Death By Conservation

DEATH BY CONSERVATION

Ian Vierck

THE PROBLEM SPACE

OPEN ACCESS

THE INTENTION OF THIS PROJECT IS TO CRITIQUE CONTEMPORARY CONSERVATION.

CONSERVATION

RUBUS ARMENIACUS

MRAMOSH OR Մոշի

• NATIVE HABITAT IS LIKELY THE FOREST EDGES IN THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ARARAT VALLEY, ARMANIA2 • PLANTED FOR ITS GIANT BERRIES, LOVED BY PEOPLE AND WILDLIFE3 • HAS GROWN CULTURAL VALUE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RURAL CULTURE4 • HAS BEEN PLANTED IN WASHINGTON FOR ITS RIPARIAN EROSION CONTROL5 GIANT BERRIES AND DENSE GROWTH, HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY IS SO MUCH MORE THAN A CLASS B NOXIOUS WEED.

i1 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

FRIENDS OF BUFORD PARK Our mission is to protect and enhance native ecosystems and compatible recreation in the Mt. Pisgah area.1 16 ACRES OF HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY HAS BEEN REMOVED AS OF MARCH 2021

NORTH BOTTOMLANDS

CONSERVATION

[Conservation] is the preservation and protection of animals, plants, and their habitats.

MOUNT PISGAH ARBORETUM

OAK SAVANNAS ARE PERFECT HABITAT FOR HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY, THIS IS A POINT OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PLANT AND FRIENDS OF BUFORD PARK.

0 mi

N 0.25 mi

i2 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT6

IT’S BACK! IT’S BACK!

THE FRIENDS OF BUFORD PARK USE AN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR HABITAT PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION.

i3 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

IT’S BACK!

THREATS FORCES OF CHANGE

THE FUTURE OF HBRA

DISPERSAL AND SPREAD OF SPECIES

FIRE SUPPRESSION AND MANAGEMENT CHANGES

POPULATION GROWTH AND URBAN SPRAWL

FRAGMENTATION AND HABITAT LOSS

CLIMATE CHANGE

CHANGING OF WATER FLOW PATTERNS FROM THE NATURAL RANGE

TIME CONTEMPORARY CONSERVATION ACKNOWLEDGES THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP OF THREATS, OR FORCES OF CHANGE, AND ADAPTS TO RESIST THEM.

i4 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

THE DIRT

GLYPHOSATE

16 ACRES OF HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY HAS BEEN REMOVED AS OF MARCH 2021

NORTH BOTTOMLANDS

TRICLOPYR MOUNT PISGAH ARBORETUM

METSULFURON

0 mi

N 0.25 mi

MANY PEOPLE DON’T CONSIDER THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF THEIR ‘NATURAL’ ECOSYSTEMS REQUIRE PESTICIDES HARMFUL TO NATIVE SPECIES AND WATERBODIES.

i5 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

A LOOK AT Q. GARRYANA’S PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE Despite the onset 3,800 years ago of cooler, wetter conditions that favored development of woodland and closed forests in the Pacific Northwest of North America, oak savannas have persisted to the present (Pellatt et al. 2001).

Boyd (1986) notes that lightning-ignited fires do not occur frequently enough in the Willamette Valley to account for the continuation of oak savanna. He and others conclude that cultural burning is the most likely factor responsible for maintaining the savanna structure since 3800 BP that persists there today (Habeck 1961; Johannessen et al. 1971).7

EXTINCTION OF NORTH AMERICAN MEGA-FAUNA 12,000 BP

PRESENT CONDITIONS

WARMER, WETTER COOLING PHASE

WARMER, DRYER

8

ECO-CULTURAL PRACTICE

ANACHRONISM

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ENVELOPED IN A CULTURAL PRACTICE

A THING BELONGING TO A PERIOD OF TIME THAT DOESN’T EXIST

THROUGHOUT TIME PLANT COMPOSITIONS CHANGE, ADDITIONALLY WE SEE THAT OAKS LIVED THROUGHOUT DETRIMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGES DUE TO HUMAN INTERVENTION.

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

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5500

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6500

7000

7500

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8500

9000

9500

10000

10500

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00151-1

11000

YEARS BEFORE PRESENT

11500

POLLEN AMOUNTS

ESTIMATED ERA OF CONTROLLED BURNS

i6 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

‘NATIVE’ IS NOT SPACIAL, BUT A TEMPORAL PHENOMENON FUTURE RANGE CHANGE OF Q. GARRYANA EXPANSION

9.

CONTRACTION

BECAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE, PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE ADAPTING AND MIGRATING10. AS Q. GARRYANA MOVES WITH ITS NEW RANGE, WILL IT BE CONSIDERED A ‘NATIVE’?

i7 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

THE PROPOSAL

RETHINKING CONSERVATION

RESIST

CHANGE

T

STAR

ACCEPT

UNDERSTAND FORCES OF CHANGE

UNDERSTAND ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

STEWARD LAND

ADJUST PRACTICE

EXPERIENCE SITE

DIRECT

EXPERIENCE SITE

EXPLORE RESULTS

THE ONLY CHANGE IN NATURE IS CHANGE ITSELF A MORE ADAPTIVE AND HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CONSERVATION SHOULD INVOLVE CONSTANT ADJUSTMENT, INTERACTIONS WITH THE SITE, AND OPENNESS TO CHANGE.

ii 9 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

THE NORTH BOTTOMLANDS

RIPARIAN FOREST OAK SAVANNAH

HORSE ARENA

OLD HOUSE AND BARN

TRAIL

THE NORTH BOTTOMLANDS PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY TO TEST THIS NOVEL-CONSERVATION CONCEPT.

