDBaseT simply relies on the same physical cabling infrastructure. This simplicity and feature-rich characteristics made HDBaseT the de-facto standard in the residential and professional audiovisual market. HDBaseT has been deployed worldwide in several different verticals, such as corporate,

residential, hospitality, health, retail, education, and more, covering digital signage, projection, industrial PC and others.

HDBaseT Infrastructure: Cable Needs HDBaseT can be transmitted over regular Ethernet cables or fiber optic cables. Determining which cable is the right one depends on several aspects.

LAN Cables Any best practices regarding Ethernet installations apply to an HDBaseT installation utilizing LAN cables. . Cable performance is defined by the quality of the cable, the distance of the connection, the handling of the cable, and the video resolution expected. A rule of thumb is that the higher resolution expected, the better the cable should be. The same goes for distance. The cabling infrastructure in any project is likely to be around for a long time – it should last longer than any other component in the network, and choice of cable should take into consideration new applications, additional users and potential expansions of the whole system. LAN cables are susceptible to misuse and rough conditions, particularly during the installation process. Signal integrity depends on proper cables and connections.

September 2015

As such, patch cables should be avoided if possible, or not exceed two per cable run of no more of five meter each on each end of the connection. These cables are also susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI), and as such should be kept at a distance of at least 12 inches from power cables and other EMI sources. In an environment prone to high EMI, it is best to use shielded cables. The same is true for high RF environments - it is best to use shielded cables. The same applies to shielded connectors. In a shielded connector, the signal pins are surrounded by a metal shield, and further reduce electromagnetic interference. Shielded connectors provide a better fit and therefore better performance. One of the advantages of using LAN cables is that they are easily field terminated. That means there is no need to pre-measure cables – it is possible to have all the setup ready ahead of time, saving time & money. It is important, though, to make sure to use proper equipment for termination, such as cable strippers, electrician scissors, and crimpers. It is also necessary to make sure that both ends of the cable are wired according to the same scheme, either T568A or T568B. Having said all of this, it is important to remember that HDBaseT was designed to work under harsh

Opinion - HDBaseT

Cables

conditions over simple LAN cables, but you will reach better performance, longer distances and less interference by using better, shielded cables.

Why Fiber When HDBaseT was first introduced in 2010, the specification defined LAN as the transmission medium for HDBaseT. In 2013, Spec 2.0 of the HDBaseT standard was introduced, and defined fiber as an additional transmission medium. Although LAN cables are ubiquitous, low-cost and easy to install, there was a demand to enable HDBaseT over fiber. One of the reasons Fig.2: Whole Home Networking Application is that fiber allows for much one cable to connect all devices. longer distances than copper. Cable clutter is eliminated. It allows Although it is possible to daisy for source devices to be hidden chain HDBaseT installations over out of sight, as HDBaseT enables copper with simple repeaters for transmissions up to 100 m (including up to 800m, fiber enables longer 4K video), with no compromise on distances. When using singlequality and without any latency. mode fiber, HDBaseT easily allows HDBaseT allows for multi-zone transmission for tens of kilometers. connectivity, transmitting content When using multi-mode fiber, from any source to any display, HDBaseT outperforms the IEEE’s seamlessly. distances by almost double, without any degradation in performance or For corporate and business bandwidth (specifically, up to 600 m applications, HDBaseT has been for OM3 and 800m for OM4). widely used in meeting rooms, Another reason that fiber was hotel screens, restaurant displays, introduced reflects the nature of educational (K-12 and above) some of the verticals deploying campuses (Fig. 3), and more, as it HDBaseT. Medical facilities will brings the simplicity of installation usually choose a fiber infrastructure and operation. In addition, it utilizes for most of their installations, existing cable infrastructure which given the delicate nature of the brings additional savings. Because equipment. Military and government HDBaseT complies with HDMI organizations also prefer fiber as the specifications, it can complement transmission medium. existing set-ups without any major overhauls. Support for USB 2.0 HDBaseT Applications permits touch-screen functionality (e.g., at an airport, or fast food HDBaseT wide feature set, simple restaurant), and multipointset-up, and use of a single cable to-multipoint connectivity (for mean that it can be deployed in multistreaming and daisy-chaining). several scenarios, from residential home theatres, digital signage, corporate projection, industrial PCs, Practical Benefits medical and military applications For installers and integrators and more. around the world, HDBaseT In residential setups (Fig. 2), brings some clear and immediate HDBaseT brings the elegance of benefits. HDBaseT revolutionized

what once could be hours of work before and during any installation, given the complexity of the existing infrastructure. Looking at the challenges faced by these professionals on a day-to-day basis, HDBaseT is the solution for many of these issues: hh

Distance: Until HDBaseT, installers were limited on the distance they could place source and sink devices, unless they used expensive fiber. HDBaseT can be used over 100 m with a single hop and up to 800 m with eight hops. For longer distances, fiber is also an option.

Features: The 5Play feature set expanded the potential for content to be offered, without increasing complexity and/ or costs. In fact, Power over HDBaseT (POH, a variant of PoE – power over Ethernet) is another benefit of HDBaseT as it eliminates the need for separate power supply.

Elegance: HDBaseT relies only on one cable, eliminating clutter and mess, and/or the complexity of hiding multiple cables out-of-sight.

Quality: The fundamentals of HDBaseT calls for the delivery of uncompressed ultra-high

September 2015

Opinion - HDBaseT

Cables

Fig. 3: A Typical Classroom Set-up definition video (up to 4K), with low latency and no electromagnetic interference compromising quality. hh

Simplicity: HDBaseT uses standard LAN cables. These cables are easily terminated in the field, and with standard RJ45 lockable connectors. LAN cables also reduce installation costs and time.

Power over HDBaseT – PoH

convenient cable/connector so that, for instance, wall-hung TVs require no other power source. Additionally, HDBaseT’s powerdelivery technology provides the foundation for new opportunities to manage overall power consumption and efficiency. These capabilities are enabled by the underlying PoE technology that has become a critical element of the latest PoH specification.

Power over HDBaseT (PoH) enables the transfer of DC power in conjunction with data signals over a single Ethernet cable to a distance of up to 100 meters. The PoH standard is based on the IEEE 802.3at Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard with the appropriate modifications to enable safe delivery of up to 100W over the four pairs of the Ethernet cable. Allowing for the drop over 100m of cable, the power to the device is more than 75W, which is enough to power many types of devices, given Energy Star™ specifications.

In a typical PoH implementation, the power sourcing equipment is installed and powered by a 50to 57-volt DC power supply, and all powered devices then receive power directly over the HDBaseT link across all four pairs of the LAN cable. Four-pair powering is the key to delivering more power with greater efficiency. Defined in the latest high-power PoE standards, four-pair powering gives powered devices two power interfaces so they can receive twice the power of earlier two-pair solutions by using all four pairs of Ethernet cable.

HDBaseT power capabilities also solve the problem manufacturers have faced with providing thinner, lighter wall-mounted TVs that have been encumbered by complicated companion AC-to-DC and DC-to-DC power circuitry. HDBaseT replaces this AC-to-DC circuitry with a single,

Additionally, core PoE technology has been enhanced for the PoH specification to include a higher current of almost 1 amp for every two pairs, with an appropriate threeevent classification that identifies PoH power source equipment. This enables PoH technology to transfer

September 2015

of up to 100W of continuous DC power, per port, from one side of the HDBaseT link to the other. Unlike in PoE, where the powered device must assume a worst-case cabling infrastructure at all times, PoH enables the powered device to identify the cable length/resistance and draw more power, as long as the overall power consumption does not exceed 100W. PoH also does not infringe on any of the mandated PoE safety requirements.

The HDBaseT Alliance HDBaseT became the de facto industry standard for the residential and commercial pro-AV sector, thanks to the work performed by the HDBaseT Alliance since it was founded in 2010 by LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Valens. The Alliance advances and promotes the adoption of HDBaseT as the global standard for high definition, digital connectivity, and today has nearly 150 members, with hundreds of HDBaseT enabled products in the market, from extenders, matrixes, projectors, AV receivers, displays (including 4K) and testing equipment. n Micha Risling

Chair, HDBaseT Alliance, Marketing Committee

TechSpace - HVDC Cable

n context of power transmission in bulk for a long distance, High voltage direct current (HVDC) has become a better option compare to the high voltage alternate current (HVAC) based power transmission DC transmission is more suited to long distances or high power applications than AC transmission. Due to the increasing demand for the supply of reliable electric power, more high capacity and long distance high voltage DC cable transmission are required. Traditional DC power cables are of two type in general, oil-filled (OF) or mass impregnated non-drain (MIND). Both the types are having limitations for long distance power transmission. The former type requires frequent oil refilling and later type suffers from low operating temperature issue.

Cables

challenges which are related to the conductivity control and space charge. This may impact the internal electric fields development and the overall insulation.

HVDC System The main process of the HVDC system is the conversion of the AC current to DC current at the transmitting end (rectifier) and vice versa at the receiving end (inverter) as seen in figure (a). HVDC system transmits power from a generation source to load destination. HVDC solutions have become more attractive for today’s long distance electrical transmission as it has environmental advantages, is economical as it is the cheapest solution, allows asynchronous interconnections, and has power

flow control combined with the added benefits of transmission such as stability, power quality and other things.

Comparision Between HVDC and HVAC Implementation of HVAC becomes difficult in certain cases, such as, using underground cables for a long distance or in submarines. In such circumstances, HVDC may become the best and possible alternative. An AC cable be considered as an extended cylindrical shunt capacitor This capacitance gives rise to a reactive charging current which increases linearly with the frequency, the length of the cable and the line voltage. At voltages used for longer distance of transmission of electric power related to this charging

Due to the rising consciousness for the environmental protection, cables without having the pitfall of oil leakage. Such as extruded insulation cables become popular in the recent times. Hence XLPE-insulated cables are thus expected to be of service in DC power transmission. Interestingly, modern DC cables are also having some insulation

Fig (a): HVDC Scheme

September 2015

TechSpace - HVDC Cable

current becomes considerable and reactive compensation is necessary at one or both ends of the cable or at suitable intervals. The installation of the cable system with the aid of additional equipment increases the cost burden for HVAC technology and reduces the feasibility for longer distance transmission. Moreover, HVAC cable installation require three phase configuration which need three individual cables or a single complex 3 core cable that raises the per unit cost even higher for any HVAC system. Transposition and cross bonding of the cables are necessary to keep the voltage system symmetrical and to compensate the induced sheath voltages, which again add up to the cost of the HVAC system. These extra costs are not necessary for HVDC links. The cable losses in HVAC consist of mainly four components hh

I2R losses in the conductor, increased by the skin and proximity effect. I2R losses in the metallic. Shield losses can be in the order of the one-third of the conductor losses. I2R losses in the steel armor. Armor losses can be in the order of one-half of the conductor losses. Dielectric losses, which are relatively small.

The losses in the HVDC cables are lower for several reasons. Conductor losses are lower due to the absence

Cables

of the skin and proximity effect. As there is no alternating current, no armor or shield current is induced and the related losses are thus absent as well. The current in HVDC cables is never augmented due to a charging current as it is the case of the for HVAC cables. A general cost comparison between HVDC and HVAC cables is shown in fig (b). There is a concept of break-even distance between HVAC and HVDC transmission. The break-even distance is the value of transmission line length such that savings in HVDC line and loss costs offset the higher converter station costs. Indeed, the DC curve is not as steep as the AC curve because of the considerably lower per unit length values of HVDC line costs and HVDC capitalized loss costs.

Cables for Hvdc Transmission. High pressure oil filled(HPOF), Single core oil filled(SCOF), Mass impregnated (MI) and Gas filled (GF) systems have been used in underground HVDC power transmission system since the mid of 1950’s. For e.g. in 1954 the first commercial HVDC subsea cable in the world was laid across the sea between Sweden (Västervik) and the island Gotland (Ygne) transmitting 20 MW at 100 kV. The paper cable technology however has operational limitations that impinge on cable system operational temperatures and installation lengths. There are also environmental issues that have non draining characteristics.

The general design of the cable systems supports operation at 80oC90oC of the conductor temperature, although, the technology is yet to receive establishment.

Evolution in Power and Voltage in implemented cable links. Location

Commissioning Power Voltage Year MW) (KV)

Sweden

1954

100

SwedenDenmark

1965

250

DenmarkNorway

1976

275

250

France-UK

1985

500

270

SwedenDenmark

1988

300

285

FinlandSweden

1989

500

400

GermanySweden

1994

600

450

NorwayNetherlands

2008

700

450

Italy

2010

500

FinlandSweden

2011

800

500

(A) Extruded HVDC cables Significant operational advantages could be achieved if an extruded cable is used instead of an impregnated paper cable for HVDC system applications. The main advantages that solid dielectric cable systems present over impregnated cable types for HVDC systems are: hh

An increase in the operational temperature of the cable conductor.

Fig (b): Comparison of cost for AC and DC transmission cables

September 2015

TechSpace - HVDC Cable

Cables

transmission capacity has reached up to thousands of MW and is not limited by the route length or power capacity.

Fig (c): Subsea Cable

Increased system lengths. With no requirement to limit oil pressure transients, extruded dielectric HVDC cable systems could be installed in extremely long lengths. Reduced maintenance, there are no oil system feed tanks, gauges or alarm systems to maintain.

A typical cross-section of extruded XLPE cable is shown in fig (c). Extruded cables use cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) as insulation. The insulation is most extruded over a conductor and covered by a water tight sheath, usually of extruded s lead for subsea cables, and a further protective polyethylene plastic coating. The armouring is made of galvanized steel wire to increase the cable’s tensile strength to tolerate installation stresses. The armour is usually a single layer of wires helically wound around the cable. The

extruded

XLPE

cables

Fig (d) Stress inversion across a cable dielectric

Following the elimination of chances of oil spillage and magnetic field alteration and becoming an environment friendly component, the latest technology containing HVDC extruded XLPE cables easily can be placed in deep ocean water and on coarse terrain over a long distance.

(B) Electric field strength in a DC cable system. In a DC cable the electric field distribution is determined by the insulation resistivity of the dielectric. Insulation resistivity properties of dielectrics tend to be highly dependent on temperature and, to lesser extent, on electrical stress. When an insulating material is heated, the mobility of the charge carriers increases, and therefore, the electrical resistivity of the dielectric changes. It can be shown that if the insulation resistivity were to remain constant with temperature, and the stress dependency is ignored, then the field distribution would be similar to that an AC cable system. This is approximately the case when a HVDC cable system is first energized. However, when the cable system is loaded, the resistive power loss in the conductor and the thermal dissipation through the cable build give rise to a thermal gradient across the cable dielectric. The greater temperature present in the insulation close to the conductor changes the insulation resistivity thereby inverting the electric field intensity across the dielectric. Once the loading is done, higher intensity electric field could be experienced by the insulation shield of the HVDC cable system.

