Ieema journal june 2017

Page 1

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 8 ISSUE NO. 10 JUNE 2017 PGS. 118

ISSN 0970-2946 Rs. 100/-

Face to Face The non-production of CRGO locally is a major challenge for the Lamination Industry: Mr Saif Qureishi

Interaction Growth in Transmission Network will promote growth in requirement of Power Transformers: Mr Nitin Naik

Guest Article Emerging Trends in Power Transformer: Dielectric Technology

International Exposure IEEMA signs MoU with BEAMA IEEMA Pavilion at Hannover 2017 5th International Istanbul Smart Grids and Cities Congress and Fair

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THANK YOU EXHIBITORS! WE ARE WELL ON OUR WAY TO CREATE HISTORY

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We are thrilled by your continued support and patronage. We are now well on our way to a power packed ELECRAMA.

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June 2017

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June 2017

Improving network availability‌

‌through enhanced power quality.

— Enhancing power quality for a stronger network. Power quality is key to improving grid availability and reliability. It enables the optimization of operating costs and secures grid code compliance. Power quality supports the integration of renewables into the grid and enhances energy efficiency, leading to lower carbon emissions and minimizing environmental impact. ABB is a technology leader with a wide range of products, systems and services that improve power quality including capacitors and filters, power electronics-based compensators and software solutions, across the power value chain for low, medium and high-voltage applications, helping to shape a stronger, smarter and greener grid. http://new.abb.com/grid

From the President’s Desk

Dear Friends, Finally in a little more than a month, the most ambitious indirect tax reform in India, since independence, will be rolled out. GST is not just a tax reform but an overall business reform, a great step by the Government of India that will help transform the economy, bring in transparency and the system of “one country one taxâ€? in India. We have been talking about “One Country One Taxâ€? for the past more than 2 decades. I am very happy it has come through now, after adequate debate and discussion, which are hallmark of democracy. Successful implementation of GST will help in developing a common market E\ GLVPDQWOLQJ Ă€VFDO EDUULHUV DPRQJ WKH VWDWHV %HVLGHV VLPSOLI\LQJ WKH FXUUHQW V\VWHP D XQLĂ€HG WD[ UHJLPH ZLOO UHVXOW LQ D VLQJOH PDUNHW ORZHULQJ WKH FRVWV RI doing business and re-design supply chain management. With the government’s focus on Make in India, GST will make environment in the country business friendly and attractive for foreign companies also, encouraging them to set up manufacturing units in India. The GST will also give the much needed push to the government’s ‘ease of doing business’ initiative by simplifying the taxation procedure. For the power sector, the 5 percent GST rate on coal will bring the down the SULFHV RI HOHFWULFLW\ $W WKH VDPH WLPH ORZHU IUHLJKW FRVWV DQG WD[ UDWHV ZLOO EHQHĂ€W the electrical equipment manufacturers. IEEMA had made a representation to the government for electricity to be subsumed within the scope of GST. We had invited inputs from our members to make a suitable representation to the GST Council for lowering the higher GST rates on some of the products. A delegation from IEEMA met the Revenue Secretary, GoI, immediately after announcement of the GST rates and expressed the concern of our members in products which were placed in highest category of 28% in GST tax slab. The Revenue Secretary assured the delegation of looking into the matter and taking suitable action on our recommendation. The association is also pressing its representation through other concerned ministries also.

Sanjeev Sardana

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June 2017

Samvaad...

Dear Members, The preparation for ELECRAMA 2018 has begun and I am glad to share with my readers and members that the response has been unprecedented. International participation from Countries like China, Germany, Turkey, South Africa, Taiwan and United Kingdom and USA has been expressed. ELECRAMA 2018 will EH D SODWIRUP ZKHUH WKH ZRUOG RI HOHFWULFLW\ ZLOO PHHW WKH IXWXUH 7KH ÀYH GD\ long exhibition will be seeing Power Electronics, Electro-Mobility, Automation and Power Storage as new entrants. The complete digital transformation will EULQJ WKH H[KLELWRUV VWDNHKROGHUV DQG YLVLWRUV QRW MXVW D SODWIRUP WR VKDUH WKHLU SURGXFWV EXW DOVR SURYLGH WKHP ZLWK VROXWLRQV $Q H[FOXVLYH SDYLOLRQ ZLOO EH FUHDWHG WKDW ZLOO IHDWXUH WKH IXWXUH RI WHFKQRORJ\ featuring state-of-the-art showcase of products and solutions. In addition to the World Utility Summit ELECRAMA 2018 has also introduced the World Contractors Consultants and Channel Partners Congress (W4C), where UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV IURP DFURVV WKH ZRUOG ZLOO LQWHJUDWH DQG EXLOG UHODWLRQV ZLWK the Indian supplier segment. Global Electrical Equipment Manufacture’s Summit (GEMS), a global platform ZLOO EH FUHDWHG IRU WKH ÀUVW WLPH IRU WKH HOHFWULFLW\ HTXLSPHQW PDQXIDFWXULQJ sector to engage and collaborate to strengthen the industry roots further. A IUHVK DQG SURJUHVVLYH VWHS LQ WKLV \HDU·V (/(&5$0$ LV DOVR LQFOXGLQJ WKH \RXQJ JHQHUDWLRQ LQ WKLV DJH ROG LQGXVWU\ WKURXJK ( 7HFK 1H[W ,W LV D VWDUW XS SDYLOLRQ EHLQJ LQWURGXFHG IRU WKH ÀUVW WLPH LQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK 7,( DQG 1$66&20 7KURXJK (/(&5$0$ ZH DLP WR JLYH QHZ GLUHFWLRQ DQG QHZ PHDQLQJ to ‘electricity’. It will not be a mere Exhibition, but we promise it to be an EXPERIENCE. In a yet another step in engaging with our counterpart associations in other countries, IEEMA signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the UK electrotechnical association, BEAMA in London, UK. This MoU comes at a time of increased political and business collaboration between the UK and ,QGLD 7KH 0R8 SDYHV WKH ZD\ WRZDUGV YHU\ VSHFLÀF DFWLYLWLHV EHWZHHQ WKH two associations in the coming year. IEEMA will work with BEAMA closely for VHWWLQJ XS DQ HOHFWULFDO YHKLFOH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GLYLVLRQ 0RUHRYHU %($0$ DORQJ with a group of companies will also participate in ELECRAMA 2018. ,Q OLQH ZLWK RXU REMHFWLYH RI SURYLGLQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO H[SRVXUH WR RXU PHPEHUVKLS ,((0$ DOVR KDG LWV SDYLOLRQ LQ +$1129(5 0(66( DQG $IULFDQ 8WLOLW\ Week which concluded recently.

Sunil Misra

June 2017

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Contents

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

Volume 8 Issue No. 10 June 2017 CIN U99999MH970GAP014629 2IÀFLDO 2UJDQ RI ,QGLDQ (OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV 0DQXIDFWXUHUV· $VVRFLDWLRQ Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society

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From the President’s Desk 7

Samvaad 26

Appointments This new space in the IEEMA Journal will incorporate recent important appointments in the power and related sectors

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Face to Face

The non production of CRGO locally is a major challenge for the Lamination Industry: Mr Saif Qureishi

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Cover story

Opinion

Testing procedures of Transformers to ensure its health and Grid Stability

Monitoring HV transformer conditions: the strength of combining various diagnostic property observations

Transformer is a static device which transform A.C. electrical power from one voltage to another voltage keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic induction. It can raise or lower the voltage with a corresponding decrease or increase of current. Transformer is the heart of any power system/network. It is most costly and essential equipment of power system. Hence regular testing is always required to ensure its reliable operation. Any failure to the power transformer can extremely affect the whole functioning of the network/organization.

Power utilities are constantly increasing their demand for online monitoring systems able to dynamically assess the condition of their electrical assets, in order to perform cost-effective maintenance. The power transformers connected to the transmission and distribution networks represent a wide population of electrical apparatus where the on-line monitoring of their overall conditions can allow maintenance and asset manager to prevent major outages or damages, having sometimes cost higher than the whole apparatus

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Interaction Growth in transmission network will promote growth in requirement of power transformers: Mr Nitin Naik

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June 2017

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EVENT

In focus

Insight

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Transformer Asset Health Indices: What You Need to Know

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IEEMA activities

There is much talk in the industry about ‘asset health indices’ and their use. This paper sets out some of the basics and shows where clarity is needed to avoid error. What is important is a structured and consistent approach which DOORZV IRU MXVWLÀDEOH DQG DXGLWDEOH asset prioritization and intervention planning.

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Guest article

In depth

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Transformer manufacturers and utilities focus on the design and manufacture of environmentallyfriendly transformers that are non-hazardous while offering improved life cycle costs with minimal maintenance. These transformers offer reduced carbon IRRWSULQW UHGXFHG OHYHOV RI SROOXWLRQ ZDWHU VRLO 1RLVH HQKDQFHG OLIHF\FOH FRVWV HQKDQFHG SURGXFW OLIHWLPH DQG HQKDQFHG ÀUH VDIHW\

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As electric power network systems continue to grow in size and complexity. Transformers are the second largest loss making types of HTXLSPHQW LQ SRZHU QHWZRUNV DIWHU transmission and distribution lines. +LJK HIÀFLHQF\ WUDQVIRUPHUV SUHVHQW HFRQRPLF EHQHÀWV LQ WHUPV RI ORZHU RSHUDWLQJ FRVW UHGXFH JUHHQKRXVH JDV HPLVVLRQV LPSURYHG UHOLDELOLW\ and a potentially a longer service life.

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Solutions

6SHFLÀFDWLRQV 'HVLJQ Reviews and Life 0DQDJHPHQW &RQFHSWV

$SSOLFDWLRQ RI +7 6XUJH Arresters to Transformers

This paper explains importance RI 6SHFLÀFDWLRQV 'HVLJQ UHYLHZV and Life management concepts IRU UHOLDEOH XQLQWHUUXSWHG DQG intended application of transformers throughout the life cycle. Transformer beizability of power V\VWHP 7KH VSHFLÀFDWLRQ IRUPV WKH basis on which the manufacturer GHVLJQV PDQXIDFWXUHV DQG WHVWV D transformer.

Surge Arresters are used to Limit the surge voltage much below Pic: Earth conductor of S.A connected to separate electrode the voltage impulse withstanding level of the near by apparatus and to divert Lightning current. The function of the earth conductor is to provide a conducting path over which the surge current can be diverted around the apparatus being SURWHFWHG ZLWKRXW GHYHORSLQJ D dangerous voltage magnitude.

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In Focus

Tech Space

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International News 101

Index to Advertisers 102

Expert Speak

National News

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Corporate News 108

Power Scenario Global Scenario Indian Scenario The impact of renewables to energy production is becoming more and PRUH VLJQLĂ€FDQW EXW QRW RQO\ LQ positive terms. The type of electrical and thermal stresses occurring LQ HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV HVSHFLDOO\ LQVXODWLRQ V\VWHPV GXH WR QRQ FRQYHQWLRQDO YROWDJH ZDYHIRUPV transients and loading conditions may affect considerably electrical asset reliability.

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IEEMA Database Basic Prices & Indices Production Statistics

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ERDA News 114

Product showcase

Articles: Technical data presented and views expressed by authors of articles are their own and ,((0$ GRHV QRW DVVXPH DQ\ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKH VDPH ,((0$ -RXUQDO RZQV FRS\ULJKW IRU RULJLQDO DUWLFOHV SXEOLVKHG LQ ,((0$ -RXUQDO Representatives: Guwahati (Assam) 1LODQNKD &KDOLKD Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org 0RELOH /XFNQRZ 8 3 DQG 8WWDUDNKDQG $MXM .XPDU &KDWXUYHGL Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org 0RELOH &KDQGLJDUK 3XQMDE +DU\DQD

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Cornelius Plath Product Manager

Quicker and easier transformer testing than ever before … … was our vision for our new powerful and lightweight test set. TESTRANO 600 is the world’s first portable, three-phase test system which supports all of the common electrical tests done on power transformers. With just one setup for multiple tests, TESTRANO 600 significantly reduces the wiring effort and testing time. Its specially designed power amplifiers ensure a new level of accuracy. And the multi-touch color display enables smart and comfortable operation. Visit us at ELECRAMA 2018, March 10 -14, Hall H1, Stall H1B28

www.omicronenergy.com/newTESTRANO600

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APPOINTMENTS Schneider Electric appoints Mr Venkatraman Swaminathan to lead the IT Division Schneider Electric the global specialist in energy management and automationt has appointed Venkatraman Swaminathan as the Vice-President, IT Division – India Zone. He takes over from Nikhil Pathak, who has moved to a new role as the Vice President – Strategy Deployment and Operations, ROW – IT Business at Schneider Electric. In his new role, Venkatraman will be responsible for driving the growth of the overall IT Business in India.

Indian American Mr Neil Chatterjee appointed at Federal Energy Regulatory Commission US President Donald Trump has appointed Neil Chatterjee to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees electricity, natural gas and oil at the national level. Chatterjee will play a key role in Trump’s programme to reshape energy policy, most of which is opposed by environmentalists and Democrats, if his appointment LV FRQÀUPHG E\ WKH 6HQDWH +H LV WKH VHFRQG ,QGLDQ American to be appointed by Trump to a major regulatory position with a controversial mission.

Mr Sanjay Agarwal appointed Director, Hitachi Data Systems Hitachi Data Systems Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hitachi Ltd, today appointed Sanjay Agrawal as the Director of the Platforms and Solutions Group, Hitachi Data Systems India. Sanjay will be responsible for the technical direction at HDS and will lead a team of solutions-focused business consultants and technical experts in India to help customers realize business transformation. With over 28 years of industry experience, Sanjay will further strengthen the India Presales team into a niche HDS specialist community to enhance collaboration and share expertise across different regions in India.

Mr VC Bhandari appointed EIL Director (Human Resources) Mr Vipin Chander Bhandari, Executive Director, has been appointed as Director (HR) of the Engineers India Limited, New Delhi.

Mr AK Chaudhary gets extension as SAIL Director Mr A K Chaudhary has been given an extension of tenure for the post of Director (Finance) in the Steel Authority of India Limited till December 31, 2020.

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Mr Utpal Bora appointed CMD, Oil India Ltd Mr Utpal Bora has been appointed as Chairman and Managing Director of Oil India Limited. Earlier he was the Executive Director of ONGC.

Applications invited for Director, NTPC The Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB) is VHHNLQJ TXDOLĂ€HG FDQGLGDWHV IRU WKH SRVW RI 'LUHFWRU (Project), NTPC Limited. Director (Projects) is a member of Board of Directors and reports to Chairman and Managing Director. He is responsible for ensuring timely construction, erection, commissioning and completion of all projects under the corporation as per the desired quality and cost frame work through effective Project Management System. The last date of submission of application is June 27, 2017.

Mr KS Nagnyal appointed Director, PTC Board Mr KS Nagnyal has been appointed as Nominee Director on the Board of PTC India Limited, with effect from April 29, 2017. He is presently the Zonal Manager (Eastern Zone) of LIC India.

Mr Sanjay Mitra appointed Defence Secretary Mr Sanjay Mitra, took over as the new Defence Secretary on May 24th, succeeding Mr G Mohan Kumar.Belonging to the 1982 batch of IAS, West Bengal cadre, Mr Mitra was earlier Secretary, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways in the Government of India and had also worked as Chief Secretary of West Bengal.

74 IAS officials transferred in Uttar Pradesh The Uttar Pradesh government transferred 74 IAS RIÀFLDOV ZKLOH Sashi Prakash Goel has been appointed as Principal Secretary to Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath. Mr Sanjay Agarwal has been shifted to the Secondary and Higher Education Department as Additional Chief Secretary. Mr Alok Kumar has been posted as the new Principal Secretary, Power department. Another senior bureaucrat Mr Sadakant, has been divested of charge of Additional Chief Secretary, Housing and Urban Planning and is left with the Public Works Department. Mr Mukul Singhal has been given this charge. Mr Amit Mohan Prasad has been divested of the charge of Investment Commissioner but remains Noida CEO and Noida Metro Rail Corporation’s Managing Director. Principal Secretary, Home, Mr Debashish Panda has been relieved of his long-standing charge and has been posted as Investment Commissioner and Resident Commissioner of UP in New Delhi. Mr Arvind Kumar, who was the Principal Secretary, Revenue, replaces him in the Home Department.

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Face2Face

The non production of CRGO locally is a major challenge for the LAMINATION INDUSTRY

Mr Saif Qureishi,

Chairman, IEEMA Electrical Lamination Division speaks to IEEMA Journal about the challenges faced by the Electrical Lamination Industry

Can you please share the state of Electrical lamination industry? State of the Electrical lamination industry is dependent on three main factors. The state of the transformer manufacturers order books and liquidity position, the International price of CRGO (because CRGO is not produced in the country) and the quantity of imports of secondary, defective and used material (which cannibalizes the market of prime CRGO). The condition of the order book of almost all transformer manufacturers is improving, thanks to the Power Ministry’s push to enhance and strengthen the distribution network under DDUGVY and IPDS schemes as well as the demand from PGCIL for large power transformers. However the liquidity position of most transformer manufacturers is not that strong. Hopefully this will improve in the coming days, leading to shorter working capital cycle for the lamination industry.

Secondly, the International price of CRGO which had fallen very sharply over the last 8 months of calendar \HDU KDV VWDUWHG UHFRYHULQJ IURP WKH ÀUVW TXDUWHU Volatility in prices isn’t good for any industry and we are hoping that the prices of CRGO which are currently rising (due to the uneconomical levels that they had fallen to for the mills) will sustain at a reasonable level and will stabilize so as to give the much needed impetus to the lamination industry. Regarding the import of seconds and defectives, this is a very complicated subject. Many unscrupulous traders and importers through various means to hood wink the authorities and in some case in collusion with the authorities, import these sub-standard and secondary materials which result in the increase of No Load losses of transformers and larger number of transformer failures and noise.

What are the challenges by the Electrical Lamination Industry? The biggest challenge facing the Electrical Lamination industry is the import of seconds and defective material by spurious methods despite CRGO being under BIS FHUWLÀFDWLRQ QRQ %,6 DSSURYHG &5*2 LV EDQQHG IURP import into India). However, many traders and importers use creative methods to circumvent this law of the land. They import seconds and defectives through SEZ’s, they import through Inland container depots where the checks are QRW DV VWULQJHQW WKH\ IDNH 0LOOV WHVW FHUWLÀFDWHV E\ SXWWLQJ fake BIS mark and stickers on the material, they somehow manage to import used and second hand CRGO material

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Face2Face

other sources should not be allowed at all. This will ensure that secondary material coming into the country disguised as Prime material with fake BIS FHUWLÀFDWHV DQG IDNH %,6 VWLFNHUV ZLOO LPPHGLDWHO\ stop, as the mill or it’s authorised distributor’s will never indulge in these practices.

by mis-declaring it as melting scrap through Chennai and Kolkatta ports and they also import used and second hand CRGO as “Parts of transformer”. Though the Power Minister himself has warned industry not to indulge in the use of non-Prime CRGO, at various forums over the last three years, this business unfortunately continues.

2.

Import of used material coming under the guise of “built up core” or “transformer parts” should be allowed only from actual manufacturers of these products and not from traders who are dismantling old transformers abroad and mis-declaring these to enable their import in collusion with authorities. Further, the manufacturer abroad should also EH DVNHG WR SURGXFH %,6 PLOO WHVW FHUWLÀFDWH RI CRGO raw material used and the same should be FHUWLÀHG E\ WKH 0LOO 7KLV ZLOO EULQJ WKH LPSRUW RI material coming under the guise of built up core or transformer parts close to zero.

3.

Finally the import of old and used CRGO under melting scrap from SEZ’s, Kolkatta ,Chennai ports and Inland container depots, is a bit harder to stop, because this is done with the collusion of WKH RIÀFHUV ZKR DUH VXSSRVHG WR LQVSHFW DQG VHL]H this material but are allowing it to be imported for WKHLU RZQ SHUVRQDO EHQHÀW +RZHYHU LI PHOWLQJ scrap imported by traders and small actual users (who are the main importers of this) is put under the inspection of DRI or SIIB, then it will be very GLIÀFXOW IRU WKH FROOXGLQJ RIÀFHUV WR HQDEOH WKLV IUDXG on the nation..

This is not to say that the seconds and defective material import has not reduced. It has possibly reduced by 50 H[DFW ÀJXUHV DUH QRW DYDLODEOH EXW WKH EDODQFH is still somehow coming through. There are simple and effective ways to bring this to zero and I think IEEMA and the transformer division along with the Electrical Lamination committee should strongly represent to the government to stop import of this kind of CRGO into the country. Secondly the non production of CRGO locally is a major challenge for the Lamination as well as the entire Transformer industry. This means not only being at the mercy of imports, but long lead times and there DUH WLPHV RI VKRUWDJHV ZKHQ VXIÀFLHQW PDWHULDO LV QRW available locally. Despite the government’s intention to produce CRGO in India, it will possibly take at least 5 to 7 years more, if things go smoothly for CRGO to be produced locally.

Do you think the Government is doing enough for stimulating the demand? The Government has been on a mission to ensure 24x7 Power to all in the country and this cannot be done without adequately enhancing and strengthening the country’s Distribution network. The various schemes like UDAY, which has revived the ailing Discoms, DDUGVY and IPDS have all been a push from the government in this direction and it is good for the transformer industry and it’s component suppliers as well as the power sector as a whole. We are fortunate to have a Minister who is dedicated and committed to realizing the vision of the Prime Minister of ‘Power for all and I think the Transformer industry and therefore the Electrical lamination industry will see a good growth in demand in the forseeable future.

In conclusion, I would like to say that where there is a will there is a way. The government or a few people in the industry cannot do anything by themselves. It is a problem for the country and therefore not only should transformer manufacturers stop buying their laminations from those who use secondary and used material, but we need whistle blowers who will help track down these offenders so that the scourge of secondary and used material is banished from India. Ɠ - Shalini Singh, IEEMA

What are the steps to stop import of secondary material being imported in the guise of built up core or transformer parts? As detailed above secondary and used material comes through various means and my recommendations for completely stopping the same are as follows: 1.

30

Allow import of Prime CRGO only directly from the Mills or mill’s authorised distributors. Imports from

June 2017

June 2017

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CoverStory

ransformer is a static device which transform A.C. electrical power from one voltage to another voltage keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic induction. It can raise or lower the voltage with a corresponding decrease or increase of current. Transformer is the heart of any power system/network. It is most costly and essential equipment of power system. Hence regular testing is always required to ensure its reliable operation. Any failure to the power transformer can extremely affect the whole functioning of the network/organization.

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So for getting high performance and long functional life of the power transformer, it is desired to perform various WHVWLQJ SURFHGXUHV IRU WKH FRQĂ€UPDWLRQ RI VSHFLĂ€FDWLRQV and performance of the power transformers. These tests can be performed either at the manufacturing premises before the delivery of the transformer or at the consumer site before it is commissioned. In addition, many periodic tests are recommended on a regular basis throughout the transformer’s service life to ensure stability and reliable operation. Transformer tests are basically FODVVLĂ€HG EDVHG RQ WKH WHVW DW PDQXIDFWXULQJ SUHPLVHV before dispatch and tests at site where it is utalised. The test carried out at manufacturing facility before the transformers are dispatched for delivery are type tests, routine tests and special tests are. Type tests are FRQGXFWHG WR FRQĂ€UP WKH EDVLF GHVLJQ H[SHFWDWLRQ RI FRQVXPHU VSHFLĂ€FDWLRQ RI D SDUWLFXODU WUDQVIRUPHU RI a production lot. To prove that the transformer meets FXVWRPHU¡V VSHFLĂ€FDWLRQV WKH WUDQVIRUPHU KDV WR JR through different testing procedures in manufacturer premises. Some transformer tests are carried out IRU FRQĂ€UPLQJ WKH EDVLF GHVLJQ H[SHFWDWLRQ RI WKDW transformer. These tests are done mainly in a prototype unit not in all manufactured units in a lot.

32

7KH SXUSRVH RI URXWLQH WHVWV LV WR FRQĂ€UP WKH RSHUDWLRQDO performance of individual transformer units in a production lot. They are carried out on every manufactured unit. Routine tests of transformer include all the type tests except temperature rise and vacuum tests. The oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages at joints and gaskets is included in routine test. Special tests of transformer are conducted according to consumer requirements to obtain information that will be useful in transformer operations and maintenance. Some of the tests those are conducted at the site where the electrical transformer is installed to determine its electrical, thermal and mechanical suitability for the system in which it will be used They include precommissioning tests, periodic maintenance tests, and failure tests. Pre-commissioning tests are performed before the actual commissioning of the transformer at the site. They asses its post-installation condition and carry out a comparative analysis of the test results of all low voltage tests with report of tests conducted at the manufacturing premises. Periodic maintenance tests performed during the service life of equipment provide valuable information about its state of deterioration. They help in predicting the possibility of transformer failure. Failure tests are employed to identify the cause of transformer breakdown.

In view of the above classification, the following are the transformer tests discuses below Winding resistance measurement test Since the transformers are subject to vibration, faults could occur due to defects in design and assembly, poor handling, environmental causes, overloading or lack

June 2017

CoverStory

of maintenance. The winding resistance measurement test can be conducted both as a type test or routine WHVW DV ZHOO DV ÀHOG WHVW 7UDQVIRUPHU ZLQGLQJ UHVLVWDQFH measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer. Measuring the resistance of the transformer’s windings FRQÀUPV WKDW WKH FRQQHFWLRQV DUH FRUUHFW $W WKH manufacturing premises, these resistance measurements are of fundamental importance for determining copper losses, computing the winding temperature at the end of the temperature rise test, and for assessing SRVVLEOH GDPDJHV LQ WKH ÀHOG +RZHYHU DW WKH VLWH this test employed to check abnormalities due to lose connections, broken conductor strands, high contact resistance in tap changers, high voltage leads, bushings, etc. It involves measuring transformer winding resistance by applying a small direct current and measuring the voltage drop across the winding.

Transformer ratio test A transformer is basically used for the conversion of power from a particular system voltage to another. This voltage relationship is determined by the number of turns in the transformer’s high voltage winding and the number of turns in the low voltage windings. The ratio between the two windings computed under no-load conditions is referred to as the transformer turn ratio. The performance of a transformer largely depends XSRQ SHUIHFWLRQ RI VSHFLÀF WXUQV RU YROWDJH UDWLR RI transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer. This test also performed as routine test of transformer. However, several factors, like physical damage from faults, deteriorated insulation, shipping damage and contamination, can change the transformer turns ratio. For performing the turn ratio test on transformer, apply three phase 415 V supply to HV winding, with keeping LV winding open and measure the induced voltages at HV and LV terminals of transformer WR ÀQG RXW DFWXDO YROWDJH UDWLR RI WUDQVIRUPHU 5HSHDW WKH test for all tap position separately.

Vector group test The vector group of transformers is generally provides information about the phase difference between primary and secondary transformers, and is needed when a number of low rated transformers are operating at parallel. This is because the parallel connections of transformers with different vector groups leads to a phase difference between primary and secondary transformers, causing WKH FLUFXODWLRQ RI ODUJH FXUUHQW Ă RZV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR ,Q three phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a vector group test of transformer. Proper vector grouping in a transformer is an essential criteria for parallel operation of transformers. There are several internal connection of three phase transformer are available in market. These several connections gives various magnitudes and phase of the secondary voltage; the magnitude can be adjusted for parallel operation by suitable choice of turn ratio,

June 2017

but the phase divergence can not be compensated. So it is necessary to choose those transformer for parallel operation whose phase sequence and phase divergence are same. All the transformers with same vector group have same phase sequence and phase divergence between primary and secondary. So before procuring electrical power transformer, one should ensure the vector group of the transformer, whether it will be matched with existing system or not.

Magnetic balance test Magnetizing current test of transformer is performed to locate defects in the magnetic core structure, shifting of windings, failure in turn to turn insulation or problem in tap changers. These conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus DIIHFWLQJ WKH FXUUHQW UHTXLUHG WR HVWDEOLVK Ă X[ LQ WKH core. The magnetic balance test is conducted only on three phase transformers to detect inter-turn faults and PDJQHWLF LPEDODQFHV ,W SURYLGHV DQ HVWLPDWH RI WKH Ă X[ distribution in the transformer core. However, this is only an indicative test and must be supplemented with other tests. Meanwhile, the magnetic current test determines whether a particular transformer has been assembled properly with the appropriate number of turns, the right grade of magnetic material for the core, and the correct air gap, if required. Magnetic balance test of transformer is check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit. The Magnetic Balance test of Transformer performed as follows: h First keep the tap changer of transformer in normal position. h Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground. h Then apply single phase 230 V AC supply across one of the HV winding terminals and neutral terminal. h Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of neutral terminal. h Repeat the test for each of the three phases.

Temperature rise test Temperature rise test of transformer is included in type test of transformer that are used to verify the calculated temperature rise in the active parts of the transformer like oil, windings and core do not exceed the agreed limits or standards. Their major objective is to measure the rise in the temperature of transformer windings due to hysteresis losses in the magnetic core. They entail two independent tests one is open circuit or no load test and other is short circuit or closed circuit test. This test provide the information whether the temperature rising limit of the WUDQVIRUPHU ZLQGLQJ DQG RLO DV SHU VSHFLĂ€FDWLRQ RU QRW

Insulation resistance tests The insulation resistance test, is a spot insulation test that employs direct current voltage through megger to measure insulation resistance. The resistance is indicative of the condition of insulation between two conductive parts, with a high value of signifying a better insulation condition. Due to the portable nature of megger or IR WHVWHU WKLV WHVW LV RIWHQ GHSOR\HG LQ WKH ÀHOG WR HQVXUH D ÀQDO FKHFN RI HTXLSPHQW LQVXODWLRQ DQG FRQÀUP FLUFXLW

33

CoverStory

reliability. This test is carried out to ensure the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer. The procedure of Insulation Resistance test of transformer is as given below: It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in three phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all the windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also all the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta. Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of transformer. Since the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes. With the duration of application of voltage, IR value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness of insulation.

Lighting impulse test This is categorized as a type test or routine test depending upon the operating voltage level. Its purpose is to ensure that transformer insulations withstand atmospheric lighting and transient extra high voltages during switching. The transformers deployed in high voltage networks have to face atmospheric lighting, and the amplitude of lighting overvoltage depends on the magnitude of the impulse current.

