2023 NHA_ICCROM_UPenn_ICR-ICC Final Report wo Appendices

A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR NANTUCKET’S BUILT HERITAGE Disaster and Climate Risk Assessment for Built Heritage Conservation & Management August 2023

Prepared For: Nantucket Historical Association 15 Broad Street Nantucket, MA 02554 508 228 1894

Prepared By: University of Pennsylvania Design Fellows Colin Cohan Nathan Gewant Lily Posta Ying Wang Zhou Wang Cyrus Yerxa Shixin Zhao Glenn Boornazian Principal ICR-ICC Rohit Jigyasu ICCROM

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1. Acknowledgments 1.2. Execu tive summary 1.3. Overview of methodology and organization 2. Understanding the Context 2.1. Cultural and architectural significance 2.2. Civic context 2.3. Cultural landscape analysis 2.4. Environmental Hazard Considerations 3. Historic Properties of the NHA 3.1. Creation of the NHA 3.2. Acquisitions and deaccessioning 3.3. Personnel and management 3.4. Existing resilience planning 4. Rapid Risk Assessment 4.1. Goals and scope 4.2. Methodology 4.3. Key findings 4.4. Prioritization process 5. Detailed Risk Assessmen t 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Jethro Coffin House 5.3. Candle Factory 5.4. Greater Light 5.5. Thomas Macy Warehouse 6. Conclusion and next steps 6.1. Reiteration of goals and scope 6.2. Proposed monitoring 6.3. Review of literature 6.4. Contextualizing microclimate 6.5. Overview of equipment capabilities 7. Appendix a. Bibliography b. Risk Maps c. Architectu ral Drawings d. Materials and Condition Glossaries e. Risk Assessment Diagrams f. Typical Year Climate Data Visuals g. Context Glossary

1. Introduction

1.1 Acknowledgments The following individuals were invaluable resources in this process. We thank them for their input and time: Pen Austin

Frances Karttunen

Holly Backus

Will Kinsella

Mary Bergman

Claire Martin

Sarah Bois

Brooke Mohr

Tony Dumitru

Vince Murphy

Marsha Fader

Eric Nordby

Leah Hill

Ed Rudd

Amelia Holmes

Kate Stout

Marty Hylton

Michael Sweeney

Cecil Jensen

John Sylvia

Jen Karberg

Jeneva Wright

1.2 Executive Summary Professionals and students from the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), Integrated Conservation Resources-Integrated Conservation Contractors (ICRICC), and the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) prepared this holistic building conservation study for the Nantucket Historical Association (NHA) to enable proactive property management in light of twenty-first century climate science and technical advances regarding the measurement of localized envi1.1

ronmental conditions. The NHA seeks a leadership role in Nantucket’s response to climate change. As keeper of local history and steward of twenty properties across the island, the organization is uniquely positioned to generate valuable, building-scale findings to inform this response. This report assists these efforts by clarifying select properties’ exposure to particular hazards and the likelihood and severity of potential impacts.

The baseline understanding achieved of select NHA properties in this report serves a subsequent phase in which a program to monitor specific environmental conditions will be developed.

Nantucket sits at a unique crossroads between climatic exposure and historic significance. Many of the impacts of climate change are already felt on Nantucket, and these impacts will continue to adversely influence the island and its built and natural heritage.

Discussions, reports, and planning have already begun to address the most pressing issues related to climate change, and community leaders are looking to improve Nantucket’s preparedness and resilience to the changing and uncertain future. Although much work is being done at the island and town level, very little site-specific climate resilience and conservation analysis has been undertaken thus far. Thus, exploring the intersection between macro-level climate data and micro-level building conditions assessments—and successfully bridging the gap—remains an imperative and pressing task to adequately prepare properties for the variable climatic future.

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By combining the two data sets, hitherto unknown or undefined potential impacts can be identified and addressed. In addressing maintenance regimes, location, previous interventions, existing conditions, and materials present, site-specific vulnerabilities and exposures can be identified on a holistic scale. This approach—the combination of archival and on-site research—enables observation of otherwise concealed vulnerabilities. Additional consideration of existing and future climate hazards for each selected site based on global and regional climate science enhanced understanding of potential impacts. Consideration of these impacts informs the future monitoring program at each site.

The selection of sites targeted buildings that together would represent the variety of constructions, hazard exposures, and conditions among NHA properties. A rapid risk assessment survey informed understanding of these variables and resulted in the selection of four buildings: Thomas Macy Warehouse, the Jethro Coffin House, the Candle Factory, and Greater Light. The Old Mill and the Pacific Club (non-NHA) are being considered for special interest. A detailed risk assessment of these properties provided a clearer image of the most pressing exposures and vulnerabilities.

ural or human-induced phenomena, sudden events or slow processes, but they are nearly always a combination of factors from across the spectrum – storms are sudden, for instance, but they result from ever-changing climate patterns. Exposure is situational; a property’s relationship to its environment may include a gap in its defense against a particular hazard. Properties on Nantucket are exposed to a variety of coastal hazards that they would not be exposed to if they were located in Reading, PA, for example. Vulnerabilities are inherent features of the object of study that may contribute (along with a hazard and exposure) to its demise. For hypothesis, as humidity increases (hazard) for coastal structures (exposure) of softwood construction with high porosity (vulnerability) so does the risk of mold growth. Risk analysis then, poses risks as a function of hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities such that R = HEV. The severity of risk can be approximated by considering the probability of certain hazard events, or the exacerbation of certain exposures or risks, as well as the anticipated impact of such occurrences and trends; we can prioritize our response to risks relative to each other by multiplying impact and probability. In this way, high-impact risks with high probabilities take precedence over the three remaining quadrants.

A thorough investigation of existing climate data Potential advances for this study following the on the international, national, regional, and island levestablishment of site-specific monitoring programs in- el was compiled to adequately assess trends and proclude building models capable of forecasting (and as- jections. These projections were divided up into press events—gradual trends such as sea level and air temsisting prevention of) building deterioration. perature—and pulse events—brief spikes of extreme weather such as hurricanes or nor’easters. Existing 1.2 Overview of methodology and organization reports on the specific areas of vulnerability and exWhile the five main phases of this report incor- posure to hazards on Nantucket were investigated, as porated tools and methods from various fields, includ- were the current disaster preparedness, coastal resiling risk assessment, historic preservation, architec- ience, and hazard mitigation plans. Thorough backture, landscape architecture, and climate science, risk ground research was also conducted on understanding assessment provides the core framework. The central the landscape context of the island through land us tenet of risk assessment states that hazard, exposure, “Determinants of Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability.” In Managing and vulnerability are necessary and sufficient condi- the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, tions for disaster.1 Hazards can be categorized as nat- 2012. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX1

Cardona, Omar-Dario, and Maarten K. van Aalst.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

Chap2_FINAL-1.pdf.

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mapping, natural areas, and the significance of various areas on the island. Historical context was investigated to understand how Nantucket has reacted and successfully adapted to changes in their history, and what can be drawn from this in the island’s response to climate change. Numerous meetings were held with local experts, whose wisdom has been cited throughout this document.

topography, ground water table, and geology were all considered for each property. Through detailed archival research, previous interventions—damage, repairs, treatments, additions, alterations, and usage—were all recorded in depth. Thorough conditions assessments provided important information on the current materials and conditions of each site. These conditions help in understanding the vulnerability of the site.

Assessing Nantucket Historical Association properties naturally arose from this context research. Specific sites were rapidly assessed for their exposure and vulnerability to hazards, as well as their significance.

Through a rapid assessment survey of 24 sites—as well as multiple others visited but not surveyed—four sites were chosen for immediate risk analysis, with two others chosen for special monitoring interest. The rapid risk assessment included the completion of a field survey form that prompted the user for information about building construction and site conditions.

Once all site-specific data was compiled, each chosen property underwent a detailed risk analysis.

Through the analysis, the sensitivity of materials to different conditions and hazards was assessed, as well as how the existing conditions contributed to the vulnerabilities of the structures. Surroundings were assessed to see how they interact with each property and contribute towards vulnerability to different hazards. Previous interventions were viewed through the lens of their contribution towards vulnerability to various hazards. Through the in-depth assessment of these questions, specific considerations and suggestions were designed for each property. Future monitoring programs were also suggested to gather appropriate site-specific data. The accumulation of conditions and hazards at the site-level will inform next steps and considerations, with the hope that this process can be expanded to be applicable to other sites.

For each of the chosen sites, in-depth archival research, site measurements, and assessment surveys were conducted. Conditions and material glossaries were created specifically for each site. Three-dimensional digital renderings of the properties were completed using drone capture footage to better understand surrounding context and exterior conditions.

Existing drawings were verified via onsite measurements. Detailed landscape maps were drawn up to further assess natural factors contributing to vulnerability and exposure of each site. The location, vegetation,

1.3

1. Introduction

2. Understanding the Context “Understanding the Context” discusses history, short periods before 1650. The period between 1650 climate science, civics, and the state of natural conser- and 1800 is defined by a growing English population vation on Nantucket. and a declining Indian population. Permanent settlement originally concentrated at Sherburne in 1659, 2.1 History and Heritage significance near Capaum Pond to the west of what is now downtown Nantucket. Among other things, the English The purpose of this historical overview is to idensettlers introduced sheep to the island, remaking “the tify Nantucket’s various architectural influences. More landscape, cutting through and gobbling up the native extensive documentation of the history and architecvegetation.”2 Wampanoag Native Americans whaled ture of Nantucket exists in the 2012 update to the 1966 by canoe for generations and introduced settlers to National Historic Landmark Nomination, the Public Arthe practice. When, in 1717, “Capaum Harbor was cheology Laboratory’s 2022 Historic Properties Survey closed by sands washed up by several storms, thereby Plan, and the Nantucket Historic District Commission’s creating Capaum Pond,” the settlement there reloBuilding with Nantucket in Mind (1992). cated to its present location on Nantucket Harbor.3 The forces that have shaped the natural and This move was also prompted by the Harbor’s ability built environment of Nantucket are numerous. The to accommodate vessels for the bourgeoning whale island is a glacial sediment deposit shaped not only by industry (Figure 2.1). wind and waves, but by grazing sheep, logging, farmSave for two major interruptions, the American ing, building, and preservation. Algonquin-speaking Revolution and the War of 1812, the whaling economy Wampanoag Native Americans inhabited Nantucket boomed in Nantucket. Downtown steadily developed beginning in the Middle Woodland period (200 BCE around the harbor throughout the 19th century. By the – 500 CE) of North American prehistory until about 1820s and 1830s Nantucket had become the most pro1800. They constructed seasonal dwellings in neighlific whaling center in the world – its commercial fleet borhoods across the island. Few details remain of more than doubled that of second place New Bedford, pre-contact Wampanoag architecture, but 20th cenMA. Successful voyages returned not only with whale tury scholarship provides a record of how English and oil but with sailors from all over the world, including Wampanoag land use and building practices influthe Bahamas, West Indies, Leeward Islands, Brazil enced each other after 1650.1 2 Kartunnen, Frances Ruley. The Other Islanders. New The first Europeans on Nantucket were Algonquin-speaking Christian missionaries who visited for

1 Little, Elizabeth. “Historic Indian Houses of Nantucket.”

Nantucket Historical Association, 1981. https://nantucketalgonquianstudies.weebly.com/uploads/4/6/1/9/46195279/nan_alg_ stud_04_indian_houses.pdf.

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Bedford, MA: Spinner Publications, 2005. 48. https://nha.org/research/research-library/nha-research-fellows/the-other-islanders/.

3 Stout, Kate, and Christopher Lang. Building With Nantucket In Mind: Guidelines for Protecting the Historic Architecture and Landscape of Nantucket Island. Nantucket, MA: Nantucket Historic District Commission, 1992. https://www. nantucket-ma.gov/537/Building-With-Nantucket-In-Mind.

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Cultural Landscape Analysis

Unknown

On a 2016 island-wide land use map, warm colors represent developed areas and green and blue colors represent natural habitats. Depending on the degree of mixing of different natural land uses, several complex sites can be identified.

Name Nantucket Field Station Masquentuck Squam Swamp Squam Farm Middle Moors the Serengeti Wildlife Refuge Altar Rock Tupancy Links Ram Pasture State Forest Oldest House Garden EleanorHam Pony Field Fish Lots

Significance Natural Habitat, Wildlife species Natural Habitat, Wildlife species (Nesting & Migrating Birds) Natural Habitat, Wildlife species, Geological Past, Reforestation Natural Habitat, Wildlife species, Native American History, Educational Value Natural Habitat (Sandplain Grassland, Heathland), Wildlife species, Geological Past, Native American History, Collective Memory Natural Habitat, Wildlife species (Migrotary Birds), Native American History Recreation Natural Habitat, Wildlife species, Close to Historical District Natural Habitat, Wildlife species, Native American History, Collective Memory Natural Habitat, Wildlife species, Reforestation Collective Memory Collective Memory Collective Memory

A summary of the typology of cultural landscape reveals that most areas of both natural and built environment are valued for their natural beauty or recreational value.

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Banks, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verde Islands, and Guinea, West Africa.

The Great Fire of 1846, the rush to discover gold in California at the end of the 1840s, the rise of alternatives to whale oil such as kerosene and petroleum, and the displacement of ship transport by railroads and canals marked the end of Nantucket’s whaling prosperity.4 As early as the middle of the nineteenth century, the town began to search for new economic outlets. Recognizing its natural beauty and invigorating air, Nantucket business leaders advertised its healthful summer climate to tourists from the mainland. Tourists lodged in new and historic buildings – hotels and single-family cottage rentals alike – converted to serve this new purpose as early as the 1860s. Tourism went hand in hand with valorization of the past as sites such as the Jethro Coffin House and the Old Mill were “already on the ‘must see’ list in the late 19th century.”5 19th and 20th century artistic depictions of 17th and 18th century Nantucket also assisted tourism. Eastman Johnson, who lived on the island during summers from 1870-1887, was an early contributor to these depictions, which live on in the work of Rodney J. K. Charman, commissioned by Bud Egan in the 1980s to make up for “more than 200 years of Nantucket history never recorded by artist or camera” (Figure 2.2).6 Greater interest and visitation forced local leaders to make decisions about island development.

“Nantucket’s old and quaint scenes evinced by tourists, summer residents and artists was soon joined by concerns for their preservation.”7 In this spirit, numerous histories of the island were written between 1880 4 Fowlkes, George Allen. A Mirror of Nantucket; an Architectural History of the Island, 1686-1850. Plainfield, NJ, 1959. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006165703; and several other sources site these factors.

5 The Public Archeology Laboratory, Inc. “Historic Properties Survey Plan, Nantucket, Massachusetts.” PAL Report 4267, September 2022.

6 Egan Maritime Institute. “Rodney J. K. Charman: The Artist Who Gave Nantucket Its Portrait.” Accessed August 2, 2023. https://eganmaritime.org/news/portrait-of-nantucket.

7 PAL, 2022 2.3

and 1930, and in 1894 the Nantucket Historical Association was established, with a mission to “preserve ‘all sorts of relics’ before valuable mementoes of the whaling and maritime tradition were ‘cast as rubbish to the void.’”8 Since 1894, the NHA has acquired nearly twenty properties and maintains most of them as museums and historic sites for visitors. Several other preservation-oriented organizations would join the NHA during the twentieth century, including the Nantucket Civic League (1903), the Nantucket Foundation (1940), the Nantucket Historical Trust (1957), the University of Florida’s Preservation Institute Nantucket (1971), and, following NHT’s dissolution, the Nantucket Preservation Trust (1997). (The Nantucket Conservation Foundation (1963) formed to protect the island’s natural heritage, as have other organizations.)

These groups collectively sought to define Nantucket’s architectural character. Walter Beinecke, founder of the Nantucket Historical Trust and major Figure in mid to late twentieth century development, was remembered for “reviving a deteriorating Nantucket by appealing to wealthy tourists [and] buying much of the town’s waterfront, then fixing it up, building by building, filling in the holes with recreations and reproductions of 18th-century architecture.”9 Planning simultaneously for preservation and an ever-growing influx of tourists resulted in drastic solutions. During the late 1960s, the Trust and another of Beinecke’s development agencies, Sherburne Associates, created a plan to extend Straight Wharf and improve access to the waterfront in which “all structures built after 1890 were removed and replaced with one and two-story wood-frame buildings clad with Nantucket’s characteristic weathered shingles. The goal was not to re-create the historic waterfront, but rather to provide for the modern needs of the community at a scale and in an architectural idiom that reflected the island’s characteristics.”10 8 PAL, 2022, quoting NHA. 9 Martin, Douglas. “Walter Beinecke Jr., 86, a Savior of Old Nantucket, Dies.” The New York Times, May 25, 2004, sec.

U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/25/us/walter-beinecke-jr86-a-savior-of-old-nantucket-dies.html.

10 PAL, “Survey” 2022.

2. Understanding the Context

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2.2 Legal instruments and institutional system for heritage protection

architectural styles, including Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne, among others.

Such development sought to protect and celebrate the island’s architectural significance, which was codified in 1955 with the designation of downtown Nantucket and Siasconset, together, as a Massachusetts Historic District. The designation was expanded to the entire island in 1975 as the Nantucket National Historic Landmark District. Recognition comes with enforcement of design guidelines by the Town of Nantucket’s Historic District Commission. The Town of Nantucket’s 2009 Master Plan prioritizes preservation of the natural and built environment. It calls for increased documentation and regulatory protection of natural and built features, to improve and preserve public access to the shoreline, and to maintain Nantucket’s “settlement pattern of a densely settled Nantucket ‘Town,’ separated and distinguished by intervening areas of largely undeveloped rural land ‘Country.’”11 (A visual analysis of this settlement pattern is provided in the following pages.) The Historic District Commission plays a critical role in enforcement as the Town pursues and amends these goals, because its jurisdiction is an area known as the Historic District Overlay that covers nearly the entire island. The HDC is responsible for reviewing proposed construction in the Overlay based on its compatibility with design guidelines. The clearest articulation of these guidelines, and of the character-defining features that the HDC exists to maintain, is the 1992 publication Building With Nantucket in Mind. Today the HDC’s design criteria include “height, massing and roof type; features such as windows, doors, front steps and sidewalks where relevant; and materials, predominantly weathered shingle.”12 The guidelines emphasize the use of natural building materials that reflect the island’s historic character and encourages preservation and replication of Nantucket’s traditional

Tourism and preservation continue to influence architecture on Nantucket, but greater threats to historic resources loom large. Demolition and redevelopment are a major factor – it has been estimated that twenty percent of Nantucket’s structures have been built since 2000. Related to these developments are increasing changes in the use of land and property from year-round residences to short-term rentals.

Finally, architecture and other historic resources on Nantucket are threatened by the changing climate.

11 12

Town of Nantucket, Master Plan 2009.

PAL, “Survey,” 2022

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

2.3 Environmental and Climate Considerations This section of the report discusses the current understanding of climate change and its historic and potential impacts on Nantucket. The task of managing change through historic preservation and natural conservation becomes more difficult as the rate of climate change increases. The most apparent of these increases is rising sea level, which is predicted to inundate beaches, the historic town center, and other low-lying areas. Sea level rise is just one example of increasingly variable weather patterns. Compound variability leads to greater levels of uncertainty for models that predict climate-related changes for Nantucket, which contributes to uncertainty regarding the impacts of those changes, such as bluff erosion, collapse of vulnerable houses, flooding of critical infrastructure, streets, and ports. The following section considers a typical year of weather in Nantucket and discussion of projected increases in hazard events.

Unless otherwise noted, the following section reports primarily from the Town of Nantucket’s 2019 Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP).

2.4 Typical weather and recent trends Nantucket lies in the International Energy Conservation Code’s Zone 5A – cold and moist climate

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Overlaying ownership maps showing Nantucket Conservation Foundation land, we can see that some of these sites have been designated protected areas. These scattered natural parcels are connected to the city center and residential areas by Polpis, Milestone, and Madaket Roads. region.13 Typical cold months on the island range between average January lows of 24° Fahrenheit (F) and average December highs of 55° F. Typical warm months range between average August highs of 74° and June lows of 55°. The typical annual range is between 5° and 85° F, and an average diurnal range of 30° to 75°. Though infrequently, extreme temperatures can range from 100 degrees to below zero. Air temperature typically drops to near or below the dew point during summer nights but remains above dew point for other months. 81% of recorded air temperature falls between 32° F and 69°. Relative humidity ranges between a peak average of 89% in July and 13 Department of Energy. “Building Science-Based Climate Maps.” 2010. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/ articles/building-science-based-climate-maps-building-america-top-innovation.

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a lowest average low of 63% in November; 56% of relative humidity occurs above 80% RH. Recorded wind speeds in typical years average 12 mph, with peak average speeds occurring in January at about 25 mph. The maximum recorded highs at just over 40 mph typically occur in January and November; annual average wind direction predominates from the northwest and southwest, with the most consistently extreme winds averaging 15 mph from the northwest in January. (Visualization of these statistics have been included in the appendix.)

Mean annual precipitation in a typical year is 43.66 inches, while snowfall averages between 12-24 inches per year.14 Wind depositing may lead to sig14

FEMA analysis of weather data for Nantucket, MA. 2. Understanding the Context

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nificantly larger snow accumulation in specific areas.

As seen in Figure 2.3, precipitation has been increasing over the last decade. This has and will lead to a higher impact of rain and flooding as well as snow and winter storms. The National Climate Data Center reported that an increase in precipitation of 0.55 inch per decade was recorded between 1895 and 2017.

The increase in precipitation is not evenly distributed among all months. According to UMass Amherst Northeast Climate Science Center (NECSC), there was a 10% increase in spring and summer, 15% increase in autumn and a 20-60% increase in winter precipitation.

The FEMA flood map depicts much of downtown Nantucket in an at-risk state. A recent report investigating the financial impact of extreme weather events identified storm surge as the most damaging form of flooding.16 The report noted the changing dynamics of Nantucket storms due to climate change.

According to the US Army Corps, the increase in natural disaster-related loss is due to two factors: the increase in people and property in harm’s way, and the increase in frequency and severity of hazard events. Storm surges are defined in Storm Surge and Coastal Inundation as “abnormal rise in water level, over and above the regular astronomical tide, caused by a severe storm”. There are two types of storm surg2.5 Hazards es – pressure and wind-driven surges. Pressure surges Flooding (General) are formed in the eye of large storms as a result of The extent and impact of flooding are determined pressure differences, and typically have a modest efby Flood Insurance Flood Maps (FIRMs) created by fect. Wind-driven surges are more significant and are the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). caused by strong winds. Nantucket’s existing jetties FEMA uses terminology to distinguish between de- and other natural barriers are positioned to protect grees of flood severity and probability. Velocity Zones the town from storm surges today but will lose ef(V Zones) are coastal high hazard areas. VE Zones addi- fectiveness as sea level rises. There are factors other tionally mean that the height set is designated on the than storm surge contributing to total water levels, FIRM for the region. V Zones have a projected wave including but not limited to tides, waves, freshwater height of 3 feet or greater, and a projected wave runup input, and rainfall.17 depth of 3 feet or greater. Essentially, V zones are flood Coastal Flooding areas (3+ feet) that can also see wave action. A Zones Coastal flooding is an extremely serious hazard are areas that would be inundated with a 1% annual that faces the island of Nantucket. The largest danger chance flood (a 100 year storm). AE Zones additionally of coastal flooding is storm surge. In the event of a mean that the elevation of water is designated on the 100 year storm (1% chance), FEMA projections show FIRM for the area. Waves in A Zones are in the 1.5 to complete inundation of Brant Point, Muskeget Island, 3.0 foot range. These waves are recognized by FEMA’s Coatue/Great Point, and Smith Point. Coastal floodCoastal Construction Manual as still being capable ing can also cause tidal creeks and ponds to overof destroying buildings. Therefore, it is often recomflow, causing additional flooding. The most prevalent mended that buildings in A Zones are held to the same causes of coastal flooding include nor’easters, tropical standards as V Zone buildings. The 500-year Zone is storms, and hurricanes. A list of major historic flood equivalent to a storm with a 0.2% chance of occurring events on Nantucket can be found on page 131 of the (Figure 2.4).15 Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Storm surge 15 Interpreting FEMA Flood Maps https://www.mass. gov/service-details/interpreting-federal-emergency-management-agency-flood-maps-and-studies-in-the-coastal-zone.

