San g 33 1 local indicators clove nutmeg indonesia

Local Indicators for Sustainable Clove and Nutmeg Production in Indonesia April 2014

© Red de Agricultura Sostenible

Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN): CEFCA, Cote d’Ivoire · Fundación Interamericana de Investigación Tropical (FIIT), Guatemala · Fundación Natura, Colombia · ICADE, Honduras · IMAFLORA, Brazil · Pronatura Sur, Mexico · Rainforest Alliance · SalvaNatura, El Salvador · Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), United Kingdom

Sustainable Agriculture Network

Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia

CONTENTS Introduction ________________________________________________________________________ 3 The Sustainable Agriculture Network __________________________________________________ 3 Standards, Criteria and Interpretation Guidelines __________________________________________ 3 Objectives and Use of Interpretation Guidelines ___________________________________________ 3 Scope of these Interpretation Guidelines _________________________________________________ 4 Proceedings ________________________________________________________________________ 4 Table 1: Non-binding recommendation for criteria applicability in the smallholder-group context __ 5 Covered Aspects _____________________________________________________________________ 8 INTERPRETATION GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE CLOVE AND NUTMEG PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA ________________________________________________________________________ 8 2. ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION ___________________________________________________ 8 4. WATER CONSERVATION _______________________________________________________ 9 5. FAIR TREATMENT & GOOD WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS _________________ 11 7. COMMUNITY RELATIONS ______________________________________________________ 13 8. INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT _____________________________________________ 14 10. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT __________________________________________ 15

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Introduction The Sustainable Agriculture Network Mission The Sustainable Agriculture Network promotes efficient agriculture, biodiversity conservation and sustainable community development by creating social and environmental standards.

The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) is a coalition of independent non-profit conservation organizations that promote the social and environmental sustainability of agricultural activities by developing standards.

Standard and certification policy development and review is coordinated by the SAN secretariat based in San José, Costa Rica.

Farms and group administrators that comply with SAN standards can apply to use the Rainforest Alliance Certified™ seal for products grown on their certified farms.

For more information about the Sustainable Agriculture Network, visit our webpage: www.san.ag.

Standards, Criteria and Interpretation Guidelines The objective of the Sustainable Agriculture Standard is to provide a measure of each farm’s social and environmental performance and agricultural management practices. Compliance is evaluated by audits that measure the degree of the farm’s conformity to environmental, social and agricultural practices indicated in the standard criteria.

The sustainable agriculture standard consists of ten principles. Each principle is made up of criteria. The criteria describe good practices for social, environmental and agricultural management, and are evaluated by the certification process. It is important to emphasize that compliance with the standard is evaluated by comparison with the criteria, not with the interpretation guidelines. Criteria are binding for the compliance evaluation process, whereas interpretation guidelines are not.

On the other hand, interpretation guidelines just describe how good or unacceptable management practices appear, and often contain examples of both good and unacceptable social and environmental practices. In this way the interpretation guidelines guide the farm in its efforts to comply with the standard and may change according to the conditions of different countries, regions or cultures.

Objectives and Use of Interpretation Guidelines How the Standard for Sustainable Agriculture with its criteria is interpreted and applied to particular situations is determined by Interpretation Guidelines.  Interpretation Guidelines are not binding for certification processes, but they are important for implementing good agricultural practices on farms and provide more detailed guidance during audit processes.  Interpretation Guidelines interpret the binding criteria of the standard for local conditions and/or a specific crop and are developed by a local Workgroup.

The development of Local Interpretation Guidelines is led by workgroups, which are coordinated by SAN’s Secretariat and organized by the local technical partners. The balanced representation of different stakeholders’ interests possibly influenced by these guidelines is assured and approved by SAN’s Board of Directors. SAN’s Secretariat coordinates the writing of local interpretation guidelines. The final version of guidelines is approved by the Secretariat to ensure no conflict of such a document with the overall Standard for Sustainable Agriculture.

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The workgroup members that develop Local Interpretation Guidelines have to comply with the following requirements:  Understanding and support for SAN’s mission and vision.  Knowledge and experience with respect to the topics under discussion.  Comprehension of the potential influence that this document can have.  Balanced representation of the different points of view of interested stakeholders.