Zero sequence impedance test

main insulation to earth and between windings. The procedure of induced voltage test is as follows: h Keep the primary winding of transformer open circuited. h Apply three phase voltage to the secondary winding. The applied voltage should be twice of rated voltage of secondary winding in magnitude and frequency. h The duration of the test shall be 60 second. h The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage, and it shall be quickly increased up to desired value. The test is successful if no breakdown occurs at full test voltage during test.

Hipot test Hipot test also known as the dielectric withstand test, the hipot test is used to determine the adequacy of electric insulation at high voltages. It ensures that the WUDQVIRUPHU KDV VXIÀFLHQW LQVXODWLRQ WR ZLWKVWDQG H[FHVV voltage in operations. This test involves the application of a high voltage, which is usually about two times the operating voltage. It is conducted for durations of one WR ÀYH PLQXWHV ,Q WKH FDVH RI WUDQVIRUPHU ZLQGLQJ LW LV conducted on individual phases. The phases that are not able to withstand the high potential voltage are grounded.

Polarity test

Zero sequence impedance is generally measured for the transformer’s star connected windings. This is done by supplying a current of rated frequency between the parallel connected phase terminals and the neutral terminal. Its purpose is to measure the properties of the main system transformer in the case of asymmetrical load as well as to make the necessary calculations.

The polarity test helps to determine the direction of the secondary current in relation to the primary current. Ensuring that transformers are connected with the correct polarity is a must as wrong connections can lead to the false operation of protection relays. Hence, polarity tests are used for identifying the primary and secondary phase polarities and are a must in the case of polyphase connections.

Oil breakdown voltage test

Load test

Dielectric strength test of transformer is one kind of insulation test. This test is performed to ensure the expected over all insulation strength of transformer. This test is a useful indicator of the condition of the insulation system and oil. They are important elements of any transformer preventive maintenance programme. There are several test performed to ensure the required quality of transformer insulation, dielectric test is one of them. Among them, the most common is the transformer oil break-down test, which measures the dielectric strength of oil using an oil testing kit. This should ideally be performed for a minute, and the breakdown voltage on the oil testing kit should be recorded. A low recorded value of breakdown voltage indicates the presence of impurities and moisture in the oil. In such a scenario, VWHSV VKRXOG EH WDNHQ IRU WKH ÀOWUDWLRQ DQG UHPRYDO RI moisture from the transformer oil.

Induced Voltage Test The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end insulation as well as

34

Load test are undertaken to determine the rated load of the transformer and the temperature rise, as well as its YROWDJH UHJXODWLRQ DQG HIÀFLHQF\ 7KHVH WHVWV KHOS WR ÀQG out the total loss that takes place when a transformer is loaded.

Conclusion Electrical transformers are an indispensable part of the electrical supply system, and different types are deployed at each level of the grid and power network. Hence their proper functioning is a must for the stability and reliability of the grid. Various transformer tests can be deployed at different points in time to maintain transformer health and ensure uninterrupted supply of power. Ć“ Ashok Upadhyay BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)

June 2017

June 2017

35

Interaction

“Growth in transmission network will promote growth in requirement of power transformers” - Mr Nitin Naik EEMA Power Transformer Division, Vice-Chairman, Mr Nitin Naik shares his concerns on the power transformers industry, he said, “Present Indian Government with strong will to electrify India and GDP growth estimated around 7-7.5% with an objective of giving 24 x7 power to all has certainly given growth to Power transformer Industry in past few years. Also thrust on renewable and heavy investment in Infra project such as Railways has boosted growth in power transformers.”

I

used, quality of processes and overall quality of transformers with sub vendor approval process which has helped to elevate product quality in the industry. Short circuit testing has become a common type test with most of Utilities and success rate of successful short circuit testing has increased FRQVLGHUDEO\ UDLVLQJ FRQÀGHQFH on manufacturers.”

Lastly new Power transformer technologies and applications have made inroads in market and also has and will boost Also to bring private investment growth for special Power in the power sector government transformers. He explains, has launched TBCB project Mr Nitin Naik, Vice-Chairman, “Statcom transformers which are which will in future give boost IEEMA Power Transformer specially designed for system to demand for large power Division, shares his concerns on conditions involving harmonics. transformer but focus on the power transformers industry. Total 13 statcom projects were reliability will be also of vital announced and 4 are under importance. Mr Naik opines, “Growth in transmission iPSOHPHQWDWLRQ (VWHU ÀOOHG WUDQVIRUPHUV DUH JDLQLQJ network in Indian subcontinent will also promote momentum in the country uto 20MVA but soon will growth in requirement of power transformers. While cover transformers upto 160MVA and 220kv voltage solar and wind projects (amounting nearly 45% of FODVV ,W LV JUHHQ VROXWLRQ ZLWK ÀUH VDIHW\ 7KHVH OLTXLGV new capacity addition in 13th plan ) will give boost are having higher temperature withstand capability to Power transformers from 20MVA to 100MVA there and enables longer insulation paper life. Globally will be reduction in demand for large transformers required for Thermal and Gas Power plants due to transformers upto 400Kv are believed to be installed.” shift to renewable. However Nuclear power plants “Lastly Investment in Railway electrification has will bring some hope for Large Power transformer introduced new products in power transformers namely Industry.” Scott connected and V connected transformer which With “Make In India “Mission ,manufacturing Industry will boost demand in next 5 years,” concludes Mr Naik. of power transformer has also gone through changes in terms of additional capacities in the ranges up to 765Kv and also in terms of ownership with multinational companies investing moderately. He said, “In the country presently there is excess manufacturing capacity coupled with buying process of reverse auction has hit margins of Power transformer Industry badly. With thinner margins there will be lesser investment in R&D and consolidation of Industry is likely over the next 3 years.” He further adds, “Last 5 years also saw more stress/ control put by major customers on quality of material

36

June 2017

Opinion

ransformers are considered by asset managers and industry to be among the most challenging assets for condition assessment[1,2]. The complexity of the construction of a transformer, containing many parts with different insulating materials ageing simultaneously, leads to different failure modes that sometimes operate concurrently. As a result, a development is taking place towards a global monitoring of power transformers, i.e. the monitoring of a variety of diagnostic parameters that allow to establish the condition of the different parts of the transformer. By now, also all major transformer manufacturers are now providing such systems. As no single diagnostic parameter can provide the overall condition or health index of the transformer, in the global approach presented in this paper condition information is obtained from three sets of measurements: h

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA), humidity and temperature of the oil;

h

Capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor (DDF) of the bushings;

h

Partial discharge analysis (PDA) of the windings and bushings.

This global monitoring approach was applied to transformers in various countries. The results obtained for a 40 year old step-up transformer in a hydro power plant are reported in this paper. A thorough analysis of the combined results of the measurements allowed the health index (HI) of the transformers to be evaluated as a function of time, thus to achieve the so-called dynamic HI estimation. Based on that, the asset manager was provided with a set of recommendations.

Monitoring Approach The partial discharge signals, the bushing capacitance and the dielectric loss factor are obtained through adapters connected to the taps in each of the six transformer bushings, by electronic ÀOWHULQJ VHSDUDWH VLJQDOV DUH REWDLQHG FRQWDLQLQJ WKH information on partial discharge and capacitance/ dielectric loss factor.

Partial discharge To maximize the acceptance of on-line monitoring by asset owners it is of the utmost importance to minimize the amount of false alarms. Because the monitoring

June 2017

of PD takes place on line, in a noisy environment, WKH ÀUVW LVVXH WR EH VROYHG LV WKH UHMHFWLRQ RI QRLVH This is achieved using the information contained in the frequency content of the measured pulses. The so-called T-F map[2] allows a differentiation between noise and PD and between PD from different types of defects. The wave forms from each defect or type of disturbance have their own signatures which show up in a cluster on the T-F map.

Capacitance and dielectric loss factor The dielectric dissipation factor and the capacitance of the bushings are measured using the signals from the tap adapters and applying physical models. The models take into account the temperature and the moisture content of the bushing insulation using a temperature and relative humidity sensor. In this way false variations of the DDF due to environmental and load conditions are LGHQWLĂ€HG DQG UHMHFWHG

DGA, humidity and temperature The on-line DGA system is connected to the transformer through an oil valve. The system detects the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) dissolved in the transformer oil. The presence of H2 and CO provides an indication of degradation processes occurring inside the transformer. In particular, CO is developed in anomalous quantities at hot spots when thermal decomposition of paper occurs. The production of H2 is associated with arcing in the oil and/ or with PD activity.

Transformer condition assessment The diagnostic markers obtained from the above measurements, together with information about the transformer load history, are subsequently used to determine how the health of (subsystems of) the transformer evolves as a function of time under stress (age). Finally, this assessment of the transformer FRQGLWLRQ LV XVHG WR GHĂ€QH DFWLRQV WR EH WDNHQ E\ WKH DVVHW PDQDJHU 7KLV LV GRQH WKURXJK DGYDQFHG LGHQWLĂ€FDWLRQ DQG GDWD PLQLQJ DOJRULWKPV WKDW DUH KDQGOHG E\ DUWLĂ€FLDO intelligence tools[2].

Monitoring Results In the following, the results are shown of global on-line monitoring during a period of one year of a power transformer of 125 MVA, 151240 kV operated in a hydro power plant.

37

Opinion

PD diagnostic markers Right from the start of the monitoring, internal PD were detected in the monitored transformers. Initially, PD were measured only in the yellow phase, with a low amplitude. A characteristic PD pattern observed in the yellow phase after one year of monitoring. In the course of time, the phase resolved partial discharge pattern (PRPD) and PD amplitude remained approximately constant. By separating different clusters in the TF plot, external disturbances and corona could be separated from PD inside the transformer. The PD pattern without the contribution of the external disturbances. This pattern ZDV LGHQWLĂ€HG DV LQWHUQDO 3' :LWKRXW WKLV VHSDUDWLRQ of external disturbances, an alarm could have been WULJJHUHG ZLWKRXW MXVWLĂ€FDWLRQ IRU WKLV SDUWLFXODU VLWXDWLRQ After about six months, PD activity was also measured in the green phase. The amplitude of this PD activity was irregular but considerably larger than in the yellow phase. Also in this case, the trend of PD magnitude and PD pattern over a longer period of time was stable.

Capacitance and dielectric loss factor markers Due to the considerable age of the transformer, the dielectric loss factor is quite high, close to or just above WKH WKUHVKROG IRU D ÀUVW OHYHO ZDUQLQJ 'XULQJ the entire monitoring period the loss factor remained constant, indicating that there was no imminent need for further action. The values of the capacitance were well within the required range.

DGA, humidity and temperature The measured levels of oil temperature and moisture were within a normal range and constant in time. The moisture level in oil was about 19 ppm, considerably EHORZ WKH Ă€UVW DODUP WULJJHU RI SSP $OO DODUPV DUH VHW EDVHG RQ WKH YDOXHV PHQWLRQHG LQ ,((( 6WDQGDUG & l04-2008[3]. ,Q WKH Ă€UVW ZHHN RI 2FWREHU XQH[SHFWHGO\ D VWURQJ reduction of H2 and CO levels was observed. After FRQWDFWLQJ WKH SRZHU SODQW LW DSSHDUHG WKDW LQ WKH Ă€UVW week of October the oil had been replaced without informing the monitoring system. The asset owner in fact was quite pleased that this was “detectedâ€? by the on-line DGA. In the three months following the oil treatment, the production rates of CO and H2 were well below the maximum allowed for condition I as defmed LQ ,((( VWDQGDUG & %HIRUH RLO WUHDWPHQW WKH H2 level was well below the condition 1 threshold, while the CO level indicated condition 2 (above 350 ppm but EHORZ SSP )RU WKLV OHYHO RI &2 LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG to exercise extreme caution, sample the oil quarterly and determine any load dependence.

Transformer Condition Assessment The diagnostic information presented in section III was used to determine the condition or health of the WUDQVIRUPHU )RU HDFK VHW RI GLDJQRVWLF PDUNHUV D WUDIĂ€F light indication was provided taking into account the information given by the standards, experience and load

38

history. In this particular case, the transformer was 40 \HDUV ROG ZKLFK ZDV SUREDEO\ UHĂ HFWHG LQ WKH UHODWLYHO\ KLJK YDOXHV IRU WDQ RI WKH EXVKLQJV 7KH UHVXOWLQJ WUDIĂ€F light indication was “orangeâ€? indicating the need for at least keep tan 8 monitored carefully. The PD diagnostic markers, i.e. type of defect, PD magnitude and PD trend in the green and yellow phase led to an orange light, indicating the need to further monitor the detected PD phenomenon. No special actions are due as long as the PD level remains constant in time. After the oil had been replaced, the DGA resulted in H2 and CO concentrations far below the threshold for an “orangeâ€? indication. Based on DGA alone it is suggested to continue normal operation. The overall condItIon of the transformer receIved an “orangeâ€? light and is determined by the condition of the different sub systems and load history. The orange light is a medium-level warning that sends a message to the asset owner that (continued) monitoring of critical diagnostic indicators is required. Global monitoring of electrical apparatus is the best tool available to asset and maintenance managers to keep under control return of investments, reliability and availability of an electrical asset. Regarding a global approach to transformer condition monitoring, it is shown in this paper that clear and dynamic indications on transformer conditions can be achieved, which is also the basis to evaluate a dynamic health index. On-line PD measurements can be performed successfully by separating external disturbances and internal PD, so that false alerts can be prevented. Transformer conditions FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG JOREDOO\ E\ WUDIĂ€F OLJKW LQGLFDWLRQV encompassing the diagnostic information provided by PD, DGA and tan delta, so as to drive the asset manager to decide about transformer loading and maintenance. REFERENCES 1] A. Naderian Jahromi, R. Piercy, S. Cress, J.R.R. 6HUYLFH : )DQJ ´$Q $SSURDFK WR 3RZHU 7UDQVIRUPHU Asset Management Using Health Indexâ€?. IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 20-34,2009. 2] A.E.B. Abu- Elanien, M.M.A. Salama, “Asset management techniques for transformersâ€?. Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 80, pp. 456-464,2010. 3] A. Cavallini, X. Chen, G. C. Montanari, F. Ciani, “Diagnosis of EHV and HV Transformers Through an Innovative Partial-Discharge Based Techniqueâ€?. IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol.25, No.2 pp. 814-824, 2010. 4] IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated LQ 2LO ,PPHUVHG 7UDQVIRUPHUV 6WG & O Ć“ Gian Carlo Montanari

University of Bologna, DEI Bologna, Italy Giancarlo. montanari@unibo.it

Peter Morshuis

Delft University of Technology, ESE Delft, the Netherlands p.h.f.morshuis@tudelft.nl

Alan Cervi

Techimp HQ Via Toscana llic Zola Predosa, Italy

June 2017

IEEMAActivities

IEEMA Pavilion at HANNOVER MESSE 2017

Mr Girish Shankar, IAS- Secretary, DHI (centre) and Mr M L Raigar, Consul General of India (Right) - Hamburg, Germany and Mr Harish Agarwal (left) inaugurating the Indian Pavilion in Hannover Messe 2017

very year Hannover Messe attracts numerous interested visitors from around the world and 2017 edition was no exception. Inaugurated by German Chancellor Ms. Angela Merkel and Polish Prime Minister 0V %HDWD 0DULD 6]\GâR WKH IDLU VKRZFDVHG WKH IXWXUH industry trends and developments. The lead theme of Hannover Messe 2017 was “Integrated Industry – &UHDWLQJ 9DOXHµ ZKLFK SXWV D PDMRU VSRWOLJKW RQ WKH EHQHÀWV RI ,QGXVWU\ ZKHUH 0DFKLQHV ZLOO WDNH RYHU manufacturing completely and highlights the role of humans in tomorrow’s integrated factories. A large number of solution-seekers gathered in Hannover to LPPHUVH WKHPVHOYHV LQ WKH SRWHQWLDO RI LQWHOOLJHQW URERWV DGDSWLYH PDFKLQHV DQG LQWHJUDWHG HQHUJ\ V\VWHPV taking attendance to new heights.

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June 2017

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IEEMAActivities

Mr Ajay Mahajan, Head - Trade Fairs (IEEMA) with visitors at the IEEMA stall at Hannover Messe 2017

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June 2017

IEEMAActivities

Mr Harish Agarwal, Vice President - IEEMA and CEO Supreme &R /HIW EULHÀQJ 6KUL *LULVK 6KDQNDU 6HFUHWDU\ '+, RQ IEEMA & ELECRAMA 2018

IEEMA Pavilion exhibitors at Hannover Messe 2017

IEEMA signs MoU with BEAMA ,QGLDQ (OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV 0DQXIDFWXUHUV· $VVRFLDWLRQ ,((0$ KDV VLJQHG D 0HPRUDQGXP of Understanding with the UK electrotechnical DVVRFLDWLRQ %($0$ 0U 6XQLO 0LVUD 'LUHFWRU *HQHUDO ,((0$ VLJQHG DQ 0R8 ZLWK %($0$ 'HSXW\ &KLHI ([HFXWLYH 2IÀFHU 0U .HOO\ %XWOHU DW +RWHO /DOLW /RQGRQ 8. 7KH WZR ,QGXVWU\ $VVRFLDWLRQV ,QGLDQ (OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV 0DQXIDFWXUHUV· $VVRFLDWLRQ ,((0$ DQG %ULWLVK (OHFWUR 7HFKQLFDO $OOLHG 0DQXIDFWXUHUV· $VVRFLDWLRQ %($0$ DJUHHG WR SURPRWH WKH LQWHUHVWV RI HOHFWULFDO equipment industry in each other’s country. )RFXVLQJ RQ WKH WKHPHV RI EHVW SUDFWLFH EXVLQHVV GHOHJDWLRQ DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGLVDWLRQ H[FKDQJH the MoU comes at a time of increased political and business collaboration between the UK and India.

June 2017

7KH IRUPDO VLJQLQJ WRRN SODFH RQ WK 0D\ and was the culmination of a visit to London by DQ ,QGLDQ %XVLQHVV 'HOHJDWLRQ OHDG E\ 6KUL 3L\XVK *R\DO +RQ·EOH 0LQLVWHU ,& IRU 3RZHU &RDO 1HZ DQG 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ DQG 0LQHV 7KH 0R8 SDYHV WKH ZD\ WRZDUGV YHU\ VSHFLÀF DFWLYLWLHV between the two associations in the coming year. IEEMA will work with BEAMA closely for setting up an electrical vehicle infrastructure division. Moreover BEAMA along with a group of companies ZLOO DOVR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ (/(&5$0$ 7KH WZR association have agreed to remain committed to best practice exchange and helping each RWKHU SURYLGH PXWXDOO\ EHQHÀFLDO VXSSRUW IRU WKHLU member companies.

41

IEEMAActivities

5th International Istanbul Smart Grids and Cities Congress and Fair

0U 6XQLO 0LVUD 'LUHFWRU *HQHUDO ,((0$ DORQJ ZLWK 0U $MD\ 0DKDMDQ +HDG 7UDGH )DLU 0DUNHWLQJ DQG 6DOHV visited the 5th International Istanbul Smart Grids and Cities Congress and Fair organized on 19-21 April 2017 DW ,VWDQEXO &RQJUHVV &HQWHU 7XUNH\ ,((0$ ZDV LQYLWHG E\ RUJDQLVHUV ++% ([SR )DLU /WG 6WL to participate as exhibitors at the event. Apart from various interactions and B2B Meeting with WKH 7XUNH\ FRPSDQLHV ,((0$ 'LUHFWRU *HQHUDO 0U 6XQLO Misra participated asa panelist in the panel discussion on the topic Grid Modernization and Technological 'HYHORSPHQWV KHOG RQ WK $SULO 0U 0LVUD DQG 0U $MD\ 0DKDMDQ DOVR FDOOHG XSRQ WKH &RQVXO *HQHUDO RI ,QGLD 0U $]DU $ + .KDQ DW ,VWDQEXO Turkey. The participation was to facilitate and engage SDUWLFLSDWLRQ IURP FRPSDQLHV DW (/(&5$0$

IEEMA Director General Mr Sunil Misra addressing the audience at ICSG Istanbul 2017

Mr Sunil Misra with the delegates at ICSG Istanbul 2017

Mr Sunil Misra and Mr Ajay Mahajan, Head, Trade fairs, IEEMA with delegates at ICSG Istanbul 2017

42

June 2017

June 2017

43

IEEMAActivities

IEEMA Executive Council Meeting The 4th IEEMA Executive Council was held on March 17th, 2017 in Madurai. The council discussed on numerous issues like that of ELECRAMA 2018, State of Industry, bottlenecks in Transmission sector and threat from Chinese companies to National Power Grid. The Council was informed about the meeting and the presentation made before Shri Ajit Doval, National Security Advisor on the Chinese threat. Mr Sardana, President-IEEMA stated that industry needs a concerted effort as China is coming up as a big threat to entire Indian industry. He further advised all the product groups to form a committee within their divisions which will identify the possible solutions for addressing this threat.

CHANDIGARH CHAPTER

IEEMA Activities

Meeting with Shri A Venu Prasad, IAS, Principal Secretary Power Punjab

On 16th May 2017, Mr. Harish Aggarwal, VP - IEEMA, & CEO- Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd., Mr Vikas Khosla, Vice Chairman – IEEMA (Public Policy) & President - Corporate Affairs (Insulators & Chemical Business), Aditya Birla Insulators, Mr Parijat Sinha, Head Operations & Admin – IEEMA and Bharti Bisht, IEEMA State Head Punjab and Haryana met Shri A Venu Prasad, IAS, Principal Secretary Power Punjab to discuss the changes in Contract terms and Conditions with the Punjab utilities.

Meeting with Shri Vineet Garg, IAS, MD HVPNL

On 16th May 2017, Mr. Harish Aggarwal, VP - IEEMA, & CEO, Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd., Mr Vikas Khosla, Vice Chairman – IEEMA(Public Policy) & President - Corporate Affairs (Insulators & Chemical Business), Aditya Birla Insulators, Mr Parijat Sinha, Head Operations & Admin – IEEMA and Bharti Bisht, IEEMA State Head Punjab and Haryana met Shri Vineet Garg, IAS, MD HVPNL to discuss the changes in Contract terms and Conditions with the HVPNL utilities.

Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org 44

June 2017

IEEMAActivities

Meeting with Shri Naresh Sardana, Director Technical, UHBVNL

Workshop on Energy Efficiency at Punjab Energy Development Agency

Mr. Harish Aggarwal, VP- IEEMA, & CEO, Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd. , Mr Vikas Khosla, Vice Chairman – IEEMA(Public Policy) & President - Corporate Affairs (Insulators & Chemical Business), Aditya Birla Insulators met Shri Naresh Sardana, Director Technical, UHBVNL to discuss on EPC terms and conditions.

On 27th April 2017, Ms. Bharti Bisht, IEEMA, State Head, Chandigarh Chapter, attended the one day training FXP ZRUNVKRS RQ (QHUJ\ (IĂ€FLHQF\ DW 3XQMDE (QHUJ\ Development Agency (PEDA) in sector 33, Chandigarh.

Workshop on Run Live with GST’, focusing on ‘Preparing for GST : The way forward’

The focus of the workshop was to emphasis on the energy saving methods and how we can use different HOHFWULFDO HTXLSPHQWV PRUH HIĂ€FLHQWO\ 7KH ZRUNVKRS was organized jointly by BEE and PEDA. Energy auditors and different association representatives attended the workshop.

Chandigarh Chapter Meeting

On 25th April 2017, Ms. Bharti Bisht, IEEMA, State Head, Chandigarh Chapter, attended the Panel discussion on the ‘Run Live with GST’, focusing on ‘Preparing for GST: The way forward’ on April 25th, 2017 at The Taj. The theme of the session was ‘GST and its impact on the business�. Senior representatives (Directors, CMD,s and Director Finance/ head - Finance) from different organizations attended this session. The session focused on how the GST is going to have impact on the different industries. Also the test for the different industries for checking their GST readiness was also done.

Meeting with Shri Ravinder Kaushik, Assistant Excise and Taxation Commissioner, Chandigarh Ms Bharti Bisht met Shri Ravinder Kaushik, Assistant Excise and Taxation Commissioner, Chandigarh to discuss about GST Training for the Chandigarh Chapter Members and Non Members. Shri Kaushik agreed WR VHQG KLV RIĂ€FLDOV WR HGXFDWH RXU PHPEHUV DQG non members.

June 2017

On 29th April 2017, IEEMA organized the Chandigarh Chapter meeting on 29th April, 2017 hosted by Hartek Power Pvt. Ltd. The meeting was attended by 8 representatives from different member companies. The companies were Yamuna Power & Infrastructure Ltd., Hartek Power Pvt. Ltd., Jay bee Industries, NTPC, Indica Engineers, Voltamp Transformers, SSPL Engineers. The agenda was to plan the activities for the year 2017-18. Mr Hartek Singh chaired the meeting and the agenda was taken as decided and different activities were planned IRU WKH ÀQDQFLDO \HDU ,W ZDV GHFLGHG WKDW WKH important focus point is to increase the membership in the Chandigarh Chapter.

45

GuestArticle

ransformers form an important part of all power distribution networks. According research analysts, the top three emerging trends driving the global liquidimmersed power transformers market are: h

(QYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ DQG ÀUH UHVLVWDQW LQVXODWLQJ liquids.

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Transformer going intelligent.

Transformer manufacturers and utilities focus on the design and manufacture of environmentally-friendly transformers that are nonhazardous while offering improved life cycle costs with minimal maintenance. These transformers offer reduced carbon footprint, reduced levels of pollution (water, soil, Noise), enhanced lifecycle costs, enhanced product lifetime, DQG HQKDQFHG ÀUH VDIHW\

made an appearance. It is made of plant seed oils (e.g. soybean). These can be broken down into saturated, single, double and triple unsaturated fatty acids. The PDLQ DGYDQWDJHV DUH VLJQLĂ€FDQWO\ KLJKHU Ă€UH SRLQWV ƒ& DQG WKH EHVW ELRGHJUDGDELOLW\ 2QH RI WKH EHVW H[DPSOH RI 1DWXUDO HVWHU LV (QYLURWHPS )5 GLHOHFWULF Ă XLG Key optimization options you can take advantage of with QDWXUDO HVWHUV WKDW OHYHUDJHV WKH LQVXODWLRQ OLIH H[WHQVLRQ DQG WKHUPDO FDSDELOLWLHV RI )5 Ă XLG

Mineral oil is the most commonly used type of transformer insulating medium for more than a century. It facilitates good dielectric transfer property. However, there are some concerns related to the use of mineral oil in transformers. It has a very high carbon footprint and a YHU\ ORZ ÀUH SRLQW LQ WKH UDQJH RI WR which PDNHV LW PRUH ÀUH SURQH :H KDYH HQRXJK H[DPSOHV RI WUDQVIRUPHU ÀUH DFFHOHUDWHG GXH WR PLQHUDO RLO JOREDOO\ The various transformer manufacturers to focus on their R&D for the development of transformers that operate insulating liquids which are different from crude base. 7KH UHVHDUFK IRU DOWHUQDWLYHV à XLG OHG WR LQWHUHVWLQJ FODVVHV RI LQVXODWLRQ à XLGV VXFK DV 6LOLFRQH OLTXLG V\QWKHWLF HVWHU DQG 1DWXUDO HVWHU à XLGV 1DWXUDO HVWHU )OXLGV ,Q WKH (DUO\ V QDWXUDO HVWHU

46

Figure. 1. High temperature curve based on Thermally Upgraded Kraft (TUK) paper. (Ref IEC 60076-14)

Life extension By protecting the insulation life of the paper, you could WKHQ OLNHO\ H[WHQG WKH OLIH RI WKH DVVHW GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH WUDQVIRUPHU ORDGLQJ SURĂ€OH 7KLV DOORZV WR XVH WKH

June 2017

GuestArticle

VDPH 09$ EXW JHW PRUH XVHIXO OLIH RXW RI WKH H[LVWLQJ asset. Thus, lowering your total cost of ownership. This GRHV QRW UHTXLUH DQ\ GHVLJQ FKDQJHV WR \RXU H[LVWLQJ VSHFLĂ€FDWLRQV

Increase load capacity A second option is to use the same life but gain more load capacity. This is useful in situations where cannot put in a larger transformer either due to space constraints or cost. You can get more power out of the same asset. $OVR WKLV LV D JUHDW RSWLRQ IRU UHWUR ÀOOV 7KLV GRHV QRW require any changes to your standard transformers. can be use the same transformers and know there is DSSUR[LPDWHO\ XS WR PRUH ORDG FDSDFLW\

Figure 1: shows the good biodegradability of ester based insulating Ă XLGV &,*5( 6& $ UHSRUWV

7KH HDUOLHVW QDWXUDO HVWHU à XLG ÀOOHG WUDQVIRUPHUV ZHUH QHZ GHVLJQV EXLOW DQG LQVWDOOHG LQ HDUO\ IROORZHG E\ 5HWUR ÀOOLQJ 7KHVH HDUO\ XQLWV OHG WKH ZD\ IRU PDQ\ QHZ DQG UHWUR ÀOOHG WUDQVIRUPHUV WKDW SUHVHQWO\ QXPEHU RYHU PLOOLRQ 7KH QDWXUDO HVWHU ÀOOHG SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHUV LQFOXGH SRZHU VXEVWDWLRQ XQLWV LQ WKH UDQJH RI N9 WR N9 )HZ ([DPSOHV

Transnet BW A transmission network operator in the German state of %DGHQ : UWWHPEHUJ ² FRPPLVVLRQHG D N9 SRZHU transformer in one of its substations in southwest Germany that is cooled and insulated with Natural Ester )5 7KH VXEVWDWLRQ ZKLFK KDV D SRZHU UDWLQJ RI 09$ LV WKH Ă€UVW LQ WKLV KLJK YROWDJH FDWHJRU\ KDV EHHQ ZRUNLQJ VDWLVIDFWRU\ VLQFH 2(0 6LHPHQV

Smaller transformer This third option enables a transformer to be built with a smaller footprint, yet have the maintain the original FDSDFLW\ QHHGHG 2IWHQ WLPHV WKLV DOORZV DQ LQLWLDO cost savings as well given you likely will use less raw PDWHULDOV FRSSHU SDSHU VWHHO Ă XLG HWF 7KLV ZRXOG require design changes.

