Oxford Brookes University_ Architecture Portfolio _ DS2 Full Portfolio

Weave the Bamboo Space

Kung Hin Fai Tutors : Adam Holloway | Elliot Rogosin | Eliot Mayer

MArchD Applied Design in Architecture DS2: New Digital Vernaculars, 2021-2022

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 3

ABSTRACT

Bamboo oCers a incredible potentials in built environment in the poor countries and can bothbridgeagapbetweenpastandpresent,traditionalandnewtechnologies.

ThestudiesaimstodevelopdigitalfabricationprinciplesinformedbyBamboo andthecon ceptualframeworkandtocarryoutdesignprototypesanddigitaldesignworktodetermine newdesignlanguageinthestudioexperimentsandparametricarchitecture.

CONTENTS Chapter 1 : Bamboo Research -CharacterofBamboo -GeneralCharacteristicsofBamboo -BambooGrowandCut -BambooJoints -BambooPrecedents -ThepossibilityofBambooFabrication -ConceptDevelopment:Models -FinalModel:BendingMaterial -GroupManifesto

Chapter 5 : Site Development & Fabrication Process -SiteLocations -SiteBackground -SiteAnalysis -CourtyardPrecedence Programmers -ProposedCourtyardFunction -CurrentPeopleActivities -ProposedDigitalFabricationSpace -FabricationProcess

Chapter 2 : Gridshell Research

Chapter 6 : Design Development

-BambooGridshellPrecedents -What’isGridshellStructure

-InitialBrief Purpose Manifesto -DesignLanguage

-GridshellPrototype

Chapter 3 : Tectonic Making -PatternExploration -TectonicMaking -DesignintheSurface -MaterialTesting

Chapter 4 : Gridshell Experiment -MaterialStudy -Drybending -BambooJoineryPrototype -Phase1:grid-shellpattern -Phase2:Testthematerial/joinery -Phase3:experiment-tunnel(Second) -Phase4:Furnitecture-bamboobook shelves -ExplodedDiagram -InteriorSpace

Chapter 7 : Design Proposal -CaseStudies -DesignProposal -SitePerspective -DesignProcess -SitePlan -MasterPlan -FloorPlan -SectionDrawing -StructuralDiagram -Rendering

CHAPTER 1

Bamboo Research -ThepossibilityofBambooFabrication -CharacterofBamboo -GeneralCharacteristicsofBamboo-ConceptDevelopment:Models -FinalModel:BendingMaterial -BambooGrowandCut -GroupManifesto -BambooJoints -BambooPrecedents

CHARACTER OF BAMBOO BambooConstruction/FabricationTimelines

People developed a respect for bamboo and tendtoassociateitwithpositivemeanings.

The plant symbolizes beauty and regrowth or resistance.

EARLY USES Overyears 5,0 ago,Chinesepeopleused bamboo to build tree houses (beginning ofthesturdybuildingmateriallegacy).

Around 20BCE to 20CE, bamboo was usedtocreatepaperandbooks.

FURTHER DEVELOPED In the 60s, the Tang Dynasty developed bamboo musical instruments which then established an even stronger cultural leg acy for this material. Other cultures use bamboo for inspiration (art, poetry, - mu sic)andalsodishesandmeals.Peoplealso used it to create bedding and flooring for thehouses.

FURTHERMORE

REDEFINED

Bambooisnowalsoclassedashardwood.

In the late 190s, creators in China devel opedatreatmentthatmadebamboolook and feel like hardwood. By cutting and planing the bamboo stalks into planks, manufacturers created a durable - alterna tive to hardwood flooring and boards.- Be fore the 20th century, China & Japan used laminatedbambooforflooring.

More redefined as a building mate rial. Innovative individuals have been able to create transportation out of thebamboo,building: • • • •

Airships Rafts Boats Bicycleframes

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 9

CHARACTER OF BAMBOO Theuseofbamboo

Historically,Bamboohasbeenassociatedwithnativeareas - through out Southeast Asia, and focuses on the its uses in China, however thisplantalsogrowsinplaceslikeIndia,partsofAustralia,theUnited States,areasinAfricaandSouthAmerica.

The easy growth and harvest, made bamboo a popular choice of buildingmaterial(itspropertiesmadeitaperfectcroptoharvest).

Due to its versatile nature, people have used bamboo for - many dif ferentpurposesandinavarietyofwayssuchas: • • • • • • • •

Bamboo Drip Irrigation

Livestock Fence

Medicine Foodforanimalsandlivestock Musicalinstruments Carvedartwork Irrigationsystems Cuttingboards&kitchenware Clothing,bedding&otherfabrics Weapons

Music Instruments

Cutting Board and Kitchenware

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 1

General Characteristics of Bamboo

Native and types

The canes is the bamboo stem without branches,leaves and rhizome. The lower part,where the diCerence between the diameterandtheheightoftheinternodeissmaller,andthestemthicknessisusedforcolumnsandposts.Thecanes generallyalsousedforbeams,trussesandthree-dimensionalstructure.

Background

Theplankisobtainedfromtheintermediatepartofstems.Theisachievedbymakingsuccessivelongitudinalcut theareaofitsnodeswithahatchet

- Fast Growing : Bamboosaretypicallyfast-growingperennials, with some species growing as much as 30 cm (1 foot) per day.

The woody ringed stems, known as culms, are typically hollow betweentherings(nodes)andgrowinbranchingclustersfrom athickrhizome(undergroundstem).

- Length : Bambooculmscanattainheightsrangingfrom10to 15cm(about4to6inches)inthesmallestspeciestomorethan 40metres(about130feet)inthelargest.

- Construction: Bamboolaminatedcanbeusedasanalternative construction material. For laminated elements such as planks, boards , columns , beams and panels,laths joined with glue or woodenboltsareused.

- Tropical Material : Bamboo occur a native on 5 continents : Africa, South Asia , East Asia and the South Pacific , to some extent to South America , and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture.