These workgroups gather specific input for local interpretation guidelines, such as:  Best farm management practices for ecosystem conservation in the region.  Information about native trees that can be used in reforestation efforts.  Local legislation regarding protection of ecosystems, riparian zones, endangered plants and animals, deforestation and reforestation. Also, information about local and regional conservation programs, protected areas, watersheds and corridors.  Information about local diseases, pests, necessary agricultural practices and other factors that can influence the economic sustainability of farms.  Local labor and occupational health laws executed by the local health and labor ministries or related authorities that can orient farms to implement their social policies.  Best practices for erosion prevention and waste management.

Scope of these Interpretation Guidelines These guidelines are applicable to Clove and Nutmeg production in Indonesia, and both the smallholder and estate context.

Local terminology Local Term / Expression Dusung Kewang

Translation Land Watchmen

Desa Negeri Dati Panta bakul

Village Village authority Traditional ownership Harvest sharing (clove)

Clarification Traditional land tenure system Traditional watchmen system to secure that commodities are only harvested at the right time

Status

Abbreviations MK

Mahkamah konstitusi

Proceedings The first workshop on developing local interpretation guidelines for sustainable clove and nutmeg production in Indonesia was held on February 27-28 2013 in Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia. A total of 44 participants took part in this workshop, representing a balanced group of stakeholders from the Clove and Nutmeg sector in Maluku, including farmers.

The identification of criteria in need of local interpretation was done in a plenary brainstorming session. The participants went through the 15 critical criteria of the Sustainable Agriculture standard and selected the ones requiring local interpretation. In addition non-critical criteria where identified based on shortlisted main

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concerns of stakeholders. The outcome of the workshop was a first set of specifications on the various relevant criteria.

A second local interpretations guideline workshop on sustainable clove and nutmeg production in Indonesia was held in Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia, on July 11, 2013. Altogether 26 participants from various backgrounds of the clove and nutmeg sector in Maluku attended the event. In one plenary session the participants reviewed the outcomes of the first workshop by refining the suggested local interpretations of selected criteria.

This final version of the Local Interpretation Guidelines for Sustainable Clove and Nutmeg Production in Indonesia is summarizing the outcomes from both interpretation workshops.

Table 1: Non-binding recommendation for criteria applicability in the smallholdergroup context Criteria

Smallholders

1.1

Group administrator X

1.2

X

X

1.3 1.4

X X

X X

1.5

X

X

1.6

X

1.7

X

1.8

X

1.9 1.10 1.11

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

X X (provide info to GA) X X X X X X X X X

3.1

3.2 3.3

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X X X (collect and compile info) X X

In the smallholder context the Social and Environmental Management System is designed on the group level.

Continuous improvement is both required on the individual farm level as well as on the group level.

Individual farmers (both smallholder and estate) need to inform their hired farm workers; the group administrator needs to inform group members.

Some documents may be kept on the smallholder farm level and others on the group level.

In smallholder context impacts are more likely to occur on the group level than on the individual farm level.

Hiring of workers is minor – however on group level there is a simple system how to handle complaints of workers.

Hiring of service providers is minor – however on group level there is a simple system how to check and ensure compliance of service providers for smallholder groups.

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

X

X X

X X

Remark

X

The group administrator supports the implementation of this criterion, when connectivity across several farms/landscape levels is concerned.

One inventory for a group of farmers within a close and homogenous wildlife habitat area is acceptable; in case the group is big and distributed over different landscapes the group administrator has a wildlife inventory for each landscape/wildlife habitat.

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

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3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2

Smallholders X X X X X

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

X X X X X X X

Criteria

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Group administrator

However, it is less likely that smallholders would require any permits, as the water volumes they abstract are minor.

However, less likely that smallholder would make use of irrigation.

X

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

X

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

X

Less likely to occur in the smallholder context – however, in case this occurs, both the farm as well as group administrator are involved in the monitoring and analysis programme.

X X X X (policy)

5.5 5.6 5.7

(X)

X

5.8 5.9

X X

X X

5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14

X X (X) (X) (X)

X X X X X

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X

X X X X X

Remark

X

X X X (practice) X (X)

5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10

Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia

X X

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level As smallholders will mostly employ temporary workers, the main emphasis is on 5.6 a & b.

In the smallholder scenario this situation is less likely; just in case, the same conditions apply for smallholders and the GA shall assist in explaining the requirements.

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level This refers to minors helping on family farms – this does not allow minors below the age of 15 working on estate farms!

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level In principle yes - but less likely on the smallholder level.