Petrobras refinery chooses FR3 fluid for improved fire safety 3HWUREUDV 1RUWKHDVW 5HĂ€QHU\ 3URMHFW ´$EUHX H /LPDÂľ. 7UDQVIRUPHUV XVLQJ (QYLURWHPS )5 GLHOHFWULF Ă XLOG A. 09$ .9 WUDQVIRUPHUV. 8WLOL]DWLRQ RI QDWXUDO HVWHU Ă XLG LV RQ WKH ULVH RZLQJ WR WKH LQFUHDVHG VDIHW\ DJDLQVW Ă€UH KD]DUGV DQG HFR HIĂ€FLHQW VROXWLRQ 1DWXUDO (VWHU Ă XLG LV LQFRPEXVWLEOH DQG SRVVHVV QRQ WR[LF DWWULEXWHV ZKLFK KDV ERRVWHG its Increasing popularity and use in transformers. The advantages offered by natural ester over mineral oil are as follows: h

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Biodegradation of esters is much better compared WR PLQHUDO RLO RU VLOLFRQH OLTXLG VKRZQ LQ ÀJXUH

June 2017

B. 09$ .9 WUDQVIRUPHUV C. 09$ .9 WUDQVIRUPHUV. Electronorte Brazil: 22.14 MVA, 242KV, 3ph.reactor KNAN cooling class, new transformers Manufactured June 2007 by Areva brazil and Commissioned March 2009.

Tata Power 2QH RI WKH JUHHQ PLOHVWRQH LQ WKH FRPSDQ\¡V FHQWHQDU\ \HDU FHOHEUDWLRQV WZR RI ,QGLD¡V Ă€UVW 09$ QDWXUDO HVWHU Ă€OOHG WUDQVIRUPHUV ZHUH LQVWDOOHG LQ 0XPEDL :LWK this initiative, Tata Power has once again showcased its

47

GuestArticle

priority in driving sustainability by implementing path breaking green WHFKQRORJ\ 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ UHPDLQV a core business philosophy of Tata Power, and green transformer is RQH RI WKH FRPSDQ\¡V PDQ\ JUHHQ LQLWLDWLYHV XQGHU LWV ´%H *UHHQÂľ FDPSDLJQ 7DWD 3RZHU¡V 09$ WUDQVIRUPHU Ă€OOHG ZLWK 1DWXUDO HVWHU (QLYURWHPS )5 'LHOHFWULF Ă XLG 2(0 6FKQHLGHU ,QGLD

GETCO (Gujrat Electric Transmission Company) ,QVWDOOHG WUDQVIRUPHUV ZLWK QDWXUDO HVWHU Ă XLG )5 DIWHU satisfactory on site performance has decided to go in ELJ ZD\ ZLWK DOPRVW SOXV .9 09$ XQLWV 2(0 T&R and Atlanta). Transformers will be tested for its KLJKHU WKHUPDO FODVV DV SHU ,(& SDUW 7DEOH &

Torrent Power ,W LV 5HFHQW H[DPSOH QXPEHUV RI 09$ .9 KDYLQJ .1$1 KNAF cooling class Manufactured by T&R India LQ 'HFHPEHU

Conclusion ,(& 6WDQGDUG KDV LPSRVHG LPSRUWDQW FKDQJHV LQ WKH manufacture of mineral oils. The inhibited oils, already FRQWDLQLQJ DGGLWLYHV DJDLQVW R[LGDWLRQ ZHUH OLWWOH affected by this standard. Development of insulating Ă XLGV RI HVWHU W\SH DOORZV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR WKH XVH of mineral oils. In the domain of transformers, the H[SHULHQFH VKRZV WKDW WKH SHUIRUPDQFHV RI 1DWXUDO HVWHU Ă XLG LV VXIĂ€FLHQW 7KH JRRG Ă€UH EHKDYLRU DQG WKH SRVLWLYH environmental performances have been recognized. 7KH UHFHQW VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI QDWXUDO HVWHU LQ ,(& ZLOO SUREDEO\ DFFHOHUDWH WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VXFK Ă XLGV The progression of the use of natural ester insulating OLTXLGV LV QRZ VWDUWLQJ WKH ´DFFHOHUDWLRQÂľ SKDVH $IWHU SURYLQJ H[FHOOHQW SHUIRUPDQFH LQ SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHUV XS WR N9 IRU PDQ\ \HDUV &XUUHQWO\ WKHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI N9 SURMHFWV DQG KLJKHU XQGHU VWXG\ 7KH WUDQVIRUPHU PDGH E\ 6LHPHQV *HUPDQ\ IRU 7UDQVQHW %: with Envirotemp FR3 natural ester has opened further market & voltage class. Ć“ Rajaram Shinde

*OREDO 7HFKQRORJ\ $GYLVRU &DUJLOO ,QGLD 3YW /WG

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The difference between innovating and innovating responsibly - We get that at EAPL

Right from the start, there wasn't any extra conscious step to be different. We have been standing apart, quite naturally. Adhering to values, unflinching commitment to ethics and above all a futuristic approach to technology which is constructive - all these have made us what we are so that we could envision a tomorrow which would be!

Electronic Timers Tachometer Digital Counters Time Switches Digital Temperature Controllers Monitoring Devices Power Supply Modules Programmable Fault Annunciators Energy Management System Light Switch Interface Relay Modules Solar Series Approvals and Clientele EIL, MECON, TCS, BHEL, AREVA, ABB, SIEMENS, L&T, CG, RIL, SAIL, JYOTI LTD. ANDREW YULE, TATA, ITC, NTPC and JSW.

Awards & Recognitions

EMERGING ENTREPRENEURS

Awarded as a winner in the category of Electronics system by ‘Make in India-2016’, India Today.

Twice Awarded as outstanding Company from Government of India, DOE -1992, 95. Business Excellence Award from ELCINA, Dun & Bradstreet - 2006-07

NATIONAL AWARD – 2008 From Government of India Ministry of MSME

Product Certification from safety standards for limited products. R

# 20, K.H.B Industrial Area, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560 106. Tel.: +91- 80- 4280 2345 / 2856 7561 / 2856 7562 Fax: 080 - 4280 2346. E-mail: info@eaplindiamail.com Customer support: Tel.: +91 - 80 - 4280 2323. www.eaplindia.com E-mail: customersupport@eaplindiamail.com

48

June 2017

Get the Power of Knowing with doblePRIME TM

Condition Monitoring Platform for Transformers Integrated On-Line Monitoring & Analysis Backed by Decades of Diagnostic Experience

doblePRIME is a scalable, on-line monitoring solution for cost-effective condition monitoring of an individual transformer or group of transformers. doblePRIME can be as simple and focused as a single DGA device, the doblePRIME Delphi. It can also be a robust monitoring platform analyzing oil status, tap changer condition, and bushing health - while integrating all available types of diagnostic indicators, IEDs, and sensor data. View all condition data and information on site or remotely, and configure and manage alarms through the intuitive doblePRIME interface. With doblePRIME, you have the tools to know what is happening, where it is happening and what to do next. That’s the power of knowing.

Learn more about condition monitoring possibilities with doblePRIME ™ www.doble.co om/doblePRIME

June 2017

49

InFocus

T

here is much talk in the industry about ‘asset health indices’ and their use. This paper sets out some of the basics and shows where clarity is needed to avoid error. What is important is a structured and consistent DSSURDFK ZKLFK DOORZV IRU MXVWLĂ€DEOH DQG DXGLWDEOH DVVHW prioritization and intervention planning.

Asset Health Review and Asset Health Index An Asset Health Review (AHR) looks at capabilities and requirements of one or more assets in a population – their load-ability and operational restrictions, and their need for maintenance or other intervention. An AHR assesses the capability and needs of the assets and brings together all the available knowledge to determine whether the population overall meets the system requirements. Managing components (such as bushings for a transformer) may mean we require multiple assessments and intervention plans at the asset and component level. An Asset Health Index (AHI) reduces your knowledge of an asset to a single number. An AHI is an estimate of the asset health and needs to be used with caution as a lot of information is lost in producing the number. In some organizations the AHI is generated directly from a wide range of raw data and is considered an input to an AHR. This makes it even more important that WKH JHQHUDWLRQ RI DQ $+, LV WUDQVSDUHQW MXVWLÀDEOH DQG DXGLWDEOH 0DQ\ DUH QRW 0DQ\ DUH RYHUVLPSOLÀFDWLRQV RI large data resources.

50

The Single Number Issue 7U\ WR JLYH D VLQJOH QXPEHU WR D FDU VXFK WKDW LW UHĂ HFWV both its need for maintenance and its longer term UHSODFHPHQW ,W¡V GLIĂ€FXOW WR EDODQFH WKH WZR DVSHFWV RI WKH FDU DV DQ DVVHW ,W JHWV GLIĂ€FXOW DV WKH QXPEHU needs to convey a sense of urgency for maintenance, but not for long term replacement. And then how do we deal with the tires? – including the tires may seem obvious, but we wouldn’t buy a new car just because the tires were worn out. So the car health is not a function of tire health? We need clarity – a tire maintenance index is needed!

Start out with clarity – what question will the index answer? $ JRRG $+, ZLOO KHOS WR DQVZHU D VSHFLÀF TXHVWLRQ For example: h When will my asset need maintenance? h How soon should it be replaced? h If an asset is going to fail suddenly, which one is

most likely to do that?

If the question is clearly answered in a manner which allows us to plan and budget actions, then we have a useful AHI. But the AHI is unlikely to answer all the questions simultaneously.

Pick a Score Range What is a convenient range for a score? 1-100 is common, but may be a cause of illusion – how accurate is it?

June 2017

InFocus

Categories are also used – say 5 categories where a ‘1’; means replace within 2 years while ‘5’ means good for the foreseeable future. Whatever range is used, it has to have meaning. Whatever range is used, it should be monotonic – that is, a higher score always means a more urgent or poorer health. Some systems use weights to account for more or less important factors – this can be a serious mistake as the sense of urgency is diluted by the weights.

Changing Data into a Score There are some approaches to AHI which take lots of data, which is then manipulated in some way, and a number is produced. The approach is often opaque. The number has to help answer the question posed – so it must have a meaning. In the context of the question (say, when do I need to do maintenance?) the number must have a timescale to give a sense of urgency. The VFRUH PXVW EH MXVWLÀDEOH DQG DXGLWDEOH VR LW FDQ EH explained and defended. Data such as capacitance or current have to be shown to indicate a failure mode – and the value of the data must indicate the severity of the failure mode and urgency of the situation. This is not usually possible with any precision. For example – if your car tire pressure is usually 35 psi and is now 28 psi, how close is it to failure and how long do you have? For a relatively simple asset, the answer is surprisingly GLIÀFXOW WR SURGXFH

June 2017

,Q WKH ÀJXUH '*$ GDWD LV DQDO\VHG XVLQJ PXOWLSOH analytics, each of which is an indication of a failure mode. The presence and severity of a failure mode is estimated from the data and the analytics. The failure modes can be combined to indicate the health of a component or asset.

Scoring a subcomponent For a power transformer we may give a score to the bushings independently of the tap changer, or the ‘active part’, etc. Each score needs to be on a similar scale with the same timescales, so they can be calibrated and actions planned, even if different actions are associated with different subcomponents.

Subcomponents and an AHI Combining subcomponent scores into an overall score LV QRW GLIÀFXOW EXW FDQ UHVXOW LQ GLVDSSRLQWPHQW :HLJKWHG systems which add the subcomponent scores dilute the effect of any one score – such approaches are very

51

InFocus

poor at identifying rapidly changing subcomponents. For example – if I score my car engine and chassis on a 1 (good) to 5 (bad) scale, and add the scores XVLQJ D XQLIRUP OLQHDU ZHLJKWLQJ WKH ÀQDO DQVZHU ZLOO be between 2 and 10. What does 6 mean? What do I need to do? When? If the scores were 3 for both chassis and engine, that has an implication for the car which is different to the engine being a 5 and the chassis a 1. By adding the numbers – uniform weighted – we have lost the urgency for the latter case. A successful system will allow the question posed to be answered. Picking the maximum score, or the asset with most maximum scores is a simple approach for urgency. Logarithmic systems preserve the urgency and still provide ranking. The choice of combination is dependent on the question and the interpretation of the answer.

random. In fact, such an approach will then ‘prove’ itself valid by improving the population statistics. Condition may relate to age, but unless an individual condition assessment is performed, it is not appropriate to assume it applies to an individual.

7DNLQJ WKLQJV WKURXJK IURP GDWD WR $+, WKH ÀJXUH EHORZ shows some of the data and steps we may consider. The SURFHVV LV FOHDU MXVWLÀDEOH DQG DXGLWDEOH DV HDFK VWHS LV VHSDUDWHO\ LGHQWLÀDEOH

No Surprises

AHI and Probability of Failure 1RWH WKDW DQ $+, LV XVXDOO\ EXLOW WR UHà HFW WKH KHDOWK RU condition of an asset, and that assets may often fail due to external or operational reasons. Translating an AHI into a probability of failure is not straightforward. Systems which attempt to do this usually make extensive assumptions about failure rates, often without evidence. Ranking assets based on AHI is valid, and can relate to historic failure rates, allowing for predictions of future performance of the population. But generating a probability is misleading – unless the numbers are seen as i ndicative only. To generate a Probability of Failure from an AHI, we must have built in timescales and degradation for each parameter measured (all data) and identify a failure mode and timescales for them. :LWKRXW DQ LGHQWLÀHG IDLOXUH PRGH ZH DUH UHDOO\ MXVW XVLQJ KHXULVWLFV DQG DQHFGRWHV ZKLFK PD\ EH GLIÀFXOW to justify.

Self-fulfilling Prophecies – the danger of age based AHI If we have an AHI which is a function of age, then the AHI of an asset at a location will improve if it is replaced by a new one; younger is better. For a population of assets we can determine the overall population AHI and then replace older ones, the overall population AHI will improve. The same thing happens if we replace assets at

52

7KH ÀJXUH EHORZ LV RQH ZKHUH WKH XVHU PD\ DVFULEH different failure rates to each category. In this case we are using log scales, with an estimate given to the number of random failures in each category in addition to the condition-based failures. The number of members for each category are then used with the ascribed probability to calculate the base probabilities. The failure rates per category may also be ascribed in proportion to the category labels and a base rate back calculated.

AS the AHI is based on data we already have, and using analyses we know, there should be no surprises in the ÀQDO VFRUH 7KH VFRUH VKRXOG EH D JRRG UHà HFWLRQ RI ZKDW ZH DOUHDG\ NQRZ ZLWK VSHFLÀF UHIHUHQFH WR WKH question being asked.

Risk AHI’s are often used to feed into risk calculations. Risk is XVXDOO\ GHĂ€QHG DV WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI a hazard occurring multiplied by the consequence of the hazard occurring. Probability is between 0 and 1, while consequence is not. Risk charts often show a pleasing V\PPHWU\ ZKLFK GRHV QRW UHĂ HFW WKH DFWXDO GDWD 5LVN VWUDWHJLHV QHHG WR UHĂ HFW WKH DVVHWV LQ TXHVWLRQ ² DQ AHI can help, through condition ranking, as a proxy for probability of failure.

Conclusion: Keeping it simple The important thing with an AHI is to keep it simple to start with, based on a few well understood parameters, DQG OHW LW JURZ ,I LW GRHVQ¡W PDNH VHQVH LW FDQ EH Ă€[HG An AHI is a model of the ‘true’ asset health and as with all models: it’s easier to build from a small model which ZRUNV WKDQ WR WU\ DQG Ă€[ D ODUJH PRGHO ZKLFK GRHVQ¡W And‌ no surprises! Ć“ Tony McGrail solutions director of asset management and monitoring technology, Doble Engineering Company

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56

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June 2017

InDepth

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June 2017

Figure 1: Dependency on temperature and humidity in the life expectancy of paper insulation in a transformer

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InDepth

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June 2017

InDepth

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References &,*5( 6& :* ´*XLGHOLQHV IRU &RQGXFWLQJ 'HVLJQ 5HYLHZV IRU 7UDQVIRUPHUV 09$ DQG N9 DQG DERYHµ &,*5( ,((0$ ´3RZHU WUDQVIRUPHU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ PDQXDO &KDSWHU ² 'HVLJQ 5HYLHZµ 7DEOH $FFHSWDEOH OLPLW RI GHZ SRLQW 6RXUFH &RXUWHV\ %+(/ %KRSDO Æ“ S Kundu

Sr. Vice President (Transformers);

P M Yadav

DGM-SAS; Ratnesh Talesara, AGM-QA & Engineering M/s IMP POWERS Ltd.

June 2017

June 2017

61

Insight In nsigh ht

s electric power network systems continue to grow in size and complexity. Transformers are the second largest loss making types of equipment in power networks, after transmission and distribution lines. +LJK HIĂ€FLHQF\ WUDQVIRUPHUV SUHVHQW HFRQRPLF EHQHĂ€WV LQ WHUPV RI ORZHU operating cost, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improved reliability and a potentially a longer service life. As a result, India has taken policy initiatives to establish mandatory and voluntary programmes to conserve energy and increase the competiveness of domestic markets by adopting high HIĂ€FLHQF\ WUDQVIRUPHUV Reducing transformers losses can result in substantial savings IRU XWLOLW\ 2WKHU EHQHĂ€WV IURP ORVV reduction include released system capacity, and possible deferral of capital expenditures for system improvements and expansion. While losses in distribution lines are due to copper losses, transformer losses occur due to both copper and core losses. An increase in loading will result in DQ LQFUHDVH RI FXUUHQW Ă RZ DQG correspondingly greater amount of loss in the transformer. Moreover, an unbalance in the system load will increase transformer losses. The harmonic currents will also

62

cause a small increase in copper losses; however, the high frequency harmonic voltage can cause large core losses. Frequently, utilities are forced to use an oversized transformer to compensate when a large harmonic presence is indicated. Transformers have two major components that drive losses: the core and the coils. The typical core is an assembly of laminated steel, and core losses are mostly related to magnetizing (energizing) the core. These losses, also known as no-load losses, are present all the time the transformer is powered on – regardless of whether there is any load or not. Core losses are roughly constant from no-load to full-load when feeding linear loads. The coil losses, commonly referred to as load losses, are associated with feeding power to the connected load. For linear loads, these losses are predominately I2 R, in other words load losses increase by the square of current from no-load to full-load, driven by the resistance of the coil. Comparing Transformer losses, several variables contribute to transformer losses, the most important of which include load OHYHO ORDG SURÀOH DQG FRUH DQG

coil construction. Since there are a wide variety of transformers on the market serving different purposes, and available from different manufacturers, actual ORVVHV LQFXUUHG LQ WKH ÀHOG ZLOO YDU\ substantially from installation to installation. Load level varies widely, with some installations running very heavily loaded and others more lightly loaded. This difference substantially impacts actual losses incurred. Losses in power transformers account for almost one third of overall transmission and distribution losses. Reduction of these losses has the potential to deliver huge savings as well as reduced environmental impact

Ideal Transformer An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which does not have any loss in it, means no core losses, copper losses and any other losses LQ WUDQVIRUPHU (IĂ€FLHQF\ RI WKLV transformer is considered as 100%. An ideal transformer is the RQH ZKLFK LV HIĂ€FLHQW 7KLV means that the power supplied at the input terminal should be exactly equal to the power supplied at the RXWSXW WHUPLQDO VLQFH HIĂ€FLHQF\ FDQ only be 100% if the output power is equal to the input power with zero energy losses. But in reality,

June 2017

Insight

nothing in this universe is ever ideal. Similarly, since the output power of a transformer is never exactly equal to the input power, due to number of electrical losses inside the core and windings of the transformer, so ZH QHYHU JHW WR VHH D HIĂ€FLHQW transformer.

Transformer Efficiency 7KH (IÀFLHQF\ RI WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LV GHÀQHG DV WKH UDWLR RI XVHIXO SRZHU output to the input power, the two being measured in the same unit. Most of the transformers have IXOO ORDG HIÀFLHQF\ EHWZHHQ WR $V D WUDQVIRUPHU EHLQJ KLJKO\ HIÀFLHQW RXWSXW DQG LQSXW are having nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to measure WKH HIÀFLHQF\ RI WUDQVIRUPHU E\ WKH ratio of output / input. A better way WR ÀQG RXW HIÀFLHQF\ RI D WUDQVIRUPHU LV XVLQJ HIÀFLHQF\ LQSXW ORVVHV LQSXW ORVVHV LQSXW 2UGLQDU\ RU FRPPHUFLDO HIÀFLHQF\ of a transformer can be given by the ratio of output / input. But in some types of transformers, their performance can not be judged E\ WKLV HIÀFLHQF\ )RU H[DPSOH distribution transformers have their primaries energized all the time. But, their secondaries supply little load or no-load most of the time during day (as residential use of electricity is observed mostly during evening till midnight). That is, when secondaries of transformer are not supplying any load (or supplying only little load), then only core losses of transformer are considerable and copper losses are absent (or very little). Copper losses are considerable only when transformers are loaded. Thus, for such transformers copper losses are relatively less important. The performance of such transformers is compared on the basis of energy consumed in one day. All day HIÀFLHQF\ RI D WUDQVIRUPHU LV DOZD\V OHVV WKDQ RUGLQDU\ HIÀFLHQF\ RI LW

Losses in Transformer As the electrical transformer is a static device, mechanical losses (like windage or friction losses) in transformer normally does not come into picture and generally only electrical losses in transformer consider. When input

June 2017

power is supplied to the primary of transformer, some portion of that power is used to compensate core losses in transformer i.e. Hysteresis loss in transformer and Eddy current loss in transformer core and some portion of the input power is lost as I2R loss and dissipated as heat in the primary and secondary windings, because these windings have some internal resistance in WKHP 7KH ÀUVW RQH LV FDOOHG FRUH loss or iron loss in transformer and the later is known as ohmic loss or copper loss in transformer. Another loss occurs in transformer, known as Stray Loss, due to Stray à X[HV OLQN ZLWK WKH PHFKDQLFDO structure and winding conductors.

Copper Losses These losses occur in the windings of the transformer when heat is dissipated due to the current passing through the windings and the internal resistance offered by the windings. So these are also known as ohmic loss or I2R loss where I is the current passing through the windings and R is the internal resistance of the windings. These losses are present both in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer and depend upon load connected across the secondary winding since the current varies with the variation in the load, so there are variable losses. Heat losses, or I 2R losses, in the winding materials contribute the largest part of the load losses.

Iron loss or Core Losses These losses occur in the core of the transformer and are generated GXH WR WKH YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH Ă X[ These losses depend upon the magnetic properties of the materials which are present in the core, so they are also known as iron losses, as the core of the transformer is made up of iron. And since they do not change like the load, so these losses are also constant. There are two types of Iron losses in the transformer one is Eddy current losses and other is Hysteresis losses. Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic properties of the material used for the construction of core and its design. Hence these losses are

also known as core losses or iron losses and considered as constant for all range of load.

Hysteresis loss Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the transformer core. This loss is due to magnetic properties of iron SDUW RU FRUH :KHQ WKH PDJQHWLF ÀHOG strength or the current is increased WKH à X[ GHQVLW\ LQFUHDVH DIWHU D point further increase current the à X[ GHQVLW\ JHWV VDWXUDWHG :KHQ reduce the current from saturation WR ]HUR VLGH WKH à X[ GHQVLW\ VWDUWV to decrease. But when the current YDOXH UHDFKHV ]HUR WKH à X[ GHQVLW\ should also be zero but it is not zero. For zero current there is still VRPH à X[ GHQVLW\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH material, this is known as residual PDJQHWLF à X[ +HQFH WKH DPRXQW of power is never recovered back. The power which gets trapped in the core of the material is lost in the form of heat called Hysteresis loss. Hysteresis loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals DQG YDOXH RI à X[ GHQVLW\

Eddy current loss Eddy current loss is due to circulating current induced in the transformer core. Eddy current loss takes place when a coil is wrapped around a core and alternating current supply is applied to it. As the supply to the coil is alternating, WKH PDJQHWL]LQJ Ă X[ SURGXFHG LQ the coil is also alternating. Some SDUW RI WKLV Ă X[ DOVR JHWV OLQNHG ZLWK other conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer. By faradays law of electromagnetic LQGXFWLRQ WKH FKDQJH LQ Ă X[ WKURXJK the core or other conducting part causes emf induction inside it. Due to induction of emf small circulating FXUUHQW VWDUWV WR Ă RZ LQ WKH FRUH 7KLV current is called as eddy current and due to this eddy current, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.

Stray losses 1RW DOO WKH PDJQHWLF ÀHOG SURGXFHG by the primary is intercepted by the secondary. A portion of the leakage à X[ PD\ LQGXFH HGG\ FXUUHQWV within nearby conductive objects

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Insight

such as the transformer’s support structure, and be converted to heat. The familiar hum or buzzing noise heard near transformers is a result RI VWUD\ ÀHOGV FDXVLQJ FRPSRQHQWV of the tank to vibrate, and is also from magnetostriction vibration of the core. 7KH à X[ LQ WKH FRUH FDXVHV LW WR physically expand and contract slightly with the alternating PDJQHWLF ÀHOG DQ HIIHFW NQRZQ DV magnetostriction. This in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible ferromagnetic cores. 7KH DOWHUQDWLQJ PDJQHWLF ÀHOG DOVR FDXVHV à XFWXDWLQJ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF forces between the coils of wire, the core and any nearby metalwork, causing vibrations and noise which consume power.

Cooling system Large power transformers may be equipped with cooling fans, oil pumps or water-cooled heat exchangers designed to remove the heat caused by copper and iron losses. The power used to operate the cooling system is typically considered part of the losses of the transformer.

Dielectric Losses This loss occurs due to electrostatic stress reversals in the insulation. It is roughly proportional to developed high voltage and the type and thickness of insulation. It varies with frequency. It is negligibly small and is roughly constant. (Generally ignored in medium voltage transformers while FRPSXWLQJ HIĂ€FLHQF\

Loss reduction techniques In order to reduce eddy current losses, the magnetic core of the transformer is not made from a single magnetic material because in this case the circulating eddy FXUUHQW Ă RZLQJ ZLOO EH KLJKHU Instead the magnetic core is a stack of thin silicon steel lamination and the laminations are insulated from one another by thin layer of varnish to reduce eddy current and hence eddy current losses. Thin sheet steels must be used which are insulated from each other.

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Eddy current losses can also be reduced in a core by reducing the area of ferromagnetic material by embedding the equal area of anti ferromagnetic material in the same core. Eddy Current loss can also be reduced by increasing the number of laminations. The laminations provide small gaps between the plates. As it is easier for magnetic à X[ WR à RZ WKURXJK LURQ WKDQ DLU RU RLO VWUD\ à X[ WKDW FDQ FDXVH FRUH losses is minimized. In order to minimize hysteresis losses, soft magnetic materials eg: Si steel, steel alloys ,Mn-Zn ferrite are used because they have high saturation magnetization, Low coercivity ,High magnetic permeability etc. which reduce losses due to hysteresis. The energy lost as heat, which is known as the hysteresis loss, in reversing the magnetization of the material is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop. Therefore, cores of transformers are made of materials with narrow hysteresis loops. In view of the above, it is concluded that the hysteresis Losses can be reduced by using special core material which reached to zero or QHDU ]HUR à X[ GHQVLW\ DIWHU UHPRYDO of current. Eddy current Losses can be reduced by making core by thin sheets by reducing the area of each Eddy current branch. Copper losses, which become more important at high power levels, can be reduced by several methods, including increasing the voltage of the distribution lines, shunt compensation, reduction of harmonics, load balance, and demand side management. There are several methods that can be employed to reduce the harmonics and consequently improve the WUDQVIRUPHU HIÀFLHQF\ VXFK DV XVLQJ ÀOWHUV DQG ]LJ]DJ WUDQVIRUPHU 7KH windings of the transformer are made thick so that the resistances are minimised. Another technique is Vaccum Pressure Impregnation. In this technique the transformer is kept in vaccum then high pressure varnish is passed so that the smallest RI WKH DLU JDSV DUH DOVR ÀOOHG Hence reducing the copper losses.

Appropriate investment in an HQHUJ\ HIĂ€FLHQW WUDQVIRUPHU OHDGV to reducing energy losses, lowering the environmental pollution, reducing life cycle costs and thus LQFUHDVLQJ SURĂ€WDELOLW\ Resistive losses are primarily a IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FXUUHQW Ă RZLQJ through a transformer, heating it up. These losses are exponential with the current. For this reason it is important to not have too small a transformer, or it will “run hotâ€? with high losses. One option is for utilities to install banks of three or more transformers at substations, de-energizing one or more during low-load periods (to avoid excessive core losses), but then switching them on during high-demand periods (to avoid excessive resistive losses). Again, there may be tradeoffs resulting from increased circuit breaker maintenance costs and risk for decreased reliability.

Conclusion Reducing losses in the transformer is a readily available option to HQKDQFH HOHFWULFDO HIĂ€FLHQF\ and reduce generation-related emissions. Advances in technology and understanding have made SRVVLEOH VLJQLĂ€FDQW HIĂ€FLHQF\ gains through investments in improved transformer components. It is essential that new system builds take advantage of more HIĂ€FLHQW FRPSRQHQWV 7KH DGYHQW of mandatory CO2 emissions reduction requirements will improve the payback of such improvements. Practically eddy current loss is increasing in embedded core in comparison to non embedded core while hysteresis loss has been decreased by greater percentage in embedded core with compare to the non embedded core. It can be concluded now that HPEHGGHG FRUH LV PRUH HIĂ€FLHQW than a non embedded core as iron loss has been reduced by DSSUR[LPDWHO\ Ć“ Ashok Upadhyay BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)

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Solutions S olutions

urge Arresters are used to Limit the surge voltage much below the voltage impulse withstanding level of the near by apparatus and to divert Lightning current. The function of the earth conductor is to provide a conducting path over which the surge current can be diverted around the apparatus being protected, without developing a dangerous voltage magnitude. In the presence of a changing current (di/dt) there will be an inductive voltage drop developed along the earth conductor itself, which is additive to the voltage protection level of the surge arrester. The amount of this added voltage will be proportional to the conductor length, the spacing from the protected apparatus and the magnitude of di/dt. Actual values of di/dt range over ZLGH OLPLWV EXW D YDOXH RI N$ ČžV LV UHSUHVHQWDWLYH :LWK VXFK D UDWH RI ULVH RI FXUUHQW HYHQ Čž+ RI LQGXFWDQFH FDQ EH VLJQLĂ€FDQW be proportional to the conductor length,

the spacing from the protected apparatus and the magnitude of di/dt. Actual values of di/dt range over wide limits, but a value RI N$ ČžV LV UHSUHVHQWDWLYH :LWK VXFK D UDWH RI ULVH RI FXUUHQW HYHQ Čž+ RI LQGXFWDQFH FDQ EH VLJQLĂ€FDQW

E = L × di/dt = 10–6 × 10 000 × 106 = 10 000 V

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It would take only a 1.0 m length of 95 mm2 conductor spaced 1.50 m away from the transformer to add 10 000 V to the arrester voltage. Thus, grounding conductor length and spacing become of paramount importance. One can readily visualize that the additive inductive YROWDJH LV JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH WRWDO Ă X[ OLQNDJHV WKDW FDQ be developed through the window between the earth conductor and the protected apparatus. Locating the arrestor at any substantial distance, such as at the pole-top cross arm, with an independent grounding conductor can seriously increase the surge voltage stress on a transformer or switchgear by the voltage drop in the arrestor down lead to ground. Arresters should be as close as possible to the equipment to be protected and to ground

Typical installation of S.A in a panel

Earth bus of LA. (insulated supports) Earth bus goes out of panel through an insulated rubber bushing

June 2017

Solutions

Earth conductor of S. A connected to separate electrode

Earth bus goes out of panel through an insulated rubber bushing

Earth conductor of S.A in a pole

Earth conductor of Surge Arrester insulated from the structure

Installations as shown in the pictures have separate, insulated earth conductor routed separately with out touching any metallic pats of structure to an earth electrode. This electrode is some time connected to grid.