FRIENDS OF BUFORD PARK AND MT. PISGAH’S NATIVE PLANT NURSERY

ROAD

N

0 ft 100ft

400ft ii 10 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

THE AREA OF FOCUS

OAK SAVANNA

HOUSE

GH

U LO

S

DOUGLAS FIR PAIR

RIPARIAN FOREST TRAIL

BARN NURSERY

TWO ‘NATIVE’ HABITATS ARE LOCATED WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE FROM THE PARKING LOT AND ARE CLOSE TO POTENTIALLY VALUABLE FUTURE SPACES. WHAT’S MORE, THEY BOTH CONTAIN NUMEROUS ‘INVASIVE’ SPECIES.

ROAD

0 ft 20ft

N 80ft

ii 11 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

THE INSTALLATIONS NURSERY LOGS

BRIDGING THE SLOUGH

OAK SAVANNA

NESTING GROUNDS

CANOPY OF GRASSES

DOUGLAS FIR PAIR

CONFLUENCE OVERLOOK

H

SL

G OU

RIPARIAN FOREST GOPHER UNDERLOOK ALL INSTALLATIONS ARE INTENDED TO EXPLORE CHANGE, EDUCATE VISITORS, AND FURTHER REFLECT ON CONTEMPORARY CONSERVATION.

0 ft

N

20ft

80ft

ii 12 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

CANOPY PALETTE

DOUGLAS FIR

ENGLISH HOLLY

BIG LEAF MAPLE

OREGON OAK

PORTUGUESE LAUREL

OAK SAVANNA

DOUGLAS FIR PAIR

BIG LEAF MAPLE

TURKISH HAZELNUT

APPLE TREE APPLE TREE 0 ft

N

20ft

THE TREES ON THE SITE CAN FRAME A STORY ABOUT THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE PARK.

OREGON OAK

80ft

ii 13 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

MATERIAL PALETTE

THE UNIQUE HISTORY OF THE SITE PROVIDES MUCH MATERIAL INSPIRATION.

ii 14 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

TYPOLOGIES

MAINTENANCE

BROWSING

Time

HISTORIC PLANT COMPOSITION

FUTURE PLANT COMPOSITION

Bromus carinatus

Brachypodium sylvaticum

Aegilops triuncialis

Trillium sessile

Verbascum thapsus

Achillea millefolium L

Eucephalus vialis

Hypericum perforatum

Chondrilla juncea

Corylus cornuta ssp. californica

Rubus armeniacus

Tamarix spp.

BATTLE OF THE PLANTS

WEEDING

MOWING

BY COMBINING MAINTENANCE PRACTICES WITH DIFFERENT PLANTING PLANS, MANY DIFFERENT OUTCOMES ARE CREATED.

ii 15 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

MOSAIC OF COMPOSITIONS

RESIST

CHANGE

ACCEPT

EACH NEST, LOG, OR STUMP CAN COMBINE MAINTENANCE WITH A PLANT PALETTE TO EXPLORE THE FORCES AND OUTCOMES OF CHANGE.

DIRECT

ii 16 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

ENTERING THE PARK DISPERSED LOGS REPRESENT DIRECTIONS OF CHANGE

DOUGLAS FIR

HERE

VISITORS PASS THROUGH THE DOUGLAS FIR GATE TO START THEIR JOURNEY THROUGH THE RIPARIAN FOREST.

ii 17 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

RIPARIAN NURSERY LOGS NURSERY LOG PLANTERS DECOMPOSE AND CHANGE OVER TIME

DIFFERENT MAINTENANCE PRACTICE DETERMINE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES

HERE

LOG PLANTERS SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE TRAIL SYSTEM PROVIDE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES TO LEARN.

ii 18 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

CROSSING THE SLOUGH DIFFERENT SEASONS LEAD TO DIFFERENT WATER LEVELS IN THE SLOUGH.