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16 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2015.

17 Storm Surge & Critical Infrastructure on Nantucket https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/8s45q9305?locale=en 2.6

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A large risk of coastal flooding is the inundation of roads, making transportation to some areas of the island impassible. As a result, the HMP stresses the importance of establishing barrier locations, anchorings, and alternative route options. According to the FEMA maps for Nantucket, 1136 buildings are located within coastal FEMA flood hazard zones (AE and VE zones). The effects of coastal flooding are already being felt by many buildings. One record of flood damage is Repetitive-loss (RL) properties, which are properties that have filed two or more National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) claims. Of the 69 properties recorded in Table 2.1, only 4 are non-residential (all in Brant Point).

23-million-dollar Storm Water Improvement Program to improve the water quality and drainage system to help mitigate the risks of urban flooding.

Although current and past damage has been significant on the island, future damage is expected to increase due to the effects of climate change and sea level rise. The lost estimates for a 1% annual chance flood are shown below in Table 2.2. The table only accounts for building-related losses, which is not an all encompassing list of losses.

As discussed earlier in the document, the rate of change has been increasing due to climate change, and flow rates of flooding are not different. Flow rates have been increasing from 0.9 to 1.8 percent per year. Prevention of flooding can be improved through floodplain regulation and redevelopment policies. Building, zoning planning, and wetland bylaw regulation enforcement could also substantially help mitigate risks. Drainage system maintenance and wetland development are also prevention methods.

For personal properties, elevation, dry and wet floodproofing, and barrier implementation are all tools to mitigate damage.

On top of these projected building-related losses, the HMP projected that two police stations would suffer damage and temporary loss of function, 98 households would be displaced, and 96 individuals would require temporary shelter. In total, 238 buildings are projected to be damaged, and 12 buildings completely destroyed.

Non-Coastal Flooding Non-coastal flooding is seen as a minor hazard caused by rain and runoff. It causes riverine flooding or overbank flooding from rain, snowmelt, or debris-blocked channels. This results in spillage of water into floodplain areas. Ice jams are also an issue in winter months, which can block natural water flow and lead to spillage and overflow. One specific type of flooding that is felt heavily in Nantucket is urban flooding. Urban flooding is an overload of drainage systems, where a larger amount of water than the system is designed for is present. In 2013, the Department of Public Works (DPW) completed a 2.7

Areas that experience non-coastal flooding include Phillips Run west of Sesachacha Pond, Polpis Road, and Miacomet Pond floodplain. Areas that experience urban flooding include Bathing Beach Road, Orange Street, Pleasant Street near the Post Office, Lovers Lane, Old South Road near the Airport, and between Madaket Road and Hummock Pond Road.

In the Downtown and harbor-front area, Washington Street, Easy Street, Straight Wharf, Broad Street, and Harbor View Way are all susceptible to non-coastal flooding.

Sea Level Rise, Shoreline Change, and Erosion The threat that sea level rise (SLR) poses on Nantucket varies greatly depending on distance to shore and elevation on the island. Severe erosion and shoreline change have also affected many areas of Nantucket. The areas identified as most impacted by erosion and shoreline change include but are not limited to Codfish Park, Sconset Beach, Low Beach, Pebble Beach, Cisco Beach, Sheep Pond Road, Madaket Beach, Smith Point, and Cliff Beach (Figure 2.5).

Sea level rise is projected to have the capability of destroying a large percentage of Nantucket’s coastal wetlands through inundation. This would limit Nantucket’s ecological resilience capabilities during storm 2. Understanding the Context

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events.

The four types of erosion are swash, collision, overwash, and inundation, in order of increasing severity. Erosion may expose septic systems and sewer pipes, release oil, gasoline, and other toxins into the marine environment, and sweep construction and other materials and debris out to sea. The challenge of erosion is not new to Nantucket. Made mostly out of sand, there has been immense erosion and deposition of sand recorded throughout the history of the island. It is important to emphasize that erosion is not a problem of the future; it is a current problem. Many parts of Nantucket’s shoreline are either losing or gaining sand every year. While erosion is a large threat to many areas of the island, Nantucket harbor and the town are particularly safe due to insulation provided

by Coatue. There are three ongoing bank protection and beach nourishment projects at Hummock Pond, Madaket Road, and Quaise Road.

The rate of erosion will continue to increase as sea level continues to rise. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Nantucket shoreline has a coastal vulnerability index ranging from moderate to very high. “Moderate” spans 2.5 to 2.95 mm/year rise, “high” spans 2.95 to 3.16 mm/year rise, and “very high” means greater than 3.16 mm/year rise. To protect against inundation, soft infrastructure is recognized as an essential tool. Soft infrastructure can also be described as living shorelines, which are designed to enhance habitat and water quality, preserve the natural processes and connections, and slow the rate of erosion. Soft infrastructure projects include beach nourishment and replenishment, dune management, and tidal wetland management.

Hurricanes and Tropical Storms Including High Wind Events Hazards from hurricanes and tropical storms include wind, heavy rains, and flooding. Coastline can be damaged through storm surge, flooding, and wind.

Wind during nor’easters comes from the northeast and trap tides in the harbor. This leads to “tide-stackNantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

ing” which raises the water level. Compounded with storm surges and precipitation, tide-stacking leads to more intense flooding events and more widespread devastation. Figure 2.6 depicts wind direction trends throughout the course of the year.

Wind is a key component in classifying hurricanes. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale rates the intensity of hurricanes as Category 1 through 5 by wind strength. The highest wind levels observed on Nantucket typically prevail from the north between December and February.

According to NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), climate change is expected to create more intense tropical cyclones, more frequent intense tropical cyclones, higher precipitation during tropical cyclones, and higher storm surge flooding.

Since 1842, 58 hurricanes or tropical storm tracks have come within 100 miles of Nantucket. According to AIR Worldwide Corporation, a 2006 study showed that Massachuseets has a 1% probability of incurring five billion dollars in loss due to a single hurricane.

Within Massachusetts, it is noted that Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Cape Cod, and Buzzards Bay have the highest risk for residential property loss.

Summer Storms and Tornadoes Summer storms come with wind, hail, flash floods, tornadoes, heavy rain, and lightning as hazards. Tornadoes are classified F0 to F5 by increasing intensity. Although climate change is projected to make many extreme weather events more intense or frequent, tornadoes are not included in this list; frequency and intensity of tornadoes on Nantucket are not expected to change. Downbursts are another hazard associated with summer storms. Downbursts are severe localized wind blasting down from a thunderstorm. These events are more common than tornadoes in New England, but are still relatively uncommon. Nantucket is considered at low to moderate risk of experiencing downbursts.

Winter Storms Winter storms contain the hazards of wind, 2.8

snow, freezing rain, extreme cold, and ice. These combined aspects all contribute to the devastation possible due to winter storms. Coastal flooding, wind, falling trees and branches, snow, blizzards, and ice can all contribute as well. Drifting snow can lead to impassable roads within a matter of hours. The issue of snow drifts on roads caused by wind are especially prevalent at Milestone Road along Conservation Land, Polpis Road at the Gold Course, Polpis Road near Pinelands, Cliff Road west of Gosnold Road, Eel Point Road, Red Barn Road, Bartlett Farm Road, West Miacomet Road at the Golf Course, and Hummock Pond Road at the Cemetery. Prolonged winter storms can also push ice into the harbor or freeze the harbor, cutting off access to supplies, goods, and labor.

Managing and inspecting tree limbs and tree conditions around properties is one recommended step to protect surrounding buildings and infrastructure from winter storms.

August 2023

2.6 At-risk built heritage and current risk reduction measures In relation to historic buildings, preparing and responding to climate disasters may be difficult because of multiple factors. Buildings may have been constructed before modern building codes were set in place, so they may not be up to the same standards.

Materials may be degraded over time. For example, undergoing many freeze thaw cycles could result in compromised integrity. Insulation and weather-proofing may be subpar due to older buildings lacking modern insulation. This makes historic buildings more susceptible to humidity buildup and material degradation. Older utilities may also be greatly affected by harsh conditions such as extreme cold. The historic structures offer a unique challenge of mitigating hazards while still maintaining historic character.

At least 46 “repetitive loss” structures on Nantucket are listed as historic structures. Wind-resistant retrofits, floodproofing, elevation, and relocation are 90% of all wildfires globally are human caused. all more difficult with historic structures due to the Burning of select areas, however, can have a positive changes they cause. As a result, it is essential to incorimpact on natural ecosystems. The risk of wildfire is porate historic preservation into planning documents. low, but fires damaging buildings and natural areas occur on Nantucket. Areas of higher risk and vulnera- As of now, the HMP identifies 8 strategies to specifically make built heritage more resilient to natural hazbility have been identified as Madaket near Eel Point ards. They include identifying historic resources, revisRoad, the margins of Mid-Island, Shawkemo/Quaise, iting historic district zoning regulations, strengthening inland areas of Polpis, Wauwinet, Quidnet, and marrecovery planning, incorporating historic preservation gins of Tom Nevers and the Southeast Quarter. into planning documents, revisiting floodplain reguEarthquakes lations and ordinances, coordinating regionally and Massachusetts experiences intra-plate seismic with the state, structural adaptation measures, and activity as well as activity along the northwest trendeducation. Actions at the building-scale may include ing fault intersection. Nantucket’s geology reduces the filling basements, installing pumps, applying water-rerisk of a large earthquake on the island. Within Massistant finishes to exposed surfaces, relocating historic sachusetts, Nantucket is one of the least at-risk areas artifacts (permanently or ahead of predicted events), for an earthquake to occur and has been identified as elevating or relocating internal utilities, draining water having a sufficient mitigation plan in place. In addition away from structures, and anchoring structures and to geographical considerations, wooden structures artifacts. are at a much lower risk than concrete structures to earthquake damage.

Wildfires

2.9

2. Understanding the Context

August 2023

Figure 2.1. Map of contact-era Nantucket, Lang & Stout 1992.

Figure 2.2. Old North Wharf - 1850, Rodney Charman.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

2.10

August 2023

Figure 2.3. Annual precipitation trend for Coastal Massachusetts

Figure 2.4. Flood Zones with and without runup

2.11

2. Understanding the Context

August 2023

Table 2.1. Repetitive loss properties on Nantucket.

Table 2.2. Building-related economic loss estimates

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

2.12

August 2023

Figure 2.5. Current areas of severe erosion on Nantucket.

Figure 2.6. Distribution of wind direction by day at Nantucket

2.13

2. Understanding the Context

August 2023

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

2.14

3. Historic Properties of the NHA

“Historic Properties of the NHA” discusses the founding of the organization, the chronology of property acquisition, and the current approach to property management.

The Nantucket Historical Association was founded on July 9, 1894. The genesis of the NHA is detailed in Proceedings of the Nantucket Historical Association on the First, Second and Third Annual Meetings. This document, published in 1907 and detailing the 1895, 1896, and 1897 meetings, states that the association was formed “in accordance with the sentiment so widely spread and so deeply felt that a society should be formed at once for the purpose of collecting books, manuscripts, and articles of any sort, to illustrate the history of our Island”. Since then, the NHA has expanded its scope from collection and illustration to preservation and interpretation through programs, collections, and properties, with the goal of promoting the island’s significance and fostering an appreciation of it among all audiences.

were purchased in 1929 by the NHA (Figure 3.3). The town of Nantucket deeded the Old Gaol to the NHA in 1946. The 1800 House was gifted to the NHA by Louise Melhado in 1951. The land for the Folger-Franklin Memorial Boulder and Bench was donated by Thomas Hallowell in 1959. The Fire House Cart House was gifted to the NHA in 1960 by Edith Bartlett. The Hadwen House was donated to the NHA in 1963 by Jean Satler Williams (Figure 3.4). The Old Town Building on 2 Union Street was acquired by the NHA in 1968. The Macy-Christian House was bequeathed to the NHA in 1971 by Ruth Christian. Greater Light was donated to the NHA in 1972 by Hanna Monaghan (Figure 3.5). The NHA was bequeathed the Eleanor Ham Pony Field in 1978 by Eleanor Ham. The Thomas Macy Warehouse was acquired from the Nantucket Foundation in 1980 (Figure 3.6). R. Draper Richards donated a square of land in 1981 for the Tristram Coffin Homestead Site Marker. The NHA Gift Shop was built in 1986. The NHA was bequeathed the Thomas Macy House by Oswald Tupancy in 1987. 4 Whalers Lane was acquired in 2018 for future expansion. 2 Union Street was sold in 2019 by the NHA to VVT Moby Dick LLC.

3.2. Acquisitions and deaccessioning

3.3 NHA Personnel and management

The Quaker Meeting House was purchased in 1894 from the Friends. The Old Mill was bought by the NHA in 1897 for $885 (Figure 3.1). In 1904, the NHA built the Research Library. The Jethro Coffin House was acquired by the NHA in 1923 (Figure 3.2). The Whaling Museum—including the Candle Factory—

Despite owning more than twenty properties total, including several important but non-historic sites like the Gosnold Collections Center, the Nantucket Historical Association has a relatively small staff of personnel dedicated to maintaining the structures and

3.1. Creation of the NHA

3.1

August 2023

grounds of their collection of sites. Led by Facilities Director Ed Rudd, the NHA’s primary facilities and maintenance team consists of five people, three of whom are full-time. Much of the recurring maintenance such as minor repairs and landscaping falls to this team, though certain regular tasks such as general cleaning are often contracted out. For larger maintenance and repair interventions (e.g., shingle replacement, roof repairs, renovations/restorations, etc.), a three year plan structured to work alongside the NHA’s Capital Investment Plan has been developed and is consistently updated to keep up with the service life of various features and systems. However, with a diverse stock of structures that span over 300 years in some cases, accidents do happen and not all maintenance can be planned. According to Mr. Rudd, unplanned corrective maintenance activities (e.g., pipe leaks, minor flooding, minor repairs) make up less than 25% of yearly activities, though it is nevertheless a significant percentage and one that can cut into regularly planned activities and budgeting. Thus, the NHA facilities and maintenance team has had to remain adaptable, addressing issues that arise suddenly while also remaining on-track with the organization’s longer-term goals.

3.4 Existing resiliency planning

When it comes to long term sustainability and resiliency, the NHA has been following a plan set out in 2018 “Flood Resiliency Report & Facilities Capital Expenditure Forecast Plan” by McGrath Architecture out of Severna Park, MD. The detailed report included a wide array of recommendations ranging in prioritization (“urgent”, “necessary”, and “desirable”) for fifteen NHA properties, both historic and otherwise. The report also proposed a five-year plan for scheduling each individual intervention. Many of the proposed interventions revolved around the Gosnold Storage Center on Bartlett Road, where the NHA houses most of its valuable collections while not in use/on display.

These recommendations include several upgrades to HVAC and mechanical systems as well as ensuring that rainwater runoff systems effectively shed water away from the perimeter of the building. The report also focused heavily on the Candle Factory and the Thomas Macy Warehouse, two of the NHA’s properties most at-risk from sea level rise and coastal flooding, both of which had been substantially effected by the significant flooding event that took place in January of 2018. For the Candle Factory, the building’s concrete The ”offseason” of tourism on Nantucket also slab foundation and masonry perimeter walls made it brings about a yearly change in maintenance and a prime candidate for dry flood-proofing. The Thomas stewardship practices. Each Fall, the NHA addresses Macy Warehouse, with a brick perimeter wall foundatree health and associated hazards for each property, tion supporting a floor structure elevated above highly relying on contracted work for assessment as well as permeable sandy soil, was instead recommended for pruning, removal, or any other necessary arboreal in- wet flood-proofing measures that dealt with elevatterventions. Around the same time, the facilities and ing electrical, mechanical, and plumbing systems to maintenance team prepares many of the NHA build- at least the second floor level to remove them from ings for winterization, including checking heating sys- potential flood risks so close to grade level on the first tems, installing storm windows, and flushing pipes floor. According to Mr. Rudd, many of the recommenthat will not be in service during the upcoming peri- dations made in that report have been completed as od of closure to the public. Throughout the rest of the of the Summer of 2023, and the few remaining recomwinter season, weekly building checks are done for mendations are factored into the existing three-year each property to ensure their protection and security maintenance plan. throughout the months of particularly harsh weather and increased damage risk.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

3.2

August 2023

Figure 3.1. The Old Mill

Figure 3.2. Jethro Coffin House

Figure 3.3. The Candle Factory

Figure 3.4. Hadwen House

Figure 3.5. Greater Light

Figure 3.6. Thomas Macy Warehouse

3.3

Historic Properties of the NHA

August 2023

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

3.4

4. Rapid risk assessment

“Rapid risk assessment“ discusses the process by which twenty-four Nantucket properties (NHA and non-NHA) were categorized by construction type, cultural significance and hazard exposure.

4.1 Survey data collection The Rapid Risk Assessment Survey (RAS) was completed after two weeks of site visits totaling twenty-four assessments. All Nantucket Historical Association buildings were assessed. Additional locations selected for their significance to the island’s history, function, or identity, or for their representation of hazard exposure such as erosion, were also assessed. Sites visited but not assessed included Baxter Road (Figure 4.1) and the Bluff walk in Siasconset (Figure 4.2), the Lifesaving Museum, the UMass Field Station, Altar Rock (Figure 4.3), the Star of the Sea Youth Hostel, and the pavilion at Jetties Beach. These visits provided invaluable background information. Discussion of erosion mitigation at Baxter Road illuminated the unique challenges – natural and social – to protecting vulnerable properties on Nantucket. The Lifesaving Museum visit provided historic context of the three lighthouses on Nantucket and the island generally. The UMass Field Station was visited to get a better sense of the unique coastal landscape, including salt marshes and beaches.

Altar Rock, was visited to better understand the significance of the elevated area to Indigenous communities on Nantucket, as well as gain a unique perspective of the topography on the island.

4.1

The Rapid Risk Assessment Surveys were conducted in groups of three—each containing three members—over the second and third weeks of the project (Figure 4.4). The survey was conducted using Survey123, a data collection and analysis tool for ArcGIS. The data from the Rapid Risk Assessments was exported into Excel, where it was sorted into attributes and hazards. The attributes recorded were exterior wall materials, roofing materials, foundation type, and the presence of collections, noted in Table 4.1.

Also noted were the interior and exterior conditions of each building. The thirteen types of conditions are shown in Table 4.2. Observed conditions according to these categories are shown in Table 4.3, sorted by site.

The surrounding contexts were also recorded and used as a qualitative supplement to the quantitative analysis. The hazards considered were coastal flooding, hurricane inundation, erosion, wind vulnerability, and noncoastal flooding. Noncoastal flooding was split into rising water Table 4.and precipitation in the qualitative discussion of properties but was combined into a single risk category during quantitative analysis. Based on risk maps obtained through the Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Hurricane Center, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and the National Agriculture Imagery Program, each property was given a value of present (1) or not present (0) for the risks above. The exception was for coastal flooding, in with FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) was used to assess the hazard. A value of one was given for prop-

August 2023

erties in the AE Zone, while a value of two was given to properties that fell in the VE Zone. For wind hazard, data from the RAS was used. The data obtained is presented in Table 4.4. Nearby trees and the ground type were also considered, but not included in the quantitative analysis. The data for the geology was taken from the United States Geological Survey.

Public Archaeology Laboratory Historic Properties Survey Plan, Massachusetts Cultural Resources Inventory System, Nantucket Historical Association, Historic American Building Survey, University of Florida Preservation Institute Nantucket, and Nantucket Preservation Trust. The date of construction, major revisions, original use, and current use were considered during The exposure for each location was assessed to the qualitative analysis. For quantitative analysis, understand how global and regional climate patterns each property was given a value of one or two for might affect the structures or sites. Considerations in- six indices: research and learning potential, association with important people and events, age value cluded: (before or after 1846), function for tourism, function • proximity of the site to the shore for community, and uniqueness of structure. For the seventh category, a zero, one, or two was assigned for • elevation of the site noncontributing, contributing, or individually (NC, C, • topography of the surrounding area or I) listed properties based on 2012 NHL nomination data. The results from this evaluation of significance • historical records of damage to the site are recorded in Table 4.8. The criteria for significance 4.2 Data analysis are provided below.

From the data collected via risk maps and the RAS, indicators were assigned to quantify the hazards 2012 NHL (0/1/2) associated with each property. This was accomplished 0: Not contributing (NC) to the 2012 Nantucket by reviewing each individual overlap of hazard and National Historic District condition associated with it, and assigning either a yes 1: Contributing (C) to the Nantucket National (1) or no (0) for each overlap as an indicator. The indi- Historic District cators chosen are shown in Table 4.5.

2: Contributing, and individually listed on the Once the indicators were chosen, each property National Register of Historic Places (I) was reviewed. If the condition was noted as present in The 2012 update to the 1966 National Historic the RAS, the hazard was indicated as present on risk District report for Nantucket1 expanded the designamaps, and the overlap qualified as an indicator, a value tion to the entire island and listed all structures built of 1 was assigned (except for coastal flooding, in which before 1975 as contributing structures. All structures a value of 2 was possible for properties in the VE Zone). considered in this survey except 37 Washington The results for hazard indicators are noted in Table 4.6 Street, the Town Finance Department built in 1977, and Table 4.7 for exterior and interior conditions, reare contributing structures.2 The Oldest House and spectively.

Brant Point Lighthouse are listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places.3 4.3 Evaluation of significance Uniqueness of structure or use (1, 2) The significance of each property was assessed using 1: The structure may have a unique history, but data from the 2012 National Historic Landmark Appli- its material and assembly are common to Nantucket cation (NHL) for the Nantucket Historic District, 2022 Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

4.2

August 2023

2: The structure’s materials, assembly, collections, or associated activities are unique within the context of Nantucket buildings The National Parks Service National Register of Historic Places evaluation criterion C states that “Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.”4 For the purposes of this survey, this definition was expanded to include uniqueness of use.

All structures considered are arguably unique. The Old Mill, The Old Gaol, The Oldest House, the Pacific Club, and the Lighthouses are structurally unique in the context of the island, while the Maria Mitchell Aquarium and the Town of Nantucket Propagation Facility are unique for the way they are used and their service to the community.

Function/Usage for Community (1, 2) 1: the community enjoys its street presence, economic value, or other indirect benefits.