Conclusion :URQJ LQVWDOODWLRQ SUDFWLFH DUH IROORZHG LQ VRPH SODFHV due to which the intended purpose is not met. The best solution is to mount the S.A as recommended in IEEE 142 at the body of Transformer. (ref. chapter 2, clause 2.2.7) Alternatively, replacing insulated support to Metal support ensure connection between Earth wire and structure. The structure is connected to transformer body through earth grid (if not available, a connection need to be made). This change can protect the transformer to VRPH H[WHQW Ć“ Mr S Gopakumar

Managing Director of Cape Electric Pvt Ltd. He is also a member of National Building Code of India – Electrical Committee.

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InFocus

T

he rapidly evolving demand for electricity is resulting in networks operating closer to their limits, with little spare capacity as standby equipment. Transformer failures caused by short-circuits in transmission /distribution lines are still a major cause of system outages and short circuit testing of new transformers is the demonstration of their ability to withstand high over currents from external line faults. Today’s designs, marked by high material prices and often low loss evaluations, are pushing materials closer to their mechanical withstand limits and exposing them more than ever to severe stresses from short circuit over currents. All these aspects make robustness of transformers more important than ever before. Reputed manufacturers draw on their vast experience in power transformer manufacturing and short circuit testing to deliver equipment that displays a truly outstanding short circuit withstand performance. The short circuit test is a special test for transformers, ZKHUH WKH\ DUH VXEMHFWHG WR ÁRZ RI PD[LPXP RYHU current through them that may occur when they are connected to power networks. The role and rationale of short-circuit testing of power transformer is an important element of the quality assurance process and utilities rely on short-circuit testing to verify withstand strength against the mechanical forces from short-circuit currents. The short circuit tests demonstrate the ability to withstand over currents during external line faults and ensure the mechanical and electrical stability to withstand high forces. Apart from the severity and risk of damaging failures, it is a costly test, involving 50-100 % of unit cost of transformer, and needs to be done at power laboratories far away from manufacturing units.

Maximum reliability and availability Modern power systems are complex with a high number of individual pieces of critical apparatus. To ensure reliable operation, it is important that key elements such as large power transformer have a high degree of

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availability to minimize the power outages. The acceptance testing for dielectric aspects is well covered by the international standards, evolved over the years. The ability to withstand a short circuit on output load side is recognized as an essential requirement for power transformers. IEC and IEEE Standards, as well as other national standards hence specify that power transformers have to be capable to withstand short-circuits and lay out rules how this should be YHULÀHG Recently ABB´s 765 kV transformers was successfully short circuit tested, This was the highest voltage generator transformer ever to have undergone and passed such a rigorous test. On account of the high investment costs in test equipment, such tests are possible only at a handful of locations in the world. The test requires power source capacities in the range of that of large power grids together with sophisticated control and measuring equipment, in line with IEC standards. One such facility is KEMA Laboratories, the largest independent test laboratory, where a number of shortcircuit tests are carried out by reputed transformer manufacturers. The recently expanded KEMA High 3RZHU /DERUDWRU\ +3/ LV WKH ZRUOG·V ÀUVW IDFLOLW\ FDSDEOH of short circuit testing 800-kV power components. The ÀUVW XOWUD KLJK YROWDJH 8+9 WUDQVIRUPHU WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ pass the testing was ABB make, 315 megavolt-ampere (MVA), 765kV single phase generator step up transformer

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InFocus

(GSU), a world record.

h 6HULHV RI WUDQVIRUPHUV RQH WR EH WDNHQ RXW

“ABB transformers tested at KEMA Laboratories have VKRZQ RYHU WKH \HDUV D VLJQLĂ€FDQWO\ EHWWHU WKDQ DYHUDJH performance during short circuit testsâ€? said Bas Verhoeven, Director Global Business Development at .(0$ /DERUDWRULHV ´7KH ZRUOGÂ?V Ă€UVW VXFFHVVIXO N9 short circuit testing, conducted at KEMA Laboratories, LV D UHVXOW RI GHGLFDWHG GHYHORSPHQW ZRUN ORQJ WLPH experience in building transformers for the most demanding service conditions and thorough follow-up of incidents occurring during tests and operationâ€?

h 5DLO WUDFN IHHGLQJ WUDQVIRUPHUV WHVW LV D PXVW

“ABB is proud of supporting the development of infrastructures and strengthening the transmission QHWZRUNÂľ VDLG 0DUNXV +HLPEDFK 0DQDJLQJ 'LUHFWRU of ABB’s Transformers business unit, a part of the company’s Power Grids division. “Our continuous WHFKQRORJ\ DGYDQFHPHQWV DUH D NH\ IRFXV DUHD RI our Next Level strategy, enabling a quality compliant PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVV DQG PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR LQFUHDVH power transmission capacity.â€?

The ultimate test Power transformers are designed to withstand the forces during a short circuit test and are well-prepared for the ultimate test. Designing power transformers is an interactive process, VHHNLQJ WKH RSWLPDO solution from the point of view of; masses and losses, sound level, short circuit strength, winding temperatures, hot spots and cooling equipment, dielectric strength between windings and inside windings etc. A short circuit proof transformer is characterized by: h Mechanically sound design and technology based

RQ IXQGDPHQWDO PHFKDQLFV DQG YHULĂ€HG E\ PDQ\ short circuit tests h Rigid core clamping structure for short-circuit

strength and easier transportation

h Accurate manufacturing process guided by strict

tolerances and quality systems

h Rigid winding mandrels h 9HULĂ€HG GU\LQJ DQG SUHVVLQJ SURFHGXUHV h Rigid low-voltage winding design and clamping

The following transformer units are worth being considered for short-circuit testing: h Important generator step-up transformers and

auxiliary units in power plants

h Key feeding transformers at power plant sub-

stations or huge load centers

h Strategic intertie transformer - three-winding system

transformers (tertiary), auto-transformers

h Transformers with axial split winding connections

June 2017

h 7UDQVIRUPHUV FRQQHFWHG WR QHWZRUNV NQRZQ IRU

frequent line faults and high fault currents

Accuracy is the equivalent of credibility Manufacturing of transformers requires a high degree of accuracy. The most important criterion is that all ZLQGLQJV QHHG D VSHFLĂ€F FODPSLQJ SUHVVXUH WR DYRLG any displacements between the coils. Various cellulosebased insulation components are manufactured from SUHVVERDUG PDNLQJ PDFKLQHV DQG IDEULFDWHG DW WKHLU RZQ NLW FHQWHUV E\ VRPH WUDQVIRUPHU PDQXIDFWXUHUV This ensures a common method of producing all those NH\ HOHPHQWV WKDW LPSURYHV WKH VKRUW FLUFXLW ZLWKVWDQG strength of the winding. 0RUH WKDQ $%% SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHUV RI GLIIHUHQW designs have passed short-circuit tests, including DURXQG WKDW ZHUH EXLOW DIWHU DFFRUGLQJ WR TrafoStar technology. In CIGRE and at other technical conferences, KEMA reports are showing test failures LQ DURXQG SHUFHQW RI WKH SHUIRUPHG 6& WHVWV RQ power transformers. $%%¡V RZQ WHVW UHFRUG IURP RYHU WKH ODVW \HDUV SUHVHQW IDLOXUHV RXW RI WHVWV ZKLFK VWLSXODWHV WKDW IDLOXUH LV not an option for ABB power transformers.

Indian Record ,Q ,QGLD 3RZHU 7UDQVIRUPHU ZDV ÀUVW VKRUW FLUFXLW WHVWHG LQ DW &35, %KRSDO 7KLV WHVW LQWURGXFHG on demand of Indian Railways helped in improving the VKRUW FLUFXLW ZLWKVWDQG VWUHQJWK RI 5DLOZD\ WUDFNVLGH supply transformers that are subjected to frequent VKRUW FLUFXLWV LQ VHUYLFH /DWH V 173& ODUJHVW power utility of India, introduced this test for the large transformers procured by them to enhance the availability of generator transformers at power stations. Since local facilities had no capacity to conduct such a test on large transformers, this was done at KEMA /DERUDWRULHV LQ WKH 1HWKHUODQGV $%% ,QGLD ÀUVW VKRUW FLUFXLW WHVWHG RQH RI WKHLU WUDQVIRUPHU LQ 09$ N9 WUDFN VLGH XQLW IRU 'HOKL 0HWUR 5DLO &RUSRUDWLRQ $%% ZDV WKH ÀUVW LQ WKH FRXQWU\ WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ FRQGXFW VKRUW FLUFXLW WHVWV RQ UHFRUG VL]HG WUDQVIRUPHUV 09$ N9 *68 IRU 173& 09$ N9 SKDVH $XWR 7UDQVIRUPHUV IRU 3*&,/ FXOPLQDWLQJ LQ WKH WHVWLQJ RI D 09$ N9 VLQJOH SKDVH XQLW LQ 6R IDU $%% ,QGLD 9DGRGDUD WUDQVIRUPHU IDFWRULHV KDYH VXFFHVVIXOO\ VKRUW FLUFXLW WHVWHG RI WKHLU 3RZHU 7UDQVIRUPHUV ZLWK UDWLQJ UDQJLQJ IURP 09$ N9 WR 09$ N9 Ɠ Andrew Collier

Global Product Manager, Large and Medium Power Transformers, ABB,

P Ramachandran

Technical Advisor, Transformers, ABB India Ltd. (The views and opsinions expressed in this article are those of the DXWKRUV DQG GR QRW UHĂ HFW WKH RIĂ€FLDO SROLF\ RU SRVLWLRQ RI WKH PDJD]LQH

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Achievement

Emergency Restoration System (ERS) structures are a temporary solution designed to bypass the existing transmission towers of any voltage in any terrain. They will be used until the main line is reconductored or restored. The entire structure can then be disassembled and reused. The unique feature of Supreme ERS structure is that they are made of High strength steel instead of High Strength Aluminium. High strength steel has three times WKH VSHFLĂ€F JUDYLW\ DQG \LHOG VWUHQJWK RI PRUH WKDQ 2 times when compared with High strength Aluminium alloy. Another reason why High Strength steel is preferred over Aluminium is due to the wide spread usage of High Strength Steel in the transmission sector. India uses close to 1 million MT of High Strength Steel on towers alone. The ERS structure is maiden sections of 3 m length which makes the structure to be completely modular. Depending upon the voltage level, the number of sections is decided. The structure is supported by combination of guys and the structure can be installed without any civil foundation. Erection of the structure was made ease with the usage of Gin Pole which negates the need of heavy machineries. The use of composite insulator cross arm has reduced the cross arm load on the structure. Engineering team of Supreme made use of design software like PLS CADD to design the Steel based ERS structure. The sections are designed considering the allowable bending moment as per IEEE Standards. With skilled manpower that Supreme possess, we were able to erect the structure in hours. Supreme recently made an installation/erection of 3nos. ERS Towers to Bypass an existing 132kV S/C Line at Vaishali, Ghaziabad. In Ghaziabad, an existing 132kV Single Circuit Transmission Line (Vaishali to Sahibabad, Triangular &RQĂ€JXUDWLRQ $&65 3DQWKHU ZDV VFKHGXOHG IRU DQ XS JUDGDWLRQ ZLWK 0XOWL FLUFXLW 7/ XVLQJ $&&& &RQGXFWRU In the whole stretch, a line length of 1800 circuit metres, which passes through a residential and heavily crowded commercial area in Sector 2 of Vaishali, was at standstill and lying abandoned after completion of foundation works since January 2017 and awaited for a shutdown

for a minimum of 10 days, for completion of installation/ HUHFWLRQ RI 1RV 0XOWL FLUFXLW 7RZHUV DQG VWULQJLQJ WR follow.Supreme conducted a 2 stage survey (initial and detailed) before and after the contract was awarded. The technical team analysed to install 3 ERS, of 30M KHLJKW LQ YLHZ RI WKH PXOWL VWRUH\HG PDQVLRQV DQG residential apartments. The Bypass Arrangement line ZDV LQVWDOOHG RQ (56 7RZHUV ZLWK YHUWLFDO FRQĂ€JXUDWLRQ ACSR Panther, E/w (7/3.15 GI Shield Wire) and associated accessories. The operational works were completed within 3 ½ hours without using any heavy earth movers, followed by stringing which required a shutdown of Distribution Lines 33/11kv passing by for a period of 2½hours. After the installation was complete there was a severe hailstorm but the tower withstood the same without any damage to it. The bypass line is in charged state since then serving utility customers who didn’t have to undergo suspension of service. This new experiment ZLOO SOD\ VLJQLĂ€FDQW UROH LQ SURPRWLRQ RI OLQH XS UDWLQJ E\ UH FRQGXFWRULQJ RI ROG OLQHV ZLWKRXW QHFHVVLWDWLQJ WKH need for new ROW. It is worthwhile to mention in this connection that before executing this contract, Supreme made two live demos with Installation of 45 Metre ERS at their factory in presence of experts from different utilities and EPC contractors. Different suggestions received from the experts during live demo are incorporated in WKH Ă€QDO SURGXFW 6XSUHPH is extremely thankful for the valuable suggestions and presence of those experts. Now, Supreme is ready to provide the services required for erection of ERS Tower on rental and service basis, as we have a skilled and dedicated team to execute the work.

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June 2017

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ExpertSpeak

T

he impact of renewables to energy production is EHFRPLQJ PRUH DQG PRUH VLJQLĂ€FDQW EXW QRW RQO\ LQ positive terms. The type of electrical and thermal stresses RFFXUULQJ LQ HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV HVSHFLDOO\ LQVXODWLRQ V\VWHPV GXH WR QRQ FRQYHQWLRQDO YROWDJH ZDYHIRUPV transients and loading conditions may affect considerably electrical asset reliability. This paper describes how renewable generation assets can affect reliability and DYDLODELOLW\ RI HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV SURSRVHV PRGHOV DQG practical solutions which are based on a Smart Grid approach and would allow the asset and maintenance manager to operate the renewable asset with the best compromise between return of the investment and reliability. Renewables are a great and growing opportunity WR VHFXUH FOHDQ DQG HYHUODVWLQJ HQHUJ\ EXW WKH\ DOVR constitute a challenge for the integration with the existing networks and for the reliability of electrical apparatus. 7KH GLIIHUHQFH RI VKRUW FLUFXLW SRZHU DQG WKH UHOHYDQW QHWZRUN YROWDJH Ă XFWXDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV WKH SDUWLFXODU NLQG RI YROWDJH ZDYHIRUPV WKDW PD\ EH ZHOO GLIIHUHQW from the sinusoidal one for which electrical apparatus DUH PRVWO\ GHVLJQHG FDQ FRQVWLWXWH D VHULRXV LVVXH IRU HOHFWULFDO DVVHW UHOLDELOLW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ $V DQ H[DPSOH 3,/& FDEOHV VWLOO XVHG ODUJHO\ DW GLVWULEXWLRQ OHYHOV suffer more frequently insulation breakdown caused E\ WKHUPR PHFKDQLFDO EHQGLQJ GXH WR ODUJH SRZHU Ă XFWXDWLRQV RI UHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV[1].

$ IXQGDPHQWDO QHHG LV WKHQ WR WUDFN WKH HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV KHDOWK DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WLPH SURYLGLQJ ÀJXUHV VXFK DV WKH '\QDPLF +HDOWK ,QGH[ '+, > @ DQG indications which can trigger the attention of maintenance and asset managers. 7KH EDVLV IRU KHDOWK RU FRQGLWLRQ HYDOXDWLRQ LV WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI HIIHFWLYH GLDJQRVWLF WRROV EHWWHU LI RQ OLQH

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L H PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHPV EHFDXVH LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKH\ will provide information under real working condition of an electrical apparatus. The concept of diagnostic and monitoring systems itself is tricky and it needs to be adapted to the challenge RI VPDUW JULG )RU D ORQJ WLPH GLDJQRVWLFV KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG LQGHHG D ÀHOG IRU H[SHUWV +RZHYHU LQ D VFHQDULR RI DJLQJ DVVHWV LW LV QRW DQ\PRUH IHDVLEOH WR resort to expert support in order to analyze the streaming of monitoring data from each piece of equipment. 7KHUHIRUH VLJQLÀFDQW HIIRUWV KDYH EHHQ GHYRWHG WR develop diagnostic systems that may require the help RI VNLOOHG SHUVRQQHO RQO\ WR D OLPLWHG H[WHQW 7UDIÀF light indications providing red alerts when failure risk EHFRPHV XQDFFHSWDEOH DUH SUHIHUDEOH DV D ÀUVW OHYHO interface as compared to detailed diagnostic property LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV DSSURDFK KRZHYHU QHHGV H[WHQVLYH XVH RI DUWLÀFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH WRROV Global monitoring is becoming a key concept in the GHYHORSPHQW RI PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHPV EHFDXVH h

'LDJQRVWLF PDUNHUV DUH FRUUHODWHG RIWHQ ZLWK WKH RSHUDWLQJ SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH DSSDUDWXV H J WHPSHUDWXUH DFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHU environmental conditions.

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7KHUHIRUH GLDJQRVWLF V\VWHPV DUH HYROYLQJ IURP VLQJOH SXUSRVH V\VWHPV WR KLJKO\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG GDWD ORJJHUV FDSDEOH RI VWRULQJ VLJQDOV IURP VHQVRUV DQG SURYLGLQJ

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WKH RSHUDWLQJ SRLQW RI WKH DSSDUDWXV DV ZHOO DV PXOWLSOH GLDJQRVWLF PDUNHUV IURP YDULRXV VXE V\VWHPV 7KURXJK VWDWLVWLFDO DQG GDWD PLQLQJ VRIWZDUH WRROV H[SHUW V\VWHPV will be able to correlate all these markers to extract accurate information regarding the equipment condition. 7KH XVH RI ODUJH EDQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ PHGLD VXFK DV ,QWHUQHW RU * * WHOHSKRQ\ KDV DOVR HDVHG WKH GHSOR\PHQW RI GLDJQRVWLF WRROV DOORZLQJ GLDJQRVWLF GDWD WR EH GHOLYHUHG LQ FRPSOHWH IRUP WR 6&$'$ FHQWHUV +HUH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH SURFHVVHG SURSHUO\ XVLQJ WKH needed expertise. This paper will discuss a vision of the Smart Grid Global Monitoring System (SGGMS) which can be applied for the integration of renewables integration. and which is DEOH WR FRQMXJDWH UHOLDELOLW\ DVVHW PDQDJHPHQW GHFLVLRQ capability and optimization of investment resources

Renewables and reliability concerns $FFHOHUDWHG DJLQJ RU WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH KHDOWK LQGH[ (thus of reliability) is often experienced in renewable energy generation plants. $V DQ H[DPSOH )LJ VKRZV D SLFWXUH RI D 09 /9 WUDQVIRUPHU RSHUDWLQJ LQ D VRODU SODQW PRQWKV DIWHU LQVWDOODWLRQ > @ $V FDQ EH VHHQ WKHUH LV D KXJH HYROXWLRQ RI JDV LQ WKH RLO FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR YHU\ LQWHQVH SDUWLDO GLVFKDUJH 3' DFWLYLW\ )LJ 7KLV ZDV DIIHFWLQJ VR PXFK the reliability of the electrical insulation that a few weeks DIWHU WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV WKH WUDQVIRUPHU IDLOHG $FWXDOO\ LQ WKDW VSHFLÀF SODQW WUDQVIRUPHUV H[SORGHG ZLWKLQ PRQWKV DIWHU HQHUJL]DWLRQ

Fig. 1. MV/LV transformer installed in a solar plant 5 months installation the gas evolution in the oil can be noted.

Similar reliability problems have been recorded on FDEOHV JHQHUDWRUV DQG WUDQVIRUPHUV LQ ZLQG IDUPV DV well as on cables and transformers in solar plants . 6FLHQWLÀF DQG IRUHQVLF LQYHVWLJDWLRQV VKRZ WKDW WKH presence of power supply waveforms different from WKH VLQXVRLGDO RQH DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV DUH KLVWRULFDOO\ GHVLJQHG KDV YHU\ RIWHQ WKH HIIHFW RI OLIH VKRUWHQLQJ VRPHWLPHV WR D GUDPDWLF H[WHQW

June 2017

5RWDWLQJ PDFKLQHV FRQWUROOHG E\ 3:0 IRU H[DPSOH have been seen to fail in a few weeks even if designed to endure electrical stress for years. The presence RI '& DQG LPSXOVLYH FRPSRQHQWV LV OLNHO\ WKH FDXVH RI WKH DFFHOHUDWHG DJLQJ RI RLO SDSHU LQVXODWLRQ LQ WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG WUDQVIRUPHU LQVWDOOHG LQ D VRODU SODQW (see e.g. Fig. +DUPRQLF FXUUHQWV DQG YROWDJHV JHQHUDWHG DW WKH $& VLGH RI $& '& FRQYHUWHUV FDXVH RYHUKHDWLQJ DQG accelerated thermal and electrical aging of any polymeric insulation (especially in the presence of resonances) > @. ,Q JHQHUDO DQ H[SUHVVLRQ IRU DJLQJ FDQ EH JLYHQ E\ > @ ) 3 . 6 ij

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where P is a diagnostic property correlated to IDLOXUH . 6 ij

LV WKH DJLQJ UDWH ZKHUH WKH VWUHVV PDJQLWXGH SHDN RU UPV 6 FDQ EH IXQFWLRQ RI WLPH ij DQG W LV DJLQJ WLPH :KHQ WKH property reaches the end point PL WKDW LV WKH YDOXH EH\RQG which the apparatus is not anymore able to withstand the DSSOLHG VWUHVVHV WKHQ WKH OLIH / LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ inversely proportional to the aging rate constant KL L= F(PL)/KL

(TXDWLRQV VXJJHVW DQ DQVZHU WR D FRPPRQ TXHVWLRQ SURYLGLQJ WKDW LW LV QRW SRVVLEOH LQ JHQHUDO to measure all the potential diagnostic properties of an HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV ZKDW DUH WKRVH ZKHUH RXU DWWHQWLRQ shall focus? Considering that life is inversely proportional WR WKH DJLQJ UDWH FRQVWDQW WKHQ WKH DJLQJ UHDFWLRQ EULQJLQJ IDVWHU WR IDLOXUH WKXV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW contribution to the aging rate should be considered. This LV ZK\ UHIHUULQJ WR HOHFWULFDO LQVXODWLRQ SDUWLDO GLVFKDUJHV 3' DUH WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW GLDJQRVWLF SURSHUW\ 6WUHVV 6 LQ HTQV DQG VKDOO EH UHDG DV WKH SUHGRPLQDQW VWUHVV FDXVLQJ DJLQJ ,Q WKH FDVH RI FDEOH LQVXODWLRQ H J S is the combination of electrical and thermal stresses. In the presence of harmonic voltages able to increase WKH SHDN HOHFWULF ÀHOG YDOXH DQG FXUUHQWV ZKLFK ULVH WKH UPV FXUUHQW WKH H[WUD VWUHVV ZLOO FDXVH D UHGXFWLRQ RI OLIH 7KLV KROGV DOVR IRU YROWDJH WUDQVLHQWV $& VWUHVV VXSHULPSRVHG WR '& DQG YROWDJH LPSXOVHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKDW YROWDJH LPSXOVHV RU '& YROWDJH FDQ FDXVH D GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH HOHFWULF ÀHOG ZKLFK VLJQLÀFDQWO\ GLIIHUV IURP WKH RQH DW $& VLQXVRLGDO YROWDJH ZKLFK FDQ ORFDOO\ DFFHOHUDWH DJLQJ DQG RU IDYRU 3' SKHQRPHQD ZKLFK otherwise would be absent or negligible> @. Focusing RQ HOHFWULFDO LQVXODWLRQ ZKLFK LV WKH ZHDNHVW SDUW RI PRVW HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV DQG 3' ZKLFK LV WKH SUHYDLOLQJ GLDJQRVWLF SURSHUW\ LW PXVW EH HPSKDVL]HG WKDW D ODUJH amount of partial discharges indicate a high level of GHJUDGDWLRQ DQG WKXV D ORZ UHOLDELOLW\ DQG EDG KHDOWK LQGH[ +RZHYHU 3' cannot be the only diagnostic quantity measured by PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHPV LI D SDUDPRXQW LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ DVVHW KHDOWK KDV WR EH JDLQHG $ JOREDO DSSURDFK LQFOXGLQJ the properties covering the failure modes of the various

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VXEV\VWHPV RI DQ HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV PXVW EH GHYLVHG this is the basis of SGGMS.

Fig. 2. Partial discharge (PD) pattern detected on the red phase of the solar plant transformer of Fig. 1. The PD amplitude is considered extremely large..

A Smart Grid Global Monitoring System Structure +HUH DQ H[DPSOH RI D 6**0 VWUXFWXUH LV GLVFXVVHG UHIHUULQJ WR WKH SUDFWLFDO FDVH RI D WUDQVIRUPHU ,QGHHG WKH most challenging devices for condition assessment of an HOHFWULFDO LQVXODWLRQ V\VWHP DUH E\ IDU SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHUV as many different parts with different insulating materials DUH DJHLQJ DW WKH VDPH WLPH DQG GLIIHUHQW IDLOXUH PRGHV may operate sometimes simultaneously. Components of the SGGMS are: $ 3' DQG %XVKLQJ 'LHOHFWULF 'LVVLSDWLRQ )DFWRU '') FDSDFLWDQFH PRQLWRULQJ % 2Q OLQH 'LVVROYHG *DV $QDO\VLV '*$ KXPLGLW\ and Temperature monitoring C.