The part of Bamboo Calm

Bamboo Calm Section

Removed the surface of bamboo canes

Furnish the bamboo planks

Produce the strips in Industrial fabrication

Produce Bamboo Strips

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 13

BAMBOO GROW AND CUT ResearchintoBambooGrowth

Whereisitnativeandtype?

Bamboogrowsinvariouspartsoftheworld,onallcontinents except for Antarctica and Europe. That is Africa, Asia, South America, North America and Australia. It can grow almost any whereintheworld.

ThereareoverdiCerent 60 typesofbamboo,someofthemain typesusedforconstruction Bamusa are , Chusquea , Dendrocalamus , Gigantochloa , Guadua , Phyllostachys .

The some of the ones used for gardens are Painted Bamboo, Moso Bamboo, Green-Glaucous Bamboo, Black Bamboo, HedgeBamboo,JapaneseTimberBamboo,FishPoleBamboo, Chinese Fountain Bamboo, Dragon Head Bamboo, Umbrella Bamboo,GiantBambooandBuddhaBellyBamboo.

Bambusa

Chusquea

Gigantochloa

Guadua

Dendrocalamus

Phyllostachys

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BAMBOO GROW AND CUT DistributionofNativeBamboos AWorldwideMaterials Bamboooccuranativeoncontinents 5 Africa, : South Asia, East Asia andtheSouth Pacific, tosomeextentto South America,andbyextensionintheaestheticofTikiculture.

Coincidentally,allcontinentsexceptAntarcticaandEuropehavebamboospecies.

Bambooisnaturallyfoundassecondaryvegetationinforests,butinsomecases,theyarethe dominant vegetation type. Such is the case in northeast India where bamboo covers many thousandsofsquarekilometers,andonthemountainsidesofeasternAfrica.

(BAMBUBATU,20).

Bambooisnaturallyfound secondary as vegetationinforests,butinsomecases,theyarethe dominant vegetation type. Such is the case in northeast India where bamboo covers many thousandsofsquarekilometers,andonthemountainsidesofeasternAfrica.

Bambooscanalsotolerateextremeconditionsthatmostplantscan’t.Somespeciescangrow from sea level to up to 40 m in the Andes and Himalayas withstanding temperatures well

North America

Bamboo Farm Office , Tanzania

Africa

Mainland China India

Luum Temple in Tulum, Mexico

Bamboo Hostels ,China South Asia Indonesia

South America

Africa

Deployable Bamboo Structure Pavilion , Brazil

Sharma Springs , Bali

DistributionofNativeBamboosaroundtheworld Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 17

BAMBOO GROW AND CUT DiCerentpartsofbamboo

DiCerentUse Bamboo is a perennial evergreen that is part of the grass fam ily (a very tall and woody grass that is). Similar to grass, bam boo is characterized by a jointed stem called a culm. Typically the culms are hollow but some species of bamboo have solid culms. Each culm segment begins and ends with a solid joint calledanode.

Nodesarecharacterizedbyaswellingencirclingtheendsofthe culm segments. The segments between the nodes are called internodes. From the nodes grow leaves and branches. Similar totheculms,thebranchesarealsosegmentedwithnodesand internodes.

(Minke,2016).

Theundergroundrootsystemofbambooisverysimilartothat oftheculm.Itcanbedescribedasanundergroundculm - grow inghorizontallyinthesoil.Thisundergroundculmiscalled arhi zome.TheonlydiCerenceisthatinsteadofproducingbranches andleaves,therhizomesproducerootsandshootsatthenodes.

Bamboo is a very shallow rooted plant. Bamboo rhizomes - typi cally grow within the first 6” below the surface of the ground.

Therhizomesproducefeederrootsthatgrowfurtherdowninto thesoil.

(Minke,2016).

Bamboo rhizomes grow in two unique characteristics. They - ei ther grow in a clumping formation or they can grow in- a run ninghabit.Therhizomegrowthpatternsclassifybambooeither asaclumpingbambooorarunningbamboo.

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BAMBOO GROW AND CUT BambooBend

Bamboo Bend Bamboowant’stobendithasbeenbendingsince it has first started being used it construction, from weavingtobendingittomakestructures.

Thereareanumberofwaystobendbamboofrom dry bending, water bending, heat bending and krufbending.

Drybending Involves arching it down at one end and- bend ingitwiththeotherendandsecuredown.

Waterbending

Shape the Bamboo

Bend the bamboo into shape

Water bending it Involves sucking it in water for days 2 andthenmakingitamoldtoholditinthe bentprecisionandlettingitdryoverandcouple days.

Heatbending Heat bending Involves heating up the bamboo and bending it and then repeatedly cooling it downwithwater.

Krufbending It Involves cutting groves it the bamboo and bendingitandgluingitinplace.

Water Bending

Fire Bending

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BAMBOO JOINTS ResearchdiCerenttypeofJoinery

Traditional Joints For the traditional method of Bamboo connections, it’s the most important as pects of bamboo construction is the formation of joints that transfer the forc es form one elements to others. Spacing between bolts must not be less than 150mm or greater than 250mm in joints submitted to tension and less than 10mminjointssubmittedtocompression.Nowadays,diCerentkindsofbuild ingareusedasyntheticfiresinthebamboojoints.Thesesolutionarecommonly availableconnectionelements.(Minke,2016).

The eCective design of joints is essential toguarantee the structural stabil ity of any project. Using bamboo in the construction,however, introduces additional design challenges due to the uniqueness and variability ofevery member. The design of joints therefore becomes a critical and intensive process where a considerable amount of skill is needed . The utilization of bamboojointsSplice Through , Angular , Orthogonal , andBundlewas acom monlyused.

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BAMBOO JOINTS ResearchdiCerenttypeofJoinery

Joints Technology A multi-angular joint holds together a number of bamboo pieces that rotate around a central point in multiple angles. Given its flex ible configuration, themultangularjoint can be appliedin a variety of projects, for instance, the construction of curvilinear structures, space frames,geodesicdomesaswellasplanargrids.Itillustrates- threediCer entmultangularjointtypesthataresuitableandcommonlydeployedin Bamboostructures(Minke,2016).