This is illustrated in fig (d). The thermal and stress dependence of the DC electric field strength is characterized in a simplified form in equation (I). The expression of electric field in case of DC is far more complex than the AC case (equation (II))

Equation- (I)

Where

Where Er= Electric field strength at radius r (MV/m or kV/mm) V=DC voltage differential across the dielectric (kV) r = Radius at position of interest. rc = cable insulation inner radius rs= cable insulation outside radius Wc= Conductor loss T = Thermal resistivity of Insulation (Km/W) α =Temperature co-efficient electrical resistivity (peroC)

β =Stress co-efficient of electrical resistivity (per MV/m) Electric field strength in AC: Equation – (II)

Where Er =Electric field strength at radius r (kV/mm) δV =AC voltage differential across the dielectric (kV) r = Radius at position of interest. r1 =Cable insulation inner radius r2 =Cable insulation outer radius

(C) Space Charge. Electrical charge retention in a dielectric in case of insulation material for a HVDC cable utility is a major issue. Higher resistance of such materials along with

September 2015

TechSpace - HVDC Cable

the variation of temperature and field for a HVDC cable usage remains a concern due to the entrapment of the electric charge in the dielectric body. The superposition of this trapped space charge field with, say, an opposite polarity field, reduces the effectiveness of the dielectric and can lead to insulation failure at lower than expected voltages. The permanent failure of the early extruded HVDC trial cables, where standard XLPE compounds developed for AC applications were used at DC, are believed to have seen caused by space charge phenomena. HVDC based dielectric technology is posing a challenge due to the measurement of space charge issue. In general, issue of space charge is not of any concern for the normal operation of HVAC cable because the reversal of the oscillating polarity of the electric field disallows required time for charge entrapment. Space charge is also the reason why HVAC XLPE cable system are not recommended to be commissioned using HVDC test techniques.

Cables

5. The laser-induced pressure pulse (LIPP) method

Space charge enhancing additives have also been introduced into standard XLPE formulations with a degree of success.

6. The pulse electro (PEA) method.

(E) Cable design

Several non-destructive methods have been emerged for investigation such aspects in a better way. There are various nondestructive methods are available but some of the most methods which are widely used are given below: 1.

The thermal pulse method.

The thermal step method (TSM)

3. The laser intensity modulation method (LIMM)

acoustic

Methods A-C can be classified as “thermal methods” i.e. based on thermal heating applied to the sample. Whereas methods D-F can be classified as “wave propagation method” i.e. methods that use waves that propagate through the charge sample. Out of these, 4 methods are extensively used compared to others. The methods are laserintensity-modulation method (LIMM), the thermal step method (TSM), the pressure-wave-propagation (PWP) or laser-induce-pressure-pulse (LIPP) method and the pulsedelectro-acoustic (PEA) method.

(D) Choice of dielectric. The dielectric of choice for a prospective extruded HVDC cable material should have the following properties. hh

Space-Charge Measurement Methods. Destructive techniques were used for space charge distribution in polymers. For an instance, dust figure method, field probe methods were used earlier. Most of the time these techniques were employed on thick samples and LDPE and XLPE based cable sections. These methods are cumbersome as proper execution of the methodology and interpretation of the outcome is difficult.

The pressure wave propagation (PWP) method.

High DC breakdown strength, particularly under superimposed impulse conditions.

Stable insulation resistance that doesn’t change in the presence of an electric field or thermal gradients.

Low space charge retention properties.

Low thermal resistance.

So far no single materials have been identified as the answer to all the manufacturer HVDC requirements. Initially standard HVAC materials, that were readily available, were trial based on polyethylene (XLPE and LDPE) Both semi-conductive and insulation material have required modification to minimize space charge effects under DC fields. Some companies have opted for peroxide cross linkable polymer systems based on high pressure polyethylene resins. Others have opted for low density polyethylene compounds.

September 2015

Ampacity calculations for HVDC cable system up to the highest voltage can be determined from the equations given in IEC 60287 but IEC limits the applicability of the equations to 5kV DC systems. This is because caution is required when designing HVDC cable systems due to dielectric stress and temperature dependencies and harmonic content of any ripple superimposed on the DC. The power loss calculated using the up to 5 kV DC system equations are, however, generally applicable for most system cases. HVDC rating calculations are simplifications of the HVAC case as a great number of the losses that are associated with the time varying magnetic fields are not relevant and can be ignored e.g. increase in conductor resistance due to the skin effect; increase in the conductor resistance due to proximity effect; dielectric losses; sheath circulating current losses. Cable insulation thickness design rules for extruded dielectric HVDC cable are yet to become established. With different cable manufacturers adopting different materials solution to HVDC applications, each material require a unique design approach to ensure that the dielectric functions within given temperature and electrical stress operational windows to ensure that the expected projected system life can be achieved. The converter station technology employed affects the cable insulation system design. Classic line commutated converters (LCC) require the polarity of the two pole conductors in the transmission link to be reversed to enable changes in power flow without the requirement to change the polarity of the poles. In the LCC case polarity reversal becomes a functional requirement of the power cables. This is not a functional requirement in the VSC case.

TechSpace - HVDC Cable

Future of Hvdc System Extruded HVDC cable transmission systems are an emerging technology and currently in their infancy. HVDC transmission does have significant advantages over HVAC in the transfer of bulk power over long distances. With an ever changing power market, due to utility and generation company privatization and deregulation, power system stability will become more important. The investment in merchant links utilizing HVDC power may be an attractive future investment possibility. The requirement to limit the fault currents, the need to isolate the power transmission networks: all these will become key issues in power transmission grids and networks. A solution to some of these may be the further development HVDC links, especially if the link can utilize a cable system that can be installed underground,

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O.. 10 NO EN ¬ ISSUE E4 ME LUM OLU VO

0-2946 ISSN 097

Cables

that requires minimal maintenance, that will not be a head ache to the environmental lobby, that is relatively easy and quick to install, and most importantly that will offer a reliable, cost effective means of power transmission. An extruded dielectric HVDC cable system would greatly assist in providing a solution to these issues.

Conclusion Extruded HVDC cable systems are an up and coming technology that is becoming available in the market place. A handful commercial system, using VSC technology that preclude the requirement of polarity reversal, have been installed, commissioned and are commercially operational, Cross Island Sound and Murraylink being two prime examples. Long distance power transmission system and large capacity systems do not include DC power transmission technology in general.

Due to the environment friendly nature of the technology wide appreciation and acceptance is expected for this technology in relation to high efficiency power transmission HVDC power cables are used to transmit this bulk amount of power over long distance. The insulation system adopted for HVDC cables are not the same for each manufacturer. The technology is till emerging and in the development stage. References (1) G. Mazzanti and M. Marzinotto, Extruded cables for High- voltageDirect-current transmission, John Wiley & Sons, 2013. (2) The comig of age of HVDC extruded power cables, In: Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), 2014 (PP. 124137), IEEE. n

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September 2015

Mr Pankaj Kumar

Senior Engineer (EHV) KEI Industries Limited

Perspective - Smart Grid

rbanisation is growing in India with fast pace and urban population is expected to rise to 40% of total population by 2020. As India’s cities continue to swell, challenges to improve infrastructure are going to be magnified. To decongest existing cities and keeping pace with fast urbanisation, Govt of India has announced building of 100 Smart cities which will have smart energy infrastructure with smart grid for 24x7 Power supply. A power distribution network system has the purpose of maintaining the network at normal and optimal state. In order to attain the purpose, it keeps monitoring and controlling the current state of the power distribution network, and predicts the condition in future as well. To put it concretely, various components such as switchgear, circuit breaker & Relays etc are monitored and controlled remotely with real time communication system to prevent unexpected failure and loss. The transmission and distribution cables used in the network also should be smart to assist real time communication and reliability.

Cables

lines, substations, transformers and underground cables etc that deliver electricity from the power plant to our homes or businesses. Our current electric grid was built around the year 1890 and improved upon as technology advanced through each decade. Although the electric grid is considered an engineering marvel, today there is need of a new kind of electric grid, suitable to handle the groundswell of digital and computerized equipment and technology dependent on it—and one that can automate and manage the increasing complexity and needs of electricity in the 21st Century.

What makes a Grid “Smart?”

What is Smart Grid ?

In short, the digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission and distribution lines is what makes the grid smart. Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together, but in this case, these technologies will work with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.

“The grid,” refers to the electric grid, a network of transmission

Failure of power distribution network causes significant disaster due to

its concentrated load and great complexity. In order to prevent failures of power distribution network, power distribution network equipment is getting intelligent to monitor and diagnose a power distribution network in real time. However deployment of intelligent equipments costs significantly, because supplementary communication network is required for communication between intelligent equipments. In order to reduce the cost occurred by additional communication network, the cable system which is being discussed in this paper enables power transmission and data communication without additional communication network by installing optical fibre composite power cable. Further, it helps efficient management of power distribution network as total integrated solution which monitors, diagnoses and controls the network.

Smart cable for Smart Grid The Medium Voltage SMART cable – is an optical fibre composite power cable which integrates optical fibre cable with power cable so that it can be used for cable monitoring unit and communication channel, which provides means to exchange

September 2015

Perspective - Smart Grid

Cables

A typical cross section of cable and actual cable picture is shown below;

the data. Based on the installation of an optical fibre composite power cable, this system prevents faults in advance with its monitoring systems such as Partial Discharge Measurement System (PDMS) and Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). Besides, it also improves efficiency by reducing installation cost. Optical fibre composite power cable system provides the optimal solution for a power distribution network for smart grid.

Number of Fibre shall vary depending on requirement of utility

The Fibres shall be Single Mode Fibre conforming as per ITU-G 652D.

It can also be combination of Single Mode Fibre & Multi Mode Fibre (Multi Mode Fibres shall conform to ITU-G 651)

Jointing Kits for Power cable & Optical Fibre Cable

With increase in the number of nodes in power grid, it is expected that the amount of operating data and complexity of operation in the power grid is increased rapidly. Thus future power grid is required to integrate communication network to provide reliability and efficiency. In order to provide reliability and efficiency in power distribution network, the SMART cable system integrates and optical power composite cable, connector, communication system and monitoring system.

Terminations for Power Cables

Terminations/ end connectors for Optical Fibre Cable

Construction of Smart Cable The SMART Cable – Medium Voltage Optical Fibre Composite Power Cable system consists of following components: hh

Composite three core power cable integrated with optical fibre.

The Optical Fibre cable is placed in one of the side interstices of Power Cores in three core cable construction. Due care is taken during manufacturing that there is no undue stain and bend to the fibres. While testing the cables, cables is fully tested for compliance to the specified test as per relevant standard including testing of properties (dB losses) and continuity of optical fibres, using OTDR. Cables once successfully tested, are ready for use.

Jointing of Smart Cable There may be a question in minds of users regarding cable accessories for Joints and Terminations of

Smart Cables. The joint and termination for smart cables is same as that of standard MV XLPE Cables and Optical Fibre cable, however special precaution need to be taken in jointing. Each time an optical fibre composite power cable is connected to another one, Optical Fibre cable has to be separated from the power cable and connected to another optical cable using optical joint box. The joints should be properly sealed against moisture ingress. The Power cable joint is completed first and then jointing OFC cable is carried out. Optical Fibres are spliced with precision using Fusion Splicing Machine with minimum losses. The Optical Fibre Cables joint should be placed over the Power cable joint. The reason is that in case of any eventuality of power cable failure, it should not affect Optical Fibres and communication system. Smart cable design can also be offered for Extra High Voltage (EHV) XLPE cables by incorporating Optical Fibres cables within the cables as FIMT (Fibre In Metal Tube) incorporating in the shield area to monitor the operating temperature of the cable at critical laying points which also helps in optimum utilisation of transmission capacity of cables.

Advantages of Smart Cable Smart cables have some unique advantages as listed below; hh

One of the advantages is that a complete system can be laid in one process and parallel laying of power cables and communication Cable (Optical Fibre cables) is no longer necessary.

Photos of end preparation and testing of Optical Fibre

September 2015

Perspective - Smart Grid

Cables

Photographs of joint making process are given below for reference.

Photos of preparation for jointing and completed joint

The optical fibre power composite cable reduces installation cost by avoiding separate installation of communication cable, and facilitates smart grid development by integrating optical fibre cable into power cable. Offers scope to energy suppliers and network operators to expand in future their ICT system in networking of industrial clients, fibre to the home (FTTH) or leasing of spare fibres to telecommunication providers. With Optical Fibres integrated within the cable, it is suitable for on-line Distributed Temperature Measurement throughout power cable laying route with Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS) system. On-line temperature measurement by DTS will give information of any hot spot etc which will help to prevent

any pre-mature timely action. hh

failure

Conductor temperature monitoring for power cable - Temperature measured by DTS, will help in dynamic loading of power cable based real-time from estimated conductor temperature and thus optimum utilisation of cable current carrying capacity

PD(Partial Discharge) diagnosis system

Communication system for monitoring and control of electrical equipment – in line with IEC 61850.

Distributed Temperatue Sensing DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) measures distributed temperature of power cable along the laying route to identify fault location in advance with the optical fibre composite power cable. DTS measures distributed temperature by analyzing reflected optical signal of optical cable.

DTS uses Raman scattering because of its sensitivity of ambient temperature. Raman scattering has two spectrum: anti-stokes spectrum and stokes spectrum. Anti-stokes spectrum is used for temperature measurement whereas stokes spectrum is used for distance and loss measurement. DTS gives real time data of cable temperature along the route and optimum utilisation of cable ampacity. It also helps to know any hot spot etc and hence preventive action can be taken to avoid any failure and ensure reliability of the cable system.