Communication Network and Central server ith database application and alarm manager

Partial Discharge and Bushing Dissipation Factor Monitoring Systems Transformer bushings are often equipped with taps. Signals are collected through adapters connected WR EXVKLQJ WDSV DQG DQ HOHFWURQLF ÀOWHU LV XVHG WR separate voltage components V from current I IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI VLPXOWDQHRXV 3' DQG EXVKLQJ '') GHWHFWLRQ (at different bandwidths). In the absence of bushing WDSV '') FDQQRW EH PHDVXUHG EXW 3' FDQ EH GHWHFWHG WKURXJK D KLJK IUHTXHQF\ FXUUHQW WUDQVIRUPHU +)&7 RU antenna sensors. 'DWD FRPLQJ IURP WKH SKDVH VKLIW EHWZHHQ YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW WKDW LV '') DQG FDSDFLWDQFH FDQ EH VWRUHG LQ D QRQ UHPRYDEOH à DVK PHPRU\ SUHVHQW RQ WKH '63 PDLQERDUG DV UDZ GDWD DUUD\V DQG WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH &HQWUDO 8QLW E\ PHDQV RI ÀEHU RSWLF (WKHUQHW SRUWV XVLQJ DQ\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SURWRFRO 6SHFLÀF VRIWZDUH

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algorithms are needed at the Central Unit level in order WR FDOFXODWH DQG VXSHUYLVH WKH WLPH WUHQG RI '') DQG FDSDFLWDQFH DQG SURYLGH DOHUWV EDVHG RQ WKHVH WUHQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV UDWKHU WKDQ MXVW DEVROXWH YDOXHV ,Q WKLV ZD\ IDOVH YDULDWLRQV RI '') GXH WR HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG ORDG FRQGLWLRQV DUH LGHQWLÀHG DQG UHMHFWHG 7KH 3' GHWHFWRU PXVW EH HQGRZHG ZLWK HQKDQFHG QRLVH UHMHFWLRQ WRROV ,QGHHG RQ ÀHOG QRLVH UHMHFWLRQ is by far the most serious issue to be solved to achieve PHDQLQJIXO 3' PHDVXUHPHQWV $Q HIIHFWLYH WRRO WR DFKLHYH WKLV JRDO LV WKH VR FDOOHG 7 ) PDS> @. It is EDVHG RQ WZR SDUDPHWHUV IRU HDFK UHFRUGHG SXOVH WKH HTXLYDOHQW WLPH 7 DQG HTXLYDOHQW EDQGZLGWK )> @. The latter provides an indication about the frequency content RI D SXOVH EHLQJ ODUJHU IRU SXOVHV ZLWK KLJKHU IUHTXHQF\ content. Therefore pulses generated by different VRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ GLVWXUEDQFHV DQG QRLVH ZLOO KDYH GLIIHUHQW VLJQDWXUHV LQ WKH 7 ) PDS 7KLV DOORZV VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ 3' DQG QRLVH GLVWXUEDQFHV DQG LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ RI WKH W\SH RI 3' VRXUFH WR EH DFKLHYHG > @ (see the H[DPSOH RI )LJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ DV 3' SXOVHV FRPLQJ IURP GLIIHUHQW ORFDWLRQV ZRXOG KDYH GLIIHUHQW VKDSHV WKH 7 ) PDS HQDEOHV VHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK VRXUFH (DFK FOXVWHU RQ WKH 7 ) PDS LQGHHG LQFOXGHV DOO SXOVHV KDYLQJ WKH VDPH ZDYHIRUP FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VR WKDW 3' SXOVHV ZLWK VLPLODU ZDYHIRUPV DUH VXSSRVHG WR FRPH IURP WKH VDPH VRXUFH GHIHFW %\ WKLV ZD\ it is possible to carry out comprehensive and effective 3' PHDVXUHPHQWV UHMHFWLQJ QRLVH WUDFNLQJ GLIIHUHQW SKHQRPHQD LQGLYLGXDOO\ ORFDWLQJ DQG LGHQWLI\LQJ WKHP DQG WKHUHIRUH DVVLJQLQJ GLIIHUHQW ZDUQLQJ OHYHOV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU KDUPIXOQHVV 7KLV PXVW EH GRQH KRZHYHU XVLQJ DXWRPDWLF DUWLÀFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH DOJRULWKPV and data mining able to provide alerts without the need RI H[SHUWV DQDO\]LQJ DOO WKH à RZ RI GDWD FRPLQJ IURP RQ OLQH GLDJQRVWLF V\VWHPV ZKLFK FDQ EH GRQH DW WKH detector level (Smart Sensor) or by software resident at the Central Unit. On-line Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) 7KH RQ OLQH '*$ JHQHUDOO\ FDQ SHUIRUP PHDVXUHPHQWV of 1 WR JDVHV ,Q WKH FDVH H J RI D WZR JDV

'*$ WKH concentration of carbon monoxide &2 DQG K\GURJHQ + LV GHWHUPLQHG 7KH + DQG &2 SUHVHQFH LQ RLO SURYLGH DQ indication of degradation processes occurring inside the WUDQVIRUPHU ,Q SDUWLFXODU &2 LV GHYHORSHG LQ anomalous quantity at hot spots when thermal decomposition of paper RFFXUV + production is DVVRFLDWHG WR DUFLQJ LQ RLO RU 3' DFWLYLW\ '*$ GDWD FDQ EH VWRUHG LQ D QRQ UHPRYDEOH à DVK PHPRU\ SUHVHQW RQ WKH '63 PDLQERDUG DV UDZ GDWD DUUD\V and transferred to the Central Unit by means of H J ÀEHU RSWLF (WKHUQHW SRUWV 5XOHV EDVHG DJDLQ on trend and also absolute quantities (according to IEC and IEEE recommendations) are used to extract warnings/alerts. June 2017

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Communication Network and Central Server with database applications and Alarm Manager The communication network connects the acquisition XQLWV RQH WR HDFK RWKHU DQG WR WKH FHQWUDO FRQWURO V\VWHP ,W FDQ FRQVLVW RI D ULQJ Ă€EHU RSWLF QHWZRUN ZKLFK together with the Managed Ethernet Switch installed LQ D FRQWURO URRP FDQ SURYLGH V\VWHP UHGXQGDQF\ following the “Link Loss Learnâ€? architecture. This DUFKLWHFWXUH HQDEOHV DXWRPDWLF GHWHFWLRQ RI D Ă€EHU RSWLF link interruption and the automatic commutation of the FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKURXJK D GLIIHUHQW Ă€EHU RSWLF OLQN URXWH 2QFH GLDJQRVWLF GDWD LV VWRUHG LQ WKH GDWDEDVH advanced algorithms can be run in order to obtain a complete picture of the condition of the equipment XQGHU WHVW SURYLGLQJ DODUPV LQ FDVH WKH\ DUH QHHGHG Alarms/warnings are based on variations of diagnostic SURSHUWLHV VR WKDW HDFK SURSHUW\ FDQ KDYH D VLQJOH DODUP VWUXFWXUH EXW WKH\ FDQ DOVR EH JHQHUDWHG E\ D combination of properties able to provide a global information of apparatus conditions. This latter feature LV RIWHQ VXPPDUL]HG LQ WKH +HDOWK ,QGH[ +, ZKRVH WLPH FKDQJH '\QDPLF +HDOWK ,QGH[ ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH SURSHU time to face maintenance actions > @. Errore. L’origine riferimento non è stata trovata. VKRZV H[DPSOHV RI GLDJQRVWLF TXDQWLWLHV WKUHVKROG OHYHOV JRRG IDLU DQG SRRU FRQGLWLRQV DQG UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ WR DFKLHYH IRU WUDIĂ€F OLJKW RXWSXW IRU D SRZHU transformer. The levels reported in the Table depend on UDWHG YROWDJH UDWHG SRZHU DQG LQVXODWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ RI EXVKLQJV DQG RQ WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LWVHOI 2UGHUV RI magnitude of some of these values are derived from standards> @ WHFKQLFDO GRFXPHQWV> @ RU JDWKHUHG from experience. Table 1 ([DPSOH RI OLPLW YDOXHV RI YDULRXV GLDJQRVWLF TXDQWLWLHV IRU *RRG *UHHQ )DLU <HOORZ DQG 3RRU (Red) condition in a Power Transformer. Diagnostic Good Fair Yellow Poor Quantity Green (1) (2) Red (3) Tank Internal 3' amplitude ! ! >P9@ Tank Internal ! ! 3' WUHQG per month per month per month %XVKLQJ ! ! ,QWHUQDO 3' amplitude >P9@ %XVKLQJ ! ! SHU ,QWHUQDO 3' per month SHU month trend month %XVKLQJ '') ! ! value

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%XVKLQJ capacitance value [pF] '*$ + value [ppm] '*$ + trend '*$ &2 value [ppm] '*$ &2 trend

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SSP per month

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7KH G\QDPLF KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV HI(t) RI D WUDQVIRUPHU can be determined starting from the time evolution of the considered diagnostic properties (appropriately weighted in terms of aging rate/harmfulness) of each VXEV\VWHP L RI WKH DSSDUDWXV XQGHU PRQLWRULQJ (3) :KHUH

7UHQGLQJ RYHU VL[ PRQWKV IRU WKH th SHUFHQWLOH RI 3' amplitude distribution (q0$; DQG QXPEHU RI 3' pulses per cycle (Nw REWDLQHG XVLQJ WKH VHSDUDWLRQ WHFKQLTXH WKURXJK 7 ) 0DS ÀOWHULQJ LV UHSRUWHG LQ )LJ IRU HDFK SKDVH ,QGHHG DV N is the number of subcomponents of the apparatus under PRQLWRULQJ

FRi the failure probability of subcomponent i of the apparatus compared to the other subcomponents EDVHG RQ UHFRUGV VWDWLVWLFV PSCi the partial health score of subomponent i (based RQ WKH YDOXHV RI WKH GLDJQRVWLF SDUDPHWHU SCMAX and SCmin the maximum and minimum score YDOXHV RI L H J DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKHUH LV JRRG FRQGLWLRQV DQG LV EDG FRQGLWLRQV L H JUHHQ UHG VHH WKH WUDIĂ€F OLJKW ORJLF RI 7DEOH

Example of Ssgm Application Results ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ DQ H[DPSOH RI DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH Smart Grid Global Monitoring approach is presented for D SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHU ZKHUH 3' '') DQG '*$ VPDUW sensors have been installed. Partial Discharge Monitoring System results 3' SKHQRPHQD KDYLQJ SDWWHUQV VLPLODU WR WKDW VKRZQ LQ )LJ ZKRVH SRODULW\ VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH 3' VRXUFH LV ORFDWHG LQVLGH WKH WUDQVIRUPHU QRW LQ WKH EXVKLQJV ZHUH GHWHFWHG LQ DOO WKUHH +9 SKDVHV 7KHVH SKHQRPHQD ZHUH SHUVLVWHQWO\ DFWLYH ZLWK VWDWLRQDU\ PDJQLWXGH DQG UHSHWLWLRQ UDWHV LQGHSHQGHQW RI WUDQVIRUPHU ORDG DQG environmental conditions (temperature and humidity).

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The equivalent frequency F LQ WKH UDQJH RI

B. On-line DGA results

0+] VXJJHVWHG GHIHFWV ORFDWLRQ QHDU WKH GHWHFWLRQ points. The features of the patterns indicate a mixed LQWHUQDO VXUIDFH DFWLYLW\ DVFULEDEOH WR 3' LQ WKH LQWHUIDFH between two different insulating materials(paper/oil or oil/air).

7KH '*$ PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHP SURYLGHG QRWLFHDEOH + levels XS WR SSP GXULQJ WKH VL[ PRQWKV increasing at a rate of DOPRVW SSP PRQWK $ JUDSK RI + concentration and mean oil WHPSHUDWXUH RYHU WKH VL[ PRQWKV '*$ PRQLWRULQJ LV UHSRUWHG LQ )LJ 'HWHFWHG &2 YDOXHV ZHUH DOZD\V EHORZ SSP DQG GLG QRW HYLGHQFH DQ\ variation over time.

Fig. 3 6HSDUDWLRQ DQG DXWRPDWLF ,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ RI WKH 3' DFWLYLWLHV LQVLGH WKH 7UDQVIRUPHU D IX]]\ ORJLF HQJLQH LV XVHG WKLV LV ZK\ WKH ÀQDO LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ RXWFRPH LV QRW OLNHOLKRRG

FDQ EH VHHQ IURP )LJ WZR PDLQ FOXVWHUV DUH SUHVHQW LQ WKH 7 ) PDS %\ VHSDUDWLQJ WKHVH FRQWULEXWLRQV DQG XVLQJ 3' SDWWHUQ DQDO\VLV LW EHFRPHV HDVLHU WR XQGHUVWDQG WKDW SXOVHV LQ FOXVWHU $ DUH GXH WR WKH ,QWHUIDFH 3' LQVLGH WKH WUDQVIRUPHU WDQN ZKHUHDV SXOVHV LQ FOXVWHU % DUH FDXVHG E\ H[WHUQDO VXUIDFH FRURQD GLVFKDUJHV LQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ +9 FRQQHFWLRQV )ROORZLQJ WKHVH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV SXOVHV FRPLQJ IURP FOXVWHUV $ ZHUH WUDFNHG LQGLYLGXDOO\ IRU WUHQG FDOFXODWLRQ QRW FRQVLGHULQJ external disturbances and noise. This must be a IXQGDPHQWDO IHDWXUH RI WKH 3' GHWHFWRU LW LV SRVVLEOH LQ IDFW WR GHÀQH RQH RU PRUH DUHDV LQ WKH 7 ) PDS and analyze the associated phenomena separately. This becomes of outmost importance when multiple 3' DFWLYLWLHV DQG GLVWXUEDQFHV QRLVH DUH SUHVHQW DW WKH same time in the same device under test.

Fig. 5 Time trend of H2 and oil temperature.

C. Bushings DDF and capacitance monitoring results 1R VLJQLÀFDQW YDULDWLRQ RI '') RU FDSDFLWDQFH YDOXHV ZHUH H[SHULHQFHG GXULQJ WKH ÀUVW VL[ PRQWKV RI PRQLWRULQJ 5HVXOWV IURP +9 EXVKLQJV DUH UHSRUWHG LQ )LJV DQG 7KH VPDOO RVFLOODWLRQV LQ '') DQG FDSDFLWDQFH YDOXHV ZHUH FRUUHODWHG WR VSHFLÀF ZRUNLQJ environmental conditions.

Fig. 6 Time trend of Dielectric Dissipation Factor values for the three N9 EXVKLQJV

Fig. 4 Trending over six months of q0$; and Nw values for PD activities in HV bushings

76

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D. Transformer condition evaluation Data were stored and processed in the central control unit, in order to gather all the useful information for asset management strategies. Diagnostic quantities were evaluated one by one DQG WRJHWKHU WUDIĂ€F OLJKW LQGLFDWLRQV ZHUH DVVLJQHG according to ERRORE. L’ORIGINE RIFERIMENTO NON Ăˆ STATA TROVATA.. These indications were processed according to HI approach, so that also operating temperature and load history have to play an important role, particularly if anomalous operating conditions are frequent. 2XWSXW RI WKLV Ă€UVW VWDJH FDQ EH h

Green = Normal operating conditions

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Yellow = Exercise caution

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Red = Critical conditions

A summary of the above considerations for the transformer under test is depicted in Fig. 8. As it can be seen, tank PD amplitude and DGA H2 WUHQG GLVSOD\ \HOORZ WUDIĂ€F OLJKWV ZKLOH '*$ +2 value shows red light. All the other diagnostic quantities provide green light, and even if PD are present their trend over time is almost constant. The transformer resulted, therefore, in a Yellow condition: “Exercise cautionâ€?. A second fundamental step was to extract from the picture of transformer health conditions the possible actions to be taken to minimize failure risk. This can be achieved, in general, from the output of the diagnostic indicators and of operation conditions, using advanced LGHQWLĂ€FDWLRQ DQG GDWD PLQLQJ DOJRULWKPV KDQGOHG E\ DUWLĂ€FLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH WRROV 7KH RXWSXW JRW IURP WKH SGGMS for the Transformer under test was: “Exercise caution during Transformer operation. Mixed Internal/Surface PD activity at the interface between different materials i.e. paper/oil, air/oil, present on all three HV phases inside transformer tank. Location in the upper part of transformer tank is expected by the high detection frequency. PD activity trend is constant over time, there is no load or temperature dependence, thus risk of breakdown due to PD activity is low. DGA shows H2 value is increasing about 60 ppm per month. PD activity is likely the cause of such increase over time. 0HGLXP /RZ ULVN RI Ă DVKRYHUV H[LVWV GXULQJ RSHUDWLRQ Schedule oil treatment before reaching 2000 ppm of H2. 7UDQVIRUPHU EXVKLQJV DUH 3' )UHH FRQĂ€UPHG E\ '') values. DDF and Capacitance values, below the lowest threshold suggest good bushings health.â€? As it is possible to notice, indications are clear and effective. SGGMS was able to draw a conclusion, starting from many different inputs.

June 2017

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E. Conclusion and diagnosis confirmation The SGGMS on-line diagnosis convinced the asset manager to keep the transformer in service during the high-load period. Later investigations discovered a QRQ FRPSOHWH RLO ÀOOLQJ RI WKH WUDQVIRUPHU UHVXOWLQJ LQ three interfacial PD at air/oil interfaces in the three turrets just below HV bushings. 7KDQNV WR RLO GHJDVVLQJ DQG FDUHIXO WDQN UHÀOOLQJ during a scheduled off-line it was possible to remove the SUREOHP FRQÀUPLQJ WKH JRRG EHKDYLRU RI WKH 6**06 diagnostic approach. In general, in electrical assets maintenance decisions should not be taken on the basis of spot measurements, resorting to a single diagnostic technique. The correct procedure is, indeed, to decide any action after having resorted to real time monitoring with multiple diagnostic tools [36]. The transformer working case presented here ÀWV SHUIHFWO\ WR WKLV IUDPHZRUN D '*$ DORQH WULJJHUHG WKH DWWHQWLRQ ZDUQLQJ EXW LW FRXOG QRW LGHQWLI\ WKH SUREOHP IRU H[DPSOH '*$ FRXOG QRW UHVROYH EHWZHHQ a single phenomenon of large magnitude or more SKHQRPHQD RI VPDOOHU PDJQLWXGH 3' GLDJQRVLV LGHQWLÀHG WKH SUREOHP DQG DOORZHG LWV KDUPIXOQHVV WR EH HYDOXDWHG E DIWHU IHZ PRQWKV RI JOREDO PRQLWRULQJ clear and effective indications were achieved in order to help asset management decisions.

Conclusions 7KH SUHVHQFH RI VLJQLĂ€FDQW UDWH RI UHQHZDEOHV SRZHU LV becoming a fact in several geographical areas, and the consequent risk of reduction of reliability of electrical apparatus is also something to be considered carefully. Such burden for asset and maintenance managers can be faced investing in a Smart Grid approach, which

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focuses on dynamic Health Index estimation of the components of an electrical asset, alerting for optimized maintenance plans. Besides the extended IT capabilities, the use of data processing tools having enhanced IHDWXUHV LQFOXGLQJ VWDWLVWLFV DUWLĂ€FLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH GDWD mining and signal processing, becomes a must to turn data streams into usable information. If one counts the direct and indirect costs associated ZLWK RII OLQH WHVWLQJ RXWDJH RI D IHZ GD\V QHHGHG IRU setting up and dismantling the test circuit, for bringing a power source to the plant and for performing diagnostic PHDVXUHPHQWV SHUVRQQHO HTXLSPHQW WKH FRVW RI D global integrated monitoring system able to perform VHYHUDO GLDJQRVWLF WHVWV RQOLQH LV ODUJHO\ MXVWLĂ€HG Indeed, the use of global diagnostic systems can help to improve the decision process and reduce maintenance costs, leading to more accurate evaluation of equipment availability. 7KHUHIRUH WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI D IDVW DQG FRPSUHKHQVLYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV E DGYDQFHG SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DQG F PXOWLSOH GLDJQRVWLF V\VWHPV DUH opening the way for a new approach that is indicated here as Smart Grid Global Monitoring Systems. Owing to that, it is expected that the area of asset management will be integrated into other areas of power system management, e.g., reliability and security assessment, OHDGLQJ WR PRUH HIIHFWLYH SRZHU V\VWHP ORDG Ă RZ DQG management practices in renewable energy plants. REFERENCES [1]

I. Mladenovic, “Performance, Reliability & Remaining Lifetime Estimation of the MV PILC Cables�, http://eeim. org/pdf/Mladenovic_John%20NealAward_2012.pdf, June 2012.

[2]

P. Morshuis, G.C. Montanari, “Partial Discharge Diagnostics – Critical Steps towards On-line Monitoring�, IEEE PES T&D, pp.1-5 , Chicago, US, April 2014.

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

G.C. Montanari, P. Morshuis, Managing the Reliability of Renewable Energy Assets, CIGRE GCC conference, Baharain, November 2014. I. Ghinello, G.Mazzanti, G.C. Montanari, D. Fabiani, A. Cavallini, “An investigation of the endurance of capacitors supplied by nonsinusoidal voltage� Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 1998. Annual Report. Conference on , vol., no., pp.723-727 vol. 2, 25-28 Oct 1998. D. Fabiani and G. C. Montanari, “The effect of voltage distortion on aging acceleration of insulation systems under partial discharge activity�, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 24–33, Jun. 2001. A. Cavallini, D. Fabiani, G.Mazzanti, G.C. Montanari, A. Contin, “Voltage endurance of electrical components supplied by distorted voltage waveforms� Electrical Insulation, 2000. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.73-76, 2000. Stone, G., Boulter, E., Culbert, I., Dhirani, H., “Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines:Design, Evaluation, Aging, Testing, and Repair�, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004.

> @ ,(& ,QVXODWLRQ V\VWHPV ´(YDOXDWLRQ DQG TXDOLĂ€FDtion of electrical insulation systemsâ€?, 4th edition, 2011. [9]

78

G.C. Montanari, G. Mazzanti., “From thermodynamic to

phenomenological multi-stress models for insulating materials without or with evidence of thresholdâ€?, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 27, pp. 1691-1702, 1994. [10] G.C. Montanari, G. Mazzanti, L. Simoni, “Progress in electrothermal life modeling of electrical insulation during the last decadesâ€?, IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 9, n. 5, pp. 730-745, October 2002. > @ 5RWDWLQJ HOHFWULFDO PDFKLQHV 3DUW 4XDOLĂ€FDWLRQ DQG type tests for Type I electrical insulation systems used in rotating electrical machines fed from voltage converters, IEC 60034-18- 41, 2014. [12] T Jiang, A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, J. Li, “Partial discharge activity of pressboard/oil insulation under AC plus DC voltagesâ€?, IEEE ICSD, pp. 267-270, Bologna, Italy, July 2013. [13] A. Cavallini, G. C. Montanari, A. Contin, and F. Puletti, “Advanced PD Inference in On-Field Measurements. Part I: Noise Rejectionâ€?, with IEEE Trans. on. Electr. Insul., Vol.10. N.2, pp. 23-30, April 2003. [14] A. Cavallini, A. Contin, G. C. Montanari, G. Pasini, F. PuOHWWL ´'LJLWDO 'HWHFWLRQ DQG )X]]\ &ODVVLĂ€FDWLRQ RI 3DUWLDO Discharge Signalsâ€?, IEEE Trans. DEIS, Vol. 9, n. 3, pp. 335-348, June 2002. [15] Franks, L. E., “Signal Theoryâ€?, Prentice-Hall, 1975. [16] L. Fornasari, A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, “Smartening the Power Grid through on-line monitoringâ€?, Cigrè GCC Power proceedings, Oman,2012. [17] M. Tozzi, A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, “Partial Discharge Assessment In Online MV Networks: How To Interpret Results?â€?, CMD, Tokyo, Japan, September 2010. [18] A. Jahromi, R. Piercy, S. Cress, W. Fan, “An approach to power transformer asset management using health index,â€? IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol.25, no.2, pp.20,34, March-April 2009. [19] L. Fornasari, A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, “A Smart Operational Monitoring Approach for High Voltage Electrical assetsâ€?, IEEE CATCON, pp. 1-5, Kolkata, India, dicembre 2013. [20] IEEE Std. C57.104, “IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformersâ€?, 1991. [21] IEC 60599, “Mineral oil-impregnated electrical equipment in service - Guide to the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysisâ€?, 2007. [22] U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, “Transformers: Basics, Maintenance, and Diagnosticsâ€?, 2005.

[23] L. Fornasari, A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, “Advanced Condition Monitoring of insulation systems: a building block for Smarter Gridsâ€?, ,((( &0' SS %DOL ,QGRQHVLD Sept. 2012. Ć“ Gian Carlo Montanari

(M’87-SM’90-F’00) is currently Full Professor of Electrical 7HFKQRORJ\ LQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ RI WKH University of Bologna

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Site measurements of voltage dip during motor starting Starting current and bus voltage wave forms were captured at site during starting of largest motor (BFP) in power plants. Motor details are shown in Table 1 and captured waveforms are shown in Fig 3 to 5. Voltage and current in Fig 3 are instantaneous values whilst in Fig 4 & Fig 5 are RMS values. In Fig 4 records up to 1.6 seconds registered in the relay are only shown though the actual starting time is 7 seconds. The transients in starting current last for about 200 msec after switching. All the records clearly show that the voltage dip exists during the entire starting period. The author is indebted to Mahesh Bhadoria, Gouni Reddy, Alok Uppal and Kini Venkatesh for sharing BFP starting characteristics recorded at different sites. . Motor Data

Unit Size MW

VRAT (kV)

PRAT (MW)

,RAT (A)

Voltage Dip(%)

Starting time (Sec)

Fig No.

250

6.6

9

922

17

4.9

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660

11

17

1005

18

7.0

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800

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8.5

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Assume starting current is 6pu (600%). It is unwise to set the current pickup for Locked Rotor Protection close to 6pu, say 5.5pu. Also if stalling occurs under single phasing condition, the stalling current is (—3/2) times ‘normal’ stalling current, i.e., 5.2 pu (6 x 0.866). In this case if pickup is set at 5.5pu, relay will not operate. ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR VHW FXUUHQW SLFNXS DV VD\ SX 8QGHU VWDUWLQJ RU VWDOOLQJ FRQGLWLRQ WKH UHOD\ ZLOO SRVLWLYHO\ SLFNXS DV WKH VHWWLQJ LV ZHOO EHORZ WKH VWDUWLQJ RU VWDOOLQJ FXUUHQW RI SX ,I WKH FXUUHQW LV DERYH SX IRU VXVWDLQHG SHULRG LW LV DEQRUPDO FRQGLWLRQ

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77+ 5HOD\ WKHUPDO HOHPHQW RSHUDWLQJ WLPH DW VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR 81 6HF %DFN XS WR VWDOOLQJ SURWHFWLRQ 7+667 +RW VDIH VWDOO ZLWKVWDQG WLPH RI PRWRU 6HF

Fig 8

Locked rotor protection based on thermal stress measurement 0RVW RI WKH QXPHULFDO UHOD\V RIIHU WKLV SURWHFWLRQ 7KH SULQFLSOH RI RSHUDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKHUPDO VWUHVV FDOFXODWLRQ GXULQJ VWDUWLQJ VWDOOLQJ FRQGLWLRQ ,QVWHDG RI À[HG FXUUHQW DQG WLPH VHWWLQJ DV LQ &O KHUH ERWK FXUUHQW DQG WLPH FDQ YDU\ DQG WKH ULVH LQ WHPSHUDWXUH LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR œȀ W 'HSHQGLQJ RQ IDXOW OHYHO DQG PRWRU UDWLQJ WKH YROWDJH RI EXV GXULQJ VWDUWLQJ FDQ YDU\ ZKLFK LQ WXUQ PRGLÀHV VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW 5HIHU &O ,I VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW LV KLJK VWDULQJ WLPH ZLOO EH OHVV DQG LI VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW LV OHVV VWDUWLQJ WLPH ZLOO EH KLJK 7KHUPDO VWUHVV XQGHU DOO VFHQDULRV LV FRUUHFWO\ FDSWXUHG E\ PRQLWRULQJ

June 2017

TechSpace

ÂœČ€2t (Fig 9). Relay operates when thermal content set in the relay is exceeded. The thermal content is set in terms RI VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW Č€S) and starting time (TS).

Fig 9

The setting concept is explained with an example. The relevant motor data are given in Columns A to D of Table &ROXPQ ( JLYHV Ȁ2t consumed during starting. Column ) JLYHV Ȁ2t thermal withstand capacity under stalling FRQGLWLRQ 6HW Ȁ2t trip setting as 626 (599+653/2).

N9 UDWHG DERYH 0: 7R LPSOHPHQW WKLV SURWHFWLRQ ZLQGLQJV RQ QHXWUDO VLGH KDYH WR EH EURXJKW outside to neutral side terminal box. The conceptual differences between differential protection of motor and transformer / generator are elaborated in Cl 3.2 of Ref > @ ,Q DQ\ JHQHUDO GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ VFKHPH WKH major concern is inadvertent operation of scheme during through fault or energisation. Through fault stability is QRW DSSOLFDEOH IRU PRWRU ,Q FDVH RI PRWRU WKH .39 .QHH 3RLQW 9ROWDJH RI &7V XVHG IRU GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ DQG Stabilising Resistor value are based on starting current of motor rather than system fault current which is much KLJKHU ,Q FDVH RI WUDQVIRUPHU HQHUJLVDWLRQ WKH LQUXVK FXUUHQW Ă RZV RQ RQO\ RQH VLGH RI SURWHFWHG REMHFW ,Q FDVH RI PRWRU WKH VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW Ă RZV RQ ERWK VLGHV of protected object ensuring stability. Non-operation of any differential scheme for internal fault has never been an issue.

Sample Calculations This is illustrated with a detailed workout for two motors (one a very large motor and the other a relatively small PRWRU 5HIHU 7DEOH DQG )LJ

7KH VHW Ȁ2t (626) is greater than maximum of Colum E. Thus the relay does not trip during starting permitting successful start at all voltage levels. 7KH VHW Ȁ2t (626) is less than minimum of Colum F. Thus the relay protects the motor during stalling at all voltage levels. )LQDO /RFNHG URWRU VHWWLQJ Ȁ6 DQG 76 UHVXOWLQJ LQ Ȁ6 76 FORVH WR GHVLUHG YDOXH Bina Mitra was instrumental in formalizing this approach and implementing the same at various sites A

B

C

D

E

F

Manufacturer’s Data

Ȁ [ W Stall consumed Starting withstand during current Starting time starting Voltage Time in terms in hot (CoI B) of W LQ condition 2 x Col multiple secs C t2 in RI )/& Ȁ secs

Č€ [ W withstand during stalling (CoI B)2 x Col D

80%

4.8

26

32

599

6

504

684

6.6

653

Table 4

High Impedance Differential Protection of MV motors Differential protection is a high speed protection provided for clearing internal faults in stator. It does not respond to faults in rotor. It is typically provided for MV motors

June 2017

Fig.10

Item

Name

BFP

PA Fan

2XWSXW 0:

3.4

2

Rated Voltage (kV)

3

Rated Current (A)

233

4

Starting Current $ Ȁ6

4500

5

CTR - CT Ratio Ȁ1

6

9. .39 9ROWV

5&7 Â&#x;

2.5

8

5/ Â&#x;

3

3

9

Voltage developed during motor starting - VST

[

x (2.5+3)

Č€3 3LFNXS

Č€1

Č€1

85

TechSpace

567$% Â&#x;

967 Č€3 Â&#x;

967 Č€3 Â&#x;

Č€)3 ÄŽ )DXOW Current(kA)

26

26

Č€)6 ² 5HĂ HFWHG )DXOW &XUUHQW Č€)3 &75

VF - Voltage developed across CT during 3 phase internal fault

[ [ +260)

3HDN YROWDJH developed across CT considering saturation

2x 2x 6TUW> 9. 9) 6TUW> 9. 9) ² 9. @ ² 9. @

3HUPLVVLEOH current to limit voltage below 3kV

Summary of procedure

3000/ (RSTAB + RCT + 2RL) RI Ȁ)6

Following are salient points to be considered for high impedance differential protection for HT motors in Auxiliary System of power plants:

3000/ (RSTAB + RCT + 2RL) RI Ȁ)6

Table - 5

Most of the expressions are self explanatory. A few remarks are made: Items (1) to (7) As per manufacturer data Item (8) Based on 200M to & fro lead length, 2.5mm2 Cu wires. Item (9) KPV re uirement is evaluated using starting current value. Voltage developed across CT during motor starting (,S / CTR) x (RCT + 2RL)

VST

Item (10) The ground fault current in MV system is typically limited to 400A using NGR. The pickup setting in case of BFP is 75A and PA Fan is 30A, much lower than ground fault level of 400A. Item (14) In case of internal three phase fault, voltage developed across CT VF

Step 1: Find Voltage developed across CT during motor starting VST (,S / CTR) x (RCT + 2RL) Step 2 The calculated value of VST will be rather small. ence select Minimum Knee Point Voltage of CT liberally, say VK 5 to 10 times VST Step 3 Set the pickup for relay (,P). Since the system is usually resistance grounded to limit ground fault current to, say 400A, pickup value can be 5 to 10% of ,N. Usually BFP is the largest motor with rated current of 500A to 1000A. In this case, pick up is about 50A compared to earth fault current of 400A. Achieved sensitivity is acceptable. For other motors of lesser rating, sensitivity is not an issue as the CT ratio is much less. Step 4: Find value of stabilizing resistor RSTAB

VST / ,P.

Step 5 'XULQJ LQWHUQDO WKUHH SKDVH IDXOW KLJK YROWDJH (above 3kV) will develop irrespective of motor VL]H ,Q FDVH RI VPDOOHU PRWRUV &7 UDWLR LV VPDOO UHĂ HFWHG IDXOW FXUUHQW LV KLJK DQG VWDELOL]LQJ resistor value will be less. In case of bigger PRWRUV &7 UDWLR LV KLJK UHĂ HFWHG IDXOW FXUUHQW is not high but stabilizing resistor value will be ODUJH +HQFH LQ DOO FDVHV DV D URXWLQH SUDFWLFH it is recommended to provide metrosil.