Theflexibilityandversatilityofthistypeofthejointpresentadvantages while considering curvilinear structures using bamboo. A parametric design system proposed to tackle such a multi-angular joint design fromourpreviousresearchisadopted.Thejointswascommonlyusedin Multi-plannar joints , Fixed prism joint andmultangular planar joint in thedesignconfigurations.

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Bamboo Precedents

Vernacular : Hostel Deep in Rural China

Architect : Anna Heringer

Reformation : Digital Bamboo Architect : ETH Zurich

Digital Fabrication : ZCB Bamboo Pavilion Architect : The Chinese University of Hong Kong

The hustle by Anna Heringer is meant to bring people in the area The construction system developed for the Digital Bamboo pavilion Gridshellaredistinguishedfromanothertypeofform-activestructuretha backtotheirrootsusingthematerialofbambooandthetechniques aims to reduce the logistic eCorts of construction while exploiting similarly resists loads primarily through compression. In general anticl of using of the past but with a modern twist. Using locally sourced theadvantagesofdigitalfabricationformoresustainablearchitecture surfaces provide greater resistance to out-of-plane buckling because t materials, such as Bamboo, stone, and earth to create a design with (Schmid,201). sile forces running in one sense direction of the shell tend to be resisted asolidinteriormadeofstoneandrammedearth.Anexternalskinof bycompressiveforcesofequalmagnitudeintheopposedsensedirection. bambooformstheformandshapeofthebuildings.Heringer, ( 2017).

(Gibson,2016)

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THE POSSIBILITY OF BAMBOO FABRICATION NextstepofBambooResearch

?

Low-tech bamboo poles connection

High-tech bamboo poles connection

Bamboo strips for weaving

What could be next step in the use of digital fabrication ?

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Concept Development: MODELS

Drawings

Dry Bending Model

Vault Model

Hot Water Bending

Shell Bending Model

These are a range of development drawings ilWe initially began testing using dry bendThis second physical model was tested With our second water bending experi lustrating possible shapes and structures ing that techniques, analysing the possibilitiesagain of using dry bending combined with ment,wemadeamouldtohelpshapethe can be produced using bamboo as a material the material (to bend naturally) and - the re weaving. When first bending the mate material,aftersoakingitfor2days. forconstruction. inforcement needed to fix these curvilinearrial, we noticed that it’s bent easier with thefineside, structures.

With our second water bending experi ment, we made a mould to help shape the material, after soaking it for 2 days.

Wenoticedthatifweremoveditbefore the2daysthematerial.

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Final Model : Bending Material Whenworkingonthefinalmodelwediditinaone-to-onewithbamboo.Duetothematerialnotbeinguniformlyputintostrips,itdidn’t bendinauniformway.ThustherhinomodellooksquitediCerenttothefinishedproduct.Webentthebamboomanually,madenotches inittoallowforstringtoconnecttoit.Afterwetiedtogetherthestringactedasananchorholdingitinposition.

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No boxes Say “Freedom” With Bamboo ! [ MANIFESTO]

1-

Manipulation.

A material can be easily manipulated to morph with the

landscape ,shouldnotberestrictedtostandardrectangularshapesandframes.

2-

Connection. Proto-Vernacular Architecture should ultimately- aim to recon

nectpeople,buildingsandnature.

3 - Material

Potential. It’s about freedom. Bamboo needs to bend. The flex-

ibility of the material should be explored to its full potential and capacity.

4 - Sustainability. It’s a positive contribution to a zero carbon environment, to a necessity for all and not just the poor.

5 - Flexibility. It’s a flexible material to create the parametric forms in architecture language.

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CHAPTER 2

Gridshell Research -BambooGridshellPrecedents -What’isGridshellStructure -GridshellPrototype

BAMBOO GRIDSHELL PRECEDENTS

Expo 2000 Japan Pavilion, Hannover Architect:ShigeruBan

Swatch Headquarter Switzerland Architect:ShigeruBan

Downland Gridshell United Kingdom Architect:EdwardCuillian

TOROO pavilion Taiwan Architect:Theschoolofarchitecture oftheChineseuniversityofHong Kong(CUHK)

Reading University Student Pavilion United Kingdom Architect:ReadingUniversity

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WHAT IS GRIDSHELL ?

Gridshells are lattice structures of long thin timber laths, generally laid up in two directions and formed into a doubly-curvedshellstructurewhichhasbeengeometricallyform-foundtoacteCcientlyasacompression-only (dome-like) shape. They exhibit a highly materially eCcient structural arrangement for enclosing space with a lightweightlatticestructure,typicallyusedformediumandlong-spanroofs.(XYLOTEK,20) Themostcommonapproachtoforminggridshellsistolayoutaninitiallyflatgridoflaths,then - pushupthein teriorofthegridintotheintendedarchingshape,impartingthedoublecurvaturethatmakestheshellstiCand lockingthatinwithdiagonalbracingcables.Theresultisanexceptionallylight-weight,beautiful,andmaterially eCcientstructure.

The Diagram of Gridshell Tension

The image of Downland Gridshell

Force in Continuous Shells and Gridshell The Tectonic Drawing of Gridshell Structure

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GRIDSHELL PROTOTYPE

STEP 1: DRILLING THE STRIPS Thebamboosticksarecuttosizeandmeasurethesize ofgridshellstructure.Using18Bamboostickstomake astructureofgrid-shell.

STEP 2: PATTERN

STEP 3: CONTINUOUS FORCE

Thebamboogridshellstructurewaseasilytoextensionduetothescrew jointsfixing.ThesizecanbeexpandedtodiCerentwayfromnarrowtobig.

Thefixingenablemovementofthebamboostripsinthetwodirection,but someofthebamboostickswassplitduetotheover-drilledandvulnerable.