In principle yes - but less likely on the smallholder level.

In principle yes - but less likely on the smallholder level as temporary workers may have their own houses within the same community.

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

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Group administrator X

X X X X X X

X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (x)

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

X X (X)

X X X X X

8.6

X

X

8.7 8.8 8.9

Na (X)

X Na X

9.1 9.2

X

X X

Criteria 6.11

6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

X

9.3 9.4 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

(X)

X X X X X X X X

10.6

X

X

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X X X X X

Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia Remark If farms comply with criteria 6.7 to 6.10, then they would automatically comply with 6.11 and there would not be the need to consider the separations a) – e).

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

If smallholders may not have the appropriate official documentation in place the GA may help the smallholder according to the interpretation under criterion 7.6 in this document.

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level On the smallholder level: The GA may draw up the plan, however the smallholder will be then supposed to implement the plan.

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level This includes any kind of GMO (e.g. also maize, soya) in any part of the farm operation.

In the case of smallholders the GA needs to be contacted and seek the required technical approval.

The GA assists in soil and foliage sampling and designing the fertilization programme; the producer then fertilizes according to the obtained recommendation.

This is a critical criterion – compulsory at every level

On the smallholder level the main aspect with this criterion is to keep the farm clean and free of waste accumulation.

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Covered Aspects The following aspects are subject to local interpretation in this document:  Principle 2: Ecosystem Conservation  Principle 4: Water Conservation  Principle 5: Fair Treatment and Good Working Conditions for Workers  Principle 7: Community relations  Principle 8: Integrated Crop Management  Principle 10: Integrated Waste Management

INTERPRETATION GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE CLOVE AND NUTMEG PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA The Local Interpretation document below highlights particular issues that are challenging to interpret in the Indonesian Clove and Nutmeg context. Consequently not all the SAN standard criteria are discussed in this interpretation guideline.

The following tables are organized by the relevant principle of the Sustainable Agriculture Standard and contain two main sections: 1. Upper cell: The relevant section of the criterion is referenced in bold letters as a textual copy of the valid version of SAN’s Sustainable Agriculture Standard.

2. Lower cells: The local interpretation guidelines that interpret the relevant binding criteria for the environmental and social conditions in Indonesia.

2.

ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION

2.1

Critical Criterion. All existing natural ecosystems, both aquatic and terrestrial, must be identified, protected and restored through a conservation program. The program must include the restoration of natural ecosystems or the reforestation of areas within the farm that are unsuitable for agriculture.

2.2 Critical Criterion. From the date of application for certification onwards, the farm must not destroy any natural ecosystem. Additionally, from November 1, 2005 onwards no high value ecosystems must have been destroyed by or due to purposeful farm management activities. If any natural ecosystems have been destroyed by or due to purposeful farm management activities between November 1, 1999 and November 1, 2005, the farm must implement the following analysis and mitigations: a. Conduct an analysis of the ecosystem destruction to document the scope and ecological impact of the destruction. b. Develop a mitigation plan with advice from a competent professional that is consistent with applicable legislation and that compensates for the negative impact. c. Implement the activities of this mitigation plan, including for example the set aside of a significant percentage of the farm area for conservation purposes.

Certified farms ensure, that all Natural Ecosystem (NE) and High Value Ecosystem (HVE) areas (on farm and bordering their farm) are indicated on a farm map and ensure to protect and if required to restore these.

Restoration / reforestation activities are documented in the continuous improvement program of the farm.

Farm maps in the smallholder context can be a hand sketch only.

An overall local interpretation for HVE and NE areas in Indonesia is being developed in a separate work stream. This HVE and NE interpretation will be a binding interpretation for SAN audits in Indonesia of critical criterion 2.2.

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Tree species for reforestation are native species only and resemble in their composition those found in surrounding undisturbed natural ecosystems of higher succession. Certified farms never use invasive species (Global Invasive Species Information Network) for reforestation.

The Jambu tree is avoided since it hosts a pest (penggerek batang) that also affects clove and nutmeg.

4.

WATER CONSERVATION

4.1

The farm must have a water conservation program that ensures the rational use of water resources. The program activities must make use of the best available technology and resources. It must consider water re-circulation and reuse, maintenance of the water distribution network and the minimizing of water use. The farm must keep an inventory and indicate on a map the surface and underground water sources found on the property. The farm must record the annual water volume provided by these sources and the amount of water consumed by the farm.