2: the structure provides a well-used service to the year-round community Function/Usage for Tourism/Visitors (1, 2) 1: Visitors enjoy the presence of the building as part of Nantucket’s historic fabric, but the building is not necessarily a direct tourism draw 2: The building explicitly serves tourism or has become a tourist destination In the ICOMOS guide to Understanding and Assessing Cultural Significance, “social value” refers to “the associations that a place has for a particular community or cultural group and the social or cultural meanings that it holds for them. To understand social value, ask: Is the place important as a local marker or symbol? Is the place important as part of community

4.3

identity or the identity of a particular cultural group?

Is the place important to a community or cultural group because of associations and meanings developed from long use and association?”5 The survey splits this value assessment into two categories loosely based on the social values of two populations, namely the tourism community and the year-round community. Each structure contributes in some way to one or both of these groups.

Age Value (before or after1846) (1, 2) 1: The property was constructed after 1846 2: The property was constructed before 1846 The Great Fire which erupted on July 13, 1846, destroying the entire business district of the town.

The properties built before 1846 and still remain today were defined to have greater age value.

Association with Important People/Events (1, 2) 1: Not present significant criterion mentioned below.

2: The property must be documented, through accepted means of historical or archeological research, to have existed at the time of the event or pattern of events and to have been associated with those events. The properties associated with individuals whose specific contributions to history can be identified and documented. The criterion is generally restricted to those properties that illustrate a person’s important achievement.

Research and/or Learning Potential (1, 2) 1: Not present significant criterion mentioned below.

2: The properties have the potential to answer, in whole or in part, research questions about human history which can only be answered by the actual physical materials of cultural resource. And the information must be considered important.

4. Rapid risk assessment

August 2023

From the hazard and significance indicators collected, the sums were totaled for each property to give a singular hazard indicator number and significance indicator number. Weight of significance and hazards were made even. To accomplish this, the indicator value was divided by its total possible score of 66, and the significance value was divided by its total possible score of 14. The results were divided by 100 for simplicity. The results of this process can be seen in Table 4.9.

ing the most significant, at risk, and feasible: Candle Factory, Thomas Macy Warehouse, Pacific Club, Old Gaol, Greater Light, Oldest House, and Old Mill. These seven properties were split into three risk categories.

The Candle Factory, Thomas Macy Warehouse, and Pacific Club were classified under the hazard of coastal flooding and hurricane inundation. The Old Gaol, Oldest House, and Greater Light were classified under non-coastal flooding. The Old Mill was classified under wind hazard. Their embodiment of and contribution to The property scores in Table 4.9 were rearranged the island was given special consideration, dropping from highest score to lowest score (Table 4.10, Figure the Old Gaol and the Pacific Club lower on the list of priority sites.

4.5).

This quantitative analysis was supplemented with a qualitative approach as well to assessing the properties. Conversations with local experts and site visits to significant places on the island (Baxter Road, Altar Rock, Lifesaving Museum, UMass Field Station, Star of the Sea youth hostel, Jetties Beach) were used to shape the discussion. Based off the ranked scores of the property, seven were initially identified as be-

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

Each property’s exterior materials, roof materials, and foundation type were considered within the context of their hazards. For properties such as the Old Mill and the Pacific Club, discussion of setting up climate monitoring programs within the buildings occurred (wind monitoring near the Old Mill, and water level patterns in the basement of the Pacific Club).

4.4

August 2023

Figure 4.1. Students visit Baxter Road with Vincent Murphy and Morgan Nelson

Figure 4.2. Students visit the Siasconset Bluff Walk

Figure 4.3. Students visit Altar Rock

Figure 4.4. Students conduct rapid risk assessment of Great Point Lighthouse

4.5

4. Rapid risk assessment

August 2023

Structure/Site Name Research Library

Collections Archives

Quaker Meeting House

Furniture

Candle factory Old Mill 1800 House Old Goal Fire hose cart house Greater Light Hadwen House Thomas Macy Warehouse Whaling museum Peter Foulger museum

Artifacts Operating equipment, artifacts Shingle Artwork, artifacts Shingle Shingle, Stone, Not Present Mortar Shingle, ClapHose Cart board Collection(s) Shingle, Brick, Present Mortar Collection(s) Clapboard, Present Brick, Mortar Collection(s) Present Brick, Mortar Artifacts Brick, Mortar

Artifacts Furniture, Thomas Macy paintings, House/99 Main Street thermometer Collection(s) Oldest House Present Discovery Center Not Present Macy Christian House Not Present Collection(s) The Atheneum Present Police Station Not Present

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

Exterior Wall Materials Concrete Clapboard, Shingle, Brick, Mortar Brick, Stone, Mortar

Roofing Materials Present Foundation Type Waterproof rubberized Concrete Slab Wood Shingle

Brick

Slate Shingles

Stone, Mortar

Wood Shingle Wood Shingle

Stone, Mortar Concrete Masonry Unit

Wood Shingle Wood Shingle, Composite Shingles

Stone, Mortar Concrete Masonry Unit

Composite Shingles

Brick, Mortar

Composite Shingles

Stone

Slate Shingles Slate Shingles

Brick, Stone Shingle, Clapboard, Brick, Mortar

Slate Shingles, other Composite Shingles

Stone

Shingle Clapboard Clapboard, Shingle

Wood Shingle Composite Shingles

Stone Concrete Slab

Clapboard Brick

Composite Shingles Composite Shingles Composite Shingles

Stone, Concrete Slab Concrete Slab

4.6

August 2023

37 Washington St Maria Mitchell Assoc.

Aquarium Brant Point Lighthouse Shellfish Propagation Facility Pacific Club

Not Present Not Present Not Present Not Present Antiques, Historical artifacts

Shingle

Wood Shingle

Shingle Wood Shingle Shingle, metal Composite Shingles, at light housing metal roofing at light Shingle

Brick, Mortar Concrete, Great Point LightStone, Mortar, house Not Present Brick Table 4.1. Property attributes observed in RAS

4.7

Wood Pier

Wood Shingle

Wood Pier

Composite Shingle

Brick

Slate Shingles, metal roofing at light housing Concrete Slab

RAS Conditions Rising Damp 6. Out-of-plane behavior Corrosion 7. Loss of brick integrity Efflorescence 8. Loss of wood integrity Biological Growth 9. Cracking Nearby Vegetation* 10. Loss of Finishes Table 4.2. Rapid risk assessment survey conditions Structure/Site Name Research Library Quaker Meeting House Candle factory Old Mill 1800 House Old Goal Fire hose cart house Greater Light Hadwen House Thomas Macy Warehouse Whaling museum Peter Foulger museum Thomas Macy House/99 Main Street Oldest House Discovery Center Macy Christian House

Wood Pier, Concrete Slab

Exterior Conditions 2,4,5,9,10,13 4,5,9,10 1,4,5,7,9,13 4,5,11 4,5,13 2,4,5,6,8,10 4,13 1,4,5,6,9 2,5,6,9,13 2,5,9,12 5,10 4,5 4,5,11 2,4,5,11,13 1,4,5,12 No Data

11. Animal Infestation 12. Poor Access* 13. Poor Water Drainage *Exterior Only

Interior Conditions 9,10 6,9 1,3,7,8,9,13 0 1,3,9,11 1,2,4,8,9,10,11,13 No Data 8,9,11 6,7,9,10,13 3,7,9 0 0 1,8,9 2,6,10 0 No Data 4. Rapid risk assessment

August 2023

The Atheneum 2,5 Police Station 1,4,5,7,9,11,12,13 37 Washington St 2,4,5,10 Maria Mitchell Assoc. Aquarium 1,4,5,10 Brant Point Lighthouse 2,4,8,9 Shellfish Propagation Facility 2,4,5,8,9,10,13 Pacific Club 1,5,6,10,12 Great Point Lighthouse 2,3,4,6,9,10,11,12,13 Table 4.3. Conditions noted on properties Coastal Flooding (FEMA) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

Hurricane Inundation (NHC) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

Structure/Site Name Research Library Quaker Meeting House Candle factory Old Mill 1800 House Old Goal Fire hose cart house Greater Light Hadwen House Thomas Macy Warehouse Whaling museum Peter Foulger museum Thomas Macy House/ 99 Main Street 0 0 Oldest House 0 0 Discovery Center 1 1 Macy Christian House 0 0 The Atheneum 1 1 Police Station 1 1 37 Washington St 1 1 Maria Mitchell Assoc. Aquarium 2 1 Brant Point Lighthouse 1 1 Shellfish Propagation Facility 2 1 Pacific Club 1 1 Great Point Lighthouse 1 1 Table 4.4. Hazard identification based on Risk Maps Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

0 2,4,6,7,9,10,11,13 No Data 0 No Data No Data 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,13 1,2,4,6,9,10,11,13

Erosion (WPI) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Noncoastal Flooding (NAIP) 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Wind Hazard 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0

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August 2023

Coastal Hurricane Condition Wind Flooding Inundation Rising Damp 0 1 1 Corrosion 1 1 1 Efflorescence 0 1 1 Biological Growth 0 1 0 Nearby Vegetation 1 0 1 Out-of-plane behavior 1 1 1 Loss of brick integrity 1 1 1 Loss of wood integrity 1 1 1 Cracking 1 0 1 Loss of Finishes 0 0 0 Animal Infestation 0 0 0 Poor Access 0 0 0 Poor Water Drainage 0 1 1 Table 4.5. Hazard, Vulnerability, and Exposure Indicator

Structure/Site Name Research Library Quaker Meeting House Candle factory Old Mill 1800 House Old Gaol Fire hose cart house Greater Light Hadwen House Thomas Macy Warehouse Whaling museum Peter Foulger museum Thomas Macy House/99 Main Street Oldest House Discovery Center Macy Christian House

4.9

Noncoastal Flooding 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Erosion 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wind 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Coastal Flooding 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Hurricane Inundation Erosion 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0

Non-Coastal Flooding 4 2 0 0 0 4 2 4 0 0 0 0

Total 4 2 9 1 0 4 2 4 0 4 1 2

0 0 0 0

0 0 2 0

0 0 2 0

0 3 0 0

0 3 4 0

0 0 0 0

4. Rapid risk assessment

August 2023

The Atheneum 0 1 2 Police Station 0 4 5 37 Washington St 0 2 2 Maria Mitchell Assoc.

Aquarium 0 2 2 Brant Point Lighthouse 0 3 3 Shellfish Propagation Facility 0 4 5 Pacific Club 0 2 3 Great Point Lighthouse 0 5 5 Table 4.6. Exterior Hazard, Vulnerability, and Exposure Indicators

Structure/Site Name Research Library Quaker Meeting House Candle factory Old Mill 1800 House Old Gaol Fire hose cart house Greater Light Hadwen House Thomas Macy Warehouse Whaling museum Peter Foulger museum Thomas Macy House/99 Main Street Oldest House Discovery Center Macy Christian House The Atheneum Police Station 37 Washington St Maria Mitchell Assoc.

Aquarium Brant Point Lighthouse

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

0 0 0

0 0 0

3 9 4

0 0

0 0

4 6

0 0 1

0 0 6

9 5 17

Total 1 1 11 0 0 6 0 2 0 5 0 0

Wind 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Coastal Flooding 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Hurricane Inundation 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

Erosion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Non-coastal Flooding 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 10 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

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August 2023

Shellfish Propagation Facility 0 0 0 0 Pacific Club 0 7 7 0 Great Point Lighthouse 0 5 5 1 Table 4.7. Interior Hazard, Vulnerability, and Exposure Indicators

Structure/Site Name NC/C/I Research Library 1 Quaker Meeting House 1 Candle factory 1 Old Mill 2 1800 House 1 Old gaol 1 Fire hose cart house 1 Greater Light 1 Hadwen House 1 Thomas Macy Warehouse 1 Whaling museum 1 Peter Foulger museum 1 Thomas Macy House/99 Main Street 1 Oldest House 1 Discovery Center 1 Macy Christian House 1 The Atheneum 1 Police Station 1 37 Washington St 0 Maria Mitchell Assoc. Aquarium 1

4.11

0 0 6

0 14 17

Unique Structure 2

Community Usage 2

Tourist Usage 2

Age Value (1846 Associacutoff) tions 1 1

1 1 2 1 2

1 1 1 2 1

1 2 2 1 2

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4. Rapid risk assessment

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Brant Point Lighthouse 1 2 Shellfish Propagation Facility 1 2 Pacific Club 1 2 Greater Point Lighthouse 1 2 Table 4.8. Significance Indicators

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Hazard, Vulnerability, and ExpoStructure/Site Name sure Indicators Total Significance Research Library 5 10 Quaker Meeting House 3 8 Candle factory 20 9 Old Mill 1 12 1800 House 0 10 Old Gaol 10 12 Fire hose cart house 2 7 Greater Light 6 9 Hadwen House 0 9 Thomas Macy Warehouse 9 9 Whaling museum 1 9 Peter Foulger museum 2 8 Thomas Macy House/99 Main Street 0 10 Oldest House 5 11 Discovery Center 4 7 Macy Christian House 0 9 The Atheneum 3 11 Police Station 19 8 37 Washington St 4 7 Maria Mitchell Assoc.

Aquarium 4 11 Brant Point Lighthouse 6 10 Shellfish Propagation Facility 9 8 Pacific Club 19 12 Great Point Lighthouse 34 9 Table 4.9. Indicator and Significance Analysis Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

Indicators x Significance 79.00 61.69 94.59 87.23 71.43 100.87 53.03 73.38 64.29

Final Score 0.79 0.62 0.95 0.87 0.71 1.01 0.53 0.73 0.64

77.92 65.80 60.17

0.78 0.66 0.60

71.43 86.15 56.06 64.29 83.12 85.93 56.06

0.71 0.86 0.56 0.64 0.83 0.86 0.56

84.63 80.52

0.85 0.81

70.78 114.50 115.80

0.71 1.15 1.16

4.12

August 2023

Structure/Site Name Total Score Great Point Lighthouse 1.16 Pacific Club 1.15 Old Gaol 1.01 Candle factory 0.95 Old Mill 0.87 Oldest House 0.86 Police Station 0.86 Maria Mitchell Assoc. Aquarium 0.85 The Atheneum 0.83 Brant Point Lighthouse 0.81 Research Library 0.79 Thomas Macy Warehouse 0.78 Greater Light 0.73 1800 House 0.71 Thomas Macy House/99 Main Street 0.71 Shellfish Propagation Facility 0.71 Whaling museum 0.66 Hadwen House 0.64 Macy Christian House 0.64 Quaker Meeting House 0.62 Peter Foulger museum 0.60 Discovery Center 0.56 37 Washington St 0.56 Fire hose cart house 0.53 Table 4.10. Ranked Total Score of Properties

4.13

4. Rapid risk assessment

August 2023

Figure 4.5. Hazard and significance for each examined property

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

4.14

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

5.1.1 Overview of Risk Analysis Process The process of creating an appropriate framework to analyze risk for the various sites chosen is important in generating useful and actionable output.

The analysis process began with a subgroup meeting to discuss the direction to pursue to produce the most insightful, applicable, forward-looking suggestions and considerations possible. To do this, a four-step plan was devised.

Step 1: Identification of Hazards The first step involves conducting a climate literature review to collect information on global and regional extreme weather and climate trends, along with their proposed responses. This process facilitates the analysis of the characteristics and probability of various hazards. It also proposes and defines press events as cumulative hazards and pulse events as catastrophic hazards. (Table 5.1.1) Sources reviewed to help inform climate predictions and models include: • Climate Science Special Report Fourth National Climate Assessment (2018) • IPCC 6th Assessment Report (2021)

Table 5.1.1. Identification of hazards.

5.1.1

• Nantucket Coastal Resilience Plan (2021) • NPS Climate Change Hazards Summary Report for Facility Investment Planning: Cape Cod National Seashore (2021) • Town of Nantucket Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (2019) • University of Florida’s Resilient Nantucket: 3D Digital Documentation and Sea Level Rise Visualization (2019) • Town of Nantucket Community Resilience Building Workshop Final Report (2019) Step 2: Risk Analysis Building upon the above-mentioned Rapid Risk Assessment, this risk analysis conducted a comprehensive vulnerability analysis integrates the assessment of physical, social, economic, and institutional aspects.

Physical vulnerabilities are gauged through documentation and condition assessments, focusing on the structural integrity, material stability, and both structural and non-structural elements of heritage sites. Social vulnerabilities are analyzed through context analy-

August 2023

sis, delving into the relationship between the site and Nantucket community, assessing how local populations engage with and perceive the site. Economic vulnerabilities are scrutinized by examining funding models, maintenance costs, and the potential financial impact of hazards, to understand the fiscal sustainability of preservation efforts. Finally, institutional vulnerabilities are identified by reviewing policies, management practices, and legal frameworks governing the site, ensuring that administrative and legislative support aligns with conservation needs. This holistic approach ensures a thorough understanding of the various factors that contribute to the vulnerability of Nantucket’s built heritage.

Step 4: Prioritization of Research, Investigation, and Monitoring

The fourth step is the prioritization based on risk evaluation and identification of needs for research and investigation and further monitoring programs.

The focus of this step is on allocating resources effectively based on the risk evaluation outcomes from the previous steps. This step involves categorizing risks by severity and impact to identify urgent research areas and continuous monitoring needs. Critical risks are prioritized for immediate research and investigation to fill knowledge gaps and reduce uncertainties in risk assessment. Meanwhile, monitoring is planned for risks that necessitate ongoing observation to track changThereafter we analyzed the cause-effect relation- es or assess mitigation strategies. This prioritization ships between primary and secondary hazards and ensures that resources are directed toward the most vulnerabilities, and their potential impact on heritage pressing conservation needs, aligning efforts with the attributes and their respective values. In this case our site’s most significant challenges in a proactive and efheritage attributes relate to the six properties that we ficient manner. have shortlisted during rapid risk assessment.

The monitoring program will help in assessing

the long-term impact of coastal and non-coastal hazards related to climate change on the exposure and vulnerability of the materials and assemblies of hisThis step builds upon the identified hazards from toric properties on the island. This will be undertaken Step 1 to determine the horizon for risk scenarios. through periodic measuring of the changes in the enThis step involves projecting how these hazards might vironmental parameters (air and surface temperature manifest both in the immediate future (short-term) and humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction) and over extended periods (long-term). It requires a through installation of weather stations and sensors as careful analysis of current trends, historical data, and well as the changes in ground water level and characpredictive modeling to understand the frequency, in- teristics through piezometers. tensity, and impact of each hazard under different time frames. This process not only considers climatic and 5.1.2 Step 1: Identification of Hazards environmental factors but also integrates socio-economic and cultural shifts that could influence the vulth nerability of the site. By creating these risk scenarios, Climate Science Special Report 4 Assessment The Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) is a conservation efforts can be better tailored to address immediate threats while also preparing for future chal- climate change assessment focused specifically on lenges, ensuring the sustainable preservation of the the United States. Data from this document discusses heritage site. This approach allows for a dynamic and global climate trends but takes special consideration responsive strategy in heritage management, adapt- into deviation from these global trends at the regional level of the United States. The report states—with very able to evolving conditions and unforeseen events.

Step 3: Creation of Risk Scenarios in Short and Long Terms

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.1.2

August 2023

high confidence— that global average temperature has increased 1.8 °F from 1901 to 2016. This period has seen rapid changes in surface, atmospheric, and oceanic temperatures. The increasing temperatures have caused an increase in atmospheric water vapor.

The global average sea level has risen seven to eight inches since 1900, with almost half of this occurring since 1993.

Relative to 2000, global mean sea level is expected to rise between 9 and 18 centimeters by 2030, and between 15 and 38 centimeters by 2050. For almost all global mean sea level projections, the relative sea level rise is projected to be greater in the U.S. Northeast.

seen since three million years ago. Figure 5.1.1, shown below, shows the global annual average temperature from 1986 to 2016, as compared with the average temperature from 1901 to 1960.

In the past century, widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, and cryosphere have occurred. Human impact has affected weather and climate extremes globally and have led to losses and damages to both nature and people— with high confidence. Unfortunately, vulnerable and marginalized communities (who often have contributed the least to climate change) are disproportionately affected.

Although an increase in the intensity of hurricanes in the North Atlantic is projected with medium confidence, increased frequency of hurricanes in the Sea level rise on the east coast of the United region is projected with low confidence. Combined States is reported to be even higher than the global with rising sea levels, however, the probability of exaverage. US sea level changes in the Northeast Unit- treme flooding during hurricane events could be amed States have been recorded to be the largest in the plified. country. Carbon dioxide concentrations have surpassed th 400 parts per million (ppm), which is a condition not IPCC 6 Assessment Report (AR6)

The CSSR predicts with very high confidence that annual average temperatures over the contiguous United States will continue to rise. An increase of 2.5 °F is projected with high confidence between 2021 and 2050 relative to the average from the 1976 to 2005, regardless of the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario. According the CSSR, much larger rises are projected with high confidence from 2071 to 2100, ranging from 2.8 °F to 11.9 °F, depending on the RCP scenario.

An increase in precipitation is also projected in the United States. Increased heavy precipitation events have been observed since 1901. Heavy precipitation events are projected—with high confidence—to increase in most parts of the United States, but regions will be affected differently. As seen in Figure 5.1.2, the Northeast region is expected to see the largest increase in heavy precipitation events.

The continued emissions of greenhouse gasses will lead to increased global warming, with increased temperatures intensifying multiple hazards—high confidence. With further warming, droughts and heatwaves are projected to occur with higher frequency.

Due to sea level rise, hundred-year floods are projected to occur every year in over half of all tide gauge locations by 2100—high confidence. Many regional areas are likely to experience intensified tropical cyclones and extratropical storms.

Nantucket Coastal Resilience Plan

Through 2070, over 2300 buildings on Nantucket 93% of excess heat due to greenhouse gas emis- are at risk of either erosion or coastal flooding, with sions since the mid-20th century has been absorbed by 84% of these being residential buildings, and 50% histhe ocean. This has caused ocean warming, leading to toric. By 2070, at least six inched of flood water during regular high tide are expected to cover almost 30 miles disrupted global and regional feedback loops. of roadway. The island predicts $3.4 billion in damages

5.1.3

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

is expected to experience an 8% increase in average In a 2020 Town report titled High-Tides and precipitation by 2050, and frequency of heavy precipiFlooding on Easy Street: A progress report and key find- tation events are expected to increase by one to three ings, a six-fold increase in frequency of tidal flooding days per year.

Sea level rise and coastal storm inundation are was reported over the last four decades. Data from the Nantucket Harbor—recorded since 1963—indicated a also expected to cause damages in coming years. Sea 0.14-inch sea level rise average per year in the harbor. level rise and coastal inundation are expected to acSea level rise and increased intensity and pos- celerate coastal erosion, promote landward migration sibly frequency of storms is expected to increase the of shorelines, increase rate of saltwater intrusion and changes to groundwater, and amplify flooding due to rate of erosion in Nantucket. higher storm surges. By 2050, the regional area exGroundwater table rise is another threat that pects to see 1.3 to 3.1 feet of sea level rise. faces Nantucket. It is primarily driven due to an inHurricanes are projected to increase in both increase in sea level. As sea level rises, the water table is projected to rise as well, possibly ponding above the tensity and precipitation. Hurricane damage can be surface and inundating areas not directly connected due to wind-blown rain, wind, and debris. Large temto the shoreline. This could lead to novel wetlands or perature swings caused by hurricanes can cause sudexpand existing wetlands. Likewise, the coincidence of den thermal expansion and crack pipes. high tide (and therefore high groundwater table) and Town of Nantucket Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan large precipitation events could lead to especially inOver the past decade, precipitation has been tense flooding. Rising groundwater table can also negatively impact build infrastructure, destabilizing soils on the rise, resulting in increased impacts from rain, and building foundations and infiltrating underground flooding, snow, and winter storms. The National Climate Data Center reported an increase in precipitation utilities. of 0.55 inches per decade between 1895 and 2017.