)RU WKHRUHWLFDO FRPSOHWHQHVV calculations are done:

IROORZLQJ

Voltage developed across CT during 3 phase LQWHUQDO IDXOW VF (,F / CTR) x (RCT + 2RL + RSTAB) 3HDN YROWDJH GHYHORSHG DFURVV &7 FRQVLGHULQJ saturation

,FS x (RCT + 2RL + RSTAB)

,WHP $V SHU $OVWRP $SSOLFDWLRQ *XLGH &O of Ref [3] ,WHP )RU UHOD\ FLUFXLW RQ &7 VHFRQGDU\ VLGH OLPLWLQJ YROWDJH LV À[HG DV N9 ,Q FDVH RI LQWHUQDO IDXOW FXUUHQW LV forced into the relay branch through stabilising resistor. )RU 3$ )DQ HYHQ LI RI UHà HFWHG IDXOW FXUUHQW LV FRQVXPHG E\ &7 GXH WR VDWXUDWLRQ DQG RQO\ LV IHG LQWR EXUGHQ UHOD\ EUDQFK WKH YROWDJH DFURVV UHOD\ EUDQFK ZLOO UHDFK N9 7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ ÀJXUHV IRU %)3 DUH DQG ,Q SUDFWLFH &7 RXWSXW WR EXUGHQ is expected to be higher than the limiting value of just DQG $OVR &7 WDNHV VRPH WLPH WR VDWXUDWH and before this time the CT output to burden will be even higher. &RQVLGHULQJ WKH DERYH SRLQWV LW LV DFFHSWHG SUDFWLFH LQ

86

industry to provide metrosil (non-linear resistor) to limit the voltage across relay branch for all motor feeders that employ high impedance scheme for differential protection.

The above value will be generally higher than 3kV. Metrosil is provided across the stabilizing resistor and relay to limit the voltage to within 3 kV. Step 6 7R DYRLG VSXULRXV WULSSLQJ WLPH GHOD\ RI PVHF is recommended. S N Misal contributed to make the above perspicuous explanation possible.

Backup to Differential Protection The details are given in Table 6. It may be noted that for JURXQG IDXOW WKH IDXOW FXUUHQW LV WRR ORZ $ IRU SKDVH RYHU FXUUHQW HOHPHQW Ȁ ! WR SLFN XS

June 2017

TechSpace

Fault Type Differential 3KDVH Fault Earth Fault

3ULPDU\ 3ULPDU\

3KDVH 2 & Ȁ !

Back up

*URXQG 2 & Ȁ !

____

Does not pick up

Back up

Table 6

Remarks on Phase side and Neutral side CTs 3KDVH VLGH &7V DQG 0RWRU 3URWHFWLRQ 5HOD\ WKDW LQFOXGHV differential protection are located in MV Switchgear. Neutral side CTs are located in Neutral Terminal Box of motor. Many times it is over-emphasized that neutral side CT and phase side CT shall have identical excitation FKDUDFWHULVWLF ÂśSRLQW E\ SRLQW¡ ,Q H[WUHPH PRWRU manufacturer is forced to procure neutral side CT from same vendor who has supplied phase side CT. This over emphasis is not called for as explained below: .39 9. LV UHOHYDQW GXULQJ IDXOW FRQGLWLRQV VR WKDW &7 GHYHORSV VXIĂ€FLHQW YROWDJH LQ SUHVHQFH RI VDWXUDWLRQ WR drive the current through connected burden. Excitation &XUUHQW Č€(; LV UHOHYDQW GXULQJ QRUPDO RSHUDWLQJ condition. In current comparison scheme like differential SURWHFWLRQ WKH HUURUV IURP &7V RQ ERWK VLGHV RI REMHFW should not exceed pick up setting of differential relay GXULQJ QRUPDO RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ 7\SLFDOO\ Č€(; P$ DW 9. From Cl 5.2

Step 2, assuming ,S

mandatory that phase side CT and neutral side CT shall have ‘identical excitation characteristics’ and also need not be procured from same vendor.

Differential Protection of MV motors using CBCT Some manufacturers (e.g. Hitachi) offer this feature. The winding from neutral side is again brought towards phase side and neutral is formed in Terminal Box on SKDVH VLGH )LJ &%&7 HQFORVHV SKDVH VLGH DQG neutral side stator conductor. Under normal or starting FRQGLWLRQV FXUUHQWV LQ WZR FRQGXFWRUV ZLWKLQ &%&7 Ă RZ LQ RSSRVLWH GLUHFWLRQ DQG QHW Ă X[ LV ]HUR &%&7 RXWSXW LV nil. In case of internal fault CBCT output is nonzero and DMT relay connected to CBCT picks up. Typical CBCT UDWLR LV LUUHVSHFWLYH RI PRWRU VL]H 7KXV WKH VFKHPH is akin to differential protection. This requires special design of Terminal Box and agreement between user and vendor is required in the design stage itself. ,Q SDVVLQJ LW PD\ EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKLV WHUPLQDO box arrangement is ideally suited for installing High Sensitivity differential Current Transformer (HSCT) used IRU PHDVXULQJ & DQG WDQÄ° RI ZLQGLQJ DV SDUW RI RQ OLQH health monitoring[4].

6,RAT

KPV # 5 (,S / CTR) x (RCT + 2RL)

VK

30 (,RAT / CTR) x (RCT + 2RL) Voltage developed across CT during normal operating FRQGLWLRQ VN

R

(,RAT / CTR) x (RCT + 2RL) 9. / 30

Fig. 12

,I ZH DVVXPH WKH DFWXDO WHVWHG YDOXH RI Ȁ(; LV QHDUO\ P$ DW 9. WKH H[FLWDWLRQ FXUUHQW ZLOO EH YHU\ VPDOO DW 9. )LJ (YHQ LI YDOXHV RI Ȁ(; DUH VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW IRU WKH SKDVH VLGH &7 DQG QHXWUDO VLGH &7 WKH\ DUH too small to have any adverse effect on operation of differential relay under normal operating condition.

Fig. 11

,Q FRQFOXVLRQ LW LV VXIÂżFLHQW WR VSHFLI\ H[FLWDWLRQ FXUUHQW in conventional way, say , X 30 mA at VK/2. It is not

June 2017

Protection of MV induction motors against switching surges Motor Insulation characteristics 7KH UDWHG YROWDJHV RI PRWRUV XQGHU GLVFXVVLRQ DUH N9 N9 DQG N9 DQG FRQWUROOHG E\ 9&%V 9DFXXP &LUFXLW Breaker). The impulse voltage withstand characteristics of rotating equipment like motor is compared against RWKHU HTXLSPHQW LQ 7DEOH 5HIHU[5] & [6]. Since the motor ZLQGLQJ KDV WR EH SODFHG ZLWKLQ WKH FRQÀQHG VORW VSDFH its BIL is lower compared to other equipment. This is DQ LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFH WR EH QRWLFHG )RU PRWRU IURQW WLPH RI —VHF LV WHUPHG DV /,:9 /LJKWQLQJ ,PSXOVH :LWKVWDQG 9ROWDJH DQG IURQW WLPH RI —VHF LV WHUPHG DV 6),:9 6WHHS )URQW ,PSXOVH :LWKVWDQG 9ROWDJH Here lightning is used in generic sense and does not mean the origin of surge has to be lightning but refers to DQ\ VXUJH ZLWK D IURQW WLPH FORVH WR —VHF

87

TechSpace

Rated Voltage (kVRMS) 3.3 6.6

Insulation withstand kVpeak (pu) Others Motor /,:9 /,:9 6),:9 Front Time: Front Time: Front Time: —VHF —VHF —VHF

49 (5.5) 32 (3.6)

Table 7

The stator winding of each phase is made up a number of formed coils connected in series. Each formed coil is made up a number of turns of conductor usually rectangular in shape. Typical number of coils per phase is 20 and turns per coil could be between 5 to 20 depending on voltage rating. Two terms are frequently used when specifying LQVXODWLRQ ZLWKVWDQG VWUHQJWK RI VWDWRU ZLQGLQJ ² *URXQG wall insulation and Inter-turn Insulation. *URXQG ZDOO LQVXODWLRQ UHIHUV WR ZLWKVWDQG VWUHQJWK between conductor and steel slot in which conductor UHVWV 7KH GHFLGLQJ IDFWRU LV %,/ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR /,:9 Usually this is easily met for all modern motors. %,/ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR 6),:9 corresponds to inter turn LQVXODWLRQ :KHQ D IDVW IURQW VXUJH DSSURDFKHV WKH PRWRU WKH PD[LPXP VWUHVV DSSHDUV RQ WKH Ă€UVW IHZ WXUQV RI HQWU\ FRLO QHDU SKDVH WHUPLQDO 8QGHU WKLV FRQGLWLRQ turn to turn insulation failure should not occur. Surge SURWHFWLRQ GHYLFH LI HPSOR\HG LV PDLQO\ IRU OLPLWLQJ WKH VXUJH YROWDJH ZLWKLQ 6),:9 0RVW RI WKH GLVFXVVLRQV LQ the sequel centre around limiting the fast front surge. 7KH WDLO WLPH H J WLPH WR UHDFK RI VSHFLĂ€HG amplitude) for surge is omitted in the above discussions. It must be emphasized that amplitude and front time are deciding factors and large variation in tail time does not have much impact. ,I LQWHU WXUQ IDXOW RFFXUV LW LV YHU\ GLIĂ€FXOW WR LGHQWLI\ by monitoring quantities from motor terminal. Locally the current within shorted turn can be very high but may not lead to noticeable change in terminal current. The local heating gradually damages the insulation and ZLOO Ă€QDOO\ OHDG WR JURXQG ZDOO LQVXODWLRQ IDLOXUH 7KH situation is very similar to inter turn fault in transformer ZKHUH WKH RQO\ FOXH IRU LGHQWLĂ€FDWLRQ FDQ EH HLWKHU Buchholz operation due to gas formation because of ORFDO KHDWLQJ RU FKDQJHV LQ RQOLQH '*$ SDUDPHWHUV monitored if available.

VCB Switching and Surge Arrestor Requirement The source of steep front surge in motor application is VCB switching operations. Modern MV switchgears DW N9 N9 DQG N9 PRVWO\ HPSOR\ 9&%V 7KH FXUUHQW FKRSSLQJ OHYHO RI PRGHUQ 9&% XVLQJ FRSSHU ² chromium contact material is less than 5A. Of course the level of chopping current is dependent on load or fault FXUUHQW à RZLQJ WKURXJK 9&% ,Q FDVH RI KLJK ORDG RU IDXOW FXUUHQW WKH FKRSSLQJ FXUUHQW LV SUDFWLFDOO\ ]HUR ,Q FDVH

88

RI EUHDNLQJ ORZ FXUUHQWV WKH FKRSSLQJ FXUUHQW LV KLJKHU due to instability of arc > @. Consider the case when VCB breaks the current of a QRUPDOO\ UXQQLQJ LQGXFWLRQ PRWRU LQ VD\ PVHF 7KH back emf of running motor during this time is substantial as open circuit time constant of motor is of the order of couple of seconds. Refer Cl 8.2 of[8]. Thus when VCB contacts open the voltage across the breaker contacts LV PLQLPXP GXH WR SUHVHQFH RI VLJQLÀFDQW YROWDJH RQ ORDG VLGH 8QGHU WKLV FRQGLWLRQ SUREDELOLW\ RI UHVWULNH LV practically nil. Consider another case when VCB trips either during staring or under stalled condition. Under both the FRQGLWLRQV EDFN HPI RI PRWRU LV YHU\ ORZ 6LQFH WKH ORDG VLGH YROWDJH LV YHU\ ORZ YROWDJH DFURVV EUHDN FRQWDFWV (TRV) can be substantial to initiate multiple restrikes. This generates steep front over voltages that can endanger LQWHU WXUQ LQVXODWLRQ RI ÀUVW FRLO RI PRWRU As per industry experience cut off current is 600A. Refer &O RI > @ > @ ,I WKH EUHDNLQJ FXUUHQW LV OHVV WKDQ $ there is a possibility of multiple restrikes. If the breaking current is more than 600A VCB can satisfactorily break without restrike. Assume ,START

,STALL

5.5 ,RAT (550%)

If cut off current limit is 600A (starting or stalling current), ,RAT

600 / 5.5

109A

Assume K HIÂżFLHQF\ DQG SI SRZHU IDFWRU Cut off power rating d 1.732 x V x 109 x 0.95 x 0.9 161 x V For 3.3kV motor, P d 531KW For 6.6kV motor, P d 1062KW For 11kV motor, P d 1771KW Rounding off, following cut off values are suggested For 3.3kV motor, P d 600KW For 6.6kV motor, P d 1000KW For 11kV motor, P d 2000KW )RU PRWRUV UDWHG DERYH FXW RII YDOXH QR DGGLWLRQDO surge protection equipment is required and inherent motor insulation is adequate to protect against steep IURQW VXUJHV )RU PRWRUV UDWHG EHORZ FXW RII YDOXH VXUJH arrestor is recommended. ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W LW LV SHUWLQHQW WR GLVFXVV DERXW VXUJH impedance of motor. It is given (approximately) by IROORZLQJ IRUPXOD (TQ $ RI 5HI > @: ZM [ N9 0.32 ; N+3 -0..64 Surge impedance against Rating for the three voltage OHYHOV DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ 7KH VXUJH LPSHGDQFH LV YHU\ low for motors of higher rating and is substantially higher for motors of smaller ratings.

June 2017

TechSpace

ratings switched by VCBs: For 3.3kV motor, P d 600KW For 6.6kV motor, P d 1000KW For 11kV motor, P d 2000KW 2

Surge arrestors are not needed for motors switched by Vacuum Contactors.

3

The insulation system of stator coils shall strictly conform to [6]. Two main tests to be performed on sample coil are (i) impulse test on inter-turn LQVXODWLRQ DV SHU 6),:9 LQ 7DEOH DQG LL LPSXOVH WHVW IRU JURXQG ZDOO LQVXODWLRQ DV SHU /,:9 LQ 7DEOH 7KRXJK VWDQGDUGV DOORZ SRZHU IUHTXHQF\ ZLWKVWDQG WHVW DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH IRU LL XVHU VKRXOG SUHIHU RQO\ /,:9

4

The wound stator before impregnation must undergo surge comparison test to positively FRQĂ€UP DEVHQFH RI WXUQ WR WXUQ IDXOW 'HWDLOV RI VXUJH test and nuances in interpreting the results are given in> @.

,I & FDEOHV DUH XVHG WKH DUPRXU VKDOO EH ERQGHG at both the ends (switchgear end and motor end). This is irrespective of motor size.

,I VLQJOH FRUH FDEOH LV XVHG DUPRXU VKDOO EH bonded only at motor end. This can substantially reduce magnitude of steep front surge impinged on motor. Refer Cl 6.2(f) of> @. This is irrespective of motor size. The ‘conventional wisdom’ is to earth the armour of single core cable at switchgear end EXW LQ FDVH RI PRWRU LW LV SUHIHUUHG WR HDUWK RQO\ DW motor end.

Fig.13

Assume a steep front surge enters from VCB into the connecting cable to motor. The Surge impedance of cable ( C) is typically 30:. The magnitude of surge entering the motor is given by (Fig.14)

Fig.14

)RU KLJK FDSDFLW\ PRWRUV =M is small and amplitude of transmitted wave is less. )RU VPDOO FDSDFLW\ PRWRUV =M is higher and amplitude of transmitted wave is also higher and can reach almost twice that of incoming surge.

The ideal location for surge arrestor will be very near to motor terminal. owever in majority of cases the arrestor is bought as part of switchgear and located at switchgear end. Thus the location of arrestor itself casts some doubt about the effectiveness of arrestor to limit the surge voltage at motor terminal to the desired extent. But having decided to locate the arrestor at switchgear end, it is desirable to select the arrestor that will give ade uate protective margin against steep front voltages. The deciding criterion is the residual voltage offered by surge arrestor for steep front impulse voltage. Steep front surge is the most onerous one that leads to inter turn fault. When selecting surge arrestor, residual voltage for conventional 8/20Psec discharge current of 5kA shall be less than LIWV of motor to give ade uate protective margin. This is easily VDWLVÂżHG DQG FRUUHVSRQGV WR JURXQG ZDOO LQVXODWLRQ In addition, residual voltage for steep front current of 5kA with 1Psec front time shall not be more than SFIWV of motor. This will hopefully minimize probability of inter turn failure.

This is another reason the surge arrestor is required only for motors of smaller capacity.

Recommendation for practical implementation at site ,Q WKH ODVW WKLUW\ \HDUV WHFKQRORJ\ RI 9&% PDQXIDFWXUH has dramatically improved with superior contact materials. Also there is concomitant improvement in insulation systems of stator coils of motors. The old apprehensions that existed when VCBs were introduced for motor duty applications are carried for too long DQG VXUJH DUUHVWRUV DUH VSHFLĂ€HG DV GH IDFWR VWDQGDUG irrespective of motor size. But in majority of motor applications surge arrestors may not be required and if provided only increases unreliability. Surge arrestor failure under normal running condition is not uncommon DQG WKLV FUHDWHV EXV IDXOW UHVXOWLQJ LQ Ă RZ RI ODUJH IDXOW current. Also that particular feeder is temporarily out of service even though connecting cable and motor are KHDOWK\ ,QVWHDG RI HOLPLQDWLQJ VXUJH DUUHVWRU DOWRJHWKHU we however suggest a more moderate approach in application of surge arrestors when motors are controlled by VCBs. Our recommendations are summarized below:

6XUJH DUUHVWRUV DUH UHFRPPHQGHG IRU IROORZLQJ

June 2017

,QWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK 5DKXO *RVDLQ JUHDWO\ EHQHĂ€WWHG WKH author in understanding insulation characteristic of +7 PRWRUV $PRO 6DOXQNKH SURYLGHG FODULĂ€FDWLRQV on many aspects of VCB switching transients and Surge Arrestor characteristics.

89

TechSpace

Illustration for surge arrestor selection

Site 2: HT Motor loading – Unit Generation 660 MW

Motor Rating: 6.6 kV )URP 7DEOH /LJKWQLQJ ,PSXOVH :LWKVWDQG 9ROWDJH /,:9 N9

Rating

Sr. No

Motor KW

6WHHS )URQW ,PSXOVH :LWKVWDQG 9ROWDJH 6),:9 N9 Broad details of Surge Arrestor chosen: h

Make: ABB

h

Type MWK 06.

h

Rated Voltage 7.5 kV RMS

h

C V Continuous

h

Residual voltage for 8/20Psec at 5 kA ( LIWV )

h

Residual voltage for steep front at 5 kA 19.2 kV ( SFIWV )

h

Discharge class - 2

perating Voltage 6 kV RMS 17.4 kV

2 3 4 5 6 8

0' %)3 ID FAN 4950 3$ )$1 3300 &: 3803 3600 FD FAN &(3 COAL 950 MILL AIR &2035(6625

Site measure% Current ment Current in loading

KV

Amps

3.3 3.3

298 252 252

254 233 205

85 92 54 86

3.3

206

3.3

Average

Amps

Table 9

Loading, Insulation Class and Service Factor (SF) Current Loading h

The sizing of motors generally follows the following sequence:

h

'XULQJ GHVLJQ VWDJH SURFHVV JURXS HVWLPDWHV ORDG UHTXLUHPHQW DGGV WR PDUJLQ DQG SDVVHV on the data to electrical group.

h

Electrical group selects next higher standard size taking into account ambient conditions.

h

*HQHUDOO\ WKLV UHVXOWV LQ DFWXDO ORDG FXUUHQW DW VLWH being on average about 80% or lower of rated current. This is in broad agreement with actual measurements done at two different power plant sites when the units were generating maximum rated power. Refer Tables 8 and 9 for sample readings.

h

Thus margin is already built in design stage as far as current loading is concerned.

Insulation Class Both T and LT motors are procured with Class F insulation (155qC) but temperature rise is limited as per Class B insulation (130qV). This is usually termed as ‘F/B’. To understand implication of this choice, refer Fig 15 which shows relationship between temperature and LQVXODWLRQ OLIH ,QVXODWLRQ OLIH LV GHÂżQHG ZLWK EDVH RI hours and tensile strength reducing to half its original YLUJLQ YDOXH DW VSHFLÂżHG WHPSHUDWXUH 7HQVLOH VWUHQJWK will reduce by half if Class F material is maintained at 155qC and Class B material is maintained at 130qC for 20,000 hours. Also it can be observed that life reduces by half for every 10qC rise in temperature.

Site 1: HT Motor loading – Unit Generation 300 MW Sr. No

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 Table 8

90

Site measurement % Current

Rating Motor KW

BFP ID FAN 3$ )$1 &: 3803 FD FAN &(3 COAL MILL $&:

KV

Amps

Current in

loading

Amps

5600 6.6 3050 6.6 2300 6.6

565

417

74 60 59

6.6

6.6 6.6

60

28 60

560

6.6

350

6.6

39

36 Average

92 65

Fig. 15

$VVXPH WKH FRROLQJ V\VWHP LV GHVLJQHG ZLWK ƒ& PDUJLQ WR OLPLW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH WR ƒ& )RU &ODVV ) LQVXODWLRQ H[SHFWHG OLIH DW ƒ& LV KRXUV $W KRXUV SHU \HDU RI RSHUDWLRQ 2SHUDWLQJ OLIH \HDUV Also the margin obtained by choosing “F/Bâ€? instead of Âś% %¡ LV LOOXVWUDWHG KHUH $W ƒ& ZLWK FODVV % LQVXODWLRQ OLIH LV KRXUV :LWK &ODVV ) LQVXODWLRQ OLIH LV KRXUV 7KXV LQVXODWLRQ OLIH LV Ă€YH WLPHV PRUH ZLWK “F/B’ compared to ‘B/B’.

June 2017

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Service Factor (SF)

Č€LRR SX

,W VSHFLĂ€HV FDSDFLW\ RI PRWRU WR ZLWKVWDQG periodic over load conditions. It is legacy from NEMA standards. A PRWRU ZLWK 6) RI RSHUDWLQJ IRU D SURORQJHG SHULRG above full load at rated ambient temperature will suffer insulation damage that will shorten operational life. $ PRWRU ZLWK 6) RI FDQ ZRUN DW DERYH UDWHG power without immediate failure and for extended and UHSHDWHG SHULRGV KRXUV EXW PD\ VXIIHU GDPDJH ZKLFK shortens motor life.

)RU WHUPLQDO IDXOW PRWRU FRQWULEXWLRQ WR IDXOW ;¡ Č€LRR SX

1HJDWLYH VHTXHQFH UHDFWDQFH ;2 ȀLRR SX

Specifying SF more than 1.0 is conceptually same as specifying ‘F/B’. With rated current, cooling system is designed to limit temperature within 130qC as per Class B insulation. With over load of say 15%, corresponding to SF of 1.15, temperature will be limited within 155qC as per Class F insulation. ,Q EULHI LI PRWRU LV GHVLJQHG IRU Âś) %¡ &ODVV ) LQVXODWLRQ ZLWK &ODVV % WHPSHUDWXUH ULVH WKHUH LV QR QHHG WR DVVLJQ DQ\ 6HUYLFH )DFWRU DQG GHIDXOW YDOXH RI ZLOO VXIĂ€FH 'HVLJQ PDUJLQV LQ FXUUHQW &O DQG FRROLQJ LQVXODWLRQ OLIH &O HQVXUH ORQJHU RSHUDWLQJ OLIH of motor.

Wound Rotor Induction Motor :RXQG URWRU PRWRUV DUH XVHG ZKHQ KLJK VWDUWLQJ WRUTXH and reduced starting current are required. External resistors in the three phases of rotor circuit cut in during starting. The resistor is gradually cut out once the PRWRU SLFNV XS VSHHG $W IXOO VSHHG H[WHUQDO UHVLVWRU LV VKRUWHG 7\SLFDOO\ VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW Ȁ67 LV OLPLWHG WR 300% which would have been 600% without the resistor in rotor circuit. In this section two aspects peculiar to wound rotor motor namely stalling protection and rotor open circuit protection are discussed.

Stalling protection In case of cage rotor, pick up for stalling protection (,PU) is set at 200%. In case of wound rotor with rotor resistance start, ,PU is set at, say 350%. If stalling occurs during running condition only, stalling protection picks up. During starting, if stalling occurs, thermal element offers protection. It is not that onerous as current is limited within 300%. xample of typical setting adopted is given below a) Motor data

6WDUWLQJ FXUUHQW

6WDUWLQJ WLPH VHF

/RNHG URWRU 6WDOOLQJ FXUUHQW

+RW 6DIH VWDOO ZLWKVWDQG WLPH VHF

b) Stall unit setting Current pick up ,PU

350%

7LPH GHOD\ VHF Refer Cl 4.3 for comparison with cage rotor.

Open Circuited Rotor Phase From stator side it appears as line to line fault (Fig 7KH VWDWRU FXUUHQW ZLOO KDYH VLJQLĂ€FDQW QHJDWLYH sequence component.

Difference between cage rotor and wound rotor characteristics ,Q FDVH RI FDJH URWRU PRWRU VXVWDLQHG RSHUDWLRQ LQ FXUUHQW UDQJH RI WR LV QRW SUDFWLFDO 5HIHU &O )RU ZRXQG URWRU PRWRU RSHUDWLRQ LQ WKLV UDQJH IRU VLJQLÀFDQW WLPH LV SRVVLEOH ,I VWDUWLQJ FXUUHQW LV OLPLWHG WR FXUUHQW GXULQJ WKH HQWLUH VWDUWLQJ SHULRG ZLOO EH nearly 300%. But once the motor has started and rotor UHVLVWDQFH VKRUWHG VXVWDLQHG RSHUDWLRQ LQ FXUUHQW UDQJH RI WR LV DJDLQ QRW IHDVLEOH 'XULQJ VWDUWLQJ LI VWDOOLQJ RFFXUV VWDOOLQJ FXUUHQW ȀLRS) ZLOO EH OLPLWHG WR +RZHYHU LI VWDOOLQJ RFFXUV XQGHU UXQQLQJ FRQGLWLRQ ZLWK H[WHUQDO URWRU UHVLVWRU VKRUWHG VWDOOLQJ FXUUHQW ȀLRR) will be 600% and not 300%.

Fig 16

,I URWRU LV RSHQ DW VWDUW PRWRU FDQQRW DFFHOHUDWH EH\RQG 50 % speed. Near 50% speed the electrical torque GHYHORSHG E\ PRWRU FROODSVHV )LJ DQG WKLV LV FDOOHG œ*RHUJHV 3KHQRPHQRQ¡ > @.

D ,Q FDVH RI FDJH URWRU ȀST ȀLRS ȀLRR SX

7UDQVLHQW 5HDFWDQFH ;¡ Č€ST SX

)RU WHUPLQDO IDXOW PRWRU FRQWULEXWLRQ WR IDXOW ;¡ Č€ST SX

1HJDWLYH VHTXHQFH UHDFWDQFH ;2 ȀST SX

E ,Q FDVH RI ZRXQG URWRU ȀST SX

7UDQVLHQW 5HDFWDQFH ;¡ Â? Č€ST Â? 0.33pu

June 2017

Fig 17

91

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'XULQJ UXQQLQJ LI RQH RI WKH URWRU SKDVHV RSHQ VWDWRU FXUUHQW RVFLOODWHV )LJ 7KLV PDNHV LW GLIÀFXOW IRU WKH relay to issue trip command positively. Some incidents of motor damage have been reported from sites where the relay has failed to pick up for this condition.

,Q FDVH RI /7 PRWRUV FRQQHFWHG E\ ORQJ FDEOH YROWDJH dip during motor starting can be high under certain FRQGLWLRQV ,Q WKHVH FDVHV WR UHGXFH VWDUWLQJ YROWDJH GLS LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR LQFUHDVH QXPEHU RI UXQV rather than increasing the cable size. 3URFHGXUH IRU VHWWLQJ /RFNHG URWRU SURWHFWLRQ EDVHG on thermal stress evaluation is explained with a practical example. Metrosil shall be provided in high impedance differential protection schemes irrespective of motor size to limit secondary voltage within limits during an internal fault. It is not mandatory to have identical excitation characteristics for phase side CT and neutral side CT. Differential protection using CBCT is also possible. .

Fig 18

Two suggestions to improve positive tripping are given below: Since current oscillates, conventional over current element (, ) with DMT characteristics will pick up and drop off periodically without initiating tripping. If reset time is instantaneous, when current falls below pickup value the relay will reset immediately. Pick up and drop off will occur continuously till fault becomes permanent during which time motor may be damaged. To overcome this problem, numerical relays (e.g. MiC M P141 to 145) now offer ‘timer hold’ facility. With the proper reset timer settings it is possible to accumulate the current excursion times and issue the trip command after the cumulative time has elapsed. For example, with reference to Fig 18, the reset time can be set at 3 sec, and current pickup can be 130% with time delay of 15 sec. The current pulse duration when current magnitude exceeds 130% is integrated and when the accumulated value reaches 15sec, trip command is issued. To prevent tripping during starting, either this element shall be bypassed during starting through logic or time delay shall be more than starting time of motor. Some users prefer to wire this protection for only alarm so that ordered manual shut down can be initiated from process point of view. Thermal element may act as a back up to over current element with ‘timer hold’ facility but operating time is very uncertain. Current seen by thermal element is given by:

Since negative se uence component of stator current is VLJQL¿FDQW XQGHU URWRU RSHQ FLUFXLW FRQGLWLRQ FKDQFHV RI ,T pickup can be improved by choosing higher value of K, say 6 to 8 instead of 3. 7KH DXWKRU JUHDWO\ EHQH¿WHG IURP VXJJHVWLRQV RIIHUHG E\ Bina Mitra on the above topic.

Conclusions The major observations are as follows: Formula for ‘back of envelop’ calculations for estimating dip during starting of HT motor are given. Only in case the simple hand calculations indicate dip above LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR JR LQ IRU VLPXODWLRQ XVLQJ advanced software.