In the Indonesian context, water is oftentimes used excessively due to its abundant availability.

However, certified farms make rational use of water, both in domestic and in processing operations, by considering the below recommendations:  Consume water when needed only – no waste of water (e.g. no running taps).  A map indicates the water sources found on the farm.  The farm minimizes its water use (record of water use), and re-uses or re-circulates (with documented system or plan).  Include the reduction of water usage in the continuous improvement plan.

Producer and community trainings focus on building a more water conscious behaviour of people living on certified farms and nearby communities.

Farms, not immediately complying with the requirements of criterion 4.1, are supported by the group administrator to establish and follow up on a continuous improvement plan that considers above recommendations.

Traditional systems that support a more conscious use of water are recommended to be used for farmer and community trainings.

Smallholder farms can estimate their daily water consumption by measuring for one day the number of water buckets consumed by the people living on the farm. This information can then be used to estimate the weekly / monthly / annual domestic consumption.

Related legislations are:  PERATURAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA  NOMOR 43 TAHUN 2008  TENTANG AIR TANAH 4.2

All surface or underground water exploited by the farm for agricultural, domestic or processing purposes must have the respective concessions and permits from the corresponding legal or environmental authorities.

Local agreements and permits from the local government (desa/negeri) about the use of water sources are a common practice and obtained by certified farms.

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Relevant Indonesian regulations:  Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No.: 49/PRT/1990 Tentang Tata Cara Dan Persyaratan Izin Penggunaan Air Dan Atau Sumber Air. Permit issuance:  For surface water exploitation: Head of village (Kepala Desa).  For underground water exploitation: SIPA on municipality level.

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Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia

FAIR TREATMENT & GOOD WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS

5.1

The farm must have a social policy that declares its commitment to complying with labor laws and international agreements indicated in this standard. The policy must summarize the rights and responsibilities of the administration and workers, with emphasis on labor aspects, living conditions, basic services, occupational health and safety, training opportunities and community relations. The social policy must be approved by the farm’s upper management and be divulged and made completely known and available to the farm’s workforce.

5.3 The farm must directly hire its workforce, except when a contractor is able to provide specialized or temporary services under the same environmental, social and labor conditions required by this standard. The farm must not establish relations or contracts with third parties, form or directly participate in employee owned companies, or use other mechanisms to avoid the direct hiring of workers and the obligations normally associated with labor contracts. Employment of foreign workers must be subject to a work permit issued by the competent government agency.

The farm must not ask for money from workers in return for employment.

In clove production, crop-sharing systems exist. If a farm is managed under a crop sharing system, the owner and the operator have a written contract that specifies the following conditions of their crop sharing agreement:  Name of contract parties (farm owner and operator),  Name and size of farm,  Duration of contract,  Payment system (cash and non cash components),  Time of payment,  Type of work covered under the crop sharing agreement,  Conditions for termination.

Operators on a certified farm are expected to comply with the requirements of this standard – including the Principle 5 criteria about employment of workers.

In nutmeg production, share-cropping systems are less common. The farm owner usually hires workers directly.

5.4

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

The farm must have payment policies and procedures that guarantee the complete payment of workers on the dates agreed upon in the labor contract. Payment must take place at the workplace, or by another arrangement agreed upon by the worker. The farm must provide the worker with a detailed andcomprehensive explanation of the salary paid and of any deductions made, allowing the worker to appeal in the case of perceived discrepancies. Farms with ten or more full or part-time permanent employees must maintain an up-todate written payroll and job description for each employee with the following information, which employees must have access to: Worker’s name, national identity card number, and position.

Job description and assigned salary.

Minimum salary established by the government according to the type of activity.

Weekly working hours established by applicable laws for the type of activity, and a comparison with the number of hours assigned each worker.

Job requirements, for example, training or special skills.

Payment dates.

Gross pay for normal hours.

Gross pay for overtime.

Total pay: normal and overtime.

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j. Legal deductions and other deductions agreed upon by the worker. k. Net pay.

5.5

Critical Criterion. Workers must receive pay in legal tender greater than or equal to the regional average or the legally established minimum wage, whichever is greater, according to their specific job. In cases where the salary is negotiated through collective bargaining or other pact, the worker must have access to a copy of this document during the hiring process. For production, quota or piecework, the established pay rate must allow workers to earn a minimum wage based on an eight-hour workday under average working conditions, or in cases where these conditions cannot be met.