Partial Dischage Measurement System Partial Discharge Monitoring System (PDMS) diagnoses the insulation quality of power cable by analyzing PD (Partial Discharge) signal generated from power cable in realtime to prevent unexpected faults. Usually power cable connectors are required to be monitored with PDMS

September 2015

Perspective - Smart Grid

Cables

Principle of DTS Measurement

most carefully because they are vulnerable to PD. Considering type of PDMS for power cable connectors, portable type is more suitable than fixed type, because of environment condition and economic feasibility. PDMS consists of PD sensors which transmit the optical signal converted to PD signal, through an optical communication line. PDMS selects the spectrum which has highest signal to noise ratio, to eliminate of pulse noise such as corona discharge or triggering noise. With these results PD analysis software analyzes and records the PD pattern in real-time. (Distribution DTS Source – Internet)

Configuration:

IEC 61850 Communication One of important concepts of smart grid is two way communications between electrical equipments in a power grid. In order to conceive two way communications in a power distribution network, it is expected that IEC 61850 standard is applied to IED (Intelligent Electrical Devices) in a power distribution network. Accordingly, the optical fibre

composite power cable system will support to IEC 61850 standards. The optical-power composite cable system exchanges specific section information with upper system according to IEC 61850 as shown in figure below. It reports cable temperature data and event alarm to upper system while it receives load current data from upper system. (IEC 61850 Configuration : Source-Internet) The Optical Fibre Composite Power Cable provides stability of communication network with its dual ring network topology between electrical equipment

Conclusion In smart grid, the grid is required to integrate communication, monitoring and power transmission function into an integrated system. The Smart cable - optical fibre composite power cable system discussed in this paper could be integrated system for power distribution network, providing an efficient power grid which has economic feasibility and reliability.

The Optical Fibre composite Power cable system has already been installed in developed countries – e.g. Korean Power Utility in Korea has installed composite cable system on experimental basis for more than two year now and its performance has been verified through various tests including long term reliability and the same will be applied at other locations by the utility. Composite cables are also installed in European countries – e.g. France. The smart cable system as discussed in this paper are already being installed in developed countries and required to be implemented in India as well in SMART GRID in smart cities. REFERENCES [1] “Intelligent DTS and PD Monitoring System for Underground Distribution Network”, - By Juyong Kim, Jintae Cho, Wookyu Chae, Seongsoo Cho [2] Real Time Monitoring of Power Cables by Fibre Optic Technologies – Tests, Application and Outlook, JICABLE 03 [3] IEC60794-1-2, “Basic optical cable test procedures” [4] IEC60287, “Electric cables calculation of the current rating”

–

[5] IEC 61850 – Electrical Utility Communication Standard

Mr Yogendra S. Tiwari Head Technical, KEC International Ltd. (Cable Division)

Principle of DTS Measurement

September 2015

ExpertSpeakâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;-â&#x20AC;&#x2030;Solar Cables

eneration of Electrical power from Solar PV system is not only dependent on efficiency of solar modules but also on cables that are required to harness this power for more than 25 years. While designing the solar farms, the system engineers have to minimize the losses up to delivery of power to Inverter and to the grid, to calculate the solar farm performance, since the solar developer realizes its revenue based on power delivered to the grid. Low quality cables can lead to higher losses and less power delivered to the grid. These losses due to poor cable system calculated over 25 years life of solar farm can result in substantial losses affecting the project viability. Hence the quality cable becomes an important component for solar farm projects and is an important aspect for bankability of solar projects. The Solar DC cable used for connecting the solar modules is required to work in harsh environments (viz. direct exposure to heat and UV rays being exposed to Sun, Rain, Humidity, Dusty environments, attack by Termites and moss and sometimes physical damages by rodents) and expected to have a life of over 25 years complying various international standards like TuV, UL, EN etc. The

Cables

cost of replacing a defective installed cable is quite high considering the cable cost, manpower required for reinstallation and system testing besides loss of revenue generation during that period. The price difference between the good quality cables and occasionally bought by price sensitive customers invariably is not significant and in fact offers lower cost of ownership

spread over its 25 years cable life. There are few companies in India who have set up Electron Beam Irradiation facility offering high quality TuV certified cables thereby reducing the dependence on import of such cables. In fact one of the manufacturers in India has started offering Rodent proof Solar DC cables also. In the initial phase of Solar projects, the awareness about the long life of cables was not understood by solar developers, but now every solar developer understands the need for high quality cables. The polymeric insulation and jacket material of the cable exposed to harsh environmental condition tends to degrade over a period of time. A good quality cable is one which can endure the degradation of polymer for over 25 years and that is what determines the cable life. The lower quality cables may test ok at the time of its purchase and may be for 5 years, but start reflecting the affects of polymeric degradation after 7-8 years under harsh conditions. The Electron Beam (EB) Irradiation crosslinking process meets the objectives of improved quality of insulation/ sheath to assure over 25 years life and is being used by majority of the international vendors. The tests have proved that the EB cross-

September 2015

ExpertSpeak - Solar Cables

linking process is far superior to the Chemical cross-linking process. In the Chemical cross-linking process, the degree of cross-linking is only up to 50-55% of the molecules and over a period of time the polymer tends to stiffen on exposure to heating cooling cycles thereby limiting the cable life compared to physical cross-linking EB process. As regards LT cables used on AC side, the Electron Beam cross-linked Polyethylene (EB-XLPE) offers cables to achieve 120°C conductor operating temperature, implying polymer to withstand higher temperature ageing testing thereby offering almost 40-50 years cable life compared to conventional Chemical cross-linking process used for XLPE

Cables

that offers max conductor operating temperature of 90°C. The EB-XLPE can withstand ageing tests at 150°C for over 7 days without getting deteriorated compared to only 135°C ageing test for 7 days. Higher the ageing test withstand capability, higher the cable life. The EB-XLPE cables can also deliver 10%-15% higher current carrying capacity compared to conventional Chemical cross-linked XLPE. The outer jacket of these LT cables should also be XLPO (Used for Solar Dc cables) with 120°C rating instead of PVC to ensure 25 year projected life. Similarly, on the Medium Voltage side, cables are available with 105°C max conductor operating temperature offering almost 10%

higher current carrying capacity compared to the conventional 90 °C max conductor operating temperature. India is fortunate to have high solar insolation with over 300 days of good sunny days in most parts of the country. The cost of setting up Solar projects has come down considerably. The solar developers are now bidding at between Rs 6 – 7 per unit compared to about Rs 15-16 per unit few years ago. The gestation period for setting up Solar power projects is quite low (generally less than 12 months) compared to Thermal Power projects requiring a gestation period of 4-5 years and for Hydel projects requiring gestation period of 6-8 years. India being a power deficient country needs this kind of quick gestation power generation projects to ramp up power availability till new thermal & hydel projects materialize. There is also an international pressure on all countries to promote green energy to mitigate climate change. The solar projects also offer a greener option having no pollution and save on natural resources. Keeping all these factors in mind, the Govt of India has set an ambitious target to set up over 100 GW Solar Power generations over 5-7 years. The Cable industry has geared itself to meet the requirement of cables to support this high projected business growth. n Mr VK Bajaj

COO, Apar Industries Ltd

September 2015

Feature - Insulations

ritical for EHV cable are world class equipment and materials to process insulation and produce semi-conducting screened insulated core. CCV (Catenary Continuous Vulcanization) lines are suitable for EHV up to 220kV. VCV Ve r t i c a l Continuous Vulcanization are currently used to manufacture up to 500Kv. Extra high voltage (EHV) cable plants are commonly equipped with state of the art Finnish, German and Swiss technology for the manufactures of these cables. The triple extrusion and CDC (Continuous Dry Curing) cross linking process ensure contamination-free EHV cores. All three layers are well- bonded and the insulation core is controlled to 5% eccentricity and ovality limits. The insulation itself has to be free of micro voids and negligible moisture content. To control the manufacturing process, the line has been provided with many computer-monitored instruments and servo controls. Some of the important measurement systems are; X-ray non-contact sensors for thickness, diameter, eccentricity and concentricity control. These systems continuously measure and record the dimensions of insulated cores. The unit has the capability to measure multi-layer dimensions

Cables

in all directions, record and analyze the data on line and in real time. The 100 metresor more vulcanizing tube me has to have critically controlled temperature, pressure and cable tension parameter to prevent any process defects such as ovality or touch-down lines on the surface of the insulated core. Additional facilities of gravity material feed, compound drying, conductor pre-heater, external heat treatment, bi-product separation, core rotation, gas drying and UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) are usually put in place to secure continuous operation. Recipe driven computerized control system ensures optimum efficiency, fast start-up, synchronized operations of comp¬ound feeds, three extruders, CCV line gas temperature zones, pay off and take up.

General EHV cable construction. 1.

Conductor: Longitudinally watertight segmental stranded and compacted Copper or Aluminium

2. Binder Tapes: Semiconducting water blocking tapes compound 3. Conductor Screen: Extruded semiconducting copolymer compound

September 2015

Insulation: Extruded clean XLPE compound

Insulation Screen: Extruded semiconducting copolymer compound

Bedding: Semiconducting water blocking tapes

Metallic Screen: A layer of Copper wire helix and a Copper contact tape in open Helix, lead, corrugated aluminium

Separation Tape: Semiconducting water blocking tapes and binder tapes

super

9. Radial Water Barrier: Aluminium or Copper foil laminate 10. Outer Sheath: Extruded PE or HFFR compound with graphite coating. The first dry elastomeric high voltage cable was produced in 1967 and up until recently AC being the main method both over head and underground. Technology has developed to be able to utilize DC for transmission without incurring losses. Many things come into consideration by the power networks when a project has to be developed. The progress has mainly been in the understanding of the XLPE material under the condition of a direct current compared to Alternating

Feature - Insulations

current. This has had engineers working on chemical composition (Cleanliness), condition monitoring and the transformation of DC back to AC. In the EHV cable situation where dielectric strength of material is critical for the performance of the product. Material producers and cable design and development institutes are constantly reviewing materials to be able to increase voltage stress level by improving performance of material (higher the voltage the cleaner the material). With the longer and difficult (submarine) transmission distance DC has become a viable option as line losses calculated to be 3-5% less than AC which when dealing with 100’s of Megawatts the loss of energy is substantial Application Product Demands Requirement Excellent electrical performance to fit DC transmission Low DC High cleanliness conductivity level Superclean Controlled Physical space charge accumulation High DC Chemical and impulse breakdown strength Super smooth semiconducting Reproducible and cost effective cable production Long cable Good scorch lengths performance Suitable for Controlled conventional degassing CV lines Low degassing burden

Cables

Long cable life-time with reliable performance comes from the precise processing of materials that have proven characteristics suitable for EHV production, the key element being the cleanliness of material. Over recent years, the qualitative properties of the XLPE compounds for HV and EHV cables have been substantially improved. The CCV Operator’s Station size and number of metallic and non-metallic impurities to be monitored as part of the in the compound have been planned maintenance program of considerably reduced. They have the power supply company. The now attained levels shown in the maintenance system would look following table. something like this; Size (μm)

50-70

70-100

100-200

EHV

XLPE Material producers are technical driven and are now able to offer products that can with the combination of longer machine running time and reduced degassing time give a 30% achieve an increase in output of HVDC and EHV cables. As the newer elastomeric (XLPE) technology is adopted/ substituted for EHV paper cables further savings are achieved with lower maintenance costs and simplified cable design to produce HVDC light where length, space, installation and cost benefits are being achieved. The most critical factor of EHV insulation core is to result in having a partial discharge free cable, as listed above, material ( impurities), process ( eccentricity, residual gas) need to be well understood and controlled to achieve partial discharge free cable. Routine and Type tests are carried out on cable to assess initial performance of operation, but the routine test or the one off type test will not give certainty of a long service life. Power transmission and distribution engineers require a cable to a strong element in their system and will require acceptance criteria to be met when cable is first energized. The service life of any EHV cable/asset needs

Partial Discharge and Tan Delta is carried out on the cable at time of manufacture other items have to be carried out with cable installed with monitoring systems in place. Cable manufacturers are now responsible for the addition of elements included in the cable design for DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) .A optical fibre element can be introduced in in power cables and can be used for measuring the actual temperature along with the cable line or for data transmission. Fibre units are normally embedded under the lead sheath or between the screen wires. The temperature monitoring provides continuous monitoring of cable temperatures, detecting hot spots, delivering operational status, condition assessments and power circuit rating data. Ideal for use in high voltage cables, it provides reliable temperature measurements and is immune to electromagnetic interference. The principal & Performance to date of a typical DTS System 1) Long distance and high speed measurement (max up to 30km) 2)

High spatial resolution (< 1.2 m)

3) Long design life time (MTBF of light source > 25 years) n Mr Tony Martens

VP Technology & Development Polycab Wires & Cables

September 2015

InConversation

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

The State Government is determined to give 24X7 power supply to all Mr T Jagath Reddy Mr T Jagath Reddy, Director, Telangana Discoms and Telegana Transco speaks to IEEMA Journal about speeding up of generation plants which are under construction and transmission projects.

Please share the efficiency improvement cum cost reduction measures at the power stations? The current existing system in a utility was laid based on the impending power generation stations and the load currents. At present, the latest technologies are available to map the network on GIS. Any further extension of the network from one place to another place with utilization of GIS can be availed basically from the existing networks so that the existing as well as the new lines can optimally be utilized. Unambiguously this is a great cost saving measure. As a member of fact, many a time when new lines/sub stations are constructed, the old ones are getting redundant. But now, owing to the above mentioned device, the company is able to utilize boththe old one and the new lines efficiently without any loss in any aspect.

The capacity of transmission and distribution has to be enhanced by 5000MWA i.e, 1/3 of existing capacity within a year which is a great task ahead of us and we are initiating the requisite measures to achieve within a year positively.

Please share the measures being undertaken in order to bridge the gap between demand and supply in the state? The Telangana State is initiating all the possible steps to increase an additional power generation of 600MW at Bhopalpally Power Generation Station, 2X600 MW Singareni, 270X4 MW at RTPP 800 MW at KTS, 4000MW at Damalcharla small hydel power station from solar energy sources 2800 MW. Besides, power is also being purchased from Chhattisgarh owing to the long term IPP and a tie up with the IPP for a short term requirement. Under day in and day out capable direction of our CM Sri Chandra Sekhar Rao and under the dynamic leadership of D Prabhakar Rao, Special Chief Secretary and CMD, TSDPCL, I take immense pleasure to state that we had already achieved no power cut season for all the consumers of all the categorized and even we designed a device, also to continue the same status in the years to come.

What are the challenges if any the state power sector is facing? The State power sector is primarily facing two challenges. One is that giving 9 hours of power supply to farmers together, during the day and night. At the present, it is being given in two spells i.e. four to three hours during

September 2015

InConversation

the day and night respectively. At any point of time of the day, except peak hours, the present agriculture load is around 1800 to 2000 MW. If power has to be supplied during the day time for about 6 hours a day, the load will be more than three times what it is being given now. To achieve without any repercussions, the capacity of transmission and distribution has to be enhanced by 5000MWA i.e, 1/3 of existing capacity within a year which is a great task ahead of us and we are initiating the requisite measures to achieve within a year positively.

What are the further plans of the government towards renewable energy? The Government of Telangana has declared its solar policy and it is being acknowledged as the best policy. The State has already given LOI for developing 800 MW solar plants, some of which have already synchronized. The finalization of the remaining 2000MW tender is in process. The State is also encouraging the other renewable energy.