92

Recommendations for protection of MV motors controlled by VCB against steep front surges are listed in Cl 6.3. There is no need to specify Service Factor for motors designed for ‘F/B’ (Class F insulation with Class B temperature rise). Differences in locked rotor protection philosophy between cage rotor and wound rotor are brought out. Rotor open circuit in case of wound rotor motor can go undetected due to oscillating nature of current resulting LQ PRWRU GDPDJH %\ HQDEOLQJ ¶WLPHU KROG IDFLOLW\· positive pickup can be ensured. . REFERENCE > @ ´&RQFHSWXDO &ODULÀFDWLRQV LQ (OHFWULFDO 3RZHU (QJLQHHULQJ ²3DUW µ . 5DMDPDQL ,((0$ -RXUQDO $XJ SS [2] “Selection of current transformer parameters for optimum GHVLJQ ² 8VHU SHUVSHFWLYHµ . 5DMDPDQL DQG %LQD 0LWUD 6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QVWUXPHQW 7UDQVIRUPHUV -DQ ,((0$ 0XPEDL 3DJH ,, WR > @ $OVWRP 1HWZRUN 3URWHFWLRQ DQG $XWRPDWLRQ *XLGH > @ ´2QOLQH +HDOWK 0RQLWRULQJ RI 0RWRU ,QVXODWLRQµ 3UDEKDNDU 1HWL DQG %UDQW :LOKHOP *HQHUDO (OHFWULF 'RFXPHQW > @ ´,QVXODWLRQ FR RUGLQDWLRQ ² 3DUW 'HÀQLWLRQV SULQFLSOHV DQG UXOHVµ ,(& [6] “Impulse voltage withstand levels of rotating ac machines ZLWK IRUP ZRXQG VWDWRU FRLOVµ ,(& > @ ´$ 6WDWLVWLFDO 9DFXXP &LUFXLW %UHDNHU 0RGHO IRU 6LPXODWLRQ RI 7UDQVLHQW 2YHUYROWDJHVµ -DQNR .RVPDF DQG 3HWHU =XQNR ,((( 7UDQV RQ 3RZHU GHOLYHU\ -DQ SS ² > @ ´$XWR &KDQJHRYHU LQ 3RZHU 3ODQWV DQG ,QGXFWLRQ PRWRU SHUIRUPDQFHµ . 5DMDPDQL DQG %LQD 0LWUD ,((0$ -RXUQDO 'HFHPEHU SS ² > @ ´$SSOLFDWLRQ *XLGHOLQHV 'LPHQVLRQLQJ WHVWLQJ DQG application of metal oxide surge arresters in medium YROWDJH V\VWHPVµ $%% > @ ´6XUJH OLPLWHU DSSOLFDWLRQ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU PHWDO FODG VZLWFKJHDU XS WR N9´ 6LHPHQV > @ ´,((( *XLGH IRU WKH $SSOLFDWLRQ RI 6XUJH 9ROWDJH 3URWHFWLYH (TXLSPHQW RQ $& 5RWDWLQJ 0DFKLQHU\ 9 DQG *UHDWHUµ ,((( 6WG & ² > @ ´&XUUHQW VWDWH RI VXUJH WHVWLQJ LQGXFWLRQ PDFKLQHVµ -RKQ :LOVRQ %DNHU ,QVWUXPHQW &RPSDQ\ ,ULV 5RWDWLQJ 0DFKLQH &RQIHUHQFH -XQH 6DQWD 0RQLFD &$ > @ ´7KH *RHUJHV 3KHQRPHQRQ ² ,QGXFWLRQ 0RWRUV ZLWK 8QEDODQFHG 5RWRU ,PSHGDQFHVµ + / *DUEDULQR DQG ( 7 % *URVV $,(( 7UDQVDFWLRQV 9RO SS ² Æ“

K Rajamani

Reliance infrastructure Ltd

June 2017

® ®

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OFFERS UNIQUE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY

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is a well established, reputed name & a market leader over last 30+ years in the field of Digital Electronic Test & Measuring equipments. These equipments have application in all industries. Our excellent researched products, impeccable service standards, application support and support to our existing partners has resulted in an undaunted customer confidence in our products & services. We have aggressive business expansion plans & would like to increase our existing 60+ dealers network in India. PRODUCT RANGE

PLEASE CONTACT US ON: Mr. Bhupinder Malhotra - 09819728273 bhupinder.malhotra@kusam-meco.co.in Mr. Rakesh Mali - 09987792525 sales@kusam-meco.co.in

• Digital Multimeters • Digital Clampmeters • APFC Relays • Power Clampmeters • Gas Detectors & Analysers • Power Transducer • Power Transducer • Signal Transmitters • Portable Thermal Imaging Camera • Cable Fault Pre-Locator • Laboratory Instruments • Power Measurement & Control Instruments • Programmable Digital Panel Meters • Test & Measuring Instruments • High Voltage Measuring Instruments • Digital Insulation & Earth Resistance Testers • Process Calibrators • Environmental Testing Instruments • Waterproof Pen Testers G-17, Bharat Industrial Estate, T.J.Road, Sewree(W), Mumbai-400015. Tel.: 022 - 27750662, 27754546, 27750292, 24124540, 24181649 E-mail : sales@kusam-meco.co.in www.kusamelectrical.com

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93

TechSpace

enerators can be from low capacity of 125KVA to 1150KVA based on fuel used.This paper deals with the possibility of reduction of energy loss (heat) from WKH *DV ÀUHG *HQHUDWRUV .9$ E\ FDUU\LQJ RXW DQ audit ,both for enclosed and non-enclosure generators ZKHWKHU ZLQG KDV DQ\ HIIHFW RQ WKH HIÀFLHQF\ RU QRW LQ terms of heat loss and load. In this paper a relationship will be developed between generator heat rate and wind velocity.It also depicts that the wind speed can substantially affect the Gas consumption also. Generators converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Mechanical energy can be from steam turbine,gas ÀUHG ,& HQJLQHV HWF 7KH QDWXUDO JDV ÀUHG HQJLQHV DUH used in plenty for supplying electrical power to various JDV SURFHVVLQJ DUHDV OLJKWLQJ IDQ D F PDFKLQHV HWF These generators have high heat rates as there is no air preheating system ,the exhaust temperature varies with load .Since most of them are situated in open ÀHOG ZLWKRXW DQ\ HQFORVXUH VXUIDFH KHDW ORVV FKDQJHV frequently with wind velocity across generator.Generator is commonly used as an alternative power supply or due to inadequate Main power supply from the grid to industry.Fuel ranges from oil,petrol,diesel,kerosene to /3* 1DWXUDO JDV ÀUHG 7KH FDSDFLW\ FDQ EH IURP .9$ for domestic to more than 800 KVA (industrial). Stringent emission norms and Noise limit has been brought under WKH JDPELW RI (QYLURQPHQWDO /DZV $FW

Experimental Set Up

Fig: 1 experimental setup

To assess the effect of wind speed on heat rate one 125 KVA DG set was taken for analysis .In our country these type of DG sets are very common and used for power supply to marriage ,cultural functions ,puja etc activities D ZLQG WXQQHO ZDV PDGH DQG E\ D YDULDEOH VSHHG IDQ air was thrown into hot surface of DG set ,the wind speed was measured by anemometer ,3phase power by at distribution board by three phase power analyzer FRROLQJ WRZHU à RZ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUHQFH E\ à RZ PHWHU DQG WKHUPRFRXSOH DQG ÀQDOO\ )OXH JDV &2 &2 ,Temperature by orsat apparatus ,and thermocouple *DV à RZ ZDV PHDVXUHG E\ à RZ PHWHU Table -1 125KVA Electrical parameters taken at distribution board

94

Time

Volt

13.15 13.30

415 415

Amp Power Load Load Loading factor (KVA) (KW) in % 32,2 0.88 23.1 20.3 19 32.4 0.88 23.3 20.4 19

June 2017

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13.45 14.00 14.15 avg

415 415 415

32.3 32.2 32.3

0.88 0.88 0.88

23.2 20.4 23.1 20.3 23.2 20.4 23.18 20.36

19 19 19 19

Specification of engine and alternator Technical data *HQHUDWRU VHW VSHFLÀFDWLRQ 7 NYD QDWXUDO JDV JHQHUDWLQJ VHW VSHFLÀFDWLRQ sheet Engine model No of cylinders aspiration Bore-mm Stoke -mm Displacement-liter Engine output-prime kwm -max Engine output –baseload –kwm 3LVWRQ VSHHG LQ P V Break even effective pressure in kPa 2YHUDOO HQJLQH GLPHQVLRQ

g-855-g 6 Naturally aspirated 140 152 14.0 124.6 105.9 7.6 712 1836 mm x 905 mm x 1662 mm

Engine rating at 1500rpmBHP,piston compression ratio Natural gas consumption(gas FDORULĂ€F YDOXH NFDO VP

Exhaust stack temp Energy input -kw Energy output-kw Heat rejected to cooling water-kw Heat rejected to exhaust Heat rejected to ambient +unaccounted +unburnt in kw $LU Ă RZ LQ OLW VHF ([DXVW JDV Ă RZ LQ OLW VHF Permissible back pressure in exhaust in mmHg (QJLQH ZDWHU Ă RZ LQ OLW PLQ Pipe dia *DV SUHVVXUH LQ PDLQ SLSH NJ VT cm Derived heat rate of 125kva engine at full load

12:1 -167 19:1-157 8.5:1-147 37 6600c 370 125 (33.78%) 118 (31.89%) 88kw (23.78%) 40kw (10.81 %) 101 312 76.2 261 40mm 1.4 NFDO NZK

Result

Table : 3 - Instruments used Measuring Parameters Wind velocity &2 2 PHDVXUHPHQW Flue gas temperature &2 PHDVXUHPHQW Surface temperature

Instruments Anemometer Portable gas analyzer Thermocouple 2UVDW DSSDUDWXV ,5 JXQ WKHUPRFRXSOH

June 2017

Generator output –kw, kva, pf &: à RZ *DV à RZ UDWH &XP KU

3 phase power analyzer :DWHU Ă RZ PHWHU 'LJLWDO JDV Ă RZ PHWHU

Table4 : Field data generated of one 125 KVA generator No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Parameters 2XW SXW .:

KVA % loading at 0.88 pf Gas consumption *&9 RI JDV Density +HDW UDWH LQ NFDO kwh Flue gas WHPSHUDWXUH &

Ambient WHPSHUDWXUH &

2[\JHQ LQ outgoing gases &2 LQ RXWJRLQJ gas Theoretical air Excess air Actual mass of air supplied Sp heat of gas Heat loss due to GU\ Ă XH JDV Hydrogen and moisture loss Generator surface temp Ambient temperature &2 &RRODQW ORVV

Alternator loss (4%) Loss due to air moisture (0.56%)

Data 20.36 23.18 19% FXELF PHWHU KU NFDO FXELF PHWHU NJ FXELF PHWHU 7465.61 330 33 8.4%

NJ NJ IXHO 66.7% NJ NJ RI JDV burnt NFDO NJ (1+27.32)*0.23*(330 RU NFDO NJ JDVÀUHG NFDO NJ JDV ÀUHG 75.50c 330c 12ppm NFDO NJ JDV NFDO NJ NFDO NJ

Table 5 : Wind velocity vs heat loss (at Tsurface :75.50c) Vm Vm (meter/hr) (meter/sec) 0 500. 0.13 1000 0.26 2000 0.52 3000 0.83 4000 1.11 5000 1.38

Loss in kcal/hr 104628 125137 133661 145913 155315.01 163241 170224

Heat rate (kcal/kwh) 5998 7006 7424 8026.62 8488.40 8877 9220

95

TechSpace

Calculation 7KH KHDW UDWH RI JHQHUDWRU GHFLGHV LWV RYHUDOO HIĂ€FLHQF\

Radiation loss

> 7V 7D @

*Area NFDO

7KHUPDO HIĂ€FLHQF\ JHQHUDWRU KHDW UDWH

68.9

*HQHUDWRU KHDW UDWH JDV FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ FXELF PHWHU KU[*&9 RI JDV SRZHU DYDLODEOH DW GLVWULEXWLRQ board in kw ----------------------------------------------------------(2)

&RQYHFWLRQ 7 7D [ÂĽ 9P *Area ORVV 68.9

*HQHUDWRU HIĂ€FLHQF\ GU\ Ă XH JDV ORVV K\GURJHQ ORVV PRLVWXUH ORVV KXPLGLW\ ORVV &2 ORVV +convection and radiation loss )------------------------------(3) 'U\ Ă XH JDV ORVV P&S 7I 7D *&9

Hydrogen loss + ^ &S 7I 7D ` *&9

0RLVWXUH ORVV 0^ &S 7I 7D ` *&9

&2 ORVV ^ &2[& &2 &2 `[^ *&9`

&RQYHFWLRQ DQG UDGLDWLRQ ORVV > 7V 7D @ 7 7D [ÂĽ 9P *&9

&RQYHFWLRQ ORVV [¼ 9P The above equation (11)reduced to [¼ 9P U [¼ 9P U 9P P KU WKLV ORVV ZLOO ULVH ZLWK KLJK ZLQG velocity prevailing in many parts of India .As the speed increase the loss factor will rise which will affect heat rate .in contrary lower wind speed will minimize loss and decrease heat rate 125 KVA generator has following ÀHOG GDWD

&DQ EH PHDVXUHG E\ LQVWUXPHQWV RU E\ DSSO\LQJ equation

Basis :One Hour Table-6 Energy loss evaluation of one 125kva generator using the above formulas: Sl no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

Loss type 'U\ Ă XH JDV ORVV Moisture and hydrogen loss &RRODQW ORVV Alternator loss Loss due to humidity in air Total loss except conv &rad

&DOFXODWLRQ 30507.53kcal 21448.1kcal 39109kcal 5046.4kcal 7064.9 103175.93 kcal 2XWSXW HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ 17509kcal Total output 120685kcal Input energy by natural gas 152000kcal ÀULQJ

FXELF PHWHU KU[ NFDO cubic meter Loss due radiation and 31315kcal convection

Energy balance across generator : +HDW LQSXW GU\ Ă XH JDV loss:1) +21448.1 (moisture and hydrogen loss:2) +39109(coolant loss:3) +5046.4 (alternator loss:4) +7064.9(loss due to humidity in air:5) +17509(heat equiv to electrical energy:7 ) +(convection and radiation losses:10) 2U WRWDO ORVV convection

FRQVWDQW UDGLDWLRQ ORVVHV DQG

2U > 7V 7D @ 7 7D [ÂĽ 9P 3XWWLQJ 7V F DQG 7D F DQG VXUIDFH DUHD of engine body under wind velocity exposure, is 2.6118sq meter

96

Figure 2 : Loading of gas engine vs gas consumption in 125KVA generator

Figure 3 : Wind velocity vs heat rate curve for 125KVA generator

Conclusion In the states of Maharastra,Kerala,AP,Rajasthan etc VWDWHV ZLQG VSHHG YDULHV IRUP P KU WR P KU 2SHQ DLU RSHUDWLRQ RI JHQHUDWRU ZLOO KDYH DQ DGYHUVH effect on heat rate. The wind map indicates that Gujrat ,followed by Kerala,Maharastra,Tamil nadu ,Karnataka ,AP are the VWDWHV ZKHUH ZLQG VSHHG UDQJHV IURP NP KU DW seasons. Energy savings : Desirable heat rate at zero ZLQG VSHHG DV FDOFXODWHG LV DV NFDO NZK WKH VDPH '* VHW LI PDGH WR UXQ DW P KU ZLQG VSHHG ZLOO KDYH D SURMHFWHG KHDW UDWH RI NFDO NZK 7KXV

June 2017

TechSpace

in a day, the projected excess gas consumption will be RU FXELF PHWHU Recommendation: Modern diesel generator sets are all covered to prevent noise pollution ,however still some DUHDV ROG JDV RLO ÀUHG VHWV ZRUN ZLWKRXW DQ\ cover. This paper is aimed to that sets so that owner can take necessary precautions. It’s a common misconception that industrial diesel engines are considerably less expensive(also environment friendly) than comparable natural gas models. Below 150kW, natural gas engines are actually more cost effective To prevent unwanted surface losses all DG sets must be housed in a closed but well ventilated room .Now a days, acoustic enclosure DG sets are also DYDLODEOH DV SHU WKH &3&% JXLGHOLQH Glossary of terms *&9 m cp Ta Tf H2 M Vm

*URVV FDORULĂ€F YDOXH 0DVV RI Ă XH JDV 6SHFLĂ€F KHDW RI Ă XH JDV Ambient air temperature Flue gas temperature % hydrogen in natural gas % moisture in natural gas :LQG YHORFLW\ LQ PHWHU KU

June 2017

List of tables T-1 T-2

Electrical parameters taken at distribution board. 125 KVA natural gas generating setVSHFLĂ€FDWLRQ

T-3

Instruments used

T-4

Ă€HOG GDWD RI RQH NYD JHQHUDWRU

T-5

Wind velocity vs heat loss (at Tsurface :75.50c)

T-6

Energy loss generator

evaluation

of

one

125kva

/LVW RI )LJXUHV F-1

Experimental setup

F-2

: loading of gas engine vs gas consumption in 125kva generator Wind velocity vs heat rate curve for 125KVA generator

F-3

Dr Shivaji Biswas, Ex Director, NPC,DS Cube Energy and Enviro consultant

Sri Sujoy Ghose, Ex-Manager of Electrosteel Castings Limited

97

SMEFocus

MSEFC Delayed Payment Monitoring System (MDPMS) State Governments to notify

MSEFC : Micro and Small Enterprise Facilitation Council Link to this page: http://msefc.msme.gov.in/MyMsme/ MSEFC/MSEFC_Login.aspx Instructions for user login: 1. Please follow the process given below Enter valid User Id. Enter valid Password. (QWHU YDOLG YHULÀFDWLRQ FRGH DV JLYHQ LQ FDSWFKD LPDJH 9HULÀFDWLRQ FRGH LV QRW FDVH VHQVLWLYH Click on Login button. 2. Once you login with valid credential you will be redirected to your Dashboard where multiple actions can be done.

Delayed Payments to Micro and Small Enterprises under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 Draft Rules for MSEFC

6WDWH 87 1RWLÀHG MSEFC Rules

MPR Format

Important Cases

Related Provision The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 contains provisions of Delayed Payment to Micro and Small Enterprise (MSEs). (Section 15- 24). State Governments to establish Micro and Small Enterprise Facilitation Council (MSEFC) for settlement RI GLVSXWHV RQ JHWWLQJ UHIHUHQFHV ÀOLQJ RQ 'HOD\HG payments. (Section 20 and 21)

Nature of assistance 06()& RI WKH 6WDWH DIWHU H[DPLQLQJ WKH FDVH ÀOHG E\ 06( unit will issue directions to the buyer unit for payment of due amount along with interest as per the provisions under the MSMED Act 2006.

Who can apply Any Micro or small enterprise having valid EM Part -II / UAM can apply.

L $XWKRULW\ IRU ÀOLQJ (QWUHSUHQHXU 0HPRUDQGXP (ii) Rules of MSEFC and (iii) Constitution of MSEFC. $OO 6WDWHV 87V KDYH QRWLÀHG $XWKRULW\ IRU )LOLQJ Entrepreneur’s Memorandum, 33 States/UTs (i.e. except Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Manipur) have 1RWLÀHG UXOHV RI 06()& DQG DOO WKH 6WDWHV 87V KDYH constituted MSEFCs, as per provisions laid down under MSMED Act 2006. Every reference made to MSEFC shall be decided within a period of ninety days from the date of making such a reference as per provisions laid in the Act. ,I WKH $SSHOODQW QRW EHLQJ WKH VXSSOLHU ZDQWV WR ÀOH DQ appeal, no application for setting aside any decree or award by the MSEFC shall be entertained by any court unless the appellant (not being supplier) has deposited with it, the 75% of the award amount. (Section 19)

Implementation The provisions under the Act are implemented by MSEFC chaired by Director of Industries of the State / UT having administrative control of the MSE units. State Government/UTs are requested to ensure that the MSE Facilitation Council hold meetings regularly and delayed payment cases are decided by the Councils within a period of 90 days as stipulated in the MSMED Act, 2006. (DVH RI ÀOLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ XQGHU 06()& ²$Q ,QLWLDWLYH IURP 2IÀFH RI '& 060( 0 R 060( 2IÀFH RI '& 060( KDV WDNHQ DQ LQLWLDWLYH IRU ÀOLQJ RQOLQH application by the supplier MSE unit against the buyer of goods/services before the concerned MSEFC of his/her State/UT. At present, the applicant MSE unit submits an application in writing to the MSEFC of his/her State/UT. The applicant sometimes is not aware of the details to be submitted before MSEFC and this also sometimes adds to the delay. Once the portal is operationalized, the supplier MSE unit can submit online application which will be viewed by the concerned MSEFC.

Flow of Scheme

link to create UAM: http://udyogaadhaar.gov.in/UA/UAM_ Registration.aspx

Salient Features The buyer is liable to pay compound interest with the monthly rests to the supplier on the amount at the three WLPHV RI WKH EDQN UDWH QRWLÀHG E\ 5%, LQ FDVH KH GRHV QRW make payment to the supplier for his supplies of goods or services within 45 days of the acceptance of the goods/ service rendered. (Section 16)

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Source : MSME Website: www.msme.gov.in

June 2017

InternationalNews

INTERNATIONALNEWS Sri Lanka’s energy push an opportunity for India The island is suitable for both wind and solar. At the wind farms in Kalpatiya and Puttalam on the western coast, wind speeds are of the order of a very fecund 8 metres a second The island is suitable for both wind and solar. At the wind farms in Kalpatiya and Puttalam on the western coast, wind speeds are of the order of a very fecund 8 metres a second Vast scope for wind and solar; proposed undersea transmission line vital for India. Sri Lanka is making a big push into energy sector, with focus on renewable energy. And that is an opportunity for India. This was the message that came across clearly to a team of Indian journalists that visited Sri Lanka this week. Of the 4,000-odd MW of installed capacity, wind and solar is only 550 MW today but the share of renewable energy in the mix is set to rise. A 100 MW wind project in Mannar in the North-West (where the potential is estimated to be 5,000 MW), a programme to spawn distributed installation of 60 solar plants of 1 MW capacity each across the country, another FOXWFK RI 0: RI VRODU SODQWV LQFOXGLQJ RQH à RDWLQJ plant on a reservoir and a million roof top solar plants aggregating to 1 GW are in various stages of rollout, said BMS Batagoda, Secretary, Ministry of Power & Renewable Energy. The wind project in Mannar will be owned by the stateowned utility, Ceylon Electricity Board, but a global tender will be out shortly for building the plant. The 100 MW is part of a 375 MW, ADB-funded programme, which includes a renewable energy dispatch centre for forecast and manage the generation.

Eoltech wins repeat contracts to monitor 500 MW of wind projects with advanced energy index (ROWHFK DQ LQGHSHQGHQW ZLQG HQHUJ\ FRQVXOWLQJ ÀUP has announced that it won contracts from major French

June 2017

customers to deploy IREC-Index. With this advanced PXOWL VRXUFH ZLQG HQHUJ\ LQGH[ (ROWHFK ZLOO DLP WR UHĂ€QH the monitoring of 24 wind farms in France, representing a total output of 500MW. IREC-Index will enable Eoltech’s FOLHQWV WR FKHFN WKH FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKHLU Ă HHW¡V RXWSXW against the available wind resource to detect potential turbine performance discrepancies. 7KH VSHFLĂ€FLW\ RI ,5(& ,QGH[ LV WR EH EDVHG RQ WKH selection and combination of several data sources that are both independent and coherent with one another. This multi-source approach reinforces the consistency and robustness of this energy index while addressing the challenge of managing data homogeneity in time. For each region, IREC-Index takes into account at least four distinct and independent sources of wind data, whose consistency in time is checked each month. These data are then converted into production and combined to obtain robust output reference indicators by region, providing valuable information to operators wishing to optimise the energy performance of their wind portfolio. “Most players involved in the monitoring of the power output of wind farms are looking for databases providing high correlation levels with their production data. But even if this condition is important, it is not a guarantee of reliability, because consistency in time is generally not taken into account. By combining several LQGHSHQGHQW VRXUFHV WKH ,5(& ,QGH[ DSSURDFK FDQ Ă€OWHU out inconsistent sources and increase the robustness of the results while ensuring that a high correlation level with production data is maintained,â€? explained Habib Leseney, CEO of Eoltech.

India, China surpass US as most attractive renewables markets: EY report India has moved up to the second spot in the ‘Renewable energy country attractiveness index’ 2017 from the third position it held for the last two years, said a report released by Ernst & Young. The report released globally on Tuesday stated that China, which tops the index, and India have surpassed the US. ´7KH IDOOÂłWKH Ă€UVW IRU WKH 86 VLQFH ÂłWR WKLUG LQ WKH ranking of the top 40 countries follows a marked shift in US policy under the new administration,â€? the report said.

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Adani to begin extracting coal from Australian project in 2020-21 Indian conglomerate Adani Group plans to begin extracting coal from the USD 16.5 billion Carmichael project in Australia in 2020-21, its Chairman Gautam Adani has said. The Group, which has interests from SRUWV WR SRZHU ZRXOG Ă€QDOLVH E\ -XQH DQ LQYHVWPHQW decision for the project, which has been delayed due to protests from environmental groups. In an interview to PTI, Adani said his group is not just investing in coal but also in renewable energy in Australia, seeking to develop 1,500 MW of solar projects by 2022. “Like in India, we are investing heavily in renewable energy in Australia too,â€? he said. It has signed pacts to build two solar farms, each with capacity of 100-200 megawatts in Queensland and South Australia.

Germany Makes New Renewable Energy Record Germany has heavily invested in renewable energy sources to reduce its reliance on conventional methods of power generation that depend on processes that can harm the environment. The country’s renewable energy JHQHUDWLRQ QRZ DFFRXQWV IRU D VLJQLĂ€FDQW FKXQN RI LWV national supply. Last month, the country even broke its daily record for renewable energy as it generated 85 percent of the total power requirement from these sources. 85 percent of all electricity consumed by people in Germany was generated through renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydroelectric on April 30th. Patrick Graichen of the AgoraEnergiewende initiative revealed to Renew Economy that “Most of Germany’s FRDO Ă€UHG SRZHU VWDWLRQV ZHUH QRW HYHQ RSHUDWLQJ RQ Sunday, April 30.â€? *HUPDQ\ KDV PDGH D Ă€UP FRPPLWPHQW WR UHQHZDEOH energy and Graichen is of the view that days on which 85 percent of the entire demand is produced using clean means will be “completely normalâ€? for the country by 2030.

ESCO acquires Renewable NRG Systems ESCO Technologies Inc. announced that it has acquired NRG Systems, Inc. (NRG), doing business as Renewable NRG Systems, located in Hinesburg, Vermont. NRG, founded in 1982, is the global market leader in the design and manufacture of decision support tools for the renewable energy industry, primarily wind. NRG serves electric utilities, wind turbine manufacturers, renewable energy developers, research institutes, and government agencies in more than 150 countries (www. NRGsystems.com). The business, which will join Doble

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Engineering as part of ESCO’s Utilities Solutions Group (USG) operating segment, has annualized sales of approximately $45 million (with nearly half of its sales coming from international markets) and operating margins in the mid-teens. The terms of the transaction were not disclosed. NRG’s expertise spans both resource assessment products and wind plant optimization equipment such as turbine control sensors, Lidar, and condition based monitoring systems. The products are used during both the pre-development stage of a project and the operational stage when project owners need to optimize the performance of their assets.

Five more countries sign up to International Solar Alliance The Modi government’s key renewable energy initiative -- International Solar Alliance (ISA) -- on Monday received boost when Djibouti, Comoros, Cote d’Ivoire, Somalia and Ghana signed the ISA framework agreement on the sidelines of African Development Bank (AfDB) meeting in Gandhinagar -- aimed a boosting Indo-African ties. The ISA Framework Agreement will be opened for signature in Gandhinagar during AfDB meeting between 0D\ &RPRURV ZLOO DOVR EH VXEPLWWLQJ LWV UDWLÀFDWLRQ LQVWUXPHQW )LQDQFH 0LQLVWHU $UXQ -DLWOH\ ZLOO EH JUDFLQJ WKH VLJQLQJ DQG UDWLÀFDWLRQ FHUHPRQ\ WKDW ZLOO EH organised by MEA. 3DFLÀF ,VODQG VWDWH 1DXUX KDV IRUPDOO\ FRQYH\HG WKDW WKH\ KDYH FRPSOHWHG WKH UDWLÀFDWLRQ DQG ZLOO DOVR EH GHSRVLWLQJ WKH UDWLÀFDWLRQ LQVWUXPHQW ZLWK WKH 0($ DW WKH side event in Gandhinagar. Mauritius would be signing and ratifying the Framework Agreement together on 27 May during the upcoming visit of the Mauritius Prime 0LQLVWHU WR ,QGLD )LML KDV DOVR FRPSOHWHG WKH UDWLÀFDWLRQ process and will deposit its instrument with the MEA in the next few weeks. The ISA initiative was launched at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris on 30 November 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and then French President Francois Hollande. The ISA is conceived as a coalition of solar resource rich countries to address their special energy needs and will provide a platform to collaborate RQ DGGUHVVLQJ WKH LGHQWLÀHG JDSV WKURXJK D FRPPRQ agreed approach. The Prime Minister of India and the President of France jointly laid the foundation stone of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Headquarters and inaugurated the interim Secretariat of the ISA in National Institute of Solar Energy 1,6( *XUXJUDP +DU\DQD RQ WK -DQXDU\ Launching the Secretariat, Prime Minister of India stated that the ISA as a potent tool for mutual cooperation among the member countries for mutual gains through enhances solar energy utilization. Ɠ

June 2017

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NationalNews

NATIONALNEWS Non-performing PSUs bleeding Uttar Pradesh’s coffers dry

Power for 22 lakh households in 18 months: Piyush Goyal

Non-performing public sector undertakings (PSUs) in Uttar Pradesh, mounting arrears and gross anomalies in the power sector are bleeding the state’s coffers dry, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has pointed out.

About 22 lakh households in Rajasthan that are still out of bounds of power supply in rural areas are expected to get electricity in next 18 months under Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY). Minister of state (independent charge) for power Piyush Goyal also accused the previous Congress government of “utter mismanagement� of Rajasthan Discoms.