However, this increase in precipitation is expected to NPS Climate Change Hazards Summary Report for become more distributed across seasons in coming Facility Investment Planning: Cape Cod National Seayears. According to UMass Amherst Northeast Climate shore An increase in temperature in the Cape Cod Na- Science Center, spring, summer, and autumn are protional Seashore region is expected in coming years, with jected to experience a 10-15% increase in precipitafewer days registering below freezing. Changing pre- tion, while winter is projected to experience a 20-60% cipitation and humidity conditions are also expected to increase. Non-coastal flooding, caused by rain and occur. The effects of these changing conditions could runoff, leads to riverine and overbank flooding, spillinclude local flooding, mold growth, wood decay, fire ing water into floodplain areas. Winter ice jams can risk, and intensified drought conditions. Extreme pre- exacerbate this issue. Nantucket faces urban flooding cipitation events are also likely to increase. The effects due to overwhelmed drainage systems, inappropriate on infrastructure and operations of increased extreme impermeable surfaces, and other built infrastructure. precipitation events include flooding of sites, sewage Increased sea levels are expected to worsen erosion backup, accelerated decay of masonry, compromised rates, given the coastal vulnerability index of moderate drainage systems, road washout, cracks in building in- to very high provided by the United States Geological frastructure, destabilization of buildings and pipes, and Survey for Nantucket’s shoreline. on Nantucket due to coastal flooding and erosion.

erosion of supporting ground and structures. Cape cod Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

Coastal flooding is a significant threat to Nan5.1.4

August 2023

tucket, primarily driven by storm surges. The most damaging coastal flooding on Nantucket generally occurs during extreme weather events such as nor’easters, tropical storms, and hurricanes. This can also lead to overflow in tidal creeks and ponds. Hurricanes and tropic storms bring dangers like wind, heavy precipitation, and rapid shoreline change. Nor’easter winds from the Northeast can amplify flooding due to tide stacking in the harbor. For a more detailed summary of the Hazard Mitigation Plan, refer to Section 2.5.

University of Florida’s Resilient Nantucket: 3D Digital Documentation and Sea Level Rise Visualization

dition aspect, evident signs on the brick units—like open joints and efflorescence—signal a susceptibility to heightened moisture content, a vulnerability further exacerbated when combined with the synergy of the aforementioned temporal and contextual analysis.

Collectively, these vulnerabilities can engender a range of impacts. On the level of the building assembly, they might result in substantial moisture accumulation, while on the functionality level, they could influence the well-being of items housed within. Consequently, these insights underscore the necessity of a monitoring system encompassing exterior and interior water tables, relative humidity, and temperature.

Visual projections for sea level rise can be seen The benefits of the risk analysis framework exfor the Thomas Macy Warehouse and the corner of the tend beyond just creating an integrated scenario. It Candle Factory. can also be adapted into a linear framework tailored to analyze specific climatic hazards. By interconnecting 5.1.3 Step 2: Risk Analysis The risk analysis framework is constructed upon a foundation of factors encompassing the building’s susceptibility to climatic risks, material characteristics, existing conditions, and an analysis of the site’s context, all of which have been gathered in mentioned processes. Leveraging these findings, these four dimensions are systematically and comprehensively evaluated, ultimately culminating in the depiction of “vulnerabilities,” as presented in Figure 5.1.3, distinguished by the hue of blue.

Illustrating this with the Candle Factory as an exemplar, its vulnerabilities can be categorized into three primary groups. The first pertains to temporal changes, encompassing considerations like the impact of material compatibility throughout its construction history, the evolution of functionalities, and its present state of emergency preparedness. The second facet of vulnerability is interwoven with its spatial context, encompassing the microclimate influenced by surrounding vegetation and trees, its proximity to the ocean, and the potentially rising water table, warranting further verification. Shifting the focus to the material and con-

5.1.5

Table 5.1.2. Primary and secondary hazards.

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

existing conditions, site context, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts, these elements collectively contribute to a cohesive narrative, thereby developing a cost-effectiveness system through logical linkages and relationships. Furthermore, this framework has the potential to pinpoint significant gaps between current investigative efforts and research, guiding the direction of future work.

For instance, considering the impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on the Candle Factory illustrates this concept. The likelihood of increased rainfall amplifies the challenge. Due to inadequate rainwater management on the site, particularly at the northeast corner of the building where moisture accumulates, elevated humidity levels are anticipated. This heightened humidity, when coupled with current observed conditions such as disaggregation, open joints, and incompatible restoration methods, will likely expedite the deterioration of the brick units. The culmination of these factors creates a scenario where the Candle Factory’s structural stability faces a grim outlook, with continued deterioration manifesting at an accelerated pace.

Table 5.1.3. Top 10 Nantucket storm crests. data from Town of For recommendations and areas of further re- Nantucket Community Resilience Building Workshop Final Report. search, refer to Section 5.7, Section 6.4, and Section Precipitation is likely to increase because of 6.5. changing global circulation patters and increased atFrom the data, a business-as-usual scenario can mospheric water vapor. begin to be developed for the climate of Nantucket in Humidity coming years. Assuming no drastic deviations from the Precipitation, combined with increased atmoprojections occur, trends can be interpreted to understand what Nantucket’s climate may look like in the spheric water vapor and higher temperatures, is likely next few decades. The separation of climatic events in to increase humidity. the future are separated into press and pulse events.

Sea Level Press events are gradual and constant, such as precipSea level is projected to rise more than the global itation and sea level trends. Pulse events are brief and average in the Northeast United States. severe, such as an intense storm or extreme temperaAir Temperature ture. The interaction of press and pulse disturbances is Average temperature is projected to increase. important to consider for future disaster and climate This will likely lead to less record setting cold events planning. and more record setting hot events.

Press Events Ocean Temperature Precipitation Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.1.6

August 2023

cade was recorded from 1895 to 2017. Current mean precipitation according to FEMA FIS is 43.66 inches per year. Increases in precipitation are projected to be split Erosion into seasons: 10% increase in spring and summer, 15% Due to rising rea levels and more intense storm increase in autumn, 20-60% increase in winter. events, the rate of erosion is projected to increase in NPS Climate Change and Cultural Resources: coming years.

Climate Change Impacts on Nantucket Groundwater Table Level Data gathered from NPC Climate Change ImAs sea level rise continues, groundwater table pacts on Nantucket is Cape Cod proxy data. Four-kilevel is expected to rise possibly inundating or regulometer grid climate data was collected daily, and larly flooding areas all over the island—not just on the downscaled using Multivariate Adaptive Constructed shoreline.

Analogs, a statistical method to downscale Global Climate Models (GCMs). 40 GCMs were run in varyPulse Event ing combinations with representative concentration In the case of an extreme weather event, current pathways (RCPs) of 4.5 and 8.5. The historical period weather trends would increase the intensity and im- used was 1950 to 2005, and the future period used pacts of the storm. Due to the increasing ocean tem- was 2025-2055. perature, hurricanes will have a greater efficiency level, Based on the proxy data, historic years have condue to their resemblance of Carnot cycles for efficiency tained 87 days with temperatures dropping below 32 calculations. °F. In warm damp predictions (low change in precipiExtreme Wind tation, low change in temperature), only 66 days will Extreme wind events during hurricanes and drop below 32 °F. In hot wet predictions (high change Nor’easters are expected to increase in intensity. in precipitation, high change in temperature), only 47 days will fall below 32 °F. Storm Surge Ocean temperature is expected to increase, promoting stronger and longer lasting storms.

Due to rising sea level and wind, storm surge is expected to increase in severity. In the winter, this could especially harm downtown, when Nor’easters trap tides in the harbor during storm events due to heavy sustained winds from the north. This leads to tide stacking and could make the effects of storm surge even more devastating.

Extreme Precipitation

Historically, 18 days a year have reached temperatures more than 95 °F. In warm damp projections, 39 days will exceed 95 °F. In hot wet projections, 62 days will exceed 95 °F. Projections for warm damp scenarios predict an increase of 1 inch of precipitation annually, whereas projections for hot wet scenarios predict an increase of 4.6 inches.

Historically, 3.7 large precipitation events have Most of the precipitation increase is expected to occur in the winter, leading to more intense individu- occurred annually, being defined as more than 1.4 al precipitation events. However, increase in extreme inches of precipitation in a day. In warm damp projections, 4.2 large precipitation events are predicted to precipitation events is expected to be minor. occur annually. In hot wet projections, 5.1 large precipitation events are predicted to occur annually.

Projections

5.1.7

Hazard Mitigation Plan

NOAA Tides and Currents

An increase of 0.55 inches of precipitation per de-

Monthly extreme water levels have been increas5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

ing 2.95 millimeters per year (95% confidence interval of 0.46 millimeters) based on Mean Sea Level data from 1965 to 2005.

water to reach critical areas, leading to rapid corrosion of the underside of the town vehicles.

Erosion

Primary versus Secondary Hazards

The increased rate of erosion will increasingly afThe recognition that primary hazards can inter- fect recreational and environmental areas due to the act with one another, and lead to secondary hazards movement of sand and dynamic nature of beaches. A and impacts, is important to consider. Hazards based recent example of this is the Sesachacha Pond breach on those identified in the Town of Nantucket’s Hazard in March of 2018. Erosion patterns are already threatening to damage critical infrastructure, including the Mitigation Plan (2019). southern end of the Airport runway and the Surfside Town of Nantucket Community Resilience BuildWastewater Treatment Plan. ing Workshop Final Report In the town of Nantucket’s Final Report for the Community Resilience Building Workshop Summary of Findings, each hazard was broken down into its specific concerns and recent examples. Many of the specific concerns listed under each of the primary hazards can be viewed as secondary hazards that accompany, or combine with, the effects of the primary hazard.

High Wind

High wind poses a unique threat to the island, as it cuts of Nantucket from the mainland. In cases of high wind, air travel is temporarily halted, and ferry transportation temporarily shuts down. A recent example of this is the tropical storm Jose in 2017. High wind during the winter can also lead to snow drifts forming, blocking roads, and limiting island access. In March of 2014, Sea Level Rise a blizzard blocked Milestone Road with both trees and The increase in sea level will lead to extended snow drifts. High wind also poses a threat of power exposure to saltwater, which will pose individual conoutages. cerns as well as contribute to increasing storm severity.

Rising sea level could lead to the intrusion of saltwaSevere Storms ter into the groundwater on Nantucket, contaminating drinking water for the island. Rising sea level could also Severe storms pose a major threat to the outlead to corrosion of infrastructure or seawater leakage dated drainage and sewer systems on Nantucket. High into wastewater pipes. precipitation and storm surge during a severe storm As of early 2019, seven of the ten highest flood can overwhelm the drainage system, as seen in the crests recorded by NOAA on Nantucket have occurred January 2018 sewer main breach. in the last ten years, with five occurring in 2018 alone.

Wildfire Coastal Flooding The increase of average temperature, and the Isolation and fragmentation could occur if roads are flooded, cutting off access to specific areas. Neighborhoods with a singular access route can be isolated from rest of town, resources, and emergency vehicles.

This occurred recently in 2018 nor’easters. Utilities can be damaged, with specific concern given to electrical systems being flooded. Equipment can also be damaged due to coastal flooding. During nor’easters in 2018, town vehicles were forced to drive through salt Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

occurrence of droughts are expected to continue, increasing the island’s risk to wildfire. In 2016, a brush fire occurred.

Development and Impervious Surfaces Runoff and erosion are a significant threat to developed areas and are made worse by the increasing development of impervious surfaces. The proliferation of impervious surfaces has led to increasing volume 5.1.8

August 2023

and rate of surface runoff, which increases the rate of erosion.

Top Hazards The discussions held by the town lead to the identification of what are considered the top-priority hazards to the town: • Coastal Flooding • Severe Storms (wind, rain, surge) • Sea Level Rise

• How have past repairs or additions on the site contributed to its current vulnerability to different hazards?

• How have changed landscape and surroundings from historic context affected vulnerability?

The specific conditions for each site are examined in depth in Section 5.3 to 5.6. Materials and conditions glossaries can be found for each of the four chosen sites in Section 8.1 to 8.4.

• Erosion • High Wind • Wildfires and Droughts 5.1.4 Step 3: Creation of Risk Scenarios in Short and Long Terms Data on hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure are analyzed to understand potential impacts on historic materials and assemblies in the short and long term.

5.1.5 Step 4: Prioritization of Research, Investigation, and Monitoring Through in-depth conditions assessments, digital mapping of surroundings and topography, and archival data, a plethora of site-specific data was acquired.

Merging this site-specific data with climate data on a much larger scale was framed through the following questions: • How sensitive are different materials to different conditions and hazards?

• How are the existing conditions contributing to the vulnerabilities of the structures?

• How do the conditions of the materials, structures, and surroundings interact and contribute towards vulnerability to different hazards?

5.1.9

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

Figure 5.1.1. Global temperature anomalies. Climate Science Special Report 4th Assessment.

Figure 5.1.2. Observed change in heavy precipitation. Climate Science Special Report 4th Assessment.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.1.10

August 2023

Figure 5.1.3. Physical climate changes due to human influence.

Figure 5.1.4. Annual precipitation trends in coastal Massachusetts. IPCC 6th Assessment report.

5.1.11

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

Figure 5.1.5. Monthly historic mean sea level in Nantucket Harbor. Town of Nantucket Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Figure 5.1.6. Nantucket extreme water levels. Town of Nantucket Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.1.12

August 2023

Figure 5.1.7. Conceptual Risk Analysis Framework.

5.1.13

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

Figure 5.1.8. Conceptual Causal Risk Analysis Framework.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.1.14

August 2023

5.1.6 Methodologies for Documentation and Condition Assessment Archival Research The documentation and research preparing for condition and risk analysis were conducted in two groups. While some members were engrossed in preparing digital drawings and imagery, one of them diligently undertook archival research, a process spanning two weeks from July 13th to 27th. This comprehensive procedure encompassed an in-depth investigation into the structural history and building chronology of the chosen structures within the NHA archive. The research involved maintenance reports, logs, and corresponding photographs that effectively illustrated the evolution of these buildings over time. To supplement the historical narrative of the buildings, NHA publications and journals were also scrutinized and integrated.

To facilitate this research, the team member utilized the digital prowess of Cam Scanner, a versatile application enabling users to seamlessly scan, digitize, and efficiently manage physical documents via their mobile phone cameras. Cam Scanner boasted an array of functionalities, including image enhancement, cropping, and Optical Character Recognition (OCR), a technology that transformed scanned images into editable and searchable text. The resultant digitized images residing on mobile devices could be uploaded onto a cloud-based platform, fostering easy sharing and accessibility across various devices for all collaborators involved.

HABS-standard Photograph A HABS-standard photograph, adhering to the guidelines outlined by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), represents a meticulously crafted, high-quality image with the purpose of documenting historical architecture and structures. In the comprehensive documentation phase, a dedicated team member invested three days in capturing visuals of a 5.1.15

majority of the NHA properties. These photographs serve as a pivotal cornerstone within conservation initiatives, as they meticulously encapsulate architectural intricacies, material attributes, spatial interconnections, and the contextual environment. Furthermore, these images can be extracted and subjected to analysis, facilitating the creation of material and condition glossaries that contribute to more in-depth assessments of their state and condition.

Working with AutoCAD: Digitizing Existing Drawings Upon acquiring existing HABS and architectural drawings, a verification process was initiated before importing them into AutoCAD for digitization. On-site verifications were conducted to fill gaps in the existing drawing data and enhance the understanding of spatial relationships. The objective behind creating CAD drawings was to generate accurate DWG files for reference in condition assessment and long-term data storage. The primary approaches involved using AutoCAD’s “Attach” feature to insert drawings as images into the CAD environment and subsequently tracing them using functions such as “Polylines” and “Annotations.” (Figure 5.1.9.)

Working with Reality Capture & Autodesk Recap Pro: Drone Imagery Photogrammetry and 3D Documentation In addition to working with existing drawings, the team leveraged advanced drone imagery and digital photogrammetry technologies for documentation and site-scaled data analysis. Drone imagery refers to aerial photographs or videos captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). To document historic properties, drones equipped with high-resolution cameras were deployed to capture intricate visual data from various angles and altitudes. (Figure 5.1.10) This imagery provided a comprehensive view of the property’s architecture, condition, and surrounding environment, facilitating the preservation and documentation of its 5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

historical elements.

Digital photogrammetry involves employing computer algorithms to process drone imagery into precise 3D models or maps. This method was employed to achieve accurate measurements, reconstructions, and topographic models. The chosen software for this project was Reality Capture. By analyzing captured imagery and identifying common points, the software calculated distances, dimensions, and positions, resulting in a precise 3D representation known as a Point Cloud.

(Figure 5.1.11) A point cloud comprises data points in three-dimensional space, each denoting a specific position. In this project, the point cloud models captured detailed spatial information about the buildings’ surfaces, contours, and architectural features.

Typically, a point cloud model requires further processing to eliminate noise points and unwanted details. Therefore, processing is imperative. In this project, Autodesk’s Recap Pro was employed for this purpose. Recap Pro facilitates the import and processing of data from various sources. The software offers tools for aligning and merging different data sets, refining the resulting point clouds, and generating textured 3D models suitable for visualization and analysis. (Figure 5.1.12) This process aids in comprehending the property’s geometry and identifying structural intricacies.

Another notable advantage of Recap Pro is its compatibility with the AutoCAD workflow. Point cloud models saved in Recap formats, such as RCS and RCP, can be directly “attached” to the AutoCAD environment, making them ideal for tracing the drawings. Moreover, Recap allows users to export ortho-rectified photographs that are not easily obtainable from digital cameras.

(Figure 5.1.13) Given these benefits, the 2023 team adeptly documented property details and conditions at a precise level.

Working with ArcGIS: Site Analysis A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a representation of the bare ground (bare earth) topographic surface of the Earth excluding trees, buildings, and any Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

other surface objects. It is a raster file with elevation data for each raster cell. After acquiring the 2018 Town of Nantucket Lidar DEM from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with a 1-meter cell resolution, the data is imported into ArcGIS Pro for further analysis.

ArcGIS is a mapping and analysis solution. Central to its functionality is Geoprocessing, a framework, and set of tools for processing geographic and related data. The comprehensive suite of geoprocessing tools can be used to perform spatial analysis or manage GIS data in an automated way.

To enhance comprehension of site elevation variations, a gradient color scheme is employed to depict elevation differences in the DEM’s raster cells. The “Slope” tool generates a supplementary map illustrating terrain steepness, which, when combined with the DEM map, affords a more comprehensive understanding of topography.

Hydrological analysis, integral to this methodology, also employs Geoprocessing in ArcGIS Pro. Using “Spatial Analyst > Hydrology > Fill,” the DEM is refined to be seamless and leak-less. Subsequently, “Hydrology > Flow Direction” processes the filled DEM, selecting the lowest boundary point between adjacent raster. “Hydrology > Flow Accumulation” identifies raster pixels accumulating water, followed by “Spatial Analyst > Conditional > Set Null,” which collects the pixels with accumulation from >100 and gives them a 1 value. Thus, the result is a series of raster streams where flow is accumulating. “Stream to Feature” within the hydrology tools converts these streams into tangible streamlines, aiding the identification of stormwater flow based on topography, which is particularly beneficial for properties such as the Jethro Coffin House.

Condition Assessment Condition assessment involves systematically evaluating a structure’s physical state and overall status. Amid the context of climate change, this assessment not only focused on material characterization, 5.1.16

August 2023

condition mapping, and evaluation but also linked them with climatic data, the properties’ exposure to climate hazards, and site context analysis. From July 24th to 28th, the team was divided into two subgroups for comprehensive on-site condition analysis. The goal was to identify and document issues such as deterioration, damage, structural weaknesses, and other factors impacting the building’s stability and historical authenticity. This assessment encompassed visual inspections, non-destructive testing, and advanced techniques such as moisture content measurement and infrared imaging. Moreover, consultations with NHA property managers and conservation experts were conducted.

cern, deterioration patterns, and specific issues within the historic building. These drawings offered a clear and organized overview of the building’s condition.

This aids in prioritizing conservation activities, optimizing resource allocation, and preserving the building’s historical significance while addressing structural and material needs.

Strategies for condition inspection were tailored to each property’s features. The two teams first developed a material glossary and condition glossary for two groups of buildings, for example, the Candle Factory and Thomas Macy Warehouse are more focused on the condition of brick units such as open joints, disaggregation, and efflorescence. The two glossaries for wood buildings, e.g., Greater Light and Jethro Coffin House mainly involve conditions such as wood rot, out-of-plane behavior, and insect infestation.

Moreover, Candle Factory assessment prioritized the north elevation—both exterior and interior—due to observed moisture concentration and conditions in that area. Similarly, the Thomas Macy Warehouse assessment focused on interior efflorescence and moisture infiltration, given the recent repointing of the exterior elevation. Accessibility during these inspections was also a concern, as the NHA properties are open to the public. Thus, assessment teams had to work before operating hours and sometimes use ladders or delve into basements to examine less visible conditions.

To adequately document and present these condition findings, on-site mapping was crucial. Condition mapping involves translating assessment findings into visual representations, typically in the form of elevation drawings. Detailed notes, photographs, and data collected during the assessment are used to create graphical representations highlighting areas of con5.1.17

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

Figure 5.1.8. Tracing existing drawings of Greater Light in AutoCAD.

Figure 5.1.9. Drone imagery of the Jethero Coffin House.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.1.18

August 2023

Figure 5.1.10. Digital photogrammetry process on Jethero Coffin House in Reality Capture.

Figure 5.1.11. Processing the point cloud model in Recap Pro.

5.1.19

5.1 Introduction to detailed risk assessment

August 2023

Figure 5.1.12. Generating ortho-rectified image of the front facade of Jethero Coffin House from Point Cloud.