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CHAPTER 3 Tectonic Making -PatternExploration -TectonicMaking -DesignintheSurface -MaterialTesting

PATTERN EXPLORATION

QUADRILATERAL

The quadrilateral pattern is a moveable no planar faces generally on the surface. It is a continuous edges and two families of curve for the dual itself

DIAMOND

Thediamondpatternisastableandplanar faces.Itisacontinuousfacesandthreefamilies ofcurves..Thefinalshapeisdecidedbyhex agonalnetwork

TRIANGULAR

Thetriangularpatternisastableandplanar face.Ittransformsbydiamondpatternand becomethethree-waysysteminthesurface networks

HYBRIDPATTERN

Thehybridpatternisainstableandno - pla narfacesgenerally.Itisano-continuous edgesandconnectfourorfivefamiliesof curveonthesurface

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TECTONIC MAKING STRIPS

QUADRILATERAL

DIAMOND

TRIANGULAR

PATTERN A

The stight strips are to be a initial approach

STRIPS

The horizontal strips are to be second layer in the quadrilateral pattern

OBLIQUESTRIPS

Change to 45 degree for both side to be a diamond patterns

Add the horizontal strips underneath the oblique one to be a triangular pattern

OVERLAPPEDTHESTRIPS

HYBRIDPATTERN

Reverse the second strips to overlapped the straight patterns

Move the parallel direction to become the hybrid pattern

PATTERN B

The stight strips are to be a initial approach

The oblique was put on the top of straight strips. The 45 degree was set up on the second layer

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DESIGN THE SURFACE

ITERATION 1 - QUADRILATERAL Thefirstseriesofmajoriterationsistoknowthepatternof quadrilateralanddensityofthesurface.Theiterationwasto developasmallconicsurfaceintoitsconstantU/Vguidelines andtransformittobeafundamentalsystem

ITERATION 2 - DIAMOND Thesecondseriesofiterationswastodividethediamond patternonthesurface.Thediamondpatternisacommon appearanceinbambooweavingandisastructuredsystem.It aimstoknowhowmanydiamondspatternfitonthesurface

ITERATION 3 - TRIANGULAR Thethirdseriesofiterationsdividesthethree-waysystemon thesurface.Thetriangularpatternwascomefromadiamond patternoriginallyandrecognizedthediCerencebetween diamondandtriangularonthesurface

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MATERIAL TESTING BAMBOOSTICKS

BAMBOOSTRIPS( THIN)

BAMBOOSTRIPS( THICK)

BAMBOOCANERS

MATERIAL TESTING ThepreviousmaterialexperimentisshownhoweCectivethe methodbetweensteamanddrybendingis.Itappearedthat thethickbamboostripsarethebestmaterialinsteambending; However,thebamboosticksaretheeCectivewaytodoitinthe drybendingduringthematerialtesting.

DRY BENDING DryBending-450mm

Intermsofsteambending,thetwohoursorabovesteaming couldbenecessarywaitingintheprocessinasteamboxand shapingtobambooeventually.Itshowsthatthesteamboxisan eCectivewaythanthedryone.Mostofthematerialcould- becol lapsedinthedrybendingexperiments,whereasthesteam- bend ingisasuccessfulwaytobendthebamboostripsandcanes DryBending-350mm

BENDDIFFICULTY

BENDDIFFICULTY

BENDDIFFICULTY

BENDDIFFICULTY

NOTAPPROACH

FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY

NOTAPPROACH

STRENGTH

STRENGTH

STRENGTH

STRENGTH

NOTAPPROACH

STEAM BENDING SteamBending-450mm

SteamBending-350mm

BENDDIFFICULTY

BENDDIFFICULTY

BENDDIFFICULTY

BENDDIFFICULTY

NOTAPPROACH

FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY

NOTAPPROACH

STRENGTH

STRENGTH

STRENGTH

STRENGTH

NOTAPPROACH

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CHAPTER 4

Gridshell Experiments -MaterialStudy -Drybending -BambooJoineryPrototype -Phase1:grid-shellpattern -Phase2:Testthematerial/joinery -Phase3:experiment-tunnel(Second) -Phase4:Furnitecture-bamboobookshelves -ExplodedDiagram -InteriorSpace

DRY BENDING

MATERIAL STUDY

BAMBOOSTRIP

JOINERY -Thescrewjointsareastableandadaptabletoothersduetotheirmaterialqualityandtightconnection,sothe futureexperimentcouldbeadoptedthesejoints -Thebamboosticksisahardmaterialtobendthecurvyforminthegrid-shellstructure.Itaimstounderstandthe materialqualityandstabilityofthejoineryconnection.

BAMBOOSTICK

SCREWJOINT

MORTISEANDTENON

ROPEJOINT

STABILITY ADAPTABILITY CONNECTION

SMALLBAMBOOPOLE

IRONWHITELASHINGCONNECTION

ZIPTIECONNECTION

LASHEDCONNECTION

STABILITY ADAPTABILITY CONNECTION

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BAMBOO JOINERY PROTOTYPE [ BAMBOO LASHING ]

[ FISH MOUTH JOINTS ]

[ BAMBOO JOINTS WITH METAL ANCHORS ]

TYPE

Technique

-Bamboopolescanbetiedtogetherusinganyofthe - tra ditionallashingknots,

Level

StructuralnodesarefundamentalforthepropertransmissionofMakinggoodandaestheticallypleasingbamboojointsisrathercomplicated becausebambooishollow,tapered,hasnodesatvaryingdistances,anditis loadsinastructure.Inbuildingsconstructedofnaturalmaterials notperfectlycircular. suchaswoodorbamboo

STABILITY

STABILITY

ADAPTABILITY

ADAPTABILITY

CONNECTION

CONNECTION

STABILITY ADAPTABILITY CONNECTION

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PHASE1:GRID-SHELLPATTERN Finding and Experience

PHASE 2 : TEST THE MATERIAL / JOINERY Finding and Experience

Thegrid-shellpatternisstudiedintheinitialdesignstage,whichcollectedthegridshellpattern- fromthebookstoun Thebamboosticksarecuttosizeandmeasuredforthesizeofthegridshellstructure.Using18Bamboo stickstomakeastructureofgrid-shell.Thebamboosticksaredrilledintothebaseatthecorners.