What do you think or what is your idea towards how to transmit efficient or quality electricity in the State?

The second challenge is that, we are very much ambitious to generate 2400MW in addition to the present 8800MW. To match the generation and the transmission, a device should be designed. This has The Government of Telangana has declared its already been initiated and solar policy and it is being acknowledged as the a thorough study of system best policy. The State has already given LOI for has been made with the help of Powergrid and the plan developing 800 MW solar plants, some of which of action is in its process for have already synchronized. The finalization of evacuating the huge power to the remaining 2000MW tender is in process. the load centres.

What are the priority areas to be focused on? The priority area to be focused on is of uninterrupted and quality power supply to all the consumers which is burning desire and dream of our CM who interacts with the power distribution corporation on a regular basis.

How do you describe your tenure as director TRANSCO so far? My Tenure as Director of Transco has been very satisfactory. I have been successful in bridging the gap between TRANSCO and DISCOM for a better management of power utilization which is an important factor for giving a uninterrupted power supply in the state. Also, immediate steps have been for capacity additions as requested by the DISCOM and identified by the TRANSCO as we are working in our newly formed state.

How do you see governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agenda of 24X7 electricity to all? How states can contribute to achieve this target? The State Government is very much determined to give 24X7 power supply to all. Besides 2800 MW solar generation plants have been scheduled to be established out of which the plants to generate 800MW have already been completed and are functioning. Still, solar power generating plants top generate remaining 2000 MW are in process. Speeding up of generation plants which are under construction and transmission projects to transmit the above generating power to distribution points are being well taken care of by the authorities concerned. I am sure our state can be first one in the country to provide 24X7 power supply to all the consumers.

September 2015

It is indeed a very good question. Every person working at the utilities should think about it. So that the best solutions may come out. As on date, every state or Powergrids have built some networks. In the process of utilizing the existing network to its optimal utilization, new networks have to be planned taking the generation plants and the load centres into accounts. This will surely reduce the transmission losses to a greater extent. The existing network shall be mapped in the GPS and be integrated with the google map. The study system is being made for corrections and for laying of new lines in an optimal way. While developing the new evacuation lines from the generating stations and other transmission lines, the Telangana State is going to adopt the optimal method for the best utilization of system for achieving minimum transmission lines.

What do you think how industry is moving today? And what are your comments? In this connection it take immense pleasure to mention that the government of Telangana has invested the best ever industrial policy i.e. T-I pass for setting up the industries in the state exonerating the industrialists fro many a unwanted and unnecessary formality which consume time, money and energy.

What are the best practices that we can adopt to pull down the issues towards electricity in the State? The best Practices that we have to adopt are to utilize the best operation and maintenance equipment to maintain the system for taking up preventive measures and also reduce down the time in case of faults identification and rectification. Also we can utilize international standards in implementing the practices to complete the work in the schedule period. n

InFocusâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;-â&#x20AC;&#x2030;Transformers

oday almost every unit of electricity consumed in the country is delivered through distribution transformers (except the direct conversion of solar photo voltaic generation in some cases). Hence it is essential that we deliver every unit of electricity in a reliable & efficient way for achieving a sustained economic growth. High efficiency transformers are a matured technology with their economic and environmental benefits clearly demonstrated. While their higher initial cost can be more than recovered by reduced running costs, many distribution transformers are still chosen on the basis of the purchasing price i.e. L1 tendering process (the lowest cost tender to be accepted). Hence, implementing regulatory framework to assess long term benefits is helpful in the promotion of rational energy use. The Indian Transformer Industry is highly dichotomous. On one hand, India has proven its technical prowess by producing transformers of 1200 kV ratings, the highest in the world so far, and that too using indigenous technology. On the other hand, India faces the dubious distinction of its distribution transformers having a fairly high failure rate (in some areas

as high as 20 %), which is quite high and require attention. These two extremities do not co-exist as a coincidence. The distribution transformer segment is plagued by irregularities and gives an indication that quality in construction as well as in O&M practices is lacking. Transformer plays a crucial role in the power distribution network, and any failure creates disruption of power supply to consumers and its extent of effect depends upon the quality. Energy not served is another dimension of the problem. High efficiency transformers create economic benefits for society in addition to the reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improved reliability and potentially longer service life. The above is clear from the fact that high efficiency transformer results in lower operating temperature and leads to energy savings. With these benefits in mind, many countries have taken policy initiatives to establish mandatory and voluntary programmes to conserve energy & to help the domestic markets by adopting energy-efficient transformers. Such initiatives include mandatory star labelling programme for appliances and equipment, including the transformers. Higher

September 2015

the star a product bears higher is the efficiency. In India from time to time, policy initiatives have been taken by different arms of the Government in this direction. Indian standards on the product have been there since long, and have gone through series of revision towards upward improvement in terms of efficiency and other performance parameters. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) kept on making efforts in the form of advisory and dissemination on loss reduction measures in the network through various guidelines. On the specific subject of distribution transformers (DTs), guidelines were issued by CEA in 2008. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) gazette notification on star labeling of DTs for rating upto 200 kVA was issued in 2009. Losses in BEE notification upto 200 kVA are same as in the Guidelines of CEA. However, no notification was issued by BEE for losses of higher rating distribution transformers beyond 200 kVA or change in losses upto 200 kVA. There was a school of thought that advocated enforcing mandatory standards on CRGO, the principal

InFocus - Transformers

raw material for the Transformer Core. It was felt that the quality of the Distribution Transformers can be ensured by regulating the quality of the core material i.e CRGO. In this context, the Ministry of Steel issued a Quality Control Order in 2008, mandating that all CRGO electrical steel used in the country should have a certification from Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and it conforms to IS 3024. The objective of this order was to control the deficiencies experienced in transformers possibly because of use of seconds, defective, scrap and recycled CRGO in Distribution Transformers. Use of Prime Grade CRGO was considered necessary to ensure improved efficiency and resulting longer life of DTs. The Steel and Steel Products Quality Control Order was eventually enforced in 2012, however the order has served limited purpose as there is no foolproof mechanism to stop import of defective steel which continues to be imported into the country as steel scrap, circumventing the provisions of the Order. Customs department has to play an active role for compliance of the provisions of the Steel Quality control order. This is possible, if the intentions are good, as CRGO is not manufactured in India and scrap or prime both the CRGO comes from outside the country and subjected to custom clearances. During the various rounds of consultations that happened on the issue, a need was felt to regulate the quality of the finished product itself i.e. the Distribution Transformer also by way of imposition of mandatory BIS standards. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, is entrusted to ensure that the quality products, duly marked by BIS, are made available to the consumers. Taking cognizance of this aspect, the Department of Heavy Industry (DHI) issued a Quality Control Order in 2014 for Distribution Transformers up to 100 kVA at 11 kV for certification, which was subsequently amended up to 2500 kVA three phase and single phase up to 25 kVA rating, mandating BIS regulations on

Distribution Transformers as per the relevant Indian Standard IS: 1180 Part I/2014. The Quality Control Order on electrical transformers shall come in to force on the 1st August 2015. With this order, no stakeholders in India shall manufacture or store for sale, sell or distribute any distribution transformer that does not conform to the specified Indian Standard IS 1180(Part-1):2014 from the date of its implementation.

standard 2014 version coming into existence, erstwhile IS 1180(Part-2) has been withdrawn by BIS. The Indian standard IS: 1180 Part I/2014 recommends multiple rating with regard to Energy Efficiency that is three energy efficiency levels: level 1, level 2 and level 3 of transformers corresponding to 3 star, 4 star and 5 star labelled transformers respectively, as prescribed by BEE. It is expected that the transformer shall conform to at least energy efficiency level 1 of the IS. Further, in due course of time with improvements in technology and materials, higher levels of energy efficient transformers shall be progressively used.

In recent times, conservation of energy has assumed importance and minimum energy performance standards for distribution transformers right up to 2500 kVA, 3 Phase ratings as well as single phase high voltage distribution transformers up to 25 kVA have been specified in certain regulations. A need was felt to align the standards IS 1180 (Part-1) and IS 1180 (Part2) in terms of maximum losses with the optimum energy performance standard. The scope of IS 1180 (Part-1) and IS 1180(Part-2) was to address distribution Transformers primarily of REC (Rural Electrification Corporation) range up to 100 kVA, 11 kV. For other range of distribution transformers, reference was made to IS 2026 on “Power Transformers”. In the fourth revision of the standard scope of both standards part-1 and part-2 has been clubbed to make one combined standard for distribution transformer and designated as IS 1180(Part-1):2014. With the new

The standard ratings specified in the IS 1180(Part-1):2014 are given below: 1.) Standard Ratings of Distribution Transformers of 1- Phase (as per clause 8.1) Nominal System Voltage

Standard Ratings (kVA) (as per clause 8.1)

11kV

5,10,16 and 25

22kV

10, 16 and 25

33kV

16 and 25

The DHI move towards the Electrical Transformer (Quality Control) is welcome step towards

2.) Standard Ratings of Distribution Transformers of 3- Phase (as per clause 6.1 & 7.1) Nominal System Voltage

Standard Ratings (kVA) Up to & including Above 200kVA and up to & 200 kVA, 3 Phase(as including 2500 kVA, 3-Phase per clause 6.1) 200kVA, 3 Phase ( as per clause 7.1)

Up to and including 6.3*, 10*, 16, 20*, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 1000, 11kV 25, 40*, 63, 100, 1250, 1600, 2000 and 2500 160 and 200 Above 11kV up to and including 22kV

6 3 , 1 0 0 , 1 6 0 250, 315,400, 500, 630, 1000, and 200 1250, 1600, 2000 and 2500

Above 22kV up to 100,160 and 200 and including 33kV

250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 1000, 1250, 1600, 2000 and 2500

September 2015

InFocus - Transformers

standardization of the Distribution Transformers, so that only standard ratings are manufactured and used in India by the distribution utilities. With the implementation of this Quality Control Order, all DT manufacturers shall come under mandatory BIS certification for above standard ratings mentioned in IS 1180(Part-I):2014, and BIS shall not issue license to manufacturers for any non-standard ratings. It may also be noted that IS 1180(Part1):2014 has also identified ratings of 6.3 kVA, 10 kVA, 20 kVA and 40 kVA for transformers up to and including 11 kV as “non-preferred ratings” (marked with asterisk in above table). To facilitate implementation of this order, CEA has also issued an advisory to all the state utilities, CPSUs and other power utilities to procure DTs of standard ratings

ly month onics & electr ctrical ding ele the lea

¬ O.. 10 NO EN ¬ ISSUE E4 ME LUM OLU VO

0-2946 ISSN 097

only, duly BIS certified as per IS 1180 part-1:2014, in compliance of the Quality Control Order (or any latest amendments thereof). All the manufacturers are advised to take BIS license at the earliest as without BIS license, manufacturers would not be allowed to manufacture any standard ratings as specified in IS 1180 (Part-1): 2014. It is felt that the revised standard IS 1180:2014, “Outdoor Type Oil Immersed Distribution Transformers up to and including 2500 kVA, 33 kV — Specification Part 1 Mineral Oil Immersed” with extended scope of coverage beyond 200 kVA and up to and including 2500 kVA and 33 kV would bring India’s coverage more in line with other major economies such as Australia, China and the United States. It is also worthwhile to mention that CEA Regulations on construction

of electrical Plants and lines have mandated that DTs shall conform to the latest version of relevant IS. Thus BIS has to bear more responsibility as to take up any revision with changing technology, requirement of end users and the efficiency improvement objectives of the concerned organisations and expectations of the society. As per the latest information available, applications from 80 manufacturers have been registered by BIS for grant of license as per IS 1180(Part-1):2014, and their applications are at various stages of acceptance. 5 manufacturers have already been granted license. We request all manufacturers to comply with the Electrical Transformer Quality Control Order and apply with BIS for grant of license. n IEEMA Transformer Division

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September 2015

SMETalks

IEEMA SME Division

( L to R) Cdr (Retd) Parijat Sinha, Head Operations, IEEMA, Mr JG Kulkarni, Chairman, IEEMA SME Division, Mr R. B. Gupte, Director, MSME Development Institute and Mr Vinod Bhatia, Vice Chairman, IEEMA SME Division

EEMA SME Division in coordination with MSME Development Institute conducted a day long Workshop titled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Awareness Building and Interactive Sessionâ&#x20AC;? on 07th August 2015 at MSME Development Institute, Sakinaka, Mumbai. Following sessions were conducted by the Experts in the field

Development Commissioner Schemes (DC-MSME) for Micro, Small & Medium Sector Enterprises Mr. R. B. Gupte, Director, MSME Development Institute explained the role of MSME Development Institute in pursuing interests of MSME sector and informed about various services the Institute offers. He emphasised on how their services like Cluster Development Programme, Export Promotion Programmes, offering Technical Consultancy etc. can help grow the business of micro, small and medium enterprises.

Lean Manufacturing Cluster Mr. Abhay P Daptardar, Assistant Director (Mech), MSME Development Institute, Mumbai talked about the need for Lean Manufacturing Cluster in ever changing

globalized business environment which is posing challenges of competitiveness and survival. He presented the module of Lean Manufacturing Cluster explaining the concept of Cluster in detail and the process of identifying and formation of Cluster and how it helps MSMEs in capacity building by enhance productivity and always remain competitive. He also explained by adopting various Lean Manufacturing Tools how MSMEs can save their time and resources from day-to-day management issues and focus on strategizing business processes as per the time. He has invited IEEMA Members to come up with Cluster proposals at various places including Mumbai.

Electrical Testing & Certification services, Division of MSME Development Institute Mr.Vijay Kumar Sonkar, Addl.Indl.Advisor, MSME Testing Centre, Mumbai briefed on the testing and certification services provided to SMEs by MSME Testing centre. He said, the testing centre also provides guidance and assistance for implementation of national & international Standards, provides hand-holding support to MSMEs for quality up gradation for supplies to various Government Organisations, Central & State owned public sector enterprises. He has invited all IEEMA SME members to visit the Testing Centre to be aware of all the facilities that are available in

September 2015

SMETalks

the Centre and also welcome members’ suggestions to add more standards to cover more and more electrical products that are manufactured by them.

Calibration of Electrical Measuring Instruments Mr. Nishant Pawaskar & Mr. Anirudha Ambolkar, Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring, Instruments (IDEMI), Division of MSME briefed about IDEMI and its facilities for SMEs in Design and Development of Electrical & Electronics equipment and their Calibration & Testing. They explained the Tests conducted in their Electrical Testing laboratory such as EMI / EMC Testing, Safety Testing etc. that are required for electrical and electronic equipment.