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5.1.20

5.2 Jethro Coffin House (Oldest House)

5.2.1 Exposure

By 1870, the Jethro Coffin House was abandoned and used for hay storage. In 1881, the house was purAccording to the latest climate data and risk chased by Tristram Coffin, who made the first major maps, the Jethro Coffin House is exposed to the folseries of repairs to the previously abandoned house. lowing hazards, separated into press and pulse events Many features of the structure were replaced including as discussed in the introduction to this section.n to this the roof, weathered timbers, and the cornices to the section. old chimney top. Some of the exterior original shingles Press events: Increasing humidity were removed and replaced with ones from an “old Pulse events: Non-coastal flooding, hurricane in- house being torn down in the town”. Historic records point to the Paddack house being the house that conundation, wind. tributed its parts to the Jethro Coffin House. During this renovation, it was discovered that a fire had pre5.2.2 Construction and Hazard History viously demolished most of the rear lean-to structure The Jethro Coffin House was built in 1686 as a that had originally been entirely across the back of the “medieval hall-and-parlor dwelling of two stories, loft, house but was enclosed after the fire. The bulkhead lean-to, two front gables, and front entrance ‘porch’ was also removed and an opening in the foundation or projecting enclosure.” Due to the age of the struc- was filled in. ture the building chronology is quite complex. Much In 1886, a kitchen fire demolished what remained of the original information that was collected on the of the lean-to structure and caused other damage to repairs preceding the Nantucket Historic Association the property. As a result of this event, the interior of (NHA) ownership was collected from various letters the house was repaired and a closet was removed on and journals of family members who resided in the the North side of the existing west room fireplace to historic house. In 1840, a new fireplace was construct- reveal the original one that was covered up in the eared in front of the original. During the same period the ly nineteenth century. In 1897, the house was then front door of the porch was reported as being in “very opened as an historic house museum for visiting tourbad shape” and was therefore removed and moved to ists. In 1923 the house was purchased by the NHA and the back line of the lot for the coal shed and chicken a major preservation project began to repair the struccoop. In a letter written by Harriet Gardner, she states tural systems of the house. In 1927, the chimney was that her father had removed the top of the front door raised 3 ¾ inches on the west side causing it to move 8 – a part of the original 1686 structure – and used it in inches to the east at the ridge line. A new, solid foundathe main hall. tion was constructed underneath the chimney to sta5.2.1

August 2023

bilize it. A new foundation was made throughout the with strengthening adhesives that allowed them to be returned to their original locations. The entire steel entire structure below the frost line.

The sills in the framing were replaced and, at framework was connected to a lightning protection the same time, the Southeast corner of the house system to protect against future strikes. During these was jacked 17 inches to realign the structure. A new repairs, a vapor barrier was added to the roof and the frame for the house was set up and the lean-to was existing plaster was stabilized. All unhealthy timber restored to its original dimensions spanning the entire was removed and chemically treated, exposed to varNorthern elevation. They uncovered the original kitch- ious temperatures, and then replaced in their original en fireplace and replaced the double hung windows position to maintain the historic integrity. Fiberglass with casement windows. During this renovation they beams were also added to reinforce the lean-to strucalso filled in the cellar access in the hall closet when ture. A scuttle hatch was added to the new roof, made the floorboards were taken up and “much work took of fiberglass beams, lead coated copper, and covered place”. Many repairs happened to the cellar and the with eastern white cedar.

In 1990 two holes about 12 by 12 inches were dug in the foundation to add concrete footings and then add floor insulation. That same year, new spots for electrical boxes were added, the exterior trim was changed from red cedar to white cedar and the studs of the lean-to structure were consolidated with epoxy.

Minor repairs were also made to the interior as a mild sanding and cleaning of the floor occurred to restore In 1968, after the house was designated a Na- the appearance. tional Historic Landmark, it was wired for electricity. In 1987, a devasting blow struck the NHA when a major 5.2.3 Site Context lightning strike hit the chimney demolished a substanThe Jethro Coffin House sits on an expansive tial portion of the historic property. As a result of the strike, the chimney exploded due to compressed pres- open lawn surrounded by a dense array of trees on the sure, as well as all of the electrical boxes due to the east, west, and north sides. Located on the south side surging current. The southeast portion of the roof and of the lawn is Sunset Hill Ln. Situated on a relatively foundation were also severely damaged. This hazard elevated position, the property has a reduced vulnerled to a three-year long effort starting in 1987 to sal- ability to coastal flooding. On the north side of the vage the building. In the first series of repairs, the NHA building, there is a back kitchen yard, and to the east, a repaired the east gable; added supports to the joints sheepfold. A well can be found to the southeast of the on the southwest corner of the Parlor chamber; re- building. An inconspicuous trail extends from Sunset moved and replaced all stairs; replaced broken boards Hill Ln, discernible through bare soil from human use on the second story landing, attic, and first floor; re- on the lawn (Figure 5.2.1, Figure 5.2.2, Figure 5.2.3, paired a major portion of the foundation; and started Figure 5.2.4). an effort to salvage the roof. mortar was patched up using clay mortar. The chimney was also renovated using clay mortar and cement mortar. Other significant structural repairs occurred including the replacement of the Southeast corner posts and chimney post, as well as most of the structural girts. Most of the studs in the overall structure were replaced and the Northeast corner post was completely replaced due to decay.

In the second round of repairs, the preservation team focused on adding a supplementary steel support system. Workers injected shattered timbers Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.2.2

August 2023

Water Accumulation and Ineffective Rainwater Management System

fin House is largely constructed in wooden materials.

Much of the building’s structural skeleton is visible Based on on-site observation and analysis of the throughout the interior, with exposed wooden sills, NOAA-provided Digital Elevation Model1, it was ob- white-washed girts, exposed structural corner posts, served that the majority of stormwater runoff moves and exposed joists. (Figure 5.2.8) Also included are away from the building. However, a portion of water wide floorboards, wooden window assemblies, a few flows towards the west side, which is then drained by thin plank walls, and substantial timber lintels over the the water inlet located on that side. Attention should two first floor fireplaces. The exterior is also entirely be given to potential water accumulation spots on the finished in wooden materials, with wooden shingles on south side of the building, as they may introduce mois- the roof and each elevation, wooden gutters, as well as wooden soffit boxes protecting the downspouts at ture-related concerns (Figure 5.2.5). each corner. (Figure 5.2.9) Adjacent Trees

Brick Near the southwestern corner of the building, The chimney massing of the Jethro Coffin house there is a small Lilac. While its size poses a low tree-fall threat to the house, it does obstruct sunlight on some is made almost completely of brick and mortar with parts of the western façade, potentially leading to in- the exception of two large timber lintels over each of creased humidity and biological growth (Figure 5.2.6). the hearth openings on the first floor (Figure 5.2.10).

In several places toward the lower section of the chimOn the west side of the building, there are sevney massing, significant deterioration has already takeral tall trees that present potential risks. These trees en hold and is particularly advanced on its southern may be susceptible to limb breakage, tree fall, and side (seen in the small utility closet in the southeast could pose fire hazards (Figure 5.2.7). room of the first floor) (Figure 5.2.11). Throughout the lower third of the chimney mass, relatively high levels 5.2.4 Building Assembly of moisture were found, likely a sign of rising damp infiltrating the porous material from the soils beneath.

A fine example of traditional construction techWith an extensive history of repair and replacement niques, the Jethro Coffin House is a timber frame buildsince its original construction, further investigation ing on a rubble stone foundation with a central chimwill be necessary in order to more accurately identify ney massing. The exterior is clad in wood shingles on the age and provenance of much of the Jethro Coffin each of its four elevations as well as its roof, while the House’s brick. However, with an extensive restoration interior is largely finished with plaster over wood lathe, performed in 1987 after a devastating lightning strike, some of which has been deliberately exposed to give it is known that a significant portion of the upper secvisitors insight into the historic materials and constructions of the chimney were completely replaced (Figure tion techniques.

5.2.12).

5.2.5 Materials Characterization Wood As a timber framed structure, the Jethro Cof1 The cell resolution is 1.00 meters, which was verified in the field to be sufficiently accurate for this analysis.

5.2.3

Stone The stone foundation the building sits atop appears in good condition and to be made of granite field stones. The subgrade cellar beneath the southwestern room is also fortified on all four sides (the westernmost and most substantial of which appears to be the 5.2 Jethro Coffin House

August 2023

interior wall of the foundation itself) with granite field stone (Figure 5.2.13).

Mortar

Plaster The interior walls of the Jethro Coffin House are finished with plaster over wood lath, with a white paint.

Throughout much of the chimney massing, a The material glossary can be found in the Appenbuff-colored, relatively soft mortar was noted which dix. appears to be in good condition. The mortar used • Wood Shingle Siding: A thin cladding unit of throughout the field stone foundation is a darker grey wood, usually cut from green wood and then and much harder and also appears to be in good conkiln dried, either split along the grain or cut to dition other than some light biological growth on the stock lengths, widths, and thicknesses; used as northern side. In the cellar, however, at least three sepan exterior wall covering, applied in an overlaparate types of mortar were noted on the eastern stone ping fashion. wall. The deepest of them is a very soft, brown mortar that appears to be comprised of a very high clay • Stone Foundation: A thick, solid, foundation content and retaining a significant amount of moismade up of stone (a strong natural substance) ture. Spread atop this soft, deep mortar is a second, and mortar. drier mortar that is quite friable and was spread in a • Wood Shingle Roofing: A thin roofing unit of sweeping way with a seemingly comb-like instrument. wood, usually cut from green wood and then Finally, certain areas of that same stone wall have been kiln dried, either split along the grain or cut to patched with an extremely hard, cementitious mortar stock lengths, widths, and thicknesses; used as with much larger aggregate. No records mention any an exterior covering on sloping roofs, applied in of these various mortars and the mixed usage of them an overlapping fashion. only appears in the cellar walls (Figure 5.2.14).

Iron In each window and entry door, wrought iron hardware is used. Light corrosion was noted throughout the exterior iron elements (Figure 5.2.15).

Steel As part of the roof repairs undertaken after the 1987 lightning strike, steel tie-beams were installed spanning between the timber rafters in the attic. Rather than implementing repairs that would return the roof to perfectly square and plumb, efforts were made to retain the slightly swaybacked nature of the historic structure. To ensure that this nonplanar aesthetic would not compromise structural integrity, the tierods were installed several inches above the level of the attic floor between the heavy timber rafters (Figure 5.2.16).

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

• Wood Frame Roof Structure: Large timber members for primary rafters and rafter ties, with additional conventional lumber rafters included as well.

• Steel Tie-Rods: After the Jethro Coffin House was struck by lightning in 1987, a major restoration took place which included using steel tie-rods to stabilize the roof structure.

• Plaster: An interior finish, usually made up of a mixture of gypsum or lime with sand and water, producing a paste-like material that is applied in the plastic state, usually over lath fastened to a wall or ceiling, which hardens as it dries.

• Wood Plank Flooring: Large, square-cut wooden planks running the length of the room.

5.2.4

August 2023

5.2.6 Existing Conditions

chimney materials.

Though the Jethro Coffin House sits atop a significant promontory, its surrounding contexts and topog- 5.2.7 Risk Scenarios raphy contribute to certain exposures that could lead Among the climatic hazards and exposure, Jethro to future vulnerabilities of the materials present.

Coffin House is susceptible to sea level rise, high tide Presently, the most prevalent existing condition flooding, coastal flooding, hurricane inundation, and at the Jethro Coffin House is the presence of biological wind effects. These climatic events pose threats to the growth along its northern and western elevations and building’s structural integrity and its ability to withroof. (Figure 5.2.18) Though recent efforts have been stand extreme weather conditions. made to scrub away much of the lichen built up across Jethro Coffin House’s long history, marked by the roof, due to a lack of direct sunlight hitting the various renovations and repairs, has resulted in a mix northern side of the building, the issue will recur. This of construction techniques and materials. This comis, however, a largely aesthetic issue, particularly when plex history has led to varying degrees of vulnerabilione considers that the structure’s wooden shingles are ty across different parts of the structure, particularly all replacements (and will continue to be replaced in in response to climatic stresses such as flooding and the future once their service life comes to an end). wind.

The dense vegetation along the western elevaThe building’s elevated position provides some tion (roughly 12’ from the structure) also contributes protection against coastal flooding, but its proximito the rise of biological growth by creating a slight mity to dense vegetation and the presence of biological croclimate due to the natural humidity of shaded argrowth indicate potential risks from humidity and waeas and the retention of groundwater by underground ter-related damage. The location also raises concerns root systems. Though moisture levels in the building about the building’s ability to drain stormwater effecmaterials on the west elevation are not reaching crititively and manage moisture accumulation. cal levels, there is a notably higher percentage on this The timber frame construction, combined with side likely stemming from the shaded/humid microclia rubble stone foundation and various types of mormate created by the nearby vegetation. tar, creates a diverse response to environmental conInvestigation of the sub-grade cellar in the westditions. The presence of different materials like brick, ern side of the structure revealed a significant amount wood, and steel tie-rods in the roof structure adds of moisture accumulation in the cellar’s stone foundacomplexity to the building’s resilience against climatic tion, particularly in its eastern section. That eastern stresses. section of the cellar wall was also noted to contain at Short-Term Risk Scenarios: Immediate risks inleast three different types of mortar, with the deepest (and likely oldest) mortar consisting of what is believed clude damage from coastal and non-coastal flooding, to be largely clay. Such clay mortar is not only a partic- particularly given the building’s history of water-relatularly efficient pathway for moisture uptake but is also ed damage and its current exposure to sea level rise. quite friable, scraping away easily at just a light touch. High humidity levels due to inadequate rainwater Additionally, as high moisture levels were noted in the management and biological growth on the north and structures central chimney massing (just past the east west elevations are also concerns. wall of the cellar), rising damp from an elevated water Long-Term Risk Scenarios: Prolonged exposure to table may lead to further accelerated saturation of the climatic events, coupled with the building’s historical 5.2.5

5.2 Jethro Coffin House

August 2023

susceptibility to lightning, fire and water damage, may lead to significant deterioration of materials, especially the wooden and brick elements. Rising damp and increased saturation of the chimney materials due to an elevated water table could accelerate structural decay.

Considering the preservation and resilience of Jethro Coffin House, it is essential to address these vulnerabilities through improved stormwater management, regular monitoring of biological growth, and reinforcement of the structure against climatic stresses.

Integrating community engagement and educational initiatives about the building’s historical significance can enhance community resilience, while adaptive conservation practices will ensure its longevity as a cultural heritage site in the face of climate change.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.2.6

August 2023

Figure 5.2.1. Satellite Plan (Source: Google Earth)

Figure 5.2.2. Site Plan

5.2.7

5.2 Jethro Coffin House

August 2023

Figure 5.2.3. Jethro Coffin House Elevation Mapping (Source: DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS)

5.2.4. Jethro Coffin House Slope Mapping (Source: DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS) Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.2.8

August 2023

Figure 5.2.5. Stormwater Runoff Analysis (Source: DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS)

Figure 5.2.6. Tree near the southwestern corner of the building

5.2.9

5.2 Jethro Coffin House

August 2023

Figure 5.2.8. Wooden Interior Elements

Figure 5.2.7. Adjacent Large Trees

Figure 5.2.9. Wooden Exterior Elements

Figure 5.2.11. Advanced brick deterioration viewed in the first floor closet beneath the stairs

Figure 5.2.10. The chimney of the Jethro Coffin House

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5.2.10

August 2023

Figure 5.2.12. The hearth located in the northern lean-to section

Figure 5.2.13. Field Stone Foundation

Figure 5.2.14. Buff-colored mortar in the hearth assembly

Figure 5.2.15. Wrought Iron Hardware on Windows

Figure 5.2.17. Interior plaster with window revealing lath

Figure 5.2.18. Biological growth on the Northern elevation

5.2.11

5.2 Jethro Coffin House

August 2023

Figure 5.2.16. Steel Tie-Rods installed after 1987 lightning strike (edit note: crop to tie-rods)

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.2.12

August 2023

Figure 5.2.17. Risk Analysis Diagram for Jethro Coffin House.

5.2.13

5.2 Jethro Coffin House

August 2023

Figure 5.2.18. Causal Risk Analysis Diagram for Jethro Coffin House.

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5.2.14

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

The Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory has been the flagship property of the Nantucket Historical Association since the organization acquired the building in 1929. Constructed in 1847, the building served as candle factory, storage, and, briefly, antiques shop before the NHA’s acquisition. Often referred to as “Nantucket’s living room” for its central location in downtown and near the wharves, the Candle Factory served as the main exhibition space for artifacts and multi-media displays depicting Nantucket’s history of whaling and associated industries. Today the Candle Factory shares this role with the 2005 Whaling Museum addition to its west.

the NHA’s archives for the building. Though limited in scope, this timeline of events illustrates the baseline of what is possible for the Candle Factory in the future.

A 2018 report1 indicates that the 1991 “Perfect Storm” was a major flood event for the Candle Factory but does not describe site-specific details of the event.

The same report focuses on two flooding events that occurred in 2018. The event on 4 January 2018 is attributed to storm surge, and was the “only occasion when water actually penetrated into the museum’s buildings;” “the reach of the flood waters from this storm was almost identical to the yellow Category 3 storm flooding boundary seen in the [Coastal Zone Management map.”2 During this storm, the flood wa5.3.1 Exposure ters entered through the double wooden doors on the connector building between the Discovery Center and According to the latest climate data and risk the Candle Factory. maps, the Candle Factory is exposed to the following Candle Factory management was more prepared hazards, separated into press and pulse events as disfor the nor’easter that took place two months later cussed in the introduction to this section. on 3-4 March 2018.3 Flood levels were similar to the 4 Press events: Sea level rise January 2018 flooding, but water did not get into the Pulse events: Coastal flooding, hurricane inunda- building due to the building of a berm at the back steps tion, wind. of the Gift Shop at the east of the Candle Factory. (Figure 5.3.1) 5.3.2 Hazard history A property-specific hazard history should be assembled for each NHA property that details the extent of damage and the response for each event. The assessment of hazard history in this section of the report is limited to what is recorded in the recent reports and 5.3.1

1 McGrath Architecture. “Flood Resiliency Report & Facilities Capital Expenditure Forecast Plan.” Nantucket, MA: Nantucket Historical Association, March 8, 2018. https://envisionresilience.squarespace.com/s/Nantucket-Historical-Association-Sea-Level-Rise-Report-2018.pdf.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

August 2023

A detailed timeline of building alterations and maintenance organized into small units (room, elevation, eg) should be assembled for each property. The following is a condensed timeline limited to a rapid review of maps, photos, and information regarding the Candle Factory in the NHA’s archives.

5.3.3 Construction history Preliminary research suggests that the block around the Candle Factory remained generally unchanged between its construction in 1847 and 1960s additions. For its first sixty years the Candle Factory sat alone on its half block lot between Salom (today Whaler’s Lane) and Broad Streets, and Water and Beach Streets. A roadway or alley passed from Broad to Salom through what today is the 2005 Whaling Museum addition. A nine foot wall stood behind the Candle Factory on Salom and part of Beach Street. (The wall remains today though was reduced sometime between 19041909 to four feet.) (Figure 5.3.2) By 1923 there was a structure on Salom in what had been the Candle Factory’s back yard, and by 1949 there are two structures in this area (Figure 5.3.3). The most eventful change during the Candle Factory’s first century is the removal of a shed structure attached to the south portion of its east side sometime between 1904 and 1909.4 A picture dated to the 1880s taken from what today is the parking lot of the Nantucket Yacht Club across Beach Street depicts this shed as well as an interior chimney to the main building adjacent to the shed, and the now-removed central chimney. The dormer (extant) over the northern portion of the east elevation appears not to have any window. The north elevation shows evidence of a white finish, mostly faded away from the gable portion of the wall (Figure 5.3.4). 5 A picture dated circa 1900 depicts the three-story clapboard dwelling that occupied the western portion of the Candle Factory’s block, the site of today’s Peter Foulger Administrative Building. In the background, the west elevation of the 4 Bird’s Eye View of Nantucket 1881, NHA digitized collection; Sanborn Maps 1887-1949, Library of Congress.

5 Photograph ca. 1880, NHA digitized collection.

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Candle Factory is depicted as drawn in the 1967 HABS drawings (Figure 5.3.5).6 In the late 1960s the NHA constructed housing for a whale skeleton that covered the northern end of the west elevation of the Candle Factory. The gable of the whale skeleton building connected to the Candle factory, and extended west across what was then an empty half-block toward Water Street. In 1967, a small concrete building was constructed on the northwest corner of the Candle Factory to serve as boiler room providing heat to the building. This is the first introduction of a mechanical system. In 1971, the Peter Foulger Museum was built west of the whale skeleton building as an expansion of exhibition space. Today this structure serves as administrative space. The wood frame addition to the east of the Candle Factory known today as the Discovery Center was completed in 1984. There is a “connector” structure between the Candle Factory and the Discovery Center. In 2000, the exterior wythe of the east elevation north of the Discovery Center addition required total reconstruction as it had become detached from the interior wythes. This change is visible today along the east and north elevations. In 2005, the central portion of the Whaling Museum complex was completed, replacing the whale skeleton room.

Today the Whaling Museum complex refers to, from west to east, the Peter Foulger Administrative Offices, the Whaling Museum, the Candle Factory, and the Discovery Center. The addition of the new Whaling Museum covered most of the west elevation of the Candle Factory. It also involved major renovation of the 1847 building, including HVAC ducting, a new sprinkler system, and reconfiguration of the flooring system and exhibit space.7 Finally, the NHA added new insulated slate roof in 2022.8

6 Photograph ca. 1900 NHA digitized collection.

7 A Point Design, 2003 drawings. NHA Property Manager Office Archives.

8 Historic Nantucket, Spring 2022, Vol. 72 No. 1

5.3.2

August 2023

5.3.4 Site Context

only results in turbidity within nearby waterways but also poses a risk of clogging water pipes. Such blockagSituated just one block away from the harbor, the es can further impede the natural drainage system of factory is located in a low elevation area, susceptible the site and exacerbate flooding issues for the building. to flooding. To its south lies Broad Street, while the It is imperative to address this concern promptWhaling Museum and Discovery Center abut the west and east sides, respectively. Additionally, a small public ly by implementing appropriate measures to mitigate space, predominantly covered by lawn, exists on the soil erosion, regulate stormwater runoff, and promote northeastern side. (Figure 5.3.6) (Figure 5.3.7) (Figure proper drainage to alleviate potential flooding and environmental impacts.

5.3.8) (Figure 5.3.9) Water Accumulation and Ineffective Rainwater Management System Near the Northeastern corner of the building, a water accumulation spot has been observed due to a subtle slope along the east wall and inadequate water drainage at the end (Figure 5.3.10). This accumulation has resulted in the presence of mosses on the ground, indicating potential moisture-related issues (Figure 5.3.11).

Ineffective roof drainages exist on both the southwestern and southeastern corners of the building (Figure 5.3.12). This deficiency leads to direct drainage of water onto the sidewalks and streets, potentially causing water accumulation in these areas and introducing additional moisture to the building’s surroundings.

Already, water accumulation resulting from ineffective roof drainage has been observed on the southeastern side.

Standing water poses a risk of moisture infiltration to the building, which could lead to structural deterioration and potential water-related issues.

Adjacent Large Trees The northeastern public space houses a large chestnut tree, posing risks of limb breakage, tree fall, and potential fire hazards, which may damage the Candle Factory. Though its roots and canopy do not directly reach the building, it blocks sunlight on the east façade, leading to increased biological growth on the wall. Similarly, the tree on the south side street also threatens the building and obstructs sunlight, promoting additional biological growth on the south facade (Figure 5.3.13).

Adjacent Electric Infrastructure On South Beach Street, situated on the east side of the building, stands an electric pole with wires running through nearby trees, eventually anchored to the north wall of the discovery center (Figure 5.3.14). The presence of this electric pole introduces potential risks to the Candle Factory, including the risk of the pole falling down and the potential for catching fire.

Adjacent Traffic

The Candle Factory’s location in close proximity to the harbor and its adjacency to Broad Street exThe primary cause of bare soil in the identified pose it to heavy traffic, primarily comprising numerlocation, as depicted in the Site Plan, is attributed to ous trucks passing by (Figure 5.3.15). This substantial human activities, particularly foot traffic and stepping. vehicular activity raises concerns about excessive viThe soil composition in this area is predominantly san- brations transmitted through the surrounding earth. dy. When rainwater falls on bare soil surfaces, erosion Prolonged exposure to such vibrations can potentialoccurs, leading to stormwater runoff carrying soil parti- ly lead to structural issues over time, jeopardizing the cles known as sediment. This sediment deposition not building’s integrity and stability.