Th derstandtheappearanceoftheshellstructure.ThepatternwouldbediCerentbetweentheaboveandbelowimages boosticksintheperpendiculardirectionarethensetunderthefixedstripsanddrilledintheplac duetotheshadowandspiralenvironment.Thegridshellpatterncouldbedefinedinthefirstphrase. thethingtoholdontothecentrepointsofgridshellpushinguptothestructurestably.

Finally,Thefixingenablemovementofthebamboostripsinthetwodirection,butsomeofthebamboo stickswassplitduetotheover-drilledandvulnerable.

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STEP1

INDIVIDUALMATERIALSTUDY:BAMBOOSTICKSGRIDSHELLSTRUCTURE STEP2 STEP1 Thebamboosticksarecuttosizeandmeasurethesizeofgridshellstructure.Using18Bamboosticksto makeastructureofgrid-shell.

STEP2 Thebamboosticksareshavedinto40mmlengthusingthetablesaw.Itcuttosizeusingtrigonometry tode terminethelengthsandthendrilledtogetherthroughscrewjoints

STEP3 Thebamboogridshellstructurewaseasilytoextensionduetothescrewjointsfixing.Thesize canbeex pandedtodiCerentwayfromnarrowtobig.

STEP2

STEP4 Thebamboosticksaredrilledintothebaseatthecorners.Thebamboosticksintheperpendicular di rectionarethensetunderthefixedstripsanddrilledintheplace.Findthethingtoholdonthecentre pointsofgridshellpushinguptothestructurestably.

FIXING Thefixingenablemovementofthebamboostripsinthetwodirection,butsomeofthebamboo stickswassplitduetotheover-drilledandvulnerable.

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PHASE 3 : EXPERIMENT - TUNNEL (SECOND ) Thethirdinvestigationsinvolvedtheconstructionofprototype neccon tionsbetweenmaterialflexibilityandoverlappinggridoo shellbamb structuralmembers.Ihavetriedtousetheplywoodstrips ct to the conne groundpointsinthemodel,toshipdisposed90degreesfromeachother.

Itissuccessfultousetheplywoodstripstocreatetheshape shell ofgrid structure,andthentestanotherexperimentinthefuture.

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CONCLUSION

EXAMPLE Thebamboogridshellstructurewasextendedduetothecabletilejointsfixing.Thesizecanbeexpanded todiCer entwayfromnarrowtobig.

Usetheaugmentedreality(AR)technologytodevelopthegrid-shellstructure,andprefertothelightandflexiblemat bendtheshellinthefutureexperiment

3D MODEL MAKING Testingthe3DModelinRhinoceros,andcalculatestickrowinthedigitalmodel

610MM

410MM

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PHASE 4 : FURNITECTURE -BAMBOO BOOKSHELVES

CONFIGURATION OPTIONS 2

1

3

Bamboo is a one of the most versatile and fastest-growing planter in the worldwide. It is a member of the grass family with the ability to regrow extremely fast. Many cultures have been using bamboo for multi-purposes - craftsmanship and furniture, and frequently used a building structure in tropical countries.

Bamboo is a durable and lightweight structures,and produces the culms that help other plants to collect energy. It can spread quickly through an underground network of rhizomes, which are stems buried under the soil that make bamboo spread excessively if not maintained (planted in a no-native region).The plant grows in warmer climates and in perfect condition in Asian , America and Africa countries except Europe.

The Bamboo Grid-shelves is a experiments to perceive the latticed-based structural bookshelf inside the space, to recognizes the spatial reading space in urban public space.

Framework

Oblique

Rhombus

PLANNING APPROACH

Two-way Circulation

Between

Interaction

Grid-shell

Discoveredthecirculations Studiedtwo-waycirculationin Thereadingspaceislocated Followedtheframeworkexperi howpeopleusedintheread latticed-basedstructure inthemiddleofstructurethatments,thegrid-shellhavebeen ingspace peoplecanenjoytowatchthe re-definedtheinteraction- be tweenreadingandsittingarea. bookinthespace

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EXPLODED DIAGRAM

Secondlayerof Bamboogridshell

BambooLashing Technique

BambooBookshelves BambooTable

Firstlayerof Bamboogridshell

BambooBookshelves

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INTERIOR SPACE

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CHAPTER 5 Initial Design Proposal

-ProposedDigitalFabricationSpac -SiteLocations -FabricationProcess -SiteBackground -SiteAnalysis -CourtyardPrecedence Programmers -ProposedCourtyardFunction -CurrentPeopleActivities

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SITE LOCATION Dao Ming Town

Dao Ming Bamboo Crafts Village

Hill

Farm

Sichuan Province

Cheng Du City

Bamboo Crafts Village

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In-Bamboo House I (Zhu Yi Community Cultural Centre)

SITE BACKGROUND

House Cluster

Firth Space ( Toilet , Tea House)

-TheBambooCraftVillageislocatedinDaomingCounty,ChongzhouCity,SichuanProvince,morethan50kilo metersawayfromtheurbanarea.

The - village,withastrongatmosphereofrurallifeandcloseneighbourhoods,isatypicalrepresentativeoflocal livingenvironment Lin Pan, – alongwithvernacularintangibleculturalheritage–BambooWeaving.

Afterlook ingintothecurrentsituationandneedsinperson,thedesignerofthe Philip village, F. Yuan,attemptstocreate aruralinfrastructurespaceintegratedwithcultureindustrysystemsensitivetotheecology,culture,industryand lifestyleofthevillage.(Shuang,2018).

Tea House

- Making use of prefabrication allowed for the architecture, interior and landscape to be completed in the short time of 52 days. The overlapping serpentine roof naturally defines two interior- yards, provid ing a rich interior experience between what is inside and what is outside; between what is landscape andwhatisarchitecture.Thevariousfunctionsofthebuildingaregatheredintoacontinuumunderthis inter-weavingroof.