Wind of change in Industrial R&D in India & Role of DSIR in promoting R&D – Mr. Dr. Suman Mazumdar, Scientist-‘C’ Department of Scientific & Industrial Research - Ministry of Science & Technology presented his subject of Wind of change in Industrial R&D in India to make his point that research and development is not only meant for big companies, but also is essential for MSMEs in India. He further explained since SMEs in India employ around 40% of workforce and contribute 37.5% to country’s GDP, R&D becomes essential for them too. He said, Government of India also has increased its funding towards R&D to MSMEs and Venture Capitalists too recognize smaller entrepreneurs engaging in research activities. He explained how the R&D Policy in India has evolved since its independence to develop synergies between science, technology and innovation and has now become the 8th largest nation in the world in terms of investment in R&D. He also explained the role of DSIR in promoting and encouraging R&D via various incentives, policies and funds.

RoHS Compliance & Introduction to Safety Testing & Certification – Mr. Mukti Upadhyaya & Mr. Vinod Suryavanshi, SGS India Pvt. Ltd. a world’s leading provider of testing, verification, inspection and certification, technical assistance and process assessment services, explained all aspects of RoHS compliance in great detail. He notified the economic as well as social impact of noncompliance of RoHS Mr. Suryavanshi explained the need for Safety Testing and Certification and how it is applicable to manufacturers of electrical & electronic equipment locally as well as globally. The Workshop / Seminar on Finance, Cluster formation was also planned. The next SME Division meeting is scheduled to be held on 04th September 2015 at Nashik Engineering Cluster, Nashik

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September 2015

January 2014

IEEMAActivities

Interface with Government and Agencies Delhi

IEEMA Activities

On 1st July 2015, Shri J Pande, Senior Director and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, met Shri KK Tiwari, Industrial Advisor, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, regarding action points on the recommendations of Mission Plan 2012-22 of Indian Electrical Equipment Industry. The Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, has set up three Sub-Groups on Capital Goods, namely, Demand Creation; Technology Depth and Trade & Exports. A meeting of the Sub-Group on Trade & Exports was conducted on 3rd July 2015 to deliberate on the Terms of Reference and to further work on the same. Shri Pitambar Shivnani, Executive Council Member and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, attended the meeting. IEEMA provided inputs to the Sub-Group on inverted duties, non-tariff barriers and difficulties of the electrical industry related to Capital Goods. IEEMA had conducted a meeting on 11th July 2015, to identify 10-15 points out of the recommendations of the Mission Plan 2012-22 for Indian Electrical Equipment Industry; which can be achieved in the near future and should be taken up on

priority. The meeting was attended by Shri P Uma Shankar, former Power Secretary and Shri R K Singh, Joint Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry; along with a few other Council Members. On 15th July 2015 Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA attended a meeting, chaired by Shri Dammu Ravi, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, Government of India, on Third Round of Consultations on Negotiations Regional Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (RCEP). The method of calculation for regional value content and certificate of origin for Chapter 84, 85 and 90 were discussed. IEEMA also submitted a representation to the Government in this regard. On 17th July 2015, Shri J Pande, Senior Director and Shri Uttam Kumar, Executive Officer, IEEMA, attended a meeting at Bureau of Indian Standards on the issues relating to Certification of Distribution Transformers by BEE & BIS. The meeting was chaired by Shri A K Sharma, Sc. F & Head, CMD-1, BIS. IEEMA and ITMA were of the view that testing of each model for BEE star labeling would not only put the manufacturers to financial burden, but also involve additional cost towards transportation of such large number of samples to the laboratory. It was requested that since IS 1180 (Part 1):2014 specifies the total loss requirements for compliance to Energy Efficiency Level-I, II & III, BIS certification of the DTs to these requirements may be accepted by BEE. Shri R K Singh, Joint Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, called an inter-ministerial meeting on 20th July 2015 to discuss the prioritised action points of Mission Plan 2012-22 for Indian Electrical Equipment Industry. On 4th August 2015, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General; Smt. Rachna Pawa, Head Corporate Communication and

A delegation of senior members and Mr Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA met Smt. Nirmala Seetharaman, Honâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ble Minister of State for Commerce & Industry

Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org 98

September 2015

IEEMAActivities

(L to R) Mr Sanjeev Sardana, Vice President (Elect), IEEMA, Mr PK Sinha, Cabinet Secretary, GoI and Mr Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA met and discussed issues related to the power equipment industry and also activities related to ELECRAMA 2016

Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, attended a meeting, called by Shri Ravi Capoor, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, Government of India, on branding of Indian engineering by the Government of India in countries abroad. Government will be promoting Power Transformers and Conductors in Nigeria, Kenya, Zambia and Malaysia through IEBF. On 5th August 2015, Smt. Rachna Pawa, Head Corporate Communication and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, attended another meeting, chaired by Shri Ravi Capoor, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, Government of India, to deliberate on ways and means to promote Indian engineering in foreign markets. On 6th August 2015, Shri P Uma Shankar, Former Power Secretary & Invitee, IEEMA Executive Council; Shri Vishnu Agarwal, President, Shri Raj Eswaran, Past President and Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, called on Dr. Rajan S Katoch, Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, to discuss the roadmap for implementation of prioritised action points of Mission Plan 2012-22. On 14th August 2015, Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director and Shri Vivek Arora, Executive Officer, IEEMA attended meeting of Sub-Group on Demand Creation for Capital Goods Industry at Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India. IEEMA provided inputs to the Sub-Group on 4 point agenda of IEEMA for Make in India. Most of the recommendations made by IEEMA were accepted for inclusion in suggestions for the Capital Goods Policy.

September 2015

On 17th August 2015, Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, attended another meeting of Sub-Group on Trade & Exports for Capital Goods Industry at Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India. IEEMA provided inputs to the Sub-Group on removal of inverted duties in the industry by introducing the Custom Credit Scheme, which was for inclusion in suggestions for the Capital Goods Policy. IEEMA conducted a meeting on Brand India Engineering on 19th August 2015, which was chaired by Shri Ravi Capoor, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, Government of India. Government will be promoting Power Transformers and Conductors in Nigeria, Kenya, Zambia and Malaysia through India Brand Equipment Foundation. The ways and means to promote Indian engineering in foreign markets was discussed with manufacturer exporters of these products. A delegation of senior members and Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, called on Smt. Nirmala Seetharaman, Hon’ble Minister of State for Commerce & Industry, on 19th August 2015. The major topics for discussions were difficulties of Conductors, Cables, Capacitors manufacturing industry in view of proposed increase of customs duty on aluminium.

Mumbai On 8th July 2015, Dr. Kshatrapati Shivaji, IAS (MH:1986) Chairman and Managing Director, Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). The meeting was held to discuss issues related to Credit availability for industries in the Power Sector. Most banks have graded power equipment manufacturers at a ‘lower interest’ category due to poor financial state of customers.

IEEMAActivities

Chairman SIDBI was very happy with IEEMA efforts of taking such issues and attempt to finding appropriate solutions to help its members. Discussions were also held regarding special schemes for joint ventures, cluster and vendor development activities and how SIDBI would help various manufacturers to form such clusters through their various promotional schemes. An invitation for the annual convention was also made. On 9th July, 2015, Smt. Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairman, State Bank of India. The meeting was held to discuss issues related to Credit availability for industries in the Power Sector. Most banks have graded power equipment manufacturers at a ‘lower interest’ category due to poor financial state of customers. Chairman SIDBI was very happy with IEEMA efforts of taking such issues and attempt to finding appropriate solutions to help its members. Discussions were also held regarding special schemes for joint ventures, cluster and vendor development activities and how SIDBI would help various manufacturers to form such clusters through their various promotional schemes. An invitation for the annual convention was also made.

council for Technical Education and vocational Training, Government of Odisha, with Secretary, Dy. Secretary discussion was for the enhanced the name of IEEMA and awareness for the institutional Membership.

Chandigarh IEEMA Officials met Dean Chitkara University and discussed with him about the Members Outreach programme being hosted by the Chitkara University, also discussed the technical seminar/ Panel discussion for students with industry help along with the faculty assistance from different colleges. IEEMA Officials met MD – HVPN for discussing the latent defect clause of the transformers tender. Though the MD was not in favour of removing the clause from the tender but still he forwarded the same to the Chief Engineer for taking the necessary steps. IEEMA Officials met Chief engineer MM of HVPN for discussing the latent defect clause of the transformers tender. He said that he need some time to understand and study the same and then he will reply the same.

15th July, 2015, Mr Sudhir Shrivastava, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary Finance Department, Govt. of Maharashtra. The meeting was held to discuss various taxation policies of the Government and also preliminary discussion on proposed Goods & Services Tax (GST) .

IEEMA Officials met Deputy Chief Minister Punjab … Shri Sukhbir Singh Badal, MNRE Shri Majithia, Principal Secretary Power – Mr Anirudh Tiwari, MD PSPCL- Shri K D Chaudri nd handed over the Journal and Elecrama Brochure to them.

16th July, 2015, Mr Rajiv Jalota, IAS, Commissioner of Sales Tax. The meeting was held to discuss possible long term engagement with the associations. He was very keen to address any issues related to sales tax pertaining to IEEMA members whenever arises. During the meeting issues pertaining to various taxation policies of the Government and also preliminary discussion on proposed Goods & Services Tax (GST).

Guwahati

12th August, 2015 Mr Apurva Chandra, IAS, Principal Secretary (Industries), Govt. of Maharashtra. The Government of Maharashtra has embarked upon the Make in Maharashtra initiatives. The meeting was principally to discuss areas of mutual interest. The Principal Secretary (Industries) was keen to engage IEEMA in a long term perspective.

Bhubaneswar On July 23rd IEEMA Officials met Mr Choudhury Dy. Director , Odisha Renewable Energy and Development Agency(OREDA). Discussion was held with CMD OPTCL, Regarding Latent Defect clause in tender specification for Transformer (Dt. 30.07.2015) On July 30th IEEMA Officials met Mt. Parthasarathi Patra Sr. Gm, CPC, with Nilambar Das Sr.Gm (ODSSP) AND Mr Panigrahy Dgm ,(ODSSP),OPTCL as instruction by CMD discussed about the Latent heat defect in tender specification for Transformer , and that was fruitfully successes , that they had agreed to consider omission of the “Latent heat clause”. On August 3 IEEMA Officials met Mr B.B.Nanda V.C State

100

Government Interaction:

}} On July 17th IEEMA Officials met Industry

Director briefed about IEEMA and discussed few policies, analysing the industrial and investment policy of Assam.

}} On August 5th IEEMA Officials met additional chief secretary power apprised about IEEMA also briefed about upcoming programme at Guwahati .

Hyderabad }} IEEMA Officials met Mr Vijayanandan, CMD – AP GENCO & TRANSCO and discussed about program for utilities and for the industry, CMD recommended to meet the KPMG and discussions are on and will be finalized by August end.

}} IEEMA Officials met CMD, TS GENCO & TRANSCO

represented the Latent Defect Clause letter, discussed and requested him for an interaction with Transformers Division.

Srinagar }} IEEMA Officials met Mr Hashmat Ali Khan, IAS –

Private Secretary to Chief Minister, Government of Jammu & Kashmir and interacted with him about IEEMA and introduced him , IEEMA as first ISOcertified Industry Association in India having 800+ members encompassing complete value chain in

September 2015

IEEMAActivities

power generation, transmission and distribution. Discussed with him regarding an appointment for IEEMA office bearers with Chief Minister J&K. Also gave him IEEMA Journal to study and few brochures of IEEMA.

}} IEEMA Officials met Mr Waheed Para–Political Analyst

to Chief Minister J&K – Government of Jammu & Kashmir and discussed with him about IEEMA and its Secretariat. Discussion about ‘Smart Electricity 24*7’ campaign of India across the country. Discussed with him about policy advocacy role of IEEMA Secretariat with the government of India for the development of power sector and domestic electrical industries. He said that he would give his possible support to IEEMA for the future developmental activities in the state. Also he said that there are lot of sick units and it is the priority to make them workable enough for the growth of India. He also said that government is keen to introduce innovative ways and ideas in the state for the development of power sector. He assured that he would soon finalise the date for meeting after consulting with Chief Minister.

}} IEEMA Officials met Mr M K Mallik, Special Secretary

to Chief Minister- Government of Jammu & Kashmir discussed with him about IEEMA and its Secretariat. Discussion about ‘Smart Electricity 24*7’ campaign of India across the country. Discussed with him about policy advocacy role of IEEMA Secretariat with the government of India for the development of power sector and domestic electrical industries. He said that he would give his possible support to IEEMA for the future developmental activities in the state. Also he said that there are lot of sick units and it is the priority to make them workable enough for the growth of India. He also said that government is keen to introduce innovative ways and ideas in the state for the development of power sector. He assured that he would soon finalise the date for meeting after consulting with Chief Minister.

Raipur }} IEEMA Officials met Mr Dinesh Kumar, Jt. Secretary

(Industries). Appraised him about IEEMA and its activities. Told him about the seminars, conferences, etc. organised by IEEMA and requested for his participation in them.

}} IEEMA Officials met Mr Anand Mohan Singh, Dy.

Secretary (Industries) and discussed about IEEMA and various activities of IEEMA, international seminars, conferences, etc.

}} Met Mr Balamurugan D, IAS, MD, NBPDCL. Told

him about the ongoing activities of IEEMA and the proposed program at Patna. He acknowledged it well and told to give all support.

}} Met Mr Sanjay Shukla, IAS, MD, MPPMCL. Discussed with him about the ongoing activities of IEEMA and

September 2015

about the proposed event at Bhopal. He said that the date will be finalised soon for the same.