Bare Soil and Sediment Deposition

5.3.3

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

August 2023

Adjacent Building

joists, near the gable ends where there building eviThe Whaling Museum and Discovery Center are dence suggests there was a third floor originally rested adjacent to the Candle Factory on its west and east on the set back from three wythes to two wythes. On sides, respectively, posing a potential threat in the the north elevation – the elevation that appears to retain the most original material – the three wythe secevent of a fire outbreak (Figure 5.3.16). tion from stone foundation to the bottom of the rafters shows header rows roughly eight courses apart (the 5.3.5 Building Assembly pattern is not uniform). The two wythe section is simThe Candle Factory contains elements from ilarly configured, however the headers in this portion three centuries of building technology. It was original- of the wall make up its total thickness (Figure 5.3.17). ly a three-story stone and brick structure with a wood The roof structure is composed of modified king 9 roof framing and a slate roof. The 20 to 30-inch-thick post trusses – modified in that the struts of each truss foundation wall is made up mostly of granite rubble notch into the king post about three feet above the work and extends about four feet below grade10 and beam, rather than at the intersection of post and beam. about six feet above. The stone foundation is only on Some trusses have been stabilized with custom steel three sides of the building – west, north, and east. It members – gussets and rods – for which there are rekeys into a brick foundation on the south facade of cords in NHA archives dating to the 1990s. At the north the building facing Broad Street. Preliminary research and south walls, the end rafters are tied into the gable suggests that the original floor was brick on grade, brick with steel ties, some of which have rusted and excavated to about 18 inches below exterior grade.11 broken. The original roof was made up of slate shinSometime in the 1950s, concrete was poured over the gles.14 The purlins appear to be original. Preliminary brick to varying depths – at a maximum of about three research did not discover any record of replacement of inches – with the intention of creating a more walkable roofing material between initial construction and the surface for museum visitors. The plan for the concrete middle of the 20th century. In the 1960s, the roof was included steel reinforcement and was to be placed on reported to be asphalt shingles. As mentioned above, a layer of sand fill over the brick.12 In the middle of the an insulated frame assembly over the original purlins first floor remains the stone base (matching the ma- and covered in new slate replaced the asphalt shingles terial of the foundation walls and also about six feet in 2022. high) for what was the central brick chimney. This base also extends four feet below grade.13 5.3.6 Materials characterization In section, the foundation wall is 20-30 inches Further analysis and testing should be conducted thick, the brick wall from the first floor to the second floor is 12 inches thick, and the brick in each gable at the Candle Factory to identify material composition end is 8 inches (one brick header) thick. Second floor of the variety of brick, stone, mortar, wood, and metal joists bear on the stone foundation wall and third floor and interactions between them. Such an investigation would help determine potential performance issues 9 Advertisement, Inquirer & Mirror, 1848. and inform future maintenance and conservation. The 10 A Point Design, 2003, sheet M-8. following is a discussion of findings of the primary ma11 Rudd, Ed. Personal photograph ca. 2015. terials based on visual site investigation, which focused 12 Candle Factory archival records, a box at the NHA collections facility on Bartlett Road. Hereafter referred to as the on the north wall of the Candle Factory.

Candle Factory records; 1967 HABS report.

13 A Point Design, 2003, sheet M-8. NHA Property Manager Office Archives.

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

14 Photograph ca. 1880, NHA digitized collection; Observed slate shards at top of west wall brick, July 2023.

5.3.4

August 2023

Stone

Mortar

An exterior wall to the north of the Candle Factory, the base foundation for the original (no longer extant) central brick chimney, and the perimeter foundation wall are composed primarily of what appears to be granite field stone. The similarities in construction and appearance between the three suggest that they were built during the original period of construction.

As discussed above, recording of existing conditions during the 2005 construction campaign indicate that these structures extend four feet below grade.

Today, mortars, composed of binder and aggregate, are categorized on a spectrum of strength, hardness, and porosity to determine compatibility with the strength of the masonry units they hold together, or with existing materials. There appears to be a range of bedding, pointing, and repair mortars at the Candle Factory. The following are the mortars identified relative to each other via visual inspection.

Brick Brick at the Candle Factory comes from different building campaigns. The north elevation appears to retain original (1847) brick given its advanced state of deterioration, lighter color, variability in size and shape between units, surface texture, and apparent softness relative to brick on adjacent elevations.

The brick on the northern half of the east elevation dates to a 2000 reconstruction campaign, mentioned above, that entirely replaced the exterior wythe of brick from stone foundation to eave in anticipation of structural failure due to separation between wythes. The new brick wraps the northeast corner of the Candle Factory and keys into the older north wall discussed above (Figure 5.3.18). It appears uniform in color, shape, size, and surface texture. It also appears to shed water uniformly as the new section of wall is cleaner than adjacent sections to the south and north.

• Mortar #1 is a soft, lime-based mortar with yellow aggregate (Figure forthcoming).

• Mortar #2 is dark grey and hard, with sparkling aggregate. It appears to be intended as a brick unit repair mortar (Figure 5.3.19).

• Mortar #3 is light grey/brown and hard. It appears to be intended as a crack repair mortar (Figure 5.3.20).

• Mortar #4 is medium grey and hard. It is the current pointing material at the stone foundation wall and covers what appears to be a soft lime-based bedding mortar behind (Figure 5.3.21).

Concrete

As discussed above, concrete is the current finish floor in the Candle Factory. Archival records suggest that the concrete was placed over the original brick floor in the 1950s, and a conversation with the current Brick to the south and west elevations is more NHA Property Manager indicated that the concrete difficult to assess as, for each wall, at least one side was refinished and painted as part of the 2005 conis obscured by additions. The interior of the south struction campaign. elevation, the face of the building to Broad Street, is obscured by drywall. Most of the exterior of the west Iron elevation is obscured by the 2005 Whaling Museum There are a variety of iron and steel structural addition. components supporting the Candle Factory roof sysWhile clay is abundant in Nantucket, it is unlikely that the brick in the Candle Factory was manufactured on island due to the lack of evidence of commercial manufacturing operations.

5.3.5

tem. Older iron elements at the north wall interior appear to be in an advanced state of decay. Iron brackets and straps of unknown data support truss joints in various locations. Circa 1995, the third truss from the

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

August 2023

north wall required reinforcement with a steel gusset finally splitting (to about a 1/4” gap) a grade-level granite cornerstone. This crack appears near the junction of and fasteners. north elevation brick (presumed to date to 1847) and Wood the newer east elevation brick installed in 2000. Two Wood elements in the Candle Factory include other stone-splitting cracks appear to have originated purlins, trusses, floor joists, and partition walls. The above and below the second-level windows. To the inroof framing appears to be primarily original timbers terior, there is a related crack at the center of the stool and planks. The 2005 construction campaign included of each of these windows. The crack passes through a extensive reconfiguration of the Candle Factory floors. layer of cementitious stucco that coats each window Today there is no third floor except for attic storage surround. Both windows also show vertical cracking space near the south wall; the second floor appears to originating near their lintel assemblies and moving upbe all replacement wood and is configured as a series wards (Figure 5.3.22). of balconies and catwalks so that the visitor can observe the space in its entirety. Of note is the new framing visible above the stone foundation of the north wall; further research should investigate this as a high moisture area.

Previous repairs appear near each of these cracks and indicate past cracks. In addition to crack-repair campaigns, there is evidence of a campaign to patch brick units exhibiting loss or disaggregation (dimensional loss). A dark grey cement base with sparkling aggregate covers some 40% of the eastern portion of the north elevation (east of fenestration), and to a gradu5.3.7 Existing Conditions ally decreasing percentage moving west. Most bricks The Candle Factory exhibits a range of condi- across the north elevation show disaggregation to tions including cracking, bulging, disaggregation, open some degree, while approximately ten percent show joints, and scattered biological growth. These con- severe (approximately twenty-five percent or more ditions and areas of previous repairs were recorded of an individual unit) disaggregation. Generally, there during a conditions assessment that focused on the appear to be three horizontal zones of disaggregated north wall exterior. brick units – one immediately below the newer brick Cracking of brick units and assemblies may occur and mortar in the gable, one below the top row of winduring manufacture or in situ for a variety of reasons dows, and one below the second-level row of windows including over-rapid kiln firing or cooling, an overabun- (Figure 5.3.23). dance of swelling clays, differential thermal movement A pale grey, nearly white, cement mortar repair between brick and mortar, and overloading. At the in the east side of the north gable calls attention to an north wall of the Candle Factory, which appears to re- area of bulging that appears to belly, depress, and belly tain most of its original brick and all its original foun- again before the rake line. This patch material appears dation stone, there are loosely symmetrical step cracks in the same location to the interior, as well. running parallel to the rake boards in the gable and Open joints appear concentrated above the secoriginating near the bottom corners of the uppermost ond-level window line, excepting the top ten courses windows. A crack of varying width appears to span the of the gable, which is a more recent construction. height of the eastern corner of the north elevation, Silicone caulk around doors and at the joint befrom near the lower end of the step crack previously mentioned, down through brick units and mortar, pass- tween the 1847 building, the 1984 addition (west), and ing through mortar between foundation stones before the 2005 addition (east) shows uniformly distributed network cracking at minimal depth. Above the trim of Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.6

August 2023

the double-doors on the north elevation, the approximately one-inch-thick caulk line surrounding the doors retains biological growth within this network, presumably fed by rainwater running from the underside of the granite lintel.

contributes to a rising water table, affecting soil moisture content around the Candle Factory’s stone foundation. The porous nature of stone, mortar, and brick means that water can rise through these materials, leading to potential disaggregation, salt crystallization, and deterioration of adjacent materials like wood framing. This rising groundwater level exacerbates 5.3.8 Risk Scenarios the risk of moisture infiltration and structural deteriIn its 176 years, the Candle Factory has undergone oration, a concern particularly for the building’s stone significant changes, including numerous repairs and foundation. the integration of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing In the short term, the building faces increased systems. These developments were not part of its origrisks of flooding and water infiltration. This could lead inal design. The building has also witnessed substantial to moisture-related damage such as cracking, bulging, development in its vicinity and experienced increasand disaggregation in brick and stone structures. Wind ingly extreme weather events. Furthermore, the buildevents, slightly increasing in frequency and intensity, ing has seen alterations since its construction in 1847, also pose a threat, especially to the roof and the buildincluding the removal and addition of structures and ing’s more vulnerable north wall. the introduction of mechanical systems. These changIn the long term, prolonged exposure to moisture es have altered its resilience to environmental stresses. For instance, the increased frequency of flooding might accelerate decay in wooden elements and furevents leads to heightened ground and foundation ther degrade mortar and brick. Additionally, the buildsaturation, exacerbating conditions that can lead to ing’s history of alterations presents ongoing challenges structural damage. This historical context is crucial for in maintaining its structural integrity under climatic understanding the building-level risks it now faces, par- stresses. This necessitates a comprehensive monitoring and maintenance strategy to mitigate these evolvticularly in light of anticipated climate variability. ing risks.

The Candle Factory’s location near the harbor and in a low-lying area makes it particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, high tide flooding, coastal flooding, hurricane inundation, and wind events. The building’s susceptibility to these risks, as evidenced by past incidents like the 1991 “Perfect Storm” and 2018 flooding events, provides a window into the potential future threats it faces. These events have already shown the building’s vulnerability to extreme weather conditions and have informed our risk analysis, which is detailed in the appendix.

Significantly, studies indicate that sea level rise

5.3.7

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

August 2023

Figure 5.3.1. Flooding at northeast courtyard of Candle Factory, 2018. Ed Rudd.

Figure 5.3.2. 1904 Sanborn map depicting the neighborhood around the Candle Factory largely in its original (1847) state.

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.8

August 2023

Figure 5.3.3. 1949 Sanborn map showing lot additions to rear of Candle Factory.

5.3.9

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

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Figure 5.3.4. Candle Factory from northeast, ca. 1880. NHA.

Figure 5.3.5. Candle Factory in background, photo from southwest, ca. 1900. NHA.

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.10

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Figure 5.3.6. Candle Factory Satellite Plan, 2021 Google Earth

5.3.11

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

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Figure 5.3.7. Candle Factory Site Plan with Contexts Glossary

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.12

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Figure 5.3.8. Candle Factory Elevation Mapping, DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS

Figure 5.3.9. Candle Factory Slope Mapping, DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS 5.3.13

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

August 2023

Figure 5.3.10. Slope along the east wall of Candle Factory.

Figure 5.3.11. Water Accumulation Spot with Mosses

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.14

August 2023

Figure 5.3.12. Ineffective Rainwater Management System

5.3.15

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

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Figure 5.3.13. Adjacent Large Trees

Figure 5.3.14. Adjacent Electric Pole

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.16

August 2023

Figure 5.3.15. Adjacent Traffic

Figure 5.3.16. Adjacent Buildings 5.3.17

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

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Figure 5.3.17. Estimated wall section, Candle Factory.

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.18

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Figure 5.3.18. New brick from east elevation reconstruction (2000) meeting older brick at north wall.

5.3.19

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

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Figure 5.3.20. Mortar #3.

Figure 5.3.19. Mortar #2.

Figure 5.3.21. Mortar #4.

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.20

August 2023

Figure 5.3.22. Cracking stool, interior north wall.

Figure 5.3.23. Concentrated area of disaggregated brick, north wall.

5.3.21

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

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Figure 5.3.24. Risk Analysis Diagram for Candle Factory.

Nantucket Historical Association Conservation & Climate Resilience Strategy

5.3.22

August 2023

Figure 5.3.25. Causal Risk Analysis Diagram for Candle Factory.

5.3.23

5.3 Hadwen and Barney Oil and Candle Factory

5.4 Greater Light

5.4.1 Exposure

different from the main structures stone foundation.

During this remodeling effort, the aisle space was According to the latest climate data and risk maps, the Greater Light is exposed to the following hazards, converted to the great hall, while the hay loft and horse separated into press and pulse events as discussed in stall were transformed into one of the sisters’ bedrooms. The manager’s office in the second story loft the introduction to this section.n to this section. was converted into another bedroom, and a bathroom Press events: water table rise was added to that floor. The former pig pen was adaptPulse events: wind, pest issues, non-coastal ed to be an outside patio. Other small changes were flooding made to the structure including the original entryway on the south elevation was converted to be a window and the entryway was moved to the West façade.

5.4.2 Construction and Hazard History Greater light is a saltbox style building that had two lives with two drastically different uses. The structure was built in 1791 as a much smaller version of the building that stands today. Preceding the 1930s, the structure was primarily used as a barn to store livestock. In 1904, the barn was expanded on the Southern side to integrate a smaller structure that was adjacent to it. The barn was further renovated in 1923 on the eastern façade where the projection was enlarged to provide more storage. In 1929, it was purchased by two artist sisters and was subsequently converted into a domestic space. A two-year long major remodeling effort was started in 1932 and drastically altered both the intended use of the structure and its design. Although much of the building’s frame and materials remained the same it was heavily adapted to suit its new function. An ell was added on the Northeast side of the structure to function as their primary kitchen. This ell was built on a brick and concrete foundation which is 5.4.1

In December of 1973, Greater Light was acquired by the Nantucket Historic Association (NHA) and a restoration effort began, as the roof was deemed to be “in dire need of repair”. In 1974, repairs were made to solve a “flooding problem” in the structure. In 1984 the home’s condition was assessed by Victoria Hawkins, which helped contribute to the subsequent repairs.

In 1985 Greater Light was infested with powder post beetles and was shut down so that the building could be fumigated. In 1987 high winds blew in the kitchen window smashing both the sash and the glass which was repaired immediately after the incident. From 1992 to 1999 a series of significant repairs were made to both the exterior and the interior. All asbestos was removed from the structure, while missing and failed rafters were repaired and replaced. Many other repairs occurred including the relining of the chimney and replacement of the existing “beaver board”. During that restoration effort the main kitchen was entirely renovated.

August 2020

During this restoration period the NHA decided to head a selective demolition project at Greater Light that was primarily focused on the attic and structural systems. This controlled demolition contributed to the “partial structural repairs,” re-roofing, and re-shingling that occurred during the 90s. The last series of significant repairs on the Great Light property started in 2006. Many restoration efforts happened in this time including the replacement of deteriorated roof and wall shingles, gutter and downspout repairs, the installation of low-profile storm windows, and reframing around the patio wall opening.

Other more significant projects underwent during this time like the stabilization of sagging and bowing north and west walls, the replacement of rotting joists on the north and south ends of the building, repairs on the west wall sill, and new insulation for the walls.

Some reconfiguring of the property occurred to better suit the NHA needs, such as converting the north bedroom into a handicap accessible bathroom, upgrading the electrical systems, installing a new HVAC, repainting the interior walls, and reconfiguring the framing of the south section of the first floor to better accommodate the intended use of the building. In 2009, the Greater Lights apartment unit finished construction and by 2010 all final repairs had been completed on the Greater Light property.

The roof drainage pipe on the southwest corner of the building and an exposed pipe on the southeast corner direct water towards the surrounding vegetation, which may lead to water accumulation and introduce excess moisture to the building.(Figure 5.4.5).

Impervious Pavement The south-west side of the building features an impervious brick-paved slope as part of the entrance.

Due to its impervious nature, water flows down the slope instead of being absorbed, resulting in increased moisture in the immediate vicinity of the slope and the adjacent wall (Figure 5.4.6).

Adjacent Large Trees and Vegetation A large plane tree located on the southeast corner of the building presents multiple concerns. The tree poses a threat of limb breakage, potential tree fall, and fire hazards. Moreover, its substantial size obstructs sunlight from reaching the southeast façade of the building, leading to increased biological growth on those sections of walls. Additionally, the tree’s extensive roots have already reached Howard Street to the south, raising potential issues for the building’s stability and structural integrity due to their close proximity (Figure 5.4.7).

Another mulberry tree is situated on the northeast side of the building. While its canopy hasn’t The Greater Light is situated on a sloped terrain, reached the building yet, it still poses risks of limb with its west side positioned approximately 5 feet breakage, potential tree fall, and fire hazards (Figure higher than the east side. To the south and west, the 5.4.8). building is adjacent to Howard Street, while on the The south-east side of the building exhibits ineast side, it features a garden. The northern boundary creased biological growth caused by adjacent vegeis defined by a green belt, serving as a separation from tation and an ineffective drainage system, leading to neighboring properties. (Figure 5.4.1, Figure 5.4.2, Fig- higher moisture levels (Figure 5.4.9). In contrast, the ure 5.4.3, Figure 5.4.4). north-east corner remains relatively dry due to the presence of gravel paving adjacent to the building and Water Accumulation and Ineffective Rainwater Manthe absence of vegetation growing near the wall (Figagement System ure 5.4.10).

5.4.3 Site Context

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.4.2

August 2020

Adjacent Electric Infrastructure Along Howard Street, several electric poles are present, with some wires passing through tree leaves and anchored to the south wall of the Greater Light (Figure 5.4.11). This specific arrangement poses risks of pole collapse and potential fire hazards for the building.

Originally constructed as a barn, Greater Light is primarily a timber framed building. However, once the Monaghan sisters bought and renovated the property, a wealth of new materials were introduced as they applied their artistic touches. Further modern renovations only added to the variety of building materials now found throughout the structure.

Wood

5.4.4 Building Assembly

Above the foundations, Greater Light is princiGreater Light is built in timber frame construc- pally a wooden structure. Though wall finishes applied tion with a combination of simple timber barn framing from the 1930s onward have hidden many of the verand wood joist construction attached using wire nails. tical structural members, the large timbers making up Most of the structural members in the attic space are much of the roof structure are still visible in both the hand hewn and assembled using mortise and tenon Great Room and the second floor office-space (Figure joinery. The building’s foundation has undergone ad- 5.4.12). Large timber floor joists supporting the Northditions multiple times. The original foundation was east corner of the first floor can also be seen from beconstructed of field stone but later additions, such as low in the “summer kitchen” area just off of the back the kitchen ell in 1932, were built on a brick and con- patio. Many non-structural elements are also made of crete foundation. The foundation underneath the me- wood throughout the property, including a stylized bed chanical room is entirely made of a concrete slab of nook on the first floor, in-wall cabinets, and various unknown thickness. There is a basement located under doorway and window trim. the central portion of the structure and a crawl space On the exterior, each elevation is clad in wood that spans the rest of the space underneath the first shingles, and a substantial pergola extends from the floor. There is a brick cistern, which predates the 1930s patio area on the eastern side into the garden (Figure renovations, that is located in the south crawl space of 5.4.13). the ground floor. The east end of the central section of the house is a cantilevered frame which supports Brick the first-floor deck beyond the east patio foundation.

Other than a small section of the southeastern The flooring system throughout is linoleum tile and ceramic tile in the main kitchen. The ground level of the corner, Greater Light sits on a brick foundation. Particstructure was changed during the 2000s renovations ularly on the eastern side, where grade is dramatically to be an apartment, at which time the kitchen ell ad- lower to accommodate the garden, significant portions dition was adapted to be the unit’s main kitchen. The of the brick foundation are exposed and visible. In this gable roof is approximately 33’ x 40’ with a lean-to/ area, significant moisture levels were found in much of shed roof extension on the east side and a one-story the brick in the partially enclosed patio (Figure 5.4.14). gable roof addition on the north side, all of which is Greater Light also has a central chimney mass clad in asphalt shingles. with a single hearth opening in the Great Room.

5.4.5 Materials Characterization 5.4.3

5.4 Greater Light

August 2020

of plaster loss on the southern wall of the exterior patio, where high moisture levels were also noted (Figure Spanning roughly twelve feet from the South- 5.4.17). east corner of the structure northward to the retaining wall of the sunken garden, Greater Light’s original field Linoleum stone foundation remains, though largely obscured by A durable, water resistant material made from vegetation (Figure 5.4.15). ground cork and linseed oil applied to a burlap or canvas backing, Linoleum tile has been installed as the floor covering throughout Greater Light (Figure 5.4.18).

Concrete Stone

Throughout the foundations of the building, concrete slabs have been poured, though at varying levels.

Beneath the southern section of the building (south of the chimney mass), a concrete slab was poured roughly four feet below the level of the main floor, creating a crawl space that houses ventilation, electrical, and plumbing systems. North of the chimney mass, a second slab exists, though significantly lower to accommodate the ground level apartment.

Homasote Throughout the interior of Greater Light, the floors are finished with homasote, a manufactured material made entirely of cellulose (paper) fibers compressed at high temperature and pressure to form a lightweight “board’ that is installed similarly to drywall.

Historic plans make reference to “beaver board” having been used previously, though modern renovations have installed homasote throughout (Figure 5.4.16).

Plaster Though most of the interior of Greater Light is finished with Homasote, the southern wall of the Great Room, surrounding the fireplace, has a hard, rough plaster applied. A similar plaster has also been utilized on the exterior for the upper walls (above the brick foundation) of the partially enclosed patio. A few large cracks were noted running through the interior plasterwork, as well as a roughly eight inch round area Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

Iron Ornate, large wrought iron gates hang from the pergola in the garden, as well as similar railings hung from two of the second story windows. On the garden gates, corrosion has begun to blister the surface of the iron (Figure 5.4.19). Though no corrosion was noted on the second story railings, lichen has begun to take hold on the railing of the southern side where the large, southeastern tree has kept it shaded from prolonged UV exposure. dix.