Farm

Field

Site Area

Site Outdoor Covered Market

In-Bamboo House (Zhu Yi Community Cultural Centre)

Tourists Centre

Site Location Plan - Bamboo Craft Village

Public Space

House Cluster

In-Bamboo House II (Zhu Yi Bed and Breakfast - B&B)

Outdoor Covered Market

Firth Space ( Toilet , Tea House)

In-Bamboo House I (Zhu Yi Community Cultural Centre)

Tea Room

Tourists Centre

Building Cluster

Courtyard House

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 79

SITE ANALYSIS

SUN PATH

N

MAIN ROAD AND ACCESSIBILITY

TheredisamainroadtoaccessthevillageThe ; The wind flow is come thought from north direction,andnaturalsuniscoveredthesitearea local village people prefer to use the carpark (Hatch) nearby the village and main road - en tranceand ; thearrowisadirectionhowpeople accesstovillage

SUN PATH

COURTYARD AND PUBLIC SPACE The red is a open space for local people or ganizing the events and run the artwork spaceinthevillagepublicspace;The - court yard is a open garden to surrounded by a buildingclusters.

The Bamboo craft village is a platform to promote the bamboo craftsmanship culture in Chengdu , China. . The village leaderships would like to invite the local artists t advocate the Bamboo culture. The potential site area is situatedinthecentreofvillagetoenvisagethe - publicpla zainthecentreofvillage.

MAIN ROAD HOUSE

VILLAGE ROAD WIND FLOW

BUILDING CLUSTER

CAR PARK

COURTYARD

POTENTIAL SITE AREA

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 81

COURTYARD PRECEDENCE

Renovation Twisting Courtyard

Architect:ARCHSTUDIO Architect : ARCHSTUDIO (China),

Previously used as a Siheyuan with one entry, the design focuses on the courtyard and draws it through interior and exterior conditions as a twisted plane. (Baldwin,2018)

Reform the Nature

Renovate the ancient courtyard

Zhu’an Residence

Tea House in Li Garden

Architect : Zhaoyang Architects

Nine courtyards of varying sizes reduce the scale of the traditional courtyard house and to match courtyards with various rooms.

(Zhaoyang Architects ,2016)

Architect : Atelier Deshaus

The Tea House would enjoy a relatively complete and large courtyard towards the gate.

While at the same time, we cut the volume facing the paulownia into an “L” shape, thus forming a tiny backyard. (Atelier Deshaus,2020 ).

Tradition

Traditional Chinese Courtyard Architect : Unknown

The Chinese courtyard is used a natural planter to grow up in the backyard of the house. It’s a tranquil area to take a break for the people to use it (Year Chinese Courtyard ,2015)

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 83

KEY

PROGRAMMERS

PROPOSED COURTYARD FUNCTION

The traditional Chinese village space

BEDROOM PUBLIC SPACE COURTYARD

1

Perspective of Bamboo Craft Villages

2

Sketches of Chinese Dwellings

SEATING AREA

LANDSCAPE

Bedroom

TheCourtyardisasittingareatotalkwithfamil members

TheCourtyardisapublicareatotakeabreakand silentarea

Entrance

Courtyard

Bedroom 3 4

Entrance

Entrance

Hall Courtyard

Bedroom

Bedroom

KEY

Hall

COURTYARD

Courtyard Entrance

MAIN HALL Entrance

Bedroom

Bedroom

CIRCULATION Floor plan of Chinese dwellings

WORKING SPACE

Thepeople/familymemberscandothebamboo craftsinthecourtyardspace

TECHNOLOGY WORKING SPACE

Themachinecanbereplacedtothecourtyard spacetohelpthepeopletomakeabamboo crafts Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 85

CURRENT PEOPLE ACTIVITIES

1.

Ba mb oo Cu ttin g

(A) , (B) Dwellings

dio 2. Artist Stu

3. M arke t

(A) Cutting the Bamboo

(B) Trimming the Bamboo

(C) Individual Bamboo Weaving

(D) Group Bamboo Weaving

(E) Artist Workshop

(F) Crafts Markets

Site

Storage

(F) In-Bamboo House (Zhu Yi Community Cultural Centre)

(C) Courtyard House

(D) Tea House

(E) Artists Studio

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 87

PROPOSED DIGITAL FABRICATION SPACE

(1) CNC Machine for Bamboo Strips

Site

(3) AR Experience Space

(2) Robotics Arm for Strips Bending

(3) Library

(2) Robotic Arm

(1) CNC Machine

(3) AR Experience for bamboo weaving Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 89

FABRICATION PROCESS Followed the video from UCL Barlette Architecture Students’ projects, they would like to use to the advanced digital machine to build the new bamboo fabrications. I have learnt to re-think the program and machine function from the student fabrications.

(1) Steaming Used to the steam box to steam the bamboo strips for bamboo bending

(6) Watering

Water the bamboo to reduce the bamboo strips temperature

(2) Gluing Protect the bamboo strip over-bending from the fabrication process

(5) Heating Used the heat gun to burn the bamboo strips and enhance the material flexibility

(3) Bending Used the robotic arm to twists the bamboo strips

(4) Clamping Used the metal clips to hold the bamboo bending

Image - Student work of X Bamboo design project 2014-2015 (UCL Bartlett , 2016)

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 91

FABRICATION PROCESS - FINAL FORM

Image - Student work of X Bamboo design project 2014-2015 (UCL Bartlett , 2016)

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 93

CHAPTER 6 Design Development -InitialBrief Purpose Manifesto -DesignLanguage

INITIAL BRIEF

WHO WILL BE A FUTURE USERS IN THE VILLAGE ?

PURPOSE

ARTIST STUDIO - Artists - Local people - Students

WORKSHOP - Local people - Foreign Tourists

RESOURCE CENTRE - Artists -Students who engage in Bamboo Crafts

Purpose

LET’S REGENERATE THE VILLAGE !!!