BIG LEAF MAPLE OAK SAVANNA

RIPARIAN FOREST

HERE

A WOOD BRIDGE CONNECTS THE RIPARIAN FOREST AND OAK SAVANNA.

ii 19 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

NESTING GROUNDS REPRESENTING THE FRAGMENTATION OF HABITATS, NESTS ARE PLACE AMONGST THE SAVANNA

NESTS EVENTUALLY DECOMPOSE INTO MOUNDS

HERE

EACH NESTS DOTTING THE SAVANNA PROVIDES DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITIES AND EXPERIENCES.

ii 20 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

CANOPY OF GRASSES TRUNKS MEMORIALIZE OREGON’S OAK SAVANNA DEAD WOOD IS AN IMPORTANT HABITAT FOR SAVANNA ORGANISMS

OREGON OAK

HERE

OLD LOGS ARE PLANTED WITH GRASSES AND SET VERTICALLY IN THE EARTH.

ii 21 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

NEW HEIGH HEIGHTS A LOOKOUT PROVIDES A VIEW OF A FENCED OFF PRESERVE

A JUXTAPOSITION IS EXPERIENCED BETWEEN A NATURAL AREA WITH NO ACCESS AND A NATURAL AREA WITH ACCESS

Hypericum perforatum

TRANSITIONS BETWEEN INSTALLATIONS ARE SMOOTH AND COMFORTABLE

HERE

THE OVERLOOK PROVIDES VISITORS WITH AN OPPORTUNITY TO SEE THE WILLAMETTE CONFLUENCE PRESERVE.

ii 22 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

NEW PERSPECTIVES NEXT TO THE OVERLOOK IS THE GOPHER UNDERLOOK

TWO DIFFERENT LEVELS ARE PROVIDED FOR INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS

RAMMED EARTH WALLS CHANGE OVERTIME, EVENTUALLY RETURNING TO THE EARTH

HERE

PLATFORM 2

A RAMP LOWERS INTO THE GROUND TO GIVE VISITOR A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF THE PRAIRIE.

PLATFORM 1

ii 23 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

CONCLUSION

UNDERSTAND FORCES OF CHANGE

STEWARD LAND

UNDERSTAND ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

ADJUST PRACTICE

EXPERIENCE SITE

EXPERIENCE SITE

EXPLORE RESULTS

RESIST

CHANGE

ACCEPT THE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THESE DESIGNS IS FOCUSED ON THE MANAGEMENT OF HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY. THROUGHOUT THE PROCESS THESE MAINTENANCE MAY CHANGE ACCORDINGLY.

DIRECT

iii 25 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

BRIDGING VALUES NOVEL-CONSERVATION:

THE CONTINUAL ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES TO INSURE LONGEVITY THROUGHOUT HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN CHANGES

WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO STEWARD ADAPTED, NOVEL-ECOSYSTEMS THAT EXPLORES A MORE HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CONSERVATION, EDUCATES THE PUBLIC ABOUT PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE ECOSYSTEMS WHILE CONTINUOUSLY ADAPTING TO THE FUTURE.

iii 26 DEATH BY CONSERVATION

THANK YOU 1.

Habitat Management Plan, Howard Buford Recreation Area, June 22, 2018.

2. (“Մոշենի - Վիքիպեդիա՝ ազատ հանրագիտարան”, 2021) https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D 5%84%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6 %D5%AB 3. https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/images/weeds/Rubu_armeniacus.pdf 4.

Stannard, M.E. 2014. Plant guide for Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus armeniacus). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington 99164-6211. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_ruar9.pdf 5.

Bennet, M. 2007. Managing Himalayan Blackberry in Western Oregon Riparian Areas. Oregon State University, 2006, EM 8894 https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/pg15bf146 6. https://friends-of-buford-park-mt-pisgah.myshopify.com/ 7.

Pellatt, M.G., Gedalof, Z. Environmental change in Garry oak (Quercus garryana) ecosystems: the evolution of an eco-cultural landscape.

Biodivers Conserv 23, 2053–2067 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0703-9 8.

M.G. Pellatt, R.J. Hebda, R.W. Mathewes, High-resolution Holocene vegetation history and climate from Hole 1034B, ODP leg 169S, Saanich Inlet, Canada, Marine Geology, Volume 174, Issues 1–4, 2001, Pages 211-226, ISSN 0025-3227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00151-1.

9.

Shafer, S., Bartlein, P. Thompson, R. Potential Changes in the Distributions of Western North America Tree and Shrub Taxa under Future

Climate Scenarios. Ecosystems 4, 200–215 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0004-5I 10.

Kling, MM, Auer, SL, Comer, PJ, Ackerly, DD, Hamilton, H. Multiple axes of ecological vulnerability to climate change. Glob Change Biol. 2020; 26: 2798– 2813. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15008 11.

SONGLIN FEI, JOHANNA M. DESPREZ, KEVIN M. POTTER, INSU JO, JONATHAN A. KNOTT, CHRISTOPHER M. OSWALT. Divergence of species responses to climate change . SCIENCE ADVANCES17 MAY 2017 : E1603055 12 Ingham, C. (2008). Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and English ivy (Hedera helix) response to high intensity-short duration goat browsing. : Oregon State University. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/654543 Epperly, H. (2015). Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem. : Oregon State University.

Emily E. Graves Marcel Holyoak T. Rodd Kelsey Robert J. Meese. Understanding the contribution of habitats and regional variation to longterm population trends in tricolored blackbirds. Ecology and Evolution 2013; 3( 9): 2845– 2858. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.681 Gilmour, Daniel McGowan; Butler, Virginia L.; O’Conner, Jim E.; Byrd Davis, Edward; Culleton, Brendan J.; Kennett, Douglas J.; and Hodgins, Gregory,Chronology and Ecology of Late Pleistocene Megafauna in the Northern Willamette Valley, Oregon (2014). Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations. 95. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac/95

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