The material glossary can be found in the Appen-

• Wood Shingle: A thin cladding unit of wood, usually cut from green wood and then kiln dried, either split along the grain or cut to stock lengths, widths, and thicknesses; used as an exterior wall covering, applied in an overlapping fashion.

• Asphalt Shingles: Roofing shingles consisting of a base layer (commonly of organic material or fiberglass) saturated with asphalt for waterproofing and coated with small granules of sand/rock laid in adhesive on the top side.

• Wood: Large timber members used for primary rafters and rafter ties, along with additional conventional lumber rafters.

• Brick: A solid masonry unit, usually of clay, molded into a rectangular shape while plastic, and then treated in a kiln at an elevated temperature to harden it, so as to give it mechanical strength and to 5.4.4

August 2020

provide it with resistance to moisture.

• Mortar: A paste constructed by aggregates and a binder used to attach stones or bricks. A plastic mixture of cementitious materials such as plaster, cement, or lime with water and a fine aggregate such as sand; can be troweled in the plastic state; hardens in place.

• Stone: A section spanning roughly 10’ between the Southeastern corner running North to the porch opening retains its original stone foundation, while the rest of the building’s exterior walls rest on brick.

One major factor in the building’s uptake of exterior moisture is the heavy use of air conditioning in the building’s interior. To provide a comfortable environment for visitors and to maintain the condition of interior collections, Greater Light is kept quite cool and the humidity very low. However, particularly in such a naturally moist exterior setting, this strong differential in humidity levels acts to increase the rate of vapor transmission from the exterior to the interior, which may be contributing to the high levels of moisture in the building’s foundation materials.

• Concrete: Greater Light has had concrete slabs Interestingly, though, moisture levels in the expoured in place as foundations, though the slab beterior brick of much of the eastern elevation start relneath the Southern crawl space is set several feet highatively low (i.e., dry) at ground level, with a notable er than that of the apartment space to the North. and sharp increase roughly two feet from ground level, • Plaster: A solid masonry unit, usually of clay, above which the levels gradually dissipate again. (Figmolded into a rectangular shape while plastic, and ure 5.4.20) Such lower levels in ground-level materials then treated in a kiln at an elevated temperature to may indicate that the moisture infiltrating the walls is harden it, so as to give it mechanical strength and to originating from above in the wall assemblies or even provide it with resistance to moisture. from interior pipes that may be producing condensa• Homasote: Manufactured composite board tion that then drips down into the materials below. made entirely of paper fibers compressed at high pres- One piece of evidence that may suggest such a process sure and temperature to form a solid surface without is occurring is the presence of an impermeable moisture barrier within the walls of Greater Light. Moisture the use of an additional adhesive.

• Linoleum Tile: A resilient floor-covering made testing inside the structure has revealed that interior by combining an oxidized linseed oil binder and ground materials are actually quite dry, which may point to the effectiveness of the moisture barrier. However, cork bonded to a burlap or canvas backing. with cooler temperatures indoors, such a barrier may be acting as a point of condensation, from which wa5.4.6 Existing Conditions ter droplets drip downwards. Further study of interior The primary hazard that will likely affect Great- and in-wall mechanical assemblies will be necessary to er Light is the rising of the water table. Due to its site identify all potential sources of moisture. contexts that include a substantial garden, impervious paving on the southern side, and ineffective rainwater management, a further increase in ground moisture will continue to contribute to elevated moisture levels in the structure’s materials. Already, high moisture levels have been noted particularly in the eastern elevation, adjacent to the garden as well as the brick stairwell on the northern side, much of which is backfilled with a large amount of soil.

5.4.5

Another potential source of moisture is the presence of several plumbing fixtures in the northeast corner of the building’s primary “great room” space. With a restroom, a small sink in the hallway, and a storage area mop sink all in close proximity, there is a significant concentration of potential leakage points above “summer kitchen” directly below. Though investigation of the visible plumbing lines did not uncover any visible water damage or active leaks, the wooden floor 5.4 Greater Light

August 2020

joists visible from the summer kitchen as well as the brick walls they sit atop are showing exceedingly high levels of moisture (with some reaching over 50% moisture content).

For site contexts that contribute to vulnerabilities, the primary factor is the large tree in the southeast corner, roughly six feet from the corner of the structure, which keeps much of the southern elevation and the southeastern portion of the roof shaded from direct sunlight throughout most of the day. This has resulted in a microclimate in which moss and lichen thrive. Though the lichen on the exterior wood shingles may be more of an aesthetic issue, the growth of moss from under the asphalt roofing shingles may pose more of an issue in the future as it appears to have taken hold within the roof assembly itself. (Figure 5.4.21) Another site context to note is the electrical pole directly across the street to the south of Greater Light.

Should any major weather events occur or even a vehicular accident, the pole is within close enough proximity that, if it falls to the north, it may strike the building, leading to potential physical damage as well as the possibility of fire. (Figure 5.4.22) 5.4.7 Risk Scenarios In summary of climatic hazards and exposure, Jethro Coffin House is susceptible to sea level rise, high tide flooding, coastal flooding, hurricane inundation, and wind effects. These climatic events pose threats to the building’s structural integrity and its ability to withstand extreme weather conditions.

Jethro Coffin House’s long history, marked by various renovations and repairs, has resulted in a mix of construction techniques and materials. This complex history has led to varying degrees of vulnerability across different parts of the structure, particularly in response to climatic stresses such as flooding and wind.

protection against coastal flooding, but its proximity to dense vegetation and the presence of biological growth indicate potential risks from humidity and water-related damage. The location also raises concerns about the building’s ability to drain stormwater effectively and manage moisture accumulation.

The timber frame construction, combined with a rubble stone foundation and various types of mortar, creates a diverse response to environmental conditions. The presence of different materials like brick, wood, and steel tie-rods in the roof structure adds complexity to the building’s resilience against climatic stresses.

Short-Term Risk Scenarios: Immediate risks include damage from coastal and non-coastal flooding, particularly given the building’s history of water-related damage and its current exposure to sea level rise.

High humidity levels due to inadequate rainwater management and biological growth on the north and west elevations are also concerns.

Long-Term Risk Scenarios: Prolonged exposure to climatic events, coupled with the building’s historical susceptibility to lightning, fire and water damage, may lead to significant deterioration of materials, especially the wooden and brick elements. Rising damp and increased saturation of the chimney materials due to an elevated water table could accelerate structural decay.

Considering the preservation and resilience of Jethro Coffin House, it is essential to address these vulnerabilities through improved stormwater management, regular monitoring climate parameters and sorrunding environments, and reinforcement of the structure. Integrating community engagement and educational initiatives about the building’s historical significance can enhance community resilience, while adaptive conservation practices will ensure its longevity.

The building’s elevated position provides some Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.4.6

August 2020

Figure 5.4.1. Satellite Plan (Source: Google Earth)

Figure 5.4.2. Site Plan

5.4.7

5.4 Greater Light

August 2020

Figure 5.4.3. Greater Light Elevation Mapping (Source: DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS)

Figure 5.4.4. Greater Light Slope Mapping (Source: DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS) Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.4.8

August 2020

Figure 5.4.5. Ineffective Water Management System

Figure 5.4.6. Impervious Pavement 5.4.9

Figure 5.4.8. Adjacent Large Tree 5.4 Greater Light

August 2020

Figure 5.4.7. Adjacent Large Tree

Figure 5.4.10. Gravel Paving

Figure 5.4.9. Adjacent Vegetation

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.4.10

August 2020

Figure 5.4.12. Roofing assembly visible from the Great Room

Figure 5.4.11. Adjacent Electric Pole

Figure 5.4.13. Greater Light is clad in wood shingles on each elevation

Figure 5.4.15. A portion of the original stone foundation remains in the Southeast corner

5.4.11

Figure 5.4.14. In the shaded patio area, moisture has accumulated in the brickwork

5.4 Greater Light

August 2020

Figure 5.4.16. Homasote wall-covering in the Southwest room of the first floor

Figure 5.4.17. Plaster finish on the South wall of the Great Room

Figure 5.4.18. Linoleum tile in the Great Room

Figure 5.4.19. Corrosion on the wrought iron gate

Figure 5.4.20. High moisture content in the brick of the Eastern elevation

Figure 5.4.21. Biological growth on the roof in the tree-shadow

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.4.12

August 2020

Figure 5.4.22. Nearby potentially hazardous contexts include the large tree and the electrical infrastructure

5.4.13

5.4 Greater Light

August 2020

Figure 5.4.23. Risk Analysis Diagram for Greater Light.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.4.14

August 2020

Figure 5.4.24. Causal Risk Analysis Diagram for Greater Light.

5.4.15

5.4 Greater Light

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

5.5.1 Exposure

ductor. In 1985-86, extensive restoration work included bleaching and rinsing the west elevation to remove According to the latest climate data and risk moss, re-stuccoing, repointing joints, and installing a maps, the Thomas Macy Warehouse is exposed to copper gutter system. The building’s instability was adthe following hazards, separated into press and pulse dressed with bolts, structural clips, and nailers to tie events, as discussed in the introduction to this section. the floor structure. The exterior wall joist ends were Press events: Sea level rise, high tide flooding fastened with clip angles and through-wall earthquake Pulse events: Coastal flooding (sunny day flood- bolts. The sash was treated differently inside and outside, and the electrical conduit was replaced due to ing), hurricane inundation, wind. rust. At this time, test holes were also dug to the depth of 3.5’ on the North side to assess the condition of the 5.5.2 Construction and Hazard History building’s foundation. When excavated, the holes rapThe warehouse has a rich history of construction idly filled with water, revealing that the groundwater and restoration efforts.1 It was initially built in 1846 was within just 2’ of grade level. and acquired by NHA in 1980. By 1944, it fell into disThroughout the years, windows blew out, but in repair, prompting extensive restoration work to bring it 1989, they were replaced with UV plexiglass. In 2000, back to its original condition. This involved significant water infiltration caused mortar erosion and cracking material expenditure, including heavy concrete foun- on the south elevation, leading to repairs and caulking dations and the replacement of a rotted wood floor around the windows. Exterior stairs were replaced in with cement. Hurricane damage in the same year blew 1997, and 2000, copper flashing was installed on the out parts of the plank and slate roof. Over the years, brick cornice, and spalled stucco on the west wall was various maintenance and repair measures were taken, replaced. In 2002, the roof was renewed with new such as sand-blasting the interior, replacing most sash- shingles and copper drip edge. The warehouse stands es, and splicing beams due to rot. as a testament to its enduring history, shaped by resIn 1975, a fire nearby heated the exterior wall, toration efforts and adaptations to withstand the pascausing it to bend eastward into weakened mortar sage of time. joints. Subsequent rain washed away damaged bricks and mortar. In 1984, a leak on the north end of the 5.5.3 Site Context western wall was caused by a missing rainwater conThe Thomas Macy Warehouse is situated in close 1 All information in this construction history is proximity to the harbor, being only around 200 ft away. in a box at the NHA collection center on Bartlett Road.

5.5.1

August 2023

On its southern side, it is bordered by Straight Wharf Street, which sits at a low elevation level and is susceptible to flooding. Adjacent to the warehouse, on the western side, is Jack + Charlie’s Ice Cream, and on the eastern side is Aunt Leah’s Fudge. Towards the north, there is a small yard area with some collections inside.

Just beyond the yard lies Still Dock Street, a stonepaved road that experiences severe water accumulation issues. (Figure 5.5.1) (Figure 5.5.2) (Figure 5.5.3) (Figure 5.5.4)

cial to address these concerns to ensure the safety and integrity of the property.

Furthermore, on the west and northwest corner of the building, there are small green zones located in close proximity to the structure (Figure 5.5.10). Vegetation in these areas may be of concern as it may introduce additional moisture into the walls and foundations of the building.

Adjacent Traffic

Due to its proximity to the harbor and the presence of a substantial parking lot and grocery store in the south block, the Thomas Macy Warehouse is subjected Roof drainage on the southwestern corner of the to heavy traffic flow, including numerous trucks (Figbuilding is ineffective, directing water directly onto ure 5.5.11). The continuous movement of vehicles in the surrounding vegetation (Figure 5.5.5). And on the the area can result in excessive vibrations transmitted northwest side of the building, a water pipe also directs through the surrounding earth. Prolonged exposure the AC water directly onto the surrounding vegetation. to such vibrations poses a significant risk, potentially These not only result in water accumulation and intro- leading to structural issues over time and jeopardizing duce moisture to the building but also contributes to the building’s integrity and stability. water erosion problems in the soil.

In the north yard, there are no observed water Adjacent Building Water Accumulation and Ineffective Rainwater Management System

inlets, leading to multiple water accumulation spots The Jack and Charlie’s Ice Cream and Aunt Leah’s caused by evident concave features. And this further Fudge abut the west and east sides, respectively, posleads to biological growth on the pavement (Figure ing a potential threat in the event of a fire outbreak 5.5.6).

(Figure 5.5.12).

Meanwhile, Still Dock Street presents challenges with concave pavement at its center and an exposed 5.5.4 Building Assembly water main on the south side, facilitating easy water The building assembly is a mix of various materiaccumulation (Figure 5.5.7). als and structural systems that come together to create a sturdy and functional structure. The materials Adjacent Large Trees and Vegetation The property features three substantial trees: two used include brick masonry, concrete, stone, stucco, locust trees located on the southern side and one large granite, timber, and Eastern Pine floors. The structurlocust tree along the northern Still Dock Street. These al system relies on a combination of wall bearing and trees pose potential threats to the building, including post and lintel design. The first-floor features boxed 10limb breakage, tree fall, and fire hazards (Figure 5.5.8). inch by 10.5-inch posts, while the second floor has 11Additionally, the proximity of the southern trees’ roots inch by 11-inch beams and 3.5-inch by 10-inch joists, to the building may lead to structural issues, and the along with 7.5-inch by 7.5-inch posts. The loft floor roots of the western one has already damaged some consists of 9-inch by 10.5-inch beams and 3-inch by parts of the sidewalk pavement (Figure 5.5.9). It is cru- 8-inch joists. Mortise and tenon construction, treenail Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.2

August 2023

and metal fasteners, as well as adze marks on beams, ensure structural integrity. The wall system comprises brick masonry covered with lime plaster. The foundation system utilizes stone and brick masonry, with concrete added later. The roofing system is a gabled roof with composition shingles featuring no eaves and sheet metal gutters. A corbelled dentil pattern decorates the south gable, and the roof sheathing is perpendicular to the slope. Additionally, there are two in-wall brick chimneys with single flues and corbelled necking and cowl, as well as a thimble for a stove pipe on the interior of the east wall of the first floor.

5.5.5 Materials Characterization Brick

Slate Roof Shingles Roofing shingles made from a hard, brittle metamorphic rock primarily composed of clay minerals.

They are characterized by good cleavage along parallel points.

Wood Large timber members used for primary rafters and rafter ties, along with additional conventional lumber rafters.

Wood Plank Flooring A finish flooring composed of long, square-cut wooden planks laid across a subfloor, typically interlocking along their long edges in a tongue-and-groove fashion.

A solid masonry unit, typically made of clay, molded into a rectangular shape while pliable and then fired 5.5.6 Existing Conditions in a kiln at high temperatures to enhance its mechaniThe vulnerability and exposure of the Thomas cal strength and resistance to moisture.

Macy Warehouse to specific hazards can be attributed to various factors, including the sensitivity of its maMortar terials, existing conditions, previous interventions, and A paste composed of aggregates and a binder site contexts. used to bond stones or bricks together. It is a plastic Regarding materiality, climatic events such as rismixture of semititious materials like plaster, cement, or lime, combined with water and fine aggregates such ing sea levels, flooding and hurricane inundation can as sand. It can be applied with a trowel in its pliable impact both individual materials and the building assembly. The building was recent repointing with limestate and hardens in place. based mortar on its elevations. However, whether it is differed from its original mortar chemical composiCast Iron Cast iron plates that form the exterior anchor of tion and characteristics needs further investigation. If a tie rod, extending through the wall to provide addi- there is an incompatibility issue, it can create differential strengths among different materials, potentially tional support against the separation of brick layers. accelerating cracking and deterioration and increasing vulnerability to climate change. Moreover, during Concrete (foundation) such events, the rate of water infiltration and moisAccording to renovation plans from 1984, conture transmission within the brick units can increase. crete footings were added beneath the central strucThe exhibited cracking, disaggregation, open joints, tural posts in the Thomas Macy Warehouse, although and biological growth on the facade and north elevathey were not visible or accessible at the time of this tion have proved the effects of moisture invasion and report. further indicate the building vulnerabilities. For exam5.5.3

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

ple, efflorescence, subsurface and surface salt crystallization on some brick units suggests the porosity of the brick and rising groundwater on the site (Figures 5.5.13 and 5.5.14); in this case, inundation would intensify moisture infiltration and lead to more saturated brick units, open joints, and disaggregation (Figure 5.5.15). Temperature variations may also cause freezethaw effects, damaging the integrity of the bricks and accelerating the corrosion of metal components, such as the tied rod, leading to expansion in their volumes, bulging, and additional structural concerns. Secondary hazards like liquefaction and rising groundwater table are also important considerations. Due to its proximity to the sea, the Thomas Macy Warehouse is susceptible to severe flooding, which can lead to potential ground weakening and rising groundwater issues that could further exacerbate structural problems.

to the Macy Warehouse on the north side and traffic issues on the south side could hinder emergency mitigation efforts during hazardous events.

The building’s vulnerability is also influenced by changes in its functionality, historic restorations, and the installation of modern utilities and systems. Alterations over time, including the addition of a concrete foundation in 1944, various mortar campaigns, and the installation of new plexiglass, could cause incompatibility in the building assembly, influencing its reaction to climatic hazards. Additionally, condensation from the recently installed HVAC system is identified as one of the causes of interior open joints and efflorescence, posing potential risks to the building’s integrity in the future. Concerning step cracks on the south elevation, they suggest potential structural issues within the brick units, possibly caused by factors related to historic material manufacturing, such as kiln firing, cooling, swelling clays, thermal movement, and overloading (Figure 5.5.16).

Located near the harbor and surrounded by commercial establishments, the warehouse faces challenges from water accumulation, ineffective rainwater management, and traffic-induced vibrations. The presence of large trees nearby adds risks of limb breakage and tree fall, while the building’s location on a low-lying street increases its vulnerability to flooding.

5.5.7 Risk Scenarios According to the above evaluation, Thomas Macy Warehouse is at risk of sea level rise, high tide flooding, coastal flooding, hurricane inundation, and wind.

Its proximity to the harbor amplifies these risks, particularly flooding and inundation.

The warehouse’s history of construction, repairs, and restorations, including the use of diverse materials like concrete, brick, and wood, has resulted in a building with varied responses to environmental stressors.

Past damages from hurricanes and fires have shown the structure’s susceptibility to extreme weather events.

The warehouse’s structural system, comprising a mix of materials including brick, wood, and concrete, reflects its historical evolution. However, these materials react differently to moisture and temperature changes, potentially leading to differential expansion, cracking, and deterioration.

Short-Term Risk Scenarios: Immediate concerns include the potential for flooding and water infiltration, which could exacerbate existing moisture-related issues like mortar erosion, biological growth, and From a site perspective, the saturation of walls efflorescence. Wind events might also pose a threat, on multiple levels due to rising groundwater and the particularly to the roof and windows. porous (sandy) soil composition needs further testLong-Term Risk Scenarios: Continued exposure ing (Figure 5.5.17). Drainage and leaking issues at the northwestern and southwestern corners contribute to to climatic stresses could lead to significant structurwater accumulation and increase the risk of water infil- al issues. The combination of sea level rise and high tration into wall assemblies. Additionally, poor access groundwater levels could cause foundational weakenNantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.4

August 2023

ing, increasing the risk of structural failure. Long-term moisture exposure may accelerate decay in wooden components and further degrade the mortar and brick, compromising the building’s integrity.

Preserving the Thomas Macy Warehouse necessitates a multifaceted approach. This includes enhancing flood defenses, improving rainwater management, and ensuring the compatibility of restoration materials with the original structure. Engaging the community in preservation efforts can foster resilience, while careful monitoring and maintenance can preserve the warehouse’s historical value in the face of changing climatic conditions.

5.5.5

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

Figure 5.5.1. Thomas Macy Warehouse Satellite Plan, 2021 Google Earth

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.6

August 2023

Figure 5.5.2. Thomas Macy Warehouse Site Plan with Contexts Glossary

5.5.7

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

Figure 5.5.3. Thomas Macy Warehouse Elevation Mapping, DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS

Figure 5.5.4. Thomas Macy Warehouse Slope Mapping, DEM from NOAA, Processed by Arc GIS Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.8

August 2023

Figure 5.5.5. Ineffective Water Management System

Figure 5.5.6. Water Accumulation Spots in Backyard

5.5.9

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

Figure 5.5.7. Water Accumulation Spots in Still Dock Street

Figure 5.5.8. Adjacent Large Trees Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.10

August 2023

Figure 5.5.9. Roots of Adjacent Large Trees

Figure 5.5.10. Adjacent Vegetation

5.5.11

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

Figure 5.5.11. Adjacent Traffic

Figure 5.5.12. Adjacent Buildings Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.12

August 2023

Figure 5.5.13. Efflorescence below the window sill on the interior wall.

Figure 5.5.14. Salt crystalization on the brick surface.

5.5.13

Figure 5.5.15. Coving and disaggregation on the brick units.

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

Figure 5.5.16. Step cracking on the attic level on the South Elevation.

Figure 5.5.18. High moisture content measured on the window frame on the South Elevation.

Figure 5.5.17. Efflorescence below the window sill on the interior wall.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.14

August 2023

Figure 5.5.18. Risk Analysis Diagram for Thomas Macy Warehouse.

5.5.15

5.5 Thomas Macy Warehouse

August 2023

Figure 5.5.19. Causal Risk Analysis Diagram for Thomas Macy Warehouse.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

5.5.16

6. Conclusion and next steps

6.1 Outcomes of the field school

rials glossaries, conditions glossaries, implementing conditions surveys, discussing cause and effect relaOver the 8-week period on the island of Nantionships, assessing risks due to identified hazards, tucket, the participants of the field school interfaced exposures and vulnerabilities, defining priorities, and with numerous on island experts reviewing threats, comparisons between sites was carried out and docwork being carried out regarding the environment, umented. landscape, movable heritage conservation and built heritage conservation as well. After the completion of an overall introduction to the island, that undertook 6.2 Proposed Monitoring overall assessment of the island with the intent to This report intends to lay a foundation for holistic understand different environmental exposure zones, property management of Nantucket Historical Assoidentifying representative sites, structures, and mateciation properties. To this end, it has identified severrials within those zones. rapid assessment digital sural areas for future investigation. The following topics vey form was designed and implemented, culminating should be pursued for a more complete understanding with the identification of specific sites that representof NHA properties and their risk factors. Some have ed climate risks to the build heritage of the island. As been discussed in previous sections: a result of this work, the participants focused on four • documentation of sub-grade natural and manof those sites, the Jethro Coffin House (Oldest House), made water systems including but not limited to the Candle Factory at the Whaling Museum, the Thomsite-specific water table behavior, streams and as Macy Warehouse, and Greater Light. The group also rivulets, storm water drainage, sewer and septic carried out archival research for each of the buildings.