Users

-Aimstodemonstrateanewdefinitionofhowarchitecturecaninteractwith. tradition Itprovidesameansforre-examiningthedichotomybetweenthevillageand y. thecit

- Withanewruralarchitectureindustry,per-fabricationandconstructionwillestablish thefo dationforanewdefinitionforruralarchitecture.Itwillnotonlyhelppreserve - construction TRANSFORMATION

Old Residents

Villagers Bamboo Crafts Village is a traditional and lack of modernist element for building construction. It is a innovative thing to make us to know the York’s art and literature in this cultural town

We can’t afford expensive studio fee in York. We need to have a open space to think about the art work

Current Users

Kids

Students

This area of the site have become a local residence area. There’s lack of playground and indoor learning space in our living districts. Playground is a compulsory thing for us to construct in our community

I am university of York student.

There are far away from my campus and lack of learning facilities in the community.

We can have a comfortable study space nearby my apartments

Future Users

Young Resident The housing estate I live has been built for at least 4-5 years, and the housing estate is just opposite of the site. Most residents think that the community need to have a leisure space for us to enjoy the time in the weekend

TRADITIONAL VILLAGE

NEW ARCHITECTURE

Promote the bamboo craftsmanship / Weaving

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 97

[MANIFESTO]

“What does the traditional Bamboo Weaving want to be?”

Typically, bamboo weaves were used in the small-scale paper objects — a torus and a basket — or medium-size bamboo structures, like a tunnelling garden trellis built with bamboo. Eventually, the traditional bamboo weaving should be transformed through

The skills of weave, interlace and knit …

Bamboo is a protagonist to represent a three characteristic Connection, versatility and nature to transform the architecture language Connection

“Proto-Vernaculararchitectureshouldultimatelyaimtoreconnect - topeop ing,andnature” Versatility

“Amaterialcanbeeasilymanipulatedtomorphwiththelandscape,shouldnot restrictedtostandardshapesandframes” Nature

Amaterialisapositivecontributiontoazero-carbonenvironment,toanecess allpeople,andnotjustapoormaterial.

98

The goal of the village was to envisage structures — woven from bamboo, a sustainable and local resource — to provide shade for the workshops or structures that would filter sunlight and wind flow.

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 9

9

DESIGN LANGUAGE

Initial models portraying to the appearance of Grid-Shell

[QUADRILATERAL]

[TRIANGULAR]

[HYBRID]

BASIC GEOMETRY

?

Unknown Pattern

Hybrid Pattern

TRIM GEOMETRY

FUNICULAR FORM

PROJECTED RIBS

ADVANTAGE

- Moveable - Generally no planar faces - Continuous Edges - Two families of Curves - Dual to Itself

- Stable - Planar Faces - Continuous Faces - Three families of Curves - Dual to hexagonal network

- Instable - Generally no planar faces - Non-continuous Edges - Four or Five families of curve - Dual to itself

Transparent Basket Surface

Simple Basket Pattern

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 10

CHAPTER 7 Design Proposal -CaseStudies -DesignProposal -SitePerspective -DesignProcess -SitePlan

-MasterPlan -FloorPlan -SectionDrawing -StructuralDiagram Rendering

Case Study 1 Project Type : Pavilion Name: Oasis, Terra Botanic Location: Angers, France Design: Déambulons Total Area : 600 sqm The primary objective of Oasis is to decorate the vast space it was meant to occupy. However, the architects saw the monumental project as an opportunity to highlight an alternate sustainable-driven means of construction. While the tremendous scale of the project may imply a combination of several building elements, the canopy in fact employs only a limited number of materials in comparison to its dimensions. “Building with less and more natural material is one of our best goals to create sustainable designs,” relays Déambulons. (STIRworld. 2020).

The crossing bamboo mesh of Oasis creating unique shadows

The organic, wavy shape of Déambulons’ Oasis installation

Aerial view of Oasis with its strip bamboo mesh covering Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 105

Case Studies 2 Project Type : Culture / Leisure Name: Renovation of Wencun Village Location: FuYang , China Architect : Amateur Architecture Studio Wang Shu and Lu Wenyu have been studying villages in China for years, documenting the slow decline of rural towns as the nation has run headlong into a new urbanized era. These villages are the last bastions of a way of life, and a fading traditional architecture. Wang and Lu hope to preserve both, without rebuilding the past: Instead, their Hangzhou-based firm Amateur Architecture Studio is designing new buildings based on traditional forms that aim to rejuvenate these areas—and maybe even lure young people back from cities.

To integrate the new buildings and the rest of the village, Wang and Lu worked with some local homeowners to renovate—or even rebuild—their own self-built houses in the older section of the village to embrace the style of Amateur Architecture Studio’s new designs. That, plus new bridges, pavilions, and even a school, help extend the aesthetic throughout Wencun.

The hope is that this intervention can serve as a model for other such villages, but, she argues, it cannot simply be copied. “The most critical point is how to maintain the rich diversity of Chinese rural culture,” (Berg,2018).

Master Plan

View southeast along the stream that runs through Wencun,

View of new pavilions that create public space in the old sections of the village Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 107

SITE PERSPECTIVE

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Covered Courtyard

- The Bamboo Craft Village is a positive result of In Bamboo project, which was originally from- a traditional Chi nesepoem,describingtheidealrelationshipbetweenhouseanditsruralbambooforestsurroundings.

(Shuang,2018).

The - projectaimstodemonstrateanewbamboolanguagehowarchitecturecaninteractwithtraditional bam booweavingtechniques.Itprovidesameansforre-examiningthenewspacebetweenthevillageandthecity.

With a new rural architecture industry, per-fabrication and construction will establish the foundation of a new definitionforruralarchitectureinthevillage

Site Area

Public Space

Artist Studio

Workshop Machine Space

Library

Tea House

Manor House

Buildings

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 109

STORY BOARD

The exploration of traditional Chinese village space

MAIN ENTRANCE

SITE AREA

BUILDING FUNCTION

Thesiteareaisintheoldpartof Bamboocraftsvillages

TheyellowisaBambooweaving Centre.