A report by the country’s top audit body, tabled in the just-concluded session of the Assembly, shows the tardy performance of the state’s PSUs. It says that out of 65 working PSUs, 24 incurred loss of 5V FURUH ZKLOH HDUQHG SURĂ€W RI 5V crore. There was no mention of the remaining units. 7KH &$* QRWHG LQ LWV UHSRUW IRU WKDW RXW RI non-working PSUs, 12 were in the process of liquidation and the rest had 422 accounts in arrears for one to 33 years. The CAG pulled up the state government for not placing in the state legislature separate audit reports of accounts of half a dozen corporations for the past few years. “This weakens the legislative control over statutory FRUSRUDWLRQV DQG GLOXWHV WKH ODWWHU¡V Ă€QDQFLDO accountability,â€? it said in its 195-page report on PSUs in Uttar Pradesh. India slaps 18% tax on solar cells and modules The country is establishing a national Goods and Services Tax (GST) with the rates for different sectors and products announced. There is still scope for changes to the rates before they are set in stone. Solar cells and modules will be levied at 18% with coal seeing an additional 5% charge. Indian tenders at national and state level have secured a number of record low bids in recent months. Despite the increase, Union minister for power, coal, new & renewable energy and mines, Piyush Goyal, told a press conference that higher tax rate would not slow down the growth of solar. When questioned on the prospects of such competitively priced projects Goyal said: “Tariffs for solar projects vary from project to project. The rise will be compensated by WKH GHFOLQH LQ FRUUXSWLRQ DQG RSHUDWLRQDO GLIĂ€FXOWLHV 7KH prices of solar and wind energy have hit a record low and the industry is now able to stand on its own feet,â€? he added.

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“There are about 22 lakh households which are balance WR EH HOHFWULĂ€HG DV RQ $SULO :H DUH GUDZLQJ XS a scheduled to complete in next 18 monthsâ€? said Goyal. For the villages, minister mentioned that out of total (495) YLOODJHV LGHQWLĂ€HG DV XQ HOHFWULĂ€HG RQO\ RQH LV OHIW WR JHW electricity. $V SHU WKH UXUDO HOHFWULĂ€FDWLRQ FRUSRUDWLRQ DSS *$59 2XW RI WKH WRWDO KRXVHKROGV LQ WKH VWDWH DUH \HW WR EH HOHFWULĂ€HG XQGHU WKH VFKHPH 7KH SURFHVV RI WDNLQJ HOHFWULFLW\ WR YLOODJHV LV LQ SURJUHVV ZKLOH KRXVHKROGV KDYH EHHQ HOHFWULĂ€HG Acknowledging, state’s demographic conditions, minister pointed that Center is looking for off-grid solutions for the state. “Rajasthan has lot of hamlets and far-off location DORQJ ZLWK Ă RDWLQJ SRSXODWLRQ $W WKHVH SODFHV ZKHUH grids cannot reach, we are planning to give off-grid VROXWLRQ IRU ZKLFK FKLHI PLQLVWHU 9DVXQGKDUD 5DMH ML DQG central government had extensive discussionâ€? added the minister.

India enters the Nuclear Power Club with New 7.7 GW Program India announced among the biggest civil nuclear programs anywhere in the world, saying it will set up 0: RI LQGLJHQRXVO\ GHYHORSHG QXFOHDU SRZHU plans. ,W LV WKH ÀUVW WLPH WKDW WKH FRXQWU\ LV FUHDWLQJ VR PXFK capacity using local technology. Nearly all Indian nuclear plants are based on imported technology. Typically, India relies on technology supplied by countries like Japan, USA, Germany, France and Russia for creating nuclear power plants in the country. ,QGLD WRGD\ KDV D WRWDO RI 0: RI QXFOHDU SRZHU LQ

June 2017

NationalNews

the country, and this expansion will double the capacity. Nearly all other planned plants are also based on foreign technology. 7KH WRWDO GHPDQG IRU SRZHU LQ ,QGLD LV DURXQG 0: out of which nearly half is being met by coal. ´7KLV ZLOO UDLVH WKH SURĂ€OH RI ,QGLD¡V VFLHQWLVWV DQG technology in the world,â€? power minister Piyush Goyal said.

Gujarat cancelling 4 Gigawatt Coal Power Plant as India moves away from coal The government of Indian state Gujarat has cancelled a proposed 4 gigawatt coal power ultra-mega power project due to existing surplus generation capacity and a desire to transition from fossil fuel–based energy sources to renewable power. Reports from India’s Business Standard earlier this month reported that the government of Gujarat, under &KLHI 0LQLVWHU 9LMD\ 5XSDQL KDV FDQFHOOHG D SURSRVDO IRU FUHDWLQJ D QHZ PHJDZDWW 0: XOWUD PHJD coal power project that was to be developed by the *XMDUDW 6WDWH (OHFWULFLW\ &RUSRUDWLRQ 6SHFLÀFDOO\ WKH reasoning given for cancelling the project was the DOUHDG\ VXEVWDQWLDO LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLW\ ³ DURXQG MW — of old and renewable energy in the state, with the government adding that building a new conventional coal power plant simply did not make sense. The move falls well in line with moves across India to decrease its reliance upon coal, and further gives lie to claims from Australian politicians that India is in desperate need of more coal. The past few years have been important for India’s HQHUJ\ PL[ ZLWK WKH FRXQWU\ PDNLQJ VLJQLÀFDQW DQG DW times monumental moves away from reliance upon fossil IXHO HQHUJ\ 2QO\ D IHZ ZHHNV DJR LW ZDV UHSRUWHG WKDW India had installed more renewable energy capacity RYHU WKH ODVW ÀQDQFLDO \HDU WKDQ LW GLG WKHUPDO SRZHU capacity, an impressive achievement for a country which is technically an emerging economy, and one with a massive population. India is primarily focusing on installing massive amounts of solar power, and a report from November last year outlined how India is planning to build 1 terawatt of solar power — which sounds absurd, but given the amount of solar India has already installed, might not VHHP DV LQVDQH DV DW ÀUVW UHDGLQJ )XUWKHU ,QGLD EDVHG FRQVXOWDQF\ 0HUFRP &DSLWDO SUHGLFWV WKDW *: RI QHZ VRODU FDSDFLW\ ZLOO EH LQVWDOOHG LQ ,QGLD LQ DORQH

saying that they intended to end dependency on coal imports to use up the oversupply of coal at home.

Cabinet clears new coal linkage policy for power sector The Union cabinet approved the introduction of a new coal linkage policy — Shakti — for the power sector. According to the Union cabinet, Shakti — Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating of Koyala (coal) Transparently in India — has been envisaged to make optimal allocation of the natural resource across power units. “Allocation of linkages for power sector shall be based on auction of linkages or through Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) based on competitive bidding of tariffs, except for the state and the central power generating companies and the exceptions provided in Tariff Policy, Âľ DQ RIĂ€FLDO VWDWHPHQW VDLG

India’s ‘smart’ power system up for cyber security audit India is set to see a countrywide cyber security audit of its power distribution and generation system to prevent hacking as state grids and plants increasingly become smarter with large-scale deployment of digital technology. At last week’s state energy ministers’ conference piloted by Union power minister Piyush Goyal here, all participants agreed to get their power system — down to the plant level — regularly audited by agencies empanelled by the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) of the department of information technology. The states also agreed to conduct mock drills simulating disasters and hackings to test preparedness for reviving downed systems. Government sources said they also DJUHHG WR QRPLQDWH D FKLHI LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ RIĂ€FHU an acknowledgement of cyber threats and the need to take them seriously. 72, KDG RQ -DQXDU\ Ă€UVW UHSRUWHG WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\ of India’s transmission network to hacking in an ‘intelligent’ environment in which machines ‘talk’ to each other on a common platform. Indian power equipment manufacturers have repeatedly been raising alarm over the issue as city grids are being smartened up with SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems. Ć“

Paralleling this focus on solar capacity additions is a similarly strong desire to reduce the amount of coal the country uses. Not only is the country focusing more on renewable energy projects, but reports over the last 6 months have revealed that the country is similarly reducing its focus on coal. Earlier this year numerous Indian newspapers reported that Indian coal imports GHFOLQHG E\ LQ -DQXDU\ 7KLV IROORZV RIĂ€FLDO ZRUG from the Indian government in September of last year

June 2017

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June 2017

CorporateNews

CORPORATENEWS India to give a ‘power’ blow to Chinese firms soon India will soon bar Chinese power companies from projects in the power sector on security concerns after D SROLF\ WKDW ZLOO GHĂ€QH QHZ FRQGLWLRQV IRU IRUHLJQ Ă€UPV eyeing the multibillion-dollar market in one of the fastest growing major economies in the world. $ IRUPDO RIĂ€FH PHPRUDQGXP H[SHFWHG LQ D PRQWK ZLOO insulate the power transmission sector from companies based in countries that do not allow Indian entities in VLPLODU SURMHFWV D VHQLRU SRZHU PLQLVWU\ RIĂ€FLDO WROG The restriction will be gradually extended to the power generation and distribution sectors as well. 2IĂ€FLDOV VDLG WKH QHZ UHFLSURFLW\ EDVHG DSSURDFK ZRXOG impact Chinese companies that are looking to invest in the Indian electricity transmission sector. China does not approve of overseas investments in its electricity grid for VHFXULW\ UHDVRQV EXW ,QGLD DOORZV IRUHLJQ GLUHFW investment (FDI) in the power sector. The move will help India in many ways, including protection from cyber attacks because the power sector is increasingly software driven with intelligent technology and control systems being used, said Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association (IEEMA) director general Sunil Misra. Last week, US conglomerate GE’s renewable energy &(2 -HURPH 3HFUHVVH WROG (7 WKDW UHFLSURFLW\ ZDV D IDLU idea. Power, coal, renewable energy and mines minister 3L\XVK *R\DO KDG WROG LQ DQ LQWHUYLHZ RQ 0D\ WKDW ,QGLD won’t allow power companies to invest from countries ZKHUH ,QGLDQ Ă€UPV DUH EDQQHG

to be concentrated. The combined market share of India’s Ă€YH ODUJHVW (3& FRPSDQLHV KDV VKUXQN IURP WR owing to the market’s overall growth. 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ 7%($ DQG )LUVW 6RODU UHPDLQ WKH ODUJHVW EPC providers globally, but both are losing market share by not being able to grow at the pace of the worldwide PDUNHW 7KH FRPSDQLHV LQVWDOOHG OHVV WKDQ 0: PRUH LQ DV FRPSDUHG WR DW WKH VDPH WLPH DV JOREDO QRQ UHVLGHQWLDO 39 GHPDQG JUHZ E\ .HWDQ 0HKWD & ( 2 5D\V 3RZHU ,QIUD VDLG ´7KLV indeed marks a great milestone for all of us at Rays. It is interesting to consider that, as per the IHS Technology’s tracker, though China and the United States remain key PDUNHWV IRU WKH ODUJHVW 39 SURMHFWV ,QGLD LV VXUIDFLQJ as a new growth market outside of those regions. Rays Power Infra ranks at numero uno 5, followed by Juwi, 0DKLQGUD 6XVWHQ &RQHUJ\ $&&,21$ DQG 76. DFURVV India, Japan, Thailand, UK, Australia, Rest of Americas, 5HVW RI (XURSH UHVW RI $VLD 3DFLĂ€F DQG UHVW RI $IULFD DQG the Middle East.â€? ,+6¡ RQJRLQJ DQDO\VLV RI WKH 39 PDUNHW LQFOXGHV WKH UHJXODU VXUYH\LQJ DQG LQWHUYLHZLQJ RI 39 V\VWHPV integrators.

L&T JV bags Rs 300 crore export orders from Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Larsen & Toubro’s, through its joint venture company L&T-MHPS Boilers Private, has bagged and export orders ZRUWK DURXQG 5V FURUH IURP WR VXSSO\ SRZHU SODQW equipment to its joint venture partner Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems in Japan, the engineering major said.

Rays Power Infra ranks among the top 10 EPC Companies worldwide, outside USA and China

7KH RUGHU HQWDLOV VXSSO\ RI SUHVVXUH SDUWV WR WZR PHJDZDWWV PZ DQG RQH XQLW RI PZ LQ ,QGRQHVLD and Japan, respectively, for water wall panel, coils, piping and header.

Rays Power Infra Pvt Ltd, a leading integrated solar power company with presence across the entire solar value chain, today announced that it has been ranked among the top (3& &RPSDQLHV ZRUOGZLGH RXWVLGH 86$ DQG &KLQD DV SHU WKH 6RODU (3& DQG 2 0 3URYLGHU 7UDFNHU ² 4 E\ ,+6 7HFKQRORJ\ ,QGLD¡V JURZLQJ 39 GHPDQG DWWUDFWV PRUH companies to the EPC sector though the market continues

L&T’s joint venture, which manufactures boilers sets for thermal power plants is currently executing eight export orders for the supply of pulverisers and pressure parts to various Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems projects in Japan and Indonesia. It has thus far executed 11 export orders for supply of pressure parts, pulverisers and engineering services to the Middle East, Africa and South East Asia.

June 2017

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CorporateNews

BHEL bags Rs. 233 crore order for Steam & Power Generation Package

EESL to launch India’s affordable LED scheme in UK

The public sector Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) said it had won a prestigious order for a Steam and Power Generation Package from the Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited (RFCL) against stiff international competitive bidding (ICB).

After chaQJLQJ WKH ODQGVFDSH RI ,QGLD¡V HQHUJ\ HIĂ€FLHQF\ VFHQDULR VWDWH RZQHG (QHUJ\ (IĂ€FLHQF\ 6HUYLFHV /WG (EESL) is now all set to expand and deliver its expertise overseas.

9DOXHG DW 5V FURUH WKH RUGHU KDV EHHQ SODFHG RQ BHEL for setting up the package at RFCL’s fertilizer plant at Ramagundam in Telangana.

Among other geographies, EESL is looking to make a VLJQLĂ€FDQW LQYHVWPHQW LQ 8. DQG ODXQFK LWV RSHUDWLRQV RQ affordable LED there as early as next week, sources said.

BHEL’s scope in the contract envisages design, engineering, manufacture, supply, erection, testing and commissioning of a 32.5 MW Gas Turbine, 125 TPH Heat Recovery Steam Generator, 85 TPH Utility Boiler and Balance of Plant (BoP) Package along with associated auxiliaries on Lumpsum Turnkey (LSTK) basis including mandatory spares, a press release from the company said.

Schneider Electric India bags the prestigious Aon Best Employers India 2017 award Schneider Electric India – the global specialist in energy management and automation was today conferred Aon %HVW (PSOR\HUV $ZDUG IRU WKH \HDU $RQ +HZLWW is the global leaders in human resource solutions. The award comes as a recognition of the futuristic and impactful people practices of the company which have been instrumental in inspiring strong commitment, deeper engagement and superior performance from the workforce. The award was received by Anil Chaudhry, Country President and Managing Director, Schneider (OHFWULF ,QGLD DORQJ ZLWK 5DFKQD 0XNKHUMHH &+52 Schneider Electric India, at an award ceremony in Mumbai. Receiving the award on behalf of Schneider Electric in India, Anil Chaudhry, Country President and Managing Director, Schneider Electric, India, stated, “I express my gratitude to all the employees on their engagement, commitment and hard work to make Schneider Electric a great company and a great place to work.â€? The recognition comes to Schneider Electric after a robust six-month long evaluation process. It is an outcome of a rigorous analysis to measure the alignment between “Intent-Design-Experienceâ€?, assessed through &(2 VXUYH\ DQG LQWHUYLHZ SHRSOH SUDFWLFHV VXUYH\ and employee opinion survey for all participating organisations. A shortlisted set is taken through an intense on-site audit to validate the details provided. The selection also took into consideration successful people initiatives on talent, succession, well-being and diversity & inclusion that Schneider Electric has been XQGHUWDNLQJ RYHU WKH \HDUV 7KH Ă€QDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH shortlisted organisations was conducted by an external panel of jury made up of corporates, academicians and industry leaders.

106

The company also aims to expand its operations in other parts of Europe, Canada, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, 7KDLODQG 9LHWQDP DQG %DQJODGHVK DQG KDV DOUHDG\ VLJQHG FORVH WR 0HPRUDQGXPV RI 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ZLWK different countries. EESL is a joint venture of various state-owned companies, was set up by India’s Ministry of Power as part of the 1DWLRQDO 0LVVLRQ RQ (QKDQFHG (QHUJ\ (IĂ€FLHQF\ RI Power. The company has several projects underway to SURPRWH HIĂ€FLHQF\ LQ KRXVHKROGV SXEOLF EXLOGLQJV VWUHHW lighting and agriculture. The major focus so far has been on lighting, as it represents SHU FHQW RI QDWLRQDO HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG FDQ EH UHGXFHG E\ DW OHDVW KDOI RQFH ROG LQHIĂ€FLHQW OLJKW bulbs have been replaced by LEDs. 6HW XS LQ WKH FRPSDQ\¡V UHYHQXH KDV ULVHQ IROG WR DQ HVWLPDWHG 5V FURUH LQ IURP 5V FURUH IURP WKH SUHYLRXV Ă€VFDO ,Q LW H[SHFWV UHYHQXH WR PRUH WKDQ GRXEOH WR 5V FURUH 8QGHU LWV Ă DJVKLS VFKHPH ² 8QQDW -HHYDQ E\ $IIRUGDEOH Lighting for all (UJALA), distributed over 23 crore LED bulbs so far. The energy savings from the scheme alone KDYH VXUSDVVHG RYHU FURUH N:K DQG UHGXFHG carbon emissions upto 2.4 crore tonnes and has helped DYRLG RYHU 0: RI SHDN GHPDQG LQ WKH FRXQWU\

PTC to sell power from first wind auction to Discoms of 5 states State electricity distributions companies (Discoms) of 8WWDU 3UDGHVK %LKDU -KDUNKDQG 'HOKL 2GLVKD DQG Assam today signed memorandum of agreements for purchase of electricity from Power Trading Corporation RI ,QGLD 37& ,QGLD XQGHU WKH FRXQWU\¡V Ă€UVW VXFFHVVIXO wind power auction. The memorandum of agreements (MoAs) for purchase of 0: ZLQG SRZHU XQGHU 015(¡V Ă€UVW ZLQG DXFWLRQ scheme were signed in New Delhi between PTC and the 'LVFRPV RI WKH Ă€YH VWDWHV GXULQJ WKH WZR GD\ FRQIHUHQFH of power, new and renewable energy and mines ministers of states and union territories. Ć“

June 2017

June 2017

107

PowerStatistics

Global Renewable Energy – Solar (MW) Cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) power

Change

2015

2015 over

share

Megawatts

2010

2015

2014

of total

China

800

43480

53.5%

18.9%

Germany

17944

39698

3.5%

17.2%

Japan

3618

35409

51.3%

15.4%

US

2040

25577

39.6%

11.1%

Italy

3502

18922

1.6%

8.2%

95

9071

66.1%

France

1207

6557

Spain

4330

Australia

Cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) power

2015

2015 over

share

South Africa

40

1120

21.7%

0.5%

Bulgaria

32

1036

1.4%

0.4%

Taiwan

32

1010

65.6%

0.4%

Austria

97

937

19.1%

0.4%

India

70

881

29.4%

0.4%

3.9%

Rest of European Union

50

875

25.4%

0.4%

15.5%

2.8%

Chile

0

848

110.9%

0.4%

5432

1.0%

2.4%

Denmark

7

783

29.2%

0.3%

571

5065

22.6%

2.2%

Slovakia

145

600

1.7%

0.3%

Israel

177

5062

65.3%

2.2%

Portugal

135

454

16.1%

0.2%

South Korea

650

3408

42.1%

1.5%

Mexico

31

282

57.5%

0.1%

Belgium

1066

3251

3.0%

1.4%

Turkey

6

266

360.5%

0.1%

Greece

206

2606

0.4%

1.1%

Malaysia

13

231

37.5%

0.1%

Canada

281

2504

31.5%

1.1%

Czech Republic

Sweden

12

130

64.2%

0.1%

1953

2150

0.7%

0.9%

Finland

7

19

34.7%

0.0%

Thailand

49

1420

9.3%

0.6%

Norway

9

15

15.6%

0.0%

Netherlands

85

1405

34.1%

0.6%

1977

7416

43.6%

3.2%

Switzerland

110

1361

28.3%

0.6%

Rest of World

0

1325

2.5%

0.6%

41346

230606

28.1%

100.0%

United Kingdom

Romania

Total World

Top Ten countries in 2015 18%

13%

20%

Top Ten countries in 2010

10% 5% 3% 3% 3%

22% 3% China US France

Germany Italy Spain

Japan United Kingdom Australia

eermany p pain pan aaly S zzech Republic ance eelgium hhina oouth Korea

Germany Italy France

17944 4330 12% 3618 3502 2040 1953 48% 1207 1066 800 650

10% 9%

Spain US Belgium

Source: BP

108

Change

June 2017

6% 5% 3% 2%

3% 2%

Japan Czech Republic China

PowerStatistics

Solar Parks Plan MNRE has approved 33 solar parks in 21 states with 19.9 GW capacity

Full/Partial capacity allocated/under tendering Capacity unallocated as yet

Source: SECI, BRIDGE-TO-INDIA 2016 research

June 2017

109

IEEMADatabase

BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS Unit

as on 01.3.17

IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS

OTHER RAW MATERIALS

BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm

`/MT

29382.00

BILLETS(SBI) 100MM

`/MT

29195.00

CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)

`/MT

55500.00

CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV

`/MT

`/MT

as on 01.3.17

Unit

Epoxy Resin CT - 5900

`/Kg

440.00

Phenolic Moulding Powder

`/Kg

88.00

PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22

`/MT

134750.00

PVC Compound Grade HR - 11

`/MT

135750.00

`/KLitre

58614.00

Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)

215750.00

OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS

271500.00

IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month January 2017

228.16

IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)

304.07

NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc

`/MT

217700.00

IN - WT (Base June 2000=100

232.87

Lead (99.97%)

`/MT

177900.00

IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)

241.14

Copper Wire Bars

`/MT

411366.00

Copper Wire Rods

`/MT

424430.00

Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)

`/MT

143337.00

Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)

`/MT

149093.00

Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)

`/MT

207300.00

Wholesale price index number for ‘Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month January 2017 Wholesale price index number for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month January 2017

148.60

201.20

All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) January 2017

274.00

# Estimated, NA: Not available 140000

PVC Compound - Grade CW- 22 Rs./MT

(Rs./MT)

135000

130000

125000

April 2015 - March 2017 120000

110

June 2017

03-17

02-17

01-17

12-16

11-16

10-16

09-16

08-16

07-16

06-16

05-16

04-16

03-16

02-16

01-16

12-15

11-15

10-15

`09-15

`08-15

`07-15

`06-15

`05-15

`04-15

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. GXW\ ZKHUHYHU PDQXIDFWXUHV DUH HOLJLEOH WR REWDLQ 02'9$7 EHQHÀW These basic prices a nd indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products. %DVLF 3ULFH 9DULDWLRQ &ODXVHV H[SODQDWLRQ RI QRPHQFODWXUH FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP ,((0$ RIÀFH Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.

IEEMADatabase

300000

L.T. Circuit Breakers

250000

Nos

200000

150000

100000

Apr 13 to Feb 17

50000 4

6

8

10 12

2

4

6

8

10 12

2

4

6

8

10 12

2

4

6

8

10 12

Production Name of Product

Accounting Unit

For the Month Feb 2017

From Mar 16 to Highest Annual

Feb 17

Production

Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT

000' KW

915

10693

11580

AC Motors - HT

000' KW

248

3176

5091

DC Motors

000' KW

34

417

618

000' KVA

929

11463

11261

Contactors

000' Nos.

858

9651

8527

Motor Starters

000' Nos.

161

1940

1909

Nos.

56461

679952

947878

000' Poles

12711

157999

136979

Circuit Breakers - LT

Nos.

239784

2672405

1932964

Circuit Breakers - HT

Nos.

6044

70433

72156

Custom-Build Products

Rs. Lakhs

13982

186973

265267

HRC Fuses & Overload Relays

000' Nos.

1177

14156

16875

KM

59267

565917

507486

000' KVAR

3728

47528

53417

Distribution Transformers

000' KVA

3234

42453

46761

Power Transformers

000' KVA

21366

193319

178782

000' Nos.

48

608

705

9082

108051

114488

000' Nos.

2451

25299

29317

000' MT

84

1038

1250

AC Generators Switchgears*

Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers

Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers

Instrument Transformers Current Transformers Voltage Transformers Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers*

Nos

* Weighted Production IEEMA Database

June 2017

111

ERDANews

addition test data can be transferred into the system for automatic report generation for Measurement of insulation resistance, Induced overvoltage withstand test, Separate-source voltage withstand test, Pressure test (routine test), Oil leakage test, Pressure test (type WHVW 3HUPLVVLEOH Ă X[ GHQVLW\ DQG RYHU Ă X[LQJ :LWK GHYHORSPHQW RI WKLV IDFLOLW\ VLJQLĂ€FDQW HQKDQFHPHQWV have taken place in productivity indices of the transformer WHVWLQJ ODERUDWRU\ +LJKOLJKWV RI WKH FDSDELOLW\ SURĂ€OH RI (5'$¡V WUDQVIRUPHU evaluation laboratory are presented below:

Testing & Evaluation BIS Accredited Distribution Transformer Testing (as per IS: 1180 -2014) Laboratory at:

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112

X

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New Synthetic Ester Oil as per IEC: 61099-2010 (IS: 16081-2013) & Natural E ster Oil as per IEC: 62770-2013 Evaluation of Solid Insulating Materials (Paper / Pressboard / Lamination Wood and Boards/Cork Sheets etc.)

X

3DSHU &RYHUHG &RSSHU $OXPLQLXP &RQGXFWRUV

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33 kV, 4 MVA Power Transformer – India’s Largest On Line Short Circuit Test Laboratory

NABL Accredited Field Services

June 2017

ERDANews

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+HDOWK ,QGH[ RI 3RZHU 7UDQVIRUPHU

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Rajib Chattopadhyay Head BD & CRM Phone (D): 0265-3021505, Mobile: 9978940954 E-mail: rajib.chattopadhyay@erda.org

1800/-

1000/1800/2400/-

June 2017

2400/-

Rs.____________ / US $ 120 or payment advice to our Account No.11751 “Bank of India�, Worli Branch, Pankaj Mansion, Dr A.B.Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018 is enclosed

113

ProductShowcase

the system equipments so as to REDUCE system downtime. The Multi function meter is basically used to Measure, 5HFRUG 9LD 3URWRFRO /LNH MODBUS, Ethernet) and display of AC electrical SDUDPHWHUV OLNH 506 Voltage, Current , Active power, Reactive power, Apparent SRZHU 3RZHU IDFWRU 3KDVH DQJOH )UHTXHQF\ $FWLYH energy , Reactive energy , Apparent energy, Demand in 3 phase 4 Wire and 3 phase 3 Wire System. This meter is intended for application areas where accurate & reliable measurement is necessary.

FLIR T500-Series

Professional Thermal Imaging Cameras The new FLIR T500Series has the features professionals need to accurately troubleshoot hot spots and potential faults. With the 180° rotating lens platform and a bright 4â€? LCD, FLIR T530/T540 cameras are engineered to help users diagnose hard-to-reach components in any environment. Advanced on-camera measurement tools, laser-assisted autofocus, and FLIR’s industry-leading image quality ensure you’ll Ă€QG DQG GLDJQRVH SUREOHPV TXLFNO\ )/,5 7 6HULHV designed to support advanced thermographers and IR service consultants in the power generation, electrical distribution, and manufacturing industries by focusing on resolution, speed, and ergonomics. X 0D[LPL]H (IĂ€FLHQF\ 6DIHW\ DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH X 0DNH &ULWLFDO 'HFLVLRQV 4XLFNO\ X 'HVLJQHG WR 0DNH <RXU :RUN (DVLHU

MECO Transformer Turns Ratio Meter Model: TTR - 8100 Transformer is a very important (OHPHQW LQ WKH (OHFWULF 3RZHU Distribution System. It needs to be maintained time to time DV 3RZHU 'LVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP can be further guaranteed at consumer end. MECO Introduce Transformer Turns Ratio Meter Model TTR8100 for accurate measurement RI 3KDVH 7UDQVIRUPHUV ,W Displays Turns Ratio, Deviation, Secondary Output, Excitation 9ROWDJH &XUUHQW 3KDVH $QJOH 1DPHSODWH 7UDQVIRUPHU / VT/CT Values in one page for easy quality interpretation. ,W XVH IRU FKHFNLQJ /LYH 7HVW 3RLQWV 6KRUW &LUFXLW 2SHQ &LUFXLW DQG 5HYHUVH 3RODULW\ EHIRUH HDFK PHDVXUHPHQW ,QEXLOW PHPRU\ WR VWRUH PHDVXUHPHQW GDWD ÀOHV (with Date & Time). Wireless Blue Tooth for transferring UHFRUGHG GDWD WR 3& /DSWRS 3RUWDEOH KDQG\ OLJKW ZHLJKWHG ZLWK XVHU IULHQGO\

Touch Screen Metering Solutions In today’s complex & FKDOOHQJLQJ 3RZHU 'HPDQG Scenario, it is essential for HYHU\ 3RZHU &RPSDQ\ WR ORRN DW WKH 'HPDQG (QHUJ\ 3RZHU 4XDOLW\ 6\VWHP SDUDPHWHU monitoring and recording for DQDO\VLV DQG WR WDNH VWHSV LQ maintenance and control of

114

RSHUDWLRQ DUH NH\ IHDWXUHV RI 0(&2 0RGHO 775 User need to follow the graphical and literal illustration RQ /DUJH %DFN OLJKWHG 'RW 0DWUL[ /&' 'LVSOD\ WR PDNH winding connection. If Transformer is live with Voltage or having wrong winding connection, it will warn user. 0HDVXUHPHQW UDQJH 97 37 5DWLR ² &7 5DWLR ² ZLWK DFFXUDF\ RI 8VHU SURJUDPPDEOH 5&) 5HIHUHQFH &RQQHFWLRQ )DFWRU ² WR FRUUHFW $FFXUDF\ ZLWKLQ (UURU

June 2017

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115

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Connection and fastening systems Transient and lightning protection systems Cable tray systems

www.oboindia.com

116

4 5

Fire protection systems Cable routing systems

6 7

Device systems Underoor systems

OBO Bettermann India Customer Service Tel.: +91 44 7103 3900 ¡ info@oboindia.com

June 2017

R. N. I. No. MAHENG/2009/29760 Published and Posted on 1st of every month at Mumbai Patrika Channel Sorting Office, Mumbai 400 001. License to post without prepayment WPP Licence No. MR/Tech/WPP-199/West/2017 Postal Regd. No. MCW/120/2015-2017

118

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