IEEMA Representations On 21st August 2015, IEEMA submitted representations to Department of Heavy Industry and Ministry of Finance, Government of India, requesting increase in basic customs duty of electrical equipment to 10%, where these are less than the same. On 21st August 2015, IEEMA submitted representations to Department of Heavy Industry and Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, on non-recognition of CPRI test certification in some foreign countries. On 13th August 2015, IEEMA submitted representations to Hon’ble Minister of State, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and Revenue Secretary, Government of India, requesting reconsideration of proposed increase in customs duty on import of primary aluminium metal. On 5th August 2015, IEEMA submitted a representation to Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, depicting growth in heavy electrical equipment industry. On 30th July 2015, IEEMA submitted a representation to Ministry of External Affairs, regarding non-recognition of CPRI test certification in some foreign countries. On 21st July 2015, IEEMA submitted a representation to Department of Commerce, Government of India, regarding third round of consultative meeting on rules of origin under Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations. On 26th June 2015, IEEMA submitted its viewpoints to Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, regarding cumulative value addition and product specific rules in Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations. On 26th June 2015, IEEMA submitted its inputs to Department of Commerce, Government of India, on request list from Australia for India-Australia CECA. On 20th July 2015, IEEMA submitted a representation to Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Government of India, regarding instances of inverted duty structure on electrical equipment. On 20th July 2015, IEEMA submitted a representation to Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Government of India, regarding mandatory BIS certification mark for 12 products comprising of Cables. On 9th June 2015, IEEMA submitted another instance of inverted duty structure in manufacturing of electrical contacts to the Tariff Commission, supplementing its earlier submission of a few cases of inverted duties and anomalies in other electrical equipment. On 5th June 2015, IEEMA submitted a representation to Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Government of India, giving its inputs on impact of ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement.n

101

ERDANews

power system to an optimal level by changes in the system. In this connection, ERDA assists DISCOMs and TRANSCOs in attaining the bench mark AT&C/losses. ERDA is one of the Third Party Independent Evaluation Agency (TPIEA) for a massive programme of upgradation of Sub-Transmission and Distribution system and reduction of Aggregate Technical & Commercial losses under the Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (R-APDRP) for GOA and Chhattisgarh State. ERDA has carried out Energy Audit study of 550 feeders of Agra & Kanpur for Uttar Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission, Lucknow. This study was carried out through various tasks like: uu

Verification of proper function of energy meters and metering equipment

Identity of consumers related to feeders (Consumer Indexing)

Energy bill statement with respect to feeders

Technical loss evaluation in feeders

AT & C Loss report preparation

Power System Analysis

Load curve generation

ERDA is equipped with various state-of-the-art power system software packages such as MiPOWER & ETAP for power system simulation, planning, design & analysis of power system networks. The Power Systems group of ERDA undertakes following power system studies:

Performance improvement recommendations

ERDA’s Services for Utilities Electrical Research and Development Association (ERDA) is the most preferred service provider in Power Sector for TRANSCOs, DISCOMs, Regulatory Commissions and Industries. Major services for utilities include the following:

Based on the detailed study, the following recommendations were made:

Power evacuation study

Insulation Co-ordination

Relay Co-ordination

Dynamic Stability

Transient Stability

(1) Load balancing of DTR (2) Energy Accounting (transformer wise) (3) Theft drives (4) 100% Sealing of meters (5) Meter Boxes to be provided (6) Improvement in reactive power of feeder (7) Shifting meter outside (8) Faulty meter and Slow meter replacement (9) Replacement of Service Cables (10) Replacement by LT AB Cables (11) Installation of AMR, etc.

Bus & Line Reactor Study

Design of High Voltage Distribution Systems

Harmonic Analysis

Sub- synchronous Resonance

Analysis of Cascade Tripping System

Fault Level Studies and Arc Flash Study

Loading Ability Limit Study

ERDA has expertise in design of “High Voltage Distribution Systems” as per REC norms, IE Rules and Indian Standards. ERDA has designed HVDS and supervised and monitored more than 500 feeders in Ajmer Vidhyut Vitran Nigam Ltd., (AVVNL) and MP Poorva Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Co. Ltd., Jabalpur (MPPKVVCL).

Reactive Power Compensation

Filter Design

Supervision & Inspection of Electrification Works

Protection Audit

Performance Analysis of FACT Devices such as SVC, STATCOM etc.,

Evaluation of Parallel Operation Charges-First Time Done - Successfully Completed

Distribution System Analysis T&D losses are the main cause of higher financial losses in the state distribution utilities. Technical and nontechnical losses together have contributed to high level of T&D losses in the country. Inefficient use of electricity, metering errors, faulty meters and lack of consumer awareness are the main causes of T&D losses. Hence there is large scope to reduce energy losses in the

108

The government has taken several steps to improve the performance of power sector on sustainable basis by increasing investment, improving practices and rural electrical infrastructure development. The quality of materials and installation practices (electrification) with respect to construction standard like REC norms, IE Rules, Indian Standards and also the safety of personnel and equipment needs to be ensured. ERDA as TPIA has played significant role in supervising, inspecting and certifying the erected network of more than 3,00,000 Circuit KM line/cable under different schemes covering 107 of Districts of India. ERDA uses latest state of the art techniques such as on GPS instruments to capture the asset co-ordinates (longitude & latitude). Using this data, AutoCAD drawing

September 2015

ERDANews

is prepared with legends. The distance of the line is calculated mathematically as AutoCAD feature & reported. Deficiency and rectification is being reported by photographs along with the unique identification of respective locations. ERDA has experience for such type of consultancy work of project value more than Rs.2200 Crore.

The various studies offered are: uu

Third Party Supervision, Inspection of the Power System Network under DDUGJY (EARSTWHILE RGGVY), HVDS and Feeder Separation etc.,

Survey of Networks, Preparation of Single Line Diagrams

Asset Mapping, Preparation of BOQ

Quantity and Quality Verification

Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR)

Project Management Consultancy (PMC) under DDUGJY & IPDS

Assessment of Agricultural Consumption ERDA has carried out the work of assessment of Agricultural Consumption of more than 3,00,000

ly month onics & electr ctrical ding ele the lea

¬ O.. 10 NO EN ¬ ISSUE E4 ME LUM OLU VO

0-2946 ISSN 097

Consumers in Gujarat. ERDA has successfully completed the “Pilot project” for setting up of base line for 604 IP sets consumption for one year in Doddaballapur Subdivision, BESCOM under AgDSM programme. It was a part of Water Energy Nexus Activity Project.

Forthcoming Training Programs Programme

Evaluation of T&D Hardware High Voltage Evaluation Techniques

Date

10-11 September 8-9 October

Foundation Course of Smart Grid [Jointly with India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)]

15-17 October

EMI/EMC Evaluation Techniques for Electronic Equipment & Machinery

16-17 October

Dr V Shrinet Dy. Director & Head (Quality, Library & Documentation) Phone: 0265-3048044, Mobile: 9978940931 E-mail: shrinet@erda.org; Website: erda@erda.org

R 50/ Rs.

0 3 201 JUNE

Story Cover reements Trade

re Featu SpecialUtility Week Africa

Face Face2 h Patel

rab rgy Mr Saur for Power, EneGujarat Ministe um, Gov t of & Petrole

Profile Country Egypt

September 2015

109

IEEMADatabase

Rs/MT

BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS as on 01.06.15

Unit Iron, Steel & Steel Products

OTHER RAW MATERIALS

BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm

`/MT

28284.00

BILLETS(SBI) 100MM

`/MT

29735.00

CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)

`/MT

54000.00

Crgo Electrical Steel Sheets a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV

`/MT

b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV

`/MT

as on 01.06.15

Unit

Epoxy Resin CT - 5900

`/Kg

400

Phenolic Moulding Powder

`/Kg

PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22

`/MT

127250.00

PVC Compound Grade HR - 11

`/MT

128250.00

`/KLitre

58363.00

Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)

OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS

199113

IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month September 2014

247775

NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc

`/MT

166600

Lead (99.97%)

`/MT

150700

Copper Wire Bars

`/MT

402098

Copper Wire Rods

`/MT

414868

Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)

`/MT

139544

Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)

`/MT

145739

Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)

`/MT

222.88

IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)

308.30

IN - WT (Base June 2000=100

216.70

IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)

224.33

Wholesale price index number for ‘Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month September 2014 Wholesale price index number for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month September 2014

150.10

184.30

All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) September 2014

195800

256

# Estimated, NA: Not available 80000

Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)

75000

(Rs./k.Ltr.)

70000 65000 60000 55000 50000 `05-15

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit. These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products. Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office. Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.

104

September 2015

`06-15

`04-15

`03-15

`02-15

`01-15

`12-14

`11-14

`10-14

`09-14

`07-14

`08-14

`06-14

`05-14

`04-14

`03-14

`02-14

`01-14

`12-13

`10-13

`11-13

`09-13

`08-13

`07-13

Jul 2013 - Jun 2015

IEEMADatabase

1200

AC Motors - L.T.

1100 1000

Nos.

900 800 700 600

April 10- May 15

500 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4

Name of Product

Accounting Unit

Production For the Month From June 14 to Highest Annual May 15

April 15

Production

Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT

000' KW

783

9742

11217

AC Motors - HT

000' KW

248

3237

4647

DC Motors

000' KW

364

618

000' KVA

1107

10699

10676

Contactors

000' Nos.

724

8412

8527

Motor Starters

000' Nos.

124

1769

1909

Nos.

40808

533312

947878

000' Poles

11504

120495

116151

Circuit Breakers - LT

Nos.

144554

1839108

1825044

Circuit Breakers - HT

Nos.

4324

69424

72155

Custom-Build Products

Rs. Lakhs

15675

201996

265267

HRC Fuses & Overload Relays

000' Nos.

1179

14727

16875

36638

476050

464826

000' KVAR

3640

46894

53417

Distribution Transformers

000' KVA

3793

43370

43346

Power Transformers

000' KVA

9792

147905

178782

Current Transformers

000' Nos.

673

660

Voltage Transformers

Nos.

8285

107479

114488

000' Nos.

1892

27402

26390

000' MT

987

1250

AC Generators Switchgears*

Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers

Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers

Instrument Transformers

Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers* * Weighted Production

September 2015

105

PowerStatistics

Coal Reserves Total Proved coal reserves at end 2014 Region North America

Anthracite Suband Bituminous Bituminous and lignite

Share of Total

R/P ratio

245088 27.5%

248

14641

1.6%

142

310538 34.8%

268

32936

3.7%

122

Total

112835

132253

7282

7359

92557

217981

32722

214

Asia Pacific

157803

130525

288328 32.3%

World

403199

488332

891531 100%

110

South & Central America Europe & Eurasia Middle East & Africa

sourceBP_statistical review_2015

102

September 2015

PowerStatistics

Cable Production Data Cable Production Data Year

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

153144

208682

132998

132578

159446

Particulars PVC Cables

XLPE Cables Special Purpose Cables

189949

231100

188081

214868

305380

CKM

2694557

3007802

2925474

3333482

4507479

350000

Cables

300000

200000

250000

150000 100000

PVC CABLES

50000

XLPE CABLES

0 2010-11

80.0

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Quarterly % Growth Index

70.0

Power Cables: PVC

60.0

Control Cables & other Special Purpose Cables

50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 -10.0

Q1FY14 Q2FY14 Q3FY14 Q4FY14 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY15

Quarterly % growth Index Q1 FY14

Q2 FY14

Q3 FY14

Q4 FY14

Q1 FY15

Q2 FY15

Q3 FY15

Q4 FY15

Power Cables: PVC

4.5

31.6

-2.3

9.3

27.2

19.2

18.6

31.0

Control Cables & other Special Purpose Cables

5.9

0.2

11.1

4.5

32.0

63.5

35.9

66.8

Industry Size in Rs. Crores Cables

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

15510

17600

15450

18423

24500

Source: IEEMA database

September 2015

103

Seminars&Fairs

from December 8-10 2015 provides the nuclear power industry the perfect venue to gather and exchange information about nuclear power’s role in today’s changing world. NUCLEAR POWER International is co-located with POWER-GEN International, the world’s largest power generation event. Attendees of NUCLEAR POWER International enjoy the same benefits and have access to the same programs as POWER-GEN International attendees.

Power Qatar Summit 2015

13th IndiaDoble Power Forum The 13th IndiaDoble Power Forum.to be held between October 13-16, 2015 in Vadodara, Gujarat is regarded as one of the most valuable events for the region’s practicing engineers and executives in electric power utilities and industries, this forum allows participants to share experiences and exchange new ideas for the reliable and safe operation of high voltage equipment and power system protection. Participants will also have the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest techniques. The programme is divided into two specialized tracks: • C hallenges & learnings in high voltage apparatus diagnostics & asset management. • C hallenges & learnings in power system protection & substation automation. The annual IndiaDoble Power Forum is a premier industry event where the focus is on knowledge sharing by power utilities and power apparatus OEMs on the challenges Y& learnings in diagnostics, high voltage asset management and power system protection / automation.

Nuclear Power International 2015 Global demand for energy continues to grow. So do concerns related to reliability, greenhouse gas emissions and the environment. Emission-free, baseload nuclear power can be a viable option to address these concerns and meet growing demand for energy. Nuclear energy remains a viable, clean and safe option for meeting demand around the world. Now in its ninth year, NUCLEAR POWER International 2015 to be held at las vegas Convention center, Nevada

110

Qatar’s only premier power generation, transmission and distribution event Power Qatar Summit will take place on 26-27 October 2015 at the Ritz Carlton West Bay, Doha, Qatar. Held under the patronage of KAHRAMAA and incorporating the immensely successful Solar Qatar Summit, the event will attract over 300 senior level executives to discuss progress, future developments and best practices across industries and sectors for the State of Qatar. One of the engines powering Qatar’s grand 2030 vision forward is power generation in all forms, be it solar, natural gas, or renewable energy. With an increasingly demanding population and spiraling rates of power consumption, the need for sustainable and renewable sources of energy is more acute than ever before. This is compounded by the emergence of Qatar as a key Gulf country in the general progress of the GCC region. Events such as the upcoming FIFA World Cup 2022 are testament to Qatar’s growing importance. However, resources must keep up with the pace of the rapidly unfolding socio-economic events in Qatar.

India Nuclear Energy 2015 India Nuclear Energy 2015, an International Exhibition and Summit for the Civil Nuclear Energy Sector created to help companies tap the rich potential of the nuclear industry in India; India Nuclear Energy gives your organization the ideal platform to meet, interact and network with the entire civil nuclear energy fraternity of India. This two-day exhibition will be co-located with India Nuclear Energy Summit 2015 – a conference designed to address the latest developments, challenges and issues surrounding the civil nuclear energy sector. Now in its 7th year, India Nuclear Energy 2015 will be organized from the 15 – 16 October,2015 at the Nehru Centre, Worli, Mumbai.

September 2015

ProductShowcase

TRMS Power Meter with 3Φ Adapter Model – 3510PHW MECO” Clamp-On TRMS Power Meter with 3▫ Adapter– Model 3510PHW is State of the Art Versatile Instrument using Micro Controller Technology and having various functions that would be Ideal for an Inspector / Service Engineer to carry out Vigilance Checks, Surveys, Audits and Periodic Visits for checking at Industrial and Consumers end.