Thepurpleisahouseandtearoom

SITE AREA

ARTIST STUDIO HOUSE

CIRCULATION

LOADING / UNLOADING AREA

LANDSCAPE AREA

ThePedestriancirculationisfromthe Thedarkredisloadingand Conservethelandscapeareainthe Unloadingareaformaterialdelivery frontentranceofworkshop housecourtyard

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

LOADING AREA

Tree

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 1

DESIGN PROCESS How does the covered workshop works in the village

PEOPLE ACTIVITIES

Thepublicareaissituatedinthecentreof Bamboocraftsvillages.

COVERED AREA

Proposedthecoverareainthe Publicspace.

BAMBOO GRIDSHELL STRUCTURE

BUILDING CONNECTION

COURTYARD IN THE COLUMN

Constructthegridshellstructuretocreateanew Thenewcourtyardspaceisconnectedto coveredcanopy theadjacentbuilding

Designatedthecourtyardinthe columnofthestructure

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 13

SITE PLAN

The studies of Bamboo Craft Village

1 Old Part of Village

N

2 1TeenagersCampgrounds

Farm 2TheFifthSpace

Farm 3

3TheTouristCentre

KEY New Architecture in Village Main Road

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 15

MASTER PLAN

N

The studies of Bamboo Craft Village

CNC Machine

CNC Machine Courtyard

Farm

Robotic Arm

KEY

Public Space

Artist Studio

Band Saw

Reception Farm

Craft Markets Workshop Storage Library Dwellings

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 17

FLOOR PLAN

N

The studies of Bamboo Craft Village

5

5 6 7

7 5 9

11

8 5 4

10

KEY

2

1

3

1.Library 2.LivingSpace 3.RoboticArmRoom 4.

Courtyard 5.

Bedroom 6.LivingSpace 7.

Kitchen 8.

Storage 9.CNCMachine1 10.CNCMachine2 1.TeaRoom

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 19

SECTION A-A

Band Saw

Public Space

Courtyard 2

Corridor

Courtyard 4

Corridor

Courtyard

Public Space

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 12

12

SECTION B-B

12

Bedroom

Corridor

Courtyard 1

Corridor

Courtyard 2

Corridor

Library

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 123

123

STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM The Bamboo Gridshell Structure

Membrane

Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Tensile Skin

Bamboo Gridshell Structure

U-Beam Structure for Building connection

Aerial View - Bamboo Gridshell Structure

200mm Concrete Pedestal

Roof Tiles Bamboo Culms Rope Tie

Bolt

Bolts

L-Shape Steel Beam

Steel Tube Bamboo Culms

Reinforced Concrete Footing

Fish mouth Joint

200mm(H) Pedestal

Bamboo Dowel

Footing

Bamboo Culm

Bamboo Lashing Joint Details Section

Bamboo Footing Details Section

Bamboo Connection Details Section

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 125

Concept Image

ENVIRONMENTAL DETAILS Rainwater and Drainage System

Thesustainablecourtyarddesignisusingthelow-tech technique to collect and reuse rainwater to flush the toiletsanduseitforbamboosteambendingandapply to evaporate cooling by using the heat of the sun and thewindtofreshentheairunderthecanopy

Inside-out

Natural Ventilation

Rainwater Harvesting

Natural Sunlight

Library House

Water Tank

Water Tank

126

Rain Path & Drainage System Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 127

127

ENTRANCE

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 129

COURTYARD SPACE

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 13

THE WORK SPACE

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 13

THE SPACE WITH CNC MACHINE

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 135

THE SPACE WITH ROBOTIC ARM

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 137

AERIAL VIEW

Kung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 139

REFERENCE AND IMAGE RESOURCE Atelier Deshaus. (2020 ). Tea House in Li Garden / Atelier Deshaus. https://www.archdaily.com/803636/ tea-house-in-li-garden-atelier-deshaus Baldwin, E. (2018).ChineseCourtyards: 8 Contemporary Takes on a Classic Form. https://architizer.com/ blog/inspiration/collections/courtyard-housing-1/.

Bamboo Botanical. (2020). Bamboo Anatomy And Growth Habits. Bamboo Botanical. https://bamboobotanicals.ca/html/about-bamboo/bamboo-growth-habits.html BAMBU BATU . (2020). Where does bamboo come from? https://bambubatu.com/where-does-bamboocome-from/ Berg, N. (2018). Renovation of Wencun Village. architectmagazine. https://www.architectmagazine. com/project-gallery/renovation-of-wencun-village_o H, Shuang. (2018). Bamboo Craft Village / Archi-Union Architects. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/894982/bamboo-craft-village-archi-union-architects Heringer, A. (2017). Anandaloy: Centre for People with disabilities + Dipdii Textiles studio. https://www.anna-heringer.com/projects/anandaloy/ Minke, G. (2016). Building with Bamboo: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture Second and Revised Edition. Birkhäuser.

Shuang, H. (2018). Bamboo Craft Village / Archi-Union Architects. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/894982/bamboo-craft-village-archi-union-architects STIRworld. (2020). Déambulons build Europe’s largest bamboo structure for Terra Botanica theme park. stirworld. https://www.stirworld.com/see-news-deambulons-build-europe-s-largest-bamboo-structure-forterra-botanica-theme-park UCL Bartlett (2016 , August 1). X Bamboo design project 2014-2015 [Video]. UCL, Bartlett . https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=yBd6zS7zQ0c XYLOTEK. (2020). Timber Gridshells. xylotek. https://www.xylotek.co.uk/gridshells Year Chinese Courtyard. (2015). Traditional chinese courtyards.. Year Chinese Courtyard.. https://fuckyeahchinesegarden.tumblr.com/post/132896269189/traditional-chinese-courtyards Zhaoyang Architects. (2016 ). Zhu’an Residence / Zhaoyang Architects. https://www.archdaily. com/783906/zhuan-residence-yang-zhao-peigen-shang Schmid, F. (2021 ). Digital Bamboo on display. https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2021/02/digital-bamboo-on-display.html Gibson, E. (2016). Arching bamboo events pavilion in Hong Kong showcases digital fabrication. https:// www.dezeen.com/2016/11/22/zcb-bamboo-pavilion-students-chinese-university-of-hong-kong-worldKung Hin Fai | Weave the Bamboo Space | OSA DS2 14