The goal of this research was to determine original de• characterization of material and assembly resign, materials, changes over time, problems that may sponses to increasing climate variability through have existed in the past and repairs that might have lab testing been carried out.

• Property chronologies through comprehensive This report outlines in detail each step of the archival research entered into database software process and how decisions were made along the way.

Determining the representative sites and doing a deep • Site-specific scenario planning that considers dive into each became the focus of the final phase of individual and compound environmental hazards 2023 summer project. Archival research, drawings, (risk analysis provides the basis for envisioning 3D models, topographic mapping, topographic cross scenarios) sections, digital photogrammetry, developing mate6.1

August 2023

• Retention and growth of informed property management personnel However, the most imminent is the proposed monitoring program discussed in this section. This would entail monitoring the long term impact of changing environmental conditions that will help in further analyzing site specific risks. The idea being, that if we know the risks, than we can start designing potential site-specific conservation treatment options for climate mitigation and adaptation and if these sites are truly representative of the island than they can be applicable to a wide range of structures. For this purpose, a monitoring program was designed and installed at each of the four sites. Having real time data and analyzing it in relation to the local geographical context, and changing environmental conditions as well as climate relate disasters such as hurricanes and floods would help us develop site specific solutions and allow us to build bridges to other communities experiencing similar threats.

This section explores possibilities for an on-site monitoring program that will continue to be developed in the next phase of this project. It outlines fundamental requirements for and possible insights to be gained from any building monitoring program. Future analysis will determine the specific information desired and locations for monitoring sensor installation.

Immediate goals of the proposed monitoring program are to identify and track environmental trends that may or may not be exacerbating detrimental building conditions across select Nantucket Historical Association properties. Long-term goals include codifying a process for accumulating information about localized environmental conditions and trends that can inform building management and conservation.

The general workflow to reach these goals proceeds as follows: • Pose questions that can be answered by analysis of data produced by environmental monitoring.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

• Identify locations for monitoring sensor installation.

• Research, acquire, and install appropriate monitoring equipment and software.

• Design and maintain data management system or building model to analyze data.

• Accumulate enough data about environmental conditions to visualize patterns during the time frame in question (eg, diurnal, monthly, or annual trends).

• Characterize the patterns in question and/ or forecast changes through models and projections geared to answer questions posed at beginning (eg, microclimatic conditions around a building or moisture movement through a single wall assembly).

• Use findings to inform day-to-day building management and specific capital projects.

6.3 Literature Review The outline above is informed by an extensive body of peer reviewed articles focused on interior and exterior monitoring of historic structures. Recognizing the various monitoring programs and applications that have been used will enhance the NHA’s ability to utilize monitoring data to its fullest extent. In understanding clearly what has been done successfully and what monitoring and analysis technology is available will allow research on specific sites to gain more fruitful and applicable results.

An essential starting place for the monitoring of historic buildings is choosing which monitoring programs to implement. Creating a clear and rational framework for choosing what monitoring programs to set up and what climate data to collect is crucial.

As seen in Figure 1, a recent study on preservation of historic structures in Europe focused on the various collections of climate data most relevant to specific 6.2

August 2023

motivations. For general climate change and conservation concerns, data on air and surface temperature, as well as dew point, is helpful. If changes in operations are occurring, air temperature and relative humidity are important to monitor. To improve thermal comfort, air temperature, relative humidity, and air movements should be monitored. Finally, if biotic damage is occurring, air temperature, relative humidity, and moisture content should all be monitored. By implementing a detailed monitoring framework, clear and concise data can be collected that can then be immediately implemented in further understanding site and building conditions.1 Once sufficient data has been collected, computer models and simulations can be used to plot possible scenarios based on varying conditions and climate models. This can allow for a good sense of how a building will react to specific conditions without physically having to run the tests. The implementation of computer models and simulations allows for more accurate projects at the site-specific level, as well as greater applicability to nearby or similar structures on Nantucket.

For example, a 2012 study on hygrothermal conditions and mold growth in ventilated attics was able to create computer hygrothermal simulation models based off monitoring data.2 This allowed for greater predictive power on how changing conditions would affect the mold growth.3 In most microclimatic monitoring programs reviewed, appropriate monitoring programs were set up to produce data sets that could in turn inform microclimate computer models. Another 2020 study on pres1 Poljak, Michal, and Radoslav Ponechal. “Microclimatic Monitoring—The Beginning of Saving Historical Sacral Buildings in Europe.” Energies 16, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 1156. https:// doi.org/10.3390/en16031156.

2 Nik, Vahid M., Angela Sasic Kalagasidis, and Erik Kjellström. “Assessment of Hygrothermal Performance and Mould Growth Risk in Ventilated Attics in Respect to Possible Climate Changes in Sweden.” Building and Environment 55 (September 2012): 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.024.

3 Walker, I.S., and T.W. Forest. “Field Measurements of Ventilation Rates in Attics.” Building and Environment 30, no. 3 (July 1995): 333–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/03601323(94)00053-u.

6.3

ervation of artwork, thermal comfort, and energy consumption in historic buildings used a similar approach.

In this study, an experimental method was created which combined analytical formulations, on-site measurements, and HVAC systems to create appropriate hygrothermal parameters. From this combination of direct measurements, site conditions and operations, and analytic analysis, detailed data about the immediate microclimate and building conditions was gathered. The data was then used to validate and improve the accuracy of the dynamic simulation models being run to project effects on historic structures.4 Another example of this was a 2015 study on St Catherine’s Chapel in The Netherlands. The research team looked to investigate flooding and rising damp concerns by closely monitoring internal and external temperature, moisture, and relative humidity. Once these onsite measurements had produced enough data, they were incorporated into a COMSOL, a finite element simulation software the provides an integrated development environment with electrical, mechanical, fluid, acoustic, and chemical applications. The model was based off equations for vapor and liquid capillary pressure. Also incorporated were detailed descriptions of wetting and drying properties of the specific porous materials in the church to understand the site-specific rising damp conditions. These were combined with the onsite monitoring data to fine tune the computer model and get results for predicted outcomes.5 Although the site-specific data acquired via monitoring programs is helpful in telling what is currently occurring, the real usefulness comes in with the input of the acquired data into an appropriate computer model. The model, when based off detailed, rigorous 4 Muñoz González, C.Ma, A.L. León Rodríguez, R. Suárez Medina, and J. Ruiz Jaramillo. “Effects of Future Climate Change on the Preservation of Artworks, Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in Historic Buildings.” Applied Energy 276 (October 15, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115483.

5 Schellen, H, Huijbregts, Z, Ziel, K et al. The Use of COMSOL to Explore Flooding and Rising Water Problems Related to Heritage: Case Study St Catherine’s Chapel, Lemiers, The Netherlands. Comsol Conference, October 14-16, 2015, Grenoble, Switzerland. Editor J.M. Petit. Grenoble: Comsol, 2015. pp 1-11.

6. Next steps

August 2023

materials assessments for the conditions being monitored, is a powerful tool that can illuminate remarkably nuanced projections. The incorporation of monitoring data can be used to further refine the model, making it possible to map and predict conditions and trends for the specific resource, thus allowing for detailed and useful projections. The projections can in turn be analyzed to inform repair and treatment regiments, as well as plot best courses of actions to preserve the site and protect it from climate hazards.

6.4 Contextualizing microclimate It is helpful to contextualize microclimate characteristics against patterns found in the next smallest-scale data available. One way to do this is by utilizing typical meteorological year (TMY) datasets, generally available from the airport or airfield nearest the property in question. TMY datasets are statistically compiled climate files for a location that characterize the typical meteorological phenomena in a location over many years.6 These files are intended for modelling and simulating the mechanical performance of new construction, but they can also provide an easy-to-reference overview of the climate in a location. These weather files can be found in several locations, such as Epwmap,7 where one can enter the location of a city or landmark and find the closest data source. Free software like Climate Consultant,8 processes and visualizes the various environmental parameters for the period of data in question. Similar visuals should be produced with data from the locally installed weather station as a baseline for comparison. The most accessible TMY data relevant to NHA properties was created using data from the Nantucket Memorial Airport weather station9 6 Wilcox, S., and W. Marion. “Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets.” Columbus, OH: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, May 2008. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/43156.pdf.

7 LadyBug Tools. “EnergyPlus Weather Map.” 2023. Interactive. https://www.ladybug.tools/epwmap/.

8 “Climate Consultant | Society of Building Science Educators.” Accessed August 9, 2023. https://www.sbse.org/resources/climate-consultant.

9 Station number 725063.

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

between 1976-2005.10 The weather station is located to the south side of Nantucket approximately one quarter mile from the ocean and adjacent the airport runway. This location provides exposed conditions free from interference. The data it collects includes various solar radiation measurements, air and dew point temperatures, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction. It should be noted that winds originating from the north may be diminished by the weather station’s south-island setting. A narrative description of TMY data for Nantucket is provided in the Understanding the Context section of this report, and Climate Consultant visuals for the same data are provided in the appendix. Another potentially useful source of context data are the Linda Loring Nature Foundation’s weather stations.11 6.5 Overview of equipment capabilities Properties should be individually assessed for custom sensor installation, but the following sensors provide examples of the kind of information that is available. Additionally listed are the stations that make data publicly available – they should be monitored as closely as locally installed sensors for comparison.

Public Nantucket Harbor tide gauge (8449130) • water level • wind direction • wind speed • air temperature • water temperature • air pressure Nantucket Memorial Airport weather station (725063) • wind speed

10 Wilcox and Marion, “TMY3,” 2008.

11 Linda Loring Nature Foundation. “Weather Research.”

Accessed August 4, 2023. https://llnf.org/weather.

6.4

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• wind direction

6.6 Monitoring Program in progress

• visibility

A scientific grade monitoring system was selected and installed. The company is Meter Group. This is a link to their website: https://metergroup.com/

• air temperature • dewpoint • relative humidity • air pressure • precipitation Private (for proposed installation at NHA properties) Meter ATMOS 41 All-in-One Weather Station • Solar radiation • Precipitation

Based on the specific site exposures a selection of monitors and sensors were chosen, and a site-specific monitoring program was designed. Each of the sensors is connected to a data logger, which transmits the information using cellular service to our live web site.

The following is a list of the different sensors that were used.

Data Logger - ZL6 https://www.metergroup.com/en/meter-environment/products/zl6-pro-data-logger

• Air temperature • Barometric pressure • Vapor pressure • Relative humidity • Vapor pressure • Wind speed • Wind direction • Maximum wind gust • Lightning strikes • Lightning distance Meter HYDROS 21 Gen 2 Water Depth, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) sensor

https://www.metergroup.com/en/meter-environment/products/atmos-14-temperature-relative-humidity-sensor Temperature and Humidity Sensor - ATMOS 14 https://www.metergroup.com/en/meter-environment/products/atmos-14-temperature-relative-humidity-sensor Soil Moisture Profile Probe - TERROS 54 https://www.metergroup.com/en/meter-environment/products/teros-54

Water depth

Infrared Thermometer

Temperature (of surrounding medium)

https://www.metergroup.com/en/meter-environment/products/irt-infrared-thermometer

Electrical conductivity (of surrounding medium) Meter ZL6 data logger Six-port receiver connected to above sensors and outputting table data to PC or smart phone.

6.5

Weather Station - ATMOS 14

6.6 Specific Sites and Monitoring Programs Each of the following sites were carefully chosen 6. Next steps

August 2023

based on factual data based on their representative nature on the island. The following is a brief description of eah site, the site specific conditions, and the site specific monitoring program that was designed and installed.

Jethro Coffin House The Jethro Coffin House sits on an expansive open lawn surrounded by a dense array of trees on the east, west, and north sides. Located on the south side of the lawn is Sunset Hill Lane. Situated on a relatively elevated position, yet with a topography that is pitched slightly towards the building, the property has a reduced vulnerability to coastal flooding. On the north side of the building, there is a back kitchen yard, and to the east, a sheepfold. A well can be found to the southeast of the building. An inconspicuous trail extends from Sunset Hill Lane, discernible through bare soil from human use on the lawn.

Monitoring Program to assess the long term impact of coastal flooding, changing water table, and temperature and humidity conditions • Port 1 Terros 54 in crawl space (soil moisture and temp at 6, 12, 18, and 24 inches deep) • Port 2 Terros 54 exterior south elevation (soil moisture and temp at 6, 12, 18, and 24 inches deep) • Port 3 Atmos 14 crawl space, interior below grade (temperature and humidity sensor) • Port 4 Atmos 14 attic space (temperature and humidity sensor) • Port 5 Atmos 14 exterior (weather station) • Port 6 Atmos 14 in brick wall Ports relate to the connection within the ZL6 data logger

Nantucket Historical Association Climate Resilience Strategy

6.6

August 2023

Figure 6.1. Motivation and Climate Data. Poljak, Michal, and Radoslav Ponechal. “Microclimatic Monitoring—The Beginning of Saving Historical Buildings in Europe.” Energies 16, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031156.

6.7

6. Next steps

Annotated Bibliography ARCADIS, One Architecture, The Craig Group, and Stoss. Nantucket Coastal Resilience Plan.

Nantucket, MA, 2021.

Nantucket’s Coastal Resilience Plan (CRP), released in 2021, is the island’s first steps in dealing directly with its coastal vulnerability. The plan outlines 40 near-term projects for vulnerability mitigation and resiliency building, as well as long-term nature centered solutions for increased resilience. The CRP incorporates community engagement, engineering, urban planning, and design with climate models and projections to create feasible solutions furthering coastal resilience. The CRP identified facilities and areas of specific coastal risk on Nantucket, as well as detailed many island level risk maps for flooding, inundation, erosion, and other hazards. The focus of the CRP was on island-wide coastal resilience, with a detailed framework of approaches, risk analysis, and project context considerations and evaluations. Island-wide resilience projects were suggested, with prioritization and implementation suggestions given.

ARCADIS, One Architecture, The Craig Group, and Stoss. Nantucket Coastal Resilience Plan: Existing Conditions and Coastal Risk Assessment. Nantucket, MA, 2021.

The Existing Conditions and Coastal Risk Assessment is a supplementation to the Nantucket Coastal Resilience Plan (CRP). The report provides an overview of built, social, and environmental conditions on Nantucket, while also outlining the community engagement process of the CRP in detail. In the report, detailed maps and data from the town, state, and national level is compiled. Risk maps, current conditions, and coastal trends are examined in depth. The report was useful in providing risk evaluations for coastal hazards. It also clearly lays out the concepts and definitions for risk and vulnerability, which were used in this report to clarify definitions and maintain congruity with previous work on coastal resilience.

Blythe, Robert, James Casella, Kaija Gisolfi-McCready, and Maura Walsh. Rep. Managing Flooding in Nantucket. Nantucket, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2020.

Worcester Polytechnic Institute built up a flooding database comprising over 700 flooding events and 850 storm events. The results from this database are summarized and analyzed in the document Managing Flooding in Nantucket. Flooding causes were identified where appropriate, and three specific locations were investigated for potential future mitigation strategies. This report was invaluable in understanding a framework for addressing an island-wide problem at a property scale level. Although the specific locations were not buildings—two road sections and one beach—the process of tailoring findings towards specific sites was helpful in guiding the framework used for site-specific analysis in our report.

Brian Bach, Cecilia Cotter, Matthew Lepine, and Sean Regan. Rep. Storm Surge and Critical Infrastructure on Nantucket. Nantucket, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2015.

This 2020 report by Worcester Polytechnic Institute offers recommendations for protecting the town of Nantucket against storm surge. Mitigation strategies are discussed in detail. In the report, a risk assessment was developed for infrastructure downtown, and properties were prioritized based on analysis of the data compiled. For each infrastructure, GIS was used as a tool to organize and assess compiled data. The WPI risk assessment work was useful in guiding the creation of a rapid assessment survey for our project. Likewise, their evaluation of past and current practices was used as guidance for our archival research on usage for each building. The identification and characterization of critical infrastructure in the WPI report was a useful resource during formation of a significance assessment for our chosen sites.

Climate Change and Cultural Resources: Climate Change Impacts at Nantucket. Nantucket, MA: National Park Service, n.d.

Jeneva Wright, the Archeologist for Climate Change at the National Park Service, presented this report to our group on a Zoom conference call, discussing the employment of generalized climate data on a regional scale. In the report, Cape Code National Seashore climate data compiled by the NPS is used as proxy data and downscaled to assess the climatic trends of Nantucket and inform projections. The discussion of climate model variations and plausibility assessment was addressed. This report and discussion were invaluable in understanding downscaled climate projections and how global climate models and regional models can be helpful in assessing Nantucket-specific climate trends.

The data from this report and presentation are not publicly available yet.

Eggleston, Jenifer, Jenny Parker, and Jennifer Wellock. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation & Guidelines on Flood Adaptation for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings.

Washington, DC: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services, 2021.

This U.S. Department of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation act as a framework for work done on historic buildings. The document introduces the standards and guidelines, as well as risk and selection assessment processes. The document outlines the appropriate use of various treatments on historic structures such as dry and wet floodproofing, elevation, relocation, temporary measures, and landscape adaptations.

These standards were critical in informing and guiding our recommendation process for specific sites to ensure they are appropriate and concurrent with best practices for historic structures.

Homeowner’s Handbook to Prepare for Coastal Hazards. 3rd ed. Woods Hole, MA: State of Massachusetts, 2020.

This guide is a tool to assist property owners in preparing for coastal hazards. The handbook goes through historic risks of severe storms in the northeast, as well as the impacts and consequences of these storms. The handbook then turns towards development of emergency plans to protect individuals, families, and built structures from storms. It focuses on actions and alterations to strengthen buildings’ physical structures, as well as covers best insurance practices for maximum recovery from severe storm impacts. This handbook was helpful in understand best practices for coastal hazard preparation at the site-specific level. From this general information, a historical preservation lens was added to inform our site-specific recommendations.

Hylton, Morris. Rep. 3D Digital Documentation of Sea Level Rise Visualization. Nantucket, MA: University of Florida, 2019.

The three-dimensional visualization work done by University of Florida’s Preservation Institute Nantucket (PIN) is beautifully portrayed in this 2019 report. The report discusses the process of utilizing documentation and sea level rise projections to create assessments and visualizations, from which data management and dissemination could stem from. The report provides sea level projection visualizations for 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 at various coastal points along Nantucket, including the Thomas Macy Warehouse and Broad Street—where the Candle Factory is located. These visualizations were immensely helpful in characterizing hazards and risks for the Thomas Macy Warehouse and Candle Factory.

Lang, J. Christopher, and Kate Stout. Building with Nantucket in Mind: Guidelines for Protecting the Historic Architecture and Landscape of Nantucket Island. Nantucket, MA: Historic District Commission, 1995.

This document has served as the official design guidelines used by the Historic District Committee (HDC) for decades. In the document, information on the materials and styles used throughout the historic district are given in detail. A Nantucket-specific background on history, architecture, landscape, and historic preservation is given to clearly outline the character of Nantucket. From this assessment, guidelines and recommendations were created to assist property owners to preserve architectural heritage and conservation.

The guidelines also inform new construction and renovations. Reading through this document—and meeting with Kate Stout, one of the authors—was highly informative in understanding the past and current climate of building on Nantucket, and how historic preservation priorities and practices have changed over the past few decades. The report also helped inform our project on the key characterizations of Nantucket history, architecture, and landscape, so that our significance assessment of historic properties was appropriate for Nantucket.

McGrath Architecture. “Flood Resiliency Report & Facilities Capital Expenditure Forecast Plan.”

Nantucket, MA: Nantucket Historical Association, March 8, 2018.

The 2018 McGrath Report is a detailed flood resiliency assessment for multiple of the atrisk NHA buildings, including the Thomas Macy Warehouse and the Candle Factory. The report outlines detailed whether dry or wet floodproofing was appropriate, what temporary measures could be taken, what necessary repairs or treatments should be made, and what the estimated costs would be. The plan did not address material analysis, nor did it use investigative probes or test air and water infiltration. This document was incredibly useful in understanding current conditions and repair regiments, as well as addressing work not done in 2018, such as a more detailed, materials-based conditions approach to the sites.

Milone & MacBroom, Inc. Town of Nantucket Coastal Risk Assessment and Resilience Strategies.

Nantucket, MA, 2020.

This 2020 report aims to assess the risk and vulnerability of Nantucket, viewing different future storm and sea level rise projections and creating different scenarios. The report then identifies economic, ecological, and social tools to bolster resilience on Nantucket.

Strategies and actions are prioritized to address some of the key vulnerabilities on the island. The report is aimed to assist communities in identifying and implementing solutions, and then providing suggestions for measuring effectiveness of implemented resilience strategies. The report was an incredibly useful risk assessment, that was used to supplement our own rapid risk assessment and guide our conversations in recognizing and categorizing risks.

Milone & MacBroom, Inc. Town of Nantucket Community Resilience Building Workshop Summary of Findings. Nantucket, MA, 2019.

The findings summary for the Community Resilience Building Workshop held by the town of Nantucket is a helpful document in recognizing where the town currently stands in terms of resilience planning and hazard preparation. The summary characterizes the primary climate-related hazards that Nantucket faces and identifies the strengths and vulnerabilities of the community. Finally, the summary prioritizes certain actions for the community to increase island-wide resilience. The document has a very helpful summation of hazard concerns and flooding events, as well as clear and important information about the specific concerns that the town of Nantucket has related to each specific hazard.

Milone & MacBroom, Inc. Town of Nantucket Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. Nantucket, MA, 2019.

Nantucket’s Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) highlights the specific natural hazards for Nantucket, their relative risk levels, the specific locations of concern, secondary considerations, and projected patterns with climate change. This incredibly informative and important report was an immense help in gathering island-level hazard and climate data. The information of this report was used extensively in our compilation of

background climate and hazard data. Commentary on historic preservation considerations for specific natural hazards was also informative on designing hazard specific solutions that appropriately protected the historic fabric of each building.

Nantucket Resilience Toolkit. Nantucket, MA: The Craig Group, 2021.

The Nantucket Resilience Toolkit is an extremely helpful annotated bibliography of federal, state, and local resources available for resilience building. The plethora of documents linked in the toolkit range from sectors of large organizations such as the NPS, EPA, and FEMA to small and Nantucket-specific organizations and documents. At the local level, local government and cultural resources are given. There are also specific sources for property owners, as well as information for resilience planning for individuals. This document was a helpful starting point for building a base-level of knowledge about Nantucket and resilience planning at the local, state, and national level.

Resilient Nantucket: Flooding Adaptation & Building Elevation Design Guidelines. Nantucket, MA: Thomason & Associates, 2021.

This manual was designed to work as an addendum to Building with Nantucket in Mind.

The document is designed to complement many other documents, including the HMP and the work done by PIN, to concurrently address resiliency and historic preservation issues pertaining to flooding. The report looks at sea level rise, addressing both risks and resilience opportunities for the island. The report summarizes the relevant findings of many previous reports before laying out guidelines for flood proofing, building resilience, elevating, and relocating historic buildings on Nantucket. The report is very helpful for understanding the current limitations and best practices for flooding adaptations on Nantucket with specific detail given to historic structures.

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