The paid wage has to meet at least the respective district minimum wage (UMK). If certain local payment systems are in place, those have at least to meet the respective UMK. While certain mutually agreed in kind payments might be deducted from the cash wages, workers can always opt for cash payment instead of in kind payments.

5.19

In those regions or countries where families traditionally harvest specific crops and where national laws do permit it, minors can participate in harvesting under the following conditions:

a. The farm must have identified and monitor those harvest working conditions that have impacts on the health and physical and mental well-being of minors, and must take special measures to eliminate or mitigate those impacts. b. Harvest activities must not interfere with the minors’ education obligations. c. Minors must not carry large or heavy (no more than 20% of a minor’s body weight) loads. d. Minors must not work on pronounced slopes (no more than 50%), near steep cliffs or drop-offs, or on high surfaces. e. Minors must always be accompanied by one of their parents, a legal guardian, or an adult authorized by a parent or guardian. In the latter case, the farm must have written authorization from the minor’s parents or legal guardian. Minors must not walk alone through the plantation. f. Minors must be remunerated in cash for their labors. g. The farm must take measures to reduce the participation of minors in agricultural activities.

These measures must include the installation and maintenance of schools, nurseries or day care, or paying parents or other audits to care for children instead of harvesting. h. The farmer must ensure that everyone who participates in the harvest knows the conditions set forth in this criterion and must take the necessary measures to guarantee compliance.

Further, the Indonesian legislation prohibits working minors below the age of 13 [article 68]. The legislation allows minor workers of 13-15 years old, to do light work as long as this doesn’t conflict with their physically, mentally and socially development and health [article 69a], neither with their educational opportunities.

Thus, minors working part time on family or neighbouring smallholder farms within the same community are minimum 13 years old.

During school days these minors are allowed to work for a max. of 2h/day (including transport to and from the farm); on non school days these minors are allowed to work a max. of 8h/day (including transport to and from the farm). Additionally a) – h) of criterion 5.19 applies.

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Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia

COMMUNITY RELATIONS

7.6 The farm must have a legitimate right to land use and tenure, demonstrated by presenting the appropriate official documentation. If there is no such documentation the farm must show either: a. The absence of significant disputes on land use, tenure and access, or; b. The consent of local communities, regarding the land, natural and agricultural resources.

Smallholder context: Most smallholders do not have a land title, since obtaining the document is expensive. a. For non-forest area: A land declaration issued by the village head [Surat Keterangan Tanah] or a buying certificate of the land bought (Surat Jual Beli Tanah) is an equally sufficient proof of legitimate right to land use. b. For forest area: Under the Ministerial Decree of Forestry [Permenhut No.37/2009] on joint operation and land tenure, a permission to utilize wood forest products and forest plants would be proof of land tenure rights. To explain this in detail: The central government has the right to set aside a forest area [e.g. production forest and particularly degraded forest area] where wood forest product and forest plants can be managed and utilized. This set aside forest area is then managed by the local government [regent] that can provide temporary tenure permission to the group of community as Community Forest [Hutan Kemasyaratan] and Community Plantation [Hutan Tanaman RakyatHTR] for 5 years under the condition to plant and maintain 400 woody trees per hectare of permitted area. The regent could extend the status of land tenure to permanent tenure permission for 35 years.

In this case, where farmer manage farms in forest areas under the above condition, permanent land tenure permission granted by the regent can be used as legal permission – and proof of 7.6 compliance - to manage farm in forest area. However – any farm operating under such a permit is potentially in non-compliance with critical criterion 2.2. Therefore trainers, group administrators and auditors need to be cautious in situations a farm is operating under such a permit and need to do a detailed on farm assessment with regard to 2.2 compliance, as such a permit is not a compliance proof with critical criterion 2.2.

In Indonesia, many farms are owned by city people and managed by villagers (operators) on a share cropping agreement. In case, the operator wants to join the certification program, the group administrator or operator has prior approval from the landowner to follow the certification program and the landowner equally provides documentation on the legitimate right to land use.