PM8000 to simplify power quality Schneider Electric launches the PowerLogic PM8000 series power meter that gives power quality compliance information and analyses capabilities that were once reserved for more advanced meters. Being aware of the power quality related penalties that Indian industry & building consumers face and knowing the importance of capruting such information for the consumer , Schneider Electric has designed PM8000 range in accordance with power quality standards IEC 61000-4-30 Class S and IEC 62586 – latest update by IEC on PQ standards, to ensure that consumer can meet the contractual obligations for the quality of electrical supply. PM8000 offers power quality analysis capabilities, such as EN 50160 compliance, sag/swell detection, waveform capture, disturbance direction detection, and trending & forecasting, to help facility managers detect, mitigate and correct adverse conditions. The highly-accurate, reliable meters are compliant with ANSI C12.20 Class 0.2, IEC 62053-22 Class 0.2S (real energy), and IEC 61557-12. This accuracy combined with the meter’s extensive I/O options makes the PM8000 series meters ideal for the unified metering of all WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, and steam) utilities. Meters are available in both panelmount and DIN rail-mount form factors, and boast high-visibility colour displays.

112

Model 3510PHW an Ideal and Handy Instrument suitable for Balanced and Unbalanced System. 4 Digit LCD Display, 9999 count Auto-ranging 3▫ Power Measurement, Data Hold and Auto Power off are features of this meter. Jaw opening suitable for Cable of Diameter upto 43mm and Bus Bar upto 65mm x 16mm.

Transformer Turns Ratio Meter: XTRM3: The Motwane make New Transformer turns ratio meter XTRM-3 is a new generation, fully automatic transformer turns ratio testers. It measures the transformation ratio of single phase and three phase transformers using modern electronic techniques. It is micro controller operated user friendly and reliable tester. Operator has facility to enter test parameters and XTRM-3 takes over, applies the test voltage, balances the bridge, takes the readings, and displays the results on the LCD screen. The results can be printed on built-in printer after the test is over.

Arc Guard SystemTM TVOC-2 ABB has tried to produce ‘arc-proof’ switchgear through mechanical design as well as the choice of Electrical components. These design innovations, together with ABB’s new Arc Guard TVOC-2 system, will help reduce the risk of arc accidents and the consequences in the future reducing the consequences of arc faults is all about timing and each millisecond is paramount. TVOC-2 reacts in just a millisecond and over-rides standard protection time delays when tripping breakers. With a design that satisfies safety integrity level 2 (SIL 2), the Arc Guard TVOC-2 is approved for applications today and for the future → 1b.

September 2015

Brazil, Germany finalize renewable energy deal

through which Duke Energy would take ownership of the proposed project. Utility-scale projects should be greater than 1 and no more than 10 megawatts in capacity.

Brazil and Germany signed cooperation accords on renewable energy and sustainable development, and issued a joint declaration on climate change. The agreements came, the second and final day of German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s visit to the capital Brasilia, Xinhua reported.

Duke Energy has also sought an RFP for up to 5 megawatts of solar capacity for its Shared Solar Program, which allows multiple customers to subscribe to the output of a specific solar facility and share in the economic benefits of the power produced.

She was accompanied by a delegation of ministers and deputy ministers who held bilateral meetings with their Brazilian counterparts. “We are interested in cooperating in renewable energies and also in providing all support in the area of infrastructure and transmission lines,” Merkel said at a press conference following a meeting with Brazil’s President Dilma Rousseff. Various German firms, she said, were interested in taking part in upcoming biddings Brazil would hold to build ports, highways, airports, and energy generation and distribution. The two countries are also leading negotiations on a free-trade agreement between South American trade bloc Mercosur and the European Union, and Merkel said she hoped the talks would “speed up” in coming months towards a final deal. The two heads of state additionally signed several climate change initiatives in the lead up to COP-21, a UN-sponsored international conference to be held in December in Paris. Merkel said she and Rousseff had devised “a very intense agenda” in order to “prevent the temperature of the planet from rising another two degrees”.

Duke Energy seeks RFPs for two major solar projects Duke Energy issued a request for proposals (RFP) for about 53 megawatts (AC) of utility-scale solar capacity to be in-service in its South Carolina service areas by the end of 2016. The development is part of Duke Energy’s Distributed Energy Resource Program, which was approved by the Public Service Commission on July 15. The RFP allows bidders to offer a power-purchase agreement to the company, and/or to provide a proposal

September 2015

Projects should be greater than 250 kilowatts and no more than 1 megawatt of capacity. Shared Solar Program will benefit customers who want to receive the benefits of renewable energy but may not be able to install solar on their premises, such as renters or those who live in multi-family housing. “The collaborative vision to bring solar to South Carolina is now becoming a reality to the benefit of our customers, communities and the state,” said Clark Gillespy, Duke Energy president — South Carolina. “We see South Carolina becoming a leader in the adoption of new solar.”

Siemens bags 100 MW onshore wind deal in Australia Siemens announced that it bagged a 100 MW deal for the Hornsdale wind farm project located in South Australia. The renewable energy company did not disclose the size of the wind turbine deal. The agreement includes also a long-term service contract. As per the wind deal, Siemens will be supplying 32 direct drive wind turbines. The wind project in Australia will provide clean energy for more than 70,000 households. Neoen Australia is investing 250 million Australian dollars or approx.166 million Euros in the project. The wind power program will make a significant contribution to the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) government’s target of 90 percent renewable energy by 2020. The wind power project will supply green energy to the ACT at 9.2 Australian Cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) – 6.1 Euro Cents per kWh for 20 years. After commissioning, the Hornsdale wind power plant is expected to produce over 400 gigawatt hours (GWh) per year.

113

Internationalnews

Thomas Richterich, CEO Onshore at Siemens Wind Power and Renewables Division, said: “At the Hornsdale Wind Farm we have three factors of success combined: Neoen’s international expertise, Australia’s natural resources, and the efficiency of our cutting edge direct drive technology.” Siemens said the construction of the wind power project will start immediately. Siemens will provide the turn-key project solution including 32 wind turbines with civil and electrical infrastructure as per the contract. Siemens will maintain the wind farm for Neoen on a long-term maintenance contract signed simultaneously with the EPC contract.

Hareon Solar forms JV to build 32-MW projects in India Chinese solar technology company Hareon Solar has formed a joint venture with Nereus Capital and Treasury Group to build photovoltaic projects of 32 megawatt capacity in India. Hareon with the majority owner in the new venture named Nereus Capital Investments Singapore.The joint venture will develop build and operate solar plants through wholly owned project companies and sell electricity to publicly-listed companies in India. Companies interested in reducing their expenses on power can sign power purchase agreements with the solar projects of the company, renews reports. The crystalline silicon solar modules of Hareon Solar will be utilized across the projects of the JV. The projects to be developed by the JV are expected to begin commercial operation by the end of this year. Duke Energy seeks RFPs for two major solar projects Duke Energy issued a request for proposals (RFP) for about 53 megawatts (AC) of utility-scale solar capacity to be in-service in its South Carolina service areas by the end of 2016. The development is part of Duke Energy’s Distributed Energy Resource Program, which was approved by the Public Service Commission on July 15. The RFP allows bidders to offer a power-purchase agreement to the company, and/or to provide a proposal through which Duke Energy would take ownership of the proposed project. Utility-scale projects should be greater than 1 and no more than 10 megawatts in capacity. Duke Energy has also sought an RFP for up to 5 megawatts of solar capacity for its Shared Solar Program, which allows multiple customers to subscribe to the output of a specific solar facility and share in the economic benefits of the power produced. Projects should be greater than 250 kilowatts and no more than 1 megawatt of capacity. Shared Solar Program will benefit customers who want to receive the benefits of renewable energy but may not be able to install solar on their premises, such as renters or those who live in multi-family housing.

114

“The collaborative vision to bring solar to South Carolina is now becoming a reality to the benefit of our customers, communities and the state,” said Clark Gillespy, Duke Energy president — South Carolina. “We see South Carolina becoming a leader in the adoption of new solar.”

Egypt signs MoUs to develop 2.7 gigawatt solar projects Egypt is on a spree to develop renewable energy projects. The ministry of electricity of that country has signed 56 memoranda of understanding (MoUs) to build wind- and solar- powered power plants. Cumulatively, projects covered by the MoUs would amount to 2,740 megawatts, Egyptian daily Youm7 has reported. The 56 MoUs have been classified as follows: 46 for solar power plants with total capacity of 2,240 MW, 10 MoUs to build wind power plants in Gulf of Suez with capacity of 500 MW. Of the solar projects 39 totaling capacity of 1,560 MW are to come up in Kom Ombo, and seven with total capacity of 280 MW are to come up in Zaafarana, Youm 7 reports. The ministry of electricity also plans to sign long-term power purchase agreements with the projects. The new and renewable energy authority (NREA) of Egypt aims to satisfy 20 percent of the country’s electric energy needs using renewable energy resources by 2020.

ABB bags $150 million orders from Saudi Electricity Co ABB has bagged orders worth around $150 million from the Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) to expand five existing substations. The orders will assist Saudi Arabia that aims to expand power generation capacity by 50 percent to accommodate a growing economy. SEC is increasing the capacity of the substations, with three located in the central region and one each in the eastern and western regions. The orders were booked in the second quarter of 2015, said ABB in a statement. Saudi Arabia is increasing its power generation capacity from less than 60 gigawatts (GW) to about 91 GW by 2020, and to more than double existing capacity over the longer term.ABB is supporting these efforts through several projects across the country, including an additional $60 million order booked in the second quarter from SEC for 65 power transformers. Claudio Facchin, president of ABB’s Power Systems division, said: “These substations will strengthen the grid and enhance transmission capacity, enabling electricity to reach more consumers and support this growing market, in line with our Next Level strategy.” ABB said that the extension orders include design, supply, installation and commissioning of new switchgear bays at five existing transmission substations as well as modification of associated automation, control, protection and auxiliary power supply systems and connected transmission substations. n

September 2015

NATIONALNEWS India, US invest $8 mn for off-grid clean energy fund Aiming at accelerating the commercialisation of innovative off-grid clean energy solutions, India and US announced an investment of $8 million in the PACEsetter Fund. The PACEsetter Fund is the principal funding arm of Promoting Energy Access through Clean Energy – an initiative of the Indian and US governments to harness commercial enterprise and bring clean energy access to unserved and underserved individuals and communities. The announcement was made by US Ambassador Richard Verma and New and Renewable Energy Secretary Upendra Tripathy on the sidelines of an event hosted by The Climate Group (TCG) – an international non-profit organisation working towards achieving a low carbon future. “Off-grid energy business models not only have the potential to connect millions of people in India, South Asia and other parts of the world to clean electricity, but also provide them with a platform for moving out of poverty while avoiding the carbon emissions associated with conventional development models,” TCG’s CEO Mark Kenber said in a statement. TCG’s India director Krishnan Pallassana said usage of renewable energy will help create a “low-carbon, prosperous future with health, social and economic benefits for all”.

Himachal allocates 960 MW hydro project to Reliance The Himachal Pradesh cabinet reallocated a multi-million dollar hydropower project, that was under litigation, to Reliance Energy, an official said. The cabinet agreed to allot 960 MW Jhangi-Thopan-Powari Hydel Project in Kinnaur district to Reliance Energy Ltd, a government spokesperson told. He said that if Reliance Energy does not accept the offer, the project may be re-advertised for fresh bidding.

September 2015

The cabinet meeting was chaired by Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh. The Thopan-PowariJangi hydropower project, one of the most viable ones, requires an investment of over `7,000 crore and aims to generate 4,000 million units per year. It requires at least nine years for the project to go on stream, say government officials. The project was earlier allotted to Netherlands-based Brakel Corp in 2008. It later included Adani Power as a consortium partner in the project. But the Himachal Pradesh High Court annulled it on October 7, 2009, on a plea by Reliance Infrastructure, one of the bidders. Brakel moved the Supreme Court but withdrew to pursue remedies suggested by the apex court in its order on April 1 last year. Reliance Infra’s petition challenging the state’s decision not to allot the project to it is pending in the apex court. The high court wanted the state government to take a “fresh decision as to whether it wants to re-advertise the project or wants to act on the basis of the old tender”

India finalizes master plan to develop 50 solar cities The government said it approved a proposed master plan to develop 50 solar cities, for which master plans have been prepared for 46. Three of these cities will be coming up in the national capital region. The ministry of new and renewable energy said in a status note: “At least one city in each state to a maximum of five cities in a state may be supported by the ministry.” The government has given sanctions for 50 cities that include New Delhi, Agra, Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Amritsar, New Town (Kolkata), Howrah, Madhyamgram, Kochi and Bhopal out of the proposed 60 solar cities. 46 cities include Agra, Gandhinagar, Rajkot, Surat, Thane, Shirdi, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Imphal, Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Bilaspur, Raipur, Agartala, Guwahati, Jorhat, Mysore, Shimla, Hamirpur, Jodhpur, Vijayawada, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Dehradun, Panaji and New Delhi (NDMC area).

115

Nationalnews

Further, in-principle approvals have been given to five cities – Thiruvananthapuram, Jaipur, Indore, Leh and Mahabubnagar. “Master plan of Indore has been prepared and the other corporations/state nodal agencies are in the process of engaging consultants for preparation of master plans,” the ministry said.

Erode district gets ` 214.5 crore to augment power supply Erode and Gobichettipalayam Electricity Distribution Circles have been allotted `170.78 crore and ` 43.82 crore respectively under the recently launched Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana, a flagship programme of Union Ministry of Power, to facilitate round-the-clock power supply to rural areas and Integrated Power Development Scheme for improving distribution system in urban areas. District Collector S. Prabakaran and Erode MP S. Selvakumara Chinnaiyan held discussions with senior officials of Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation for arriving at modalities to undertake improvement works at Kullampalayam, Karattuputur, Perundurai, and Nallampatti in Erode Electricity Distribution Circle and in Maakinamkombai, Periya Kallipatti and Ganapathi Nagar in Gobi Electricity Distribution Circle. The Central Government has allotted Tamil Nadu `924 crore under Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana and `1561.31 crore under Integrated Power Development Scheme, Mr. Selvakumara Chinnaiyan said.

EESL distributes LED bulbs to 2.5 lakh consumers in Jaipur Rajasthan government and the Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL), a public sector entity under the Ministry of Power, have distributed LED bulbs to 2.5 lakh consumers, an official statement said. Another 3.3 lakh consumers will be covered under the scheme, it added. EESL has been consistently receiving requests from consumers for LED bulbs since its launch in Jaipur in May 2015. The bulbs can be obtained from Assistant Engineer (AEN) offices at major power stations circle in the state capital. EESL is promoting the adoption and use of energy efficient LED bulbs. Such bulbs have a long life, almost 50 times more than the ordinary bulbs as well as 8-10 times that of CFLs. They therefore provide both energy and cost savings in the medium term. EESL is the implementing Domestic Efficient Lighting Program (DELP) in Jaipur.

