Metabolic Iconic Roofs // 00 Pollution

ILAENA MARIAM NAPIER , HANNA LEPPERØD , DENIZ AKYÜREK

ZERO ZERO POLLUTION ICONIC METABOLIC ROOFTOPS SENIOR FACULTY: JAVIER PENA GALIANO ORIOL CARRASCO ASSISTANT: YIGITALP BEHRAM

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CONTENTS

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BRIEF

BUILDING

PHENOMENA

AIR POLLUTION

RESEARCH

METABOLIC CYCLE

DESIGN

PROTOTYPING

FINAL DESIGN

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BRIEF

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METABOLIC ICONIC ROOFS

Metabolic Iconic Roofs studio is about the comprehension of metabolic processes and how they coexist within architecture, what are their inputs and outputs, which are their working environments and the relationship with buildings and built environment.

By 2050, 70% of world population will be living in cities, what will the icons of a city be by then?

Barcelona has a very distinctive skyline. This studio works around the idea of hacking and retrofitting these icons to transform them into climatic machines that could become the new icons for super populated next century cities. We will transform the roofs of the most iconic buildings of the city and convert them into metabolic elements capable of tackling climate remediation topics.

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The collision between drawings and hyperdrawings, advanced architecture concepts and prototypes, digital and physical will allow us to apply these radical hats to the most iconic buildings of the city, transforming them, resulting in a new city ecosystem while proposing innovative ways to combat global warming.

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BUILDING

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DIAGONAL ZERO ZERO

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Building: Diagonal Zero-Zero Architects: EMBA (Estudi Massip-Bosch Arquitectes), founded and led by Enric Massip-Bosch Location: North end of Avenida Diagonal, Barcelona, Catalonia Use: Corporate headquarters of Telefonica SA (Built and land owned by the City of Barcelona) Type: High-tech / Contemporary Architecture Height: 110m above ground level Floors: 25 floors + 3 basement levels Years: April 2008 - February 2011

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DIAGONAL ZERO ZERO

The building is located by the sea at the origin of Barcelona’s main thoroughfare, at the North end of the Avenida Diagonal, giving it the name ‘Diagonal ZeroZero’. The building takes the form of the linearity of the street on the perimeter as a generator of the outer shape, creating a trapezoidal prism.

The building stands out and is visible from both the city and the seaside. It borders the large expanses of public urban space of the ‘Forum’, a still developing area, and the consolidated city. The immediate surroundings consist of isolated buildings in a diverse context of different scales and uses that generate at the same time a metropolitan center and a local neighbourhood side by side.

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The building is split into two main parts, the lower third is public and the upper two thirds are used for admistration purposes.

Diagonal Zero Zero has become a milestone for Contemporary Architecture in Barcelona and has become a major element in the Catalonian capital skyline, making it an iconic building.

Its basic structural arragement corresponds to a ‘tube-in-tube’ type system, consisting of a double vertical tube system formed by the inner core working together with the structural facade, connected through the floor slabs.

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The facade acts as a contributing factor, an essential element made up of a double assembly of inner vertical columns and outer sloping elements.

The facade is composed of a modular curtain wall that is covered in white aluminium profiles and an extremely clear glass. The printed glass design follows a vertical pattern, which emphasizes the building slenderness.

This perimeter structure is split in two rings: an interior vertical structure of very slender H pillars placed every 135 cm; and an exterior bracing lattice supporting the torsion and flexing stresses of the tower produced by wind or earthquakes.

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PLAN & SECTION

SECTION Calzรณn, J., Ceriani, L. and Bartalotta, P. (2012). Diagonal ZeroZero Tower for the New Telefรณnica Headquarters in Barcelona, Spain. Structural Engineering International, 22(4), pp.569-573.

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The core is the fundamental lateral load resisting system which grounds the building.

The ‘inner tube’ is built in concrete and the ‘outer tube’ is built in steel. The concrete core is the nucleus core that has a double purpose, the structural, and the second to harbour the services of the building favouring the clear spaces around it.

Inside the tower four singular points make the ensemble dynamic and generate a variety of interior ZERO ZERO POLLUTION

experiences despite being a conventional program of corporate headquarters. There is the main lobby atrium which faces Diagonal; an atrium on the 17th level that goes all the way up to the top of the building, facing the coast; the terrace and the double height the Board Room, located on the 23rd floor; and the auditorium, which occupies two floors