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8.1

Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia

INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT The farm must have an integrated pest-management program based on ecological principles for the control of harmful pests (insects, plants, animals and microbes). The program must give priority to the use of physical, mechanical, cultural and biological control methods, and the least possible use of agrochemicals. The program must include activities for monitoring pest populations, training personnel that monitor these populations, and integrated pest management techniques. As part of the program, the farm must collect and record the following information about pest infestations: infestation dates, duration, area and location; type of pest; the control mechanisms employed; environmental factors during the infestation; and damage caused and estimated costs of damage and control.

Trainers and group administrators identify the main pest and disease risks for clove or nutmeg trees in their respective areas. They train producers on preventing those pest and diseases by considering the full farm set up and preferentially non chemical options: e.g. site selection; variety selection; planting distance; shade tree selection; pruning/good farm sanitation; fertilisation and soil cover, etc.

They additionally train producers on correctly identifying a certain disease or pest and the appropriate control method by considering the scale of outbreak and giving preference to non-chemical options. If fire is used in pest or disease control, the requirements of criterion 8.9 additionally are considered. In case agrochemicals are used, none of the active ingredients listed in either the SAN prohibited pesticide list or the list of prohibited pesticides by the Indonesian Government are used; application date, quantity, indication etc. (see also criterion 8.2) are documented in the farm records.

8.9

The use of fire for pest and disease management must only be used if it is the option of less environmental impact in comparison with other pest control measures. This option must be approved by competent authorities, must reflect technical considerations and focus on problematic areas only.

Clove and nutmeg farms planning to control certain diseases or pests by the use of fire require an approval by a competent authority (Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture). The approval needs to attest, that the control by fire is the only available control technique OR the technique of least environmental impact to control a specific disease or pest.

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Local Indicators for Clove and Nutmeg in Indonesia

INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

10.1

The farm must have an integrated waste management program for the waste products it generates. This must be based on the concepts of refusing or reducing the use of products that have actual or potential negative impacts on the environment or human health as well as reusing and recycling waste. As part of this program, the sources and types of waste must be identified and the quantity (weight or volume) must be estimated. The activities of the integrated waste management program must be in accordance with the types and quantities of waste generated.

10.2

The use of open waste dumps and open-air burning of waste is not permitted. The burning of waste products is only allowed in an incinerator designed for that purpose, based on technical studies that determined the size, optimum location and control measures for minimizing the environmental and human health impacts related to its construction and operation. The farm must have the relevant legal permits for the construction and operation of this incinerator, as well as the appropriate operating procedures.

10.5

The farm must be clean and free of accumulations of all types of waste products in order to maintain a positive image and contribute to the workers’ well-being. The farm must regularly implement educational activities for farm workers and residents with the objective of promoting cleanliness and preventing the indiscriminate disposal of waste. The farm must strategically place waste receptacles on the farm and regularly collect and dispose of their contents.

 



 

Waste is avoided by applying the 3 “R’s”: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Certified farms at first hand reduce waste by limiting especially the intake of non-biodegradable waste into their system – such as plastic. Secondly, certified farms reuse materials (such as plastic bags), and thirdly they recycle waste – e.g. by collecting PET bottles on the group/community level that can be sold to commercial recycling businesses.

Organic waste from different parts of the nutmeg can be reused/recycled: o Skin from the nutmeg can be used as a food preservant or composted. o Meat of the nutmeg can be processed into food and beverages.

Waste is separated by its type (organic, inorganic, and hazardous).

Organic waste is composted and thus becomes a source of organic fertilizer.



Organic and inorganic waste are not kept in an open (plain level) waste dump but rather in waste ditches separated by type of waste. This prevents waste being easily distributed across the farm and housing area and thus becoming a health and safety hazard.  Open air burning of any waste is not in compliance with this criterion and can only be permitted in case of a pest and disease outbreak (also refer to additional requirements in criterion 8.9).  Producers are encouraged to collaborate with NGOs like IEC, WALHI, or the government agency (KLH) to implement best waste management practices (especially for plastic waste and hazardous waste). These organisations can also provide further guidance on the construction and use of incinerators.  If certified groups consider the incineration of their non-biodegradable waste, the group administrator firstly inquires on the Indonesian legal requirements that have to be fulfilled if constructing and operating an incinerator. Additionally, nearby hospitals may be a point of contact to inquire on locally available designs.

Note that distributing kitchen waste directly in the farm is not considered composting but rather a health and sanitation hazard.

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Definition of “Compost”: „Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.

Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter (leaves, "green" food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium. The ammonium is further converted by bacteria into plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification. “ (From Wikipedia)

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