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Discoms inflated dues by ` 8,000 crore, says CAG The three private power distribution companies (discoms) in the capital inflated their dues to be recovered from consumers by almost Rs 8,000 crore, the comptroller and auditor general has said in its report on the discoms and claimed that there is scope for reducing tariffs in the city. The 212-page report has indicted the three power distribution companies — BSES Yamuna Power Ltd (BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd (BRPL) controlled by Anil Ambani’s Reliance group, and Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd (TPDDL) — on several counts. The companies have, however, denied the report and claimed that it is both incomplete and subjudice. It says the companies manipulated consumer figures and scrap sale details, and took a series of actions detrimental to consumer interests. These include buying costly power, inflating costs, suppressing revenue, dealing with other private companies without tenders and giving undue favours to group companies.

KSEB plans 200MW solar park in Kasargod Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) is to set up a 200-megawatt solar park at Kasargod in north Kerala. KSEB has formed a joint venture company, Renewable Energy Corporation of Kerala, to develop the project. According to Manoramaonline.com, the KSEB board of directors decided to invest Rs 50 lakh initially for the project. The government acquired 500 acres for the park. And of the 200 megawatts half the capacity is to be developed by central public sector enterprises, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency and the Tehri Hydroelectric Development Corporation India Limited. The remaining 100MW project would be implemented by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) under the viability gap funding (VGF) scheme. Railways proposes solar thermal projects on owned lands Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu said that the central government was considering the proposal to bring down the carbon emissions of the railways, which is the largest consumer of electricity in the country. “We are studying the feasibility of such projects on our lands. We are considering developing solar power generation under PPP model,” Prabhu said. Recently, the railways had initiated a project to install rooftop solar systems at railway buildings and residential colonies besides initiating replacement of energy inefficient bulbs with LED lamps. n

September 2015

BHEL LTD BHEL commissions 500 MW Thermal Unit at Vindhyachal STPS Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has added one more coal-based power plant to the grid by successfully commissioning the 500 MW Unit-13 of Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station (STPS), Stage-V of NTPC. The project is located in Vindhyanagar in Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh. Significantly, BHEL has earlier commissioned 6 units of 500 MW rating each at Vindhyachal power station. With the commissioning of this unit, BHEL has now commissioned 7 sets of 500 MW aggregating to 3,500 MW, the highest by BHEL in a power project. BHEL’s scope of work in the contract envisaged design, engineering, manufacture, supply and erection & commissioning of Steam Generator and Steam Turbine Generator along with associated Auxiliaries and state-of-the-art Controls & Instrumentation. The equipment for the project was manufactured at BHEL’s Trichy, Ranipet, Haridwar, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Bhopal Plants, while the company’s Power Sector – Western Region undertook erection and commissioning of the equipment.

Neyveli Lignite Corporation NLC proposes to set up solar projects of 600 megawatt capacity Indian state-run energy company Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC), will set up 600 megawatts of solar power capacity. The lignite mining and power generation company, which has been operating its power plants using the lignite it mines is now focusing on renewable resources wind and solar power. NLC Chairman and Managing Director B Surender Mohan told The Hindu that the company was in the process of setting up “small-scale solar projects” — that is of 10-15 Mw capacity — in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan with a total capacity of 50 megawatts.

September 2015

“We also propose to install a 100-MW solar project at Neyveli, for which identification of suitable land is under progress,” he added. NLC is also in talks with Tamil Nadu and other states for installing solar projects with higher capacity. These will be implemented after technoeconomic viability studies are completed and necessary land is procured, according to Mohan. NLC already has a 51 Mw wind power project under construction in Tirunelveli. And, nine of the 34 wind turbines of 1.5 Mw each, which form the project, have been commissioned. Also, the construction of a 10-Mw solar project at Neyveli is expected to be completed soon.

Power Finance Corporation PFC profits rise by 8 percent in Q1 Public sector power financing company Power Finance Corporation (PFC) posted a net profit of `1,576.21 crore for the first quarter of fiscal 2015-16, a rise of 8.83 percent in profits from corresponding quarter of fiscal 2014-15, PFC announced. According to the standalone quarterly financial results for the quarter ended June 30, net profit rose by `127.95 crore in the April-June quarter of the current fiscal, net profit was `1,448.26 crore in Q1 2014-15. Total income from operations rose to `6,755.39 crore in the quarter under review from `5,856.27 crore in first quarter of last year, a rise of `899.12 crore at the rate of 15 percent. Total expenses also grew to `4,465.77 crore in Q1 from the year ago quarter. PFC counts state electricity boards, state, central and private power utilities, equipment manufacturers and other state departments engaged in power development projects as its clients.

Rural Electrification Corporation REC disburses `16,070 crore to Telangana power plant The Rural Electrification Corporation (REC), a central government enterprise disbursed a `16,070 crore loan to

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corporatenews

Telangana for construction of 4,000 MW Yadadri power plant. REC chairman and managing director Rajeev Sharma handed over the cheque to Telangana Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao. Sharma said that this is for the first time in the history of REC that such a large amount is disbursed in a single installment. He attributed this to the commitment and planning of the state government. With this, REC has so far disbursed `20,391 crore to Telangana, the highest for any state. It had earlier disbursed `4,321 crore towards construction of 800 MW power plant at Palvancha. In March, REC had agreed to fund the power projects in the newly created state to a tune of ` 24,000 crore. Under a memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed then, it agreed to fund Telangana State Generation Corporation’s three power projects aimed at generating 6,280 MW.

Rural Electrification Corporation REC Total Income increases by 21% Rural Electrification Corporation (REC), a Navratna Public Sector Company has declared its financial results for the quarter ended 30th June, 2015. In a meeting held on 07th Aug., 2015, the Board of Directors of the company approved the limited reviewed Financial Results. Total Income of the company for the quarter ended on 30th June, 2015 has increased to `5,710 crores as against the corresponding quarter ended on 30th June, 2014 of `4,707 crores, registering an increase of 21% for the quarter. Profit after tax of the company for the quarter ended on 30th June, 2015 has increased to `1,479 crores as against the corresponding quarter ended on 30th June, 2014 of `1,283 crores registering an increase of 15% for the quarter. EPS for the quarter ended 30th June, 2015 is `14.97. Net worth of the company has increased to ` 26,267 crores. The Loan Asset Book of the company as on 30th June, 2015 has increased to ` 1,86,420 crores and the outstanding borrowings is `1,55,772 crores.

lakh,” an official said. TPC has been providing reliable and uninterrupted power to its consumers, he stated. The increased Mumbai consumer base of 6.18 lakhs was aided by the addition of 19,000 direct and 1.05 lakh changeover consumers during 2014-15. In Delhi, Tata Power has a registered consumer base of 14.4 lakh, spanning across an area of 510 sq. km. in northern and north western Delhi, the official said.

Honeywell HONEYWELL to acquire ELSTER Honeywell announced that it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire the Elster Division of Melrose Industries plc, a leading provider of thermal gas solutions for commercial, industrial, and residential heating systems and gas, water, and electricity meters, including smart meters and software and data analytics solutions, for approximately $5.1 billion. Elster also manufactures flow computers and regulators for the gas industry. Elster consensus sales for 2015 are estimated to be $1.8 billion. The price translates to approximately 12.6 times Elster’s estimated 2015 consensus earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA), and the acquisition is anticipated to occur in the first quarter of 2016. The agreement is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory review and Melrose shareowner vote. “The acquisition of Elster will generate strong future returns for Honeywell’s shareowners because it increases our growth profile globally – creating both organic and inorganic growth opportunities – and because Honeywell can run this company effectively and accelerate its growth through our complementary technologies, software knowledge, and presence in High Growth Regions,” said Honeywell Chairman and CEO Dave Cote.

SIEMENS Ltd Siemens announces stable revenue and improved profits

Tata Power increases consumer base over 2 million

For the third quarter of Financial Year 2015 ended June 30, 2015, Siemens Ltd. registered New Orders of Rs. 2,234.08 crore compared to Rs. 2,732.09 crore in the same period last year. Sales were stable at Rs. 2,322.01 crore in Q3 2015, compared to Rs. 2,318.74 crore in Q3 2014.

Tata Power Company has increased its consumer base over 2 million in two Metro cities - achieving 6.18 lakh consumers in Mumbai and over 14.4 lakh in Delhi. Also, the number of changeover consumers in Mumbai during 2014-15 was 1.05 lakh.

For the third quarter of Financial Year 2015 ended June 30, Siemens Ltd. registered an increase in Profit Before Tax to Rs. 250.34 crore compared to Rs. 19.55 crore in Q3 2014. Profit After Tax in Q3 2015 increased to Rs. 168.26 crore compared to Rs. 13 crore in Q3 2014.

“TPC has been providing power at the lowest tariff to the low end residential consumers. In the past few years, the consumer strength in Mumbai alone rose by around 2

Sunil Mathur, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Siemens Ltd., said, “Order inflows in our Energy business have not yet picked up. n

Tata Power

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September 2015

CPRINews

uu S olar Photo Voltaic Test Facility upto (500 Wp) at CPRI, Bangalore uu I nverter Test facility (upto 500 kVA) at CPRI, Bangalore uu Illumination Test Laboratory at CPRI, Bangalore uu Motor Test facility (500 kVA) at CPRI, Bangalore uu O n-line Short Circuit Test Facility (350 MVA) at UHVRL-CPRI, Hyderabad uu M odern Tower Hyderabad

Test

Facility

UHVRL-CPRI,

uu Insulating oil test facility at UHVRL-CPRI, Hyderabad With the above facilities, CPRI would be able to serve the enhanced testing requirements of Indian Power Sector.

Augmentation of CPRI Facilities - Major 12th Plan Projects CPRI had drawn up 12th Plan Projects to fill up the gaps in important Testing and Evaluation facilities, keeping in mind the Power Sector scenario for the next 5 – 8 years. The projects were devised considering the requirements of the Electrical Industry and Power Utilities across the Country. Following two major projects were sanctioned by Ministry of Power during 2015: uu A ugmentation of High Power Short Circuit test facilities by installation of two Additional 2500 MVA Generators and associated equipment, with an outlay of Rs. 640.00 crores. uu E stablishment of New Test Facilities with an outlay of Rs.356.10 crores. Following important facilities are envisaged to be established under the above projects: uu U pgradation of High Power Laboratory from 2500 MVA to 7500 MVA at CPRI, Bangalore uu R egional Testing Laboratory at Nashik, Maharashtra, comprising of test facility for Transformer, Energy Meter and Insulating oil uu T emperature Rise Test facility (40 kA) at CPRI, Bangalore uu Smart Grid Research Laboratory at CPRI, Bangalore

CPRI executes Consultancy Work at Zimbabwe for the First Time CPRI executed a consultancy work to assess the performance of a 1 x 220 MW unit boiler at Hwange Thermal Power Station, Zimbabwe Power Company, Hwange, Zimbabwe. The Scope of work covered data collection & field visit for conducting detailed Energy Audit, data analysis and draft report preparation, Report finalization. CPRI Officers viz.,Shri.S.Jothibasu, Engineering Officer and Shri.N.Rajkumar, Engineering Officer visited and carried out Performance evaluation study from 8th to 16th April 2015 at Zimbabwe. The work was well appreciated by Zimbabwe Power Company. This is the first assignment by CPRI in Zimbabwe which was awarded by M/s.Astone Energy Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Forthcoming CPRI Technical Programmes http://www.cpri.in/events.html

Sl No

Name of the Event

Dates

Tutorial Program on “Testing & Evaluation of Power/ Distribution Transformers”

September 24 -25, 2015

Short Term Course on Transformer Technology (Distribution)

Oct 05-07, 2015

Enhancement of O & M Skills for BESCOM Engineers

Oct 07-09, 2015

Tutorial Program on Distribution transformer performance evaluation through testing & analysis

Oct 08-09,

National Conference on Silt and Cavitation in Hydel Plants : Issues & Challenges

2015

Oct 29-30, 2015

For details, contact: Shri Prabhakar Hegde,

CPRI officials with WAPCOS Ltd and ZPC officials at Hwange TPS during field study

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Joint Director (Information and Publicity Division) CPRI, Bangalore. Tel: 080 23602329 Email: hegde@cpri.in

September 2015

Shocks & Sparks Theory worth reading A beautiful speech by SundarPichai - an IIT-MIT Alumnus , Global Head of Android and Google Chrome: (New CEO of Google)

When he was confident enough, he grabbed it with his fingers and threw it out of the restaurant. Sipping my coffee and watching the amusement, the antenna of my mind picked up a few thoughts and started wondering, was the cockroach responsible for their histrionic behavior? If so, then why was the waiter not disturbed? He handled it near to perfection, without any chaos. It is not the cockroach, but the inability of the ladies to handle the disturbance caused by the cockroach that disturbed the ladies.

At a restaurant, a cockroach suddenly flew from somewhere and sat on a lady. She started screaming out of fear. With a panic stricken face and trembling voice,she started jumping, with both her hands desperately trying to get rid of the cockroach. Her reaction was contagious, as everyone in her group also got panicky. The lady finally managed to push the cockroach away but ...it landed on another lady in the group. Now, it was the turn of the other lady in the group to continue the drama. The waiter rushed forward to their rescue. In the relay of throwing, the cockroach next fell upon the waiter. The waiter stood firm, composed himself and observed the behavior of the cockroach on his shirt.

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A day at Starbucks... A Jewish man was sitting at Starbucks reading an Arabic newspaper. A friend of his who happened to stop by there saw him. Shocked, he said: ‘Moshe, have you lost your mind? Why are you reading an Arabic newspaper?’ Moshe replied, ‘Eli, I used to read the Jewish newspapers, but what did I find? Jews being persecuted all over the world, Israel under attack, Jews living in poverty, the entire Jewish race disappearing through assimilation, Jews hated everywhere. I felt so depressed.

I realized that, it is not the shouting of my father or my boss or my wife that disturbs me, but it’s my inability to handle the disturbances caused by their shouting that disturbs me.

Then I switched to an Arabic newspaper. Now what do I find?

It’s not the traffic jams on the road that disturbs me, but my inability to handle the disturbance caused by the traffic jam that disturbs me.

I tell you, Eli, this news is so much better!’

More than the problem, it’s my reaction to the problem that creates chaos in my life.

Jews own all the banks, Jews control the global media, Jews control the US Govt, Jews control the whole damn world.

Recipe Book Wife : I hate that beggar. Husband : Why ? Wife : Rascal, yesterday

Lessons learnt from the story: I understood, I should not react in life. I should always respond. The women reacted, whereas the waiter responded. Reactions are always instinctive whereas responses are always well thought of.

I gave him food today he gave me a book How to Cook !!!

A beautiful way to understand...LIFE. Person who is HAPPY is not because Everything is RIGHT in his Life.. He is HAPPY because his Attitude towards Everything in his Life is Right..!!,,,,,,,

September 2015

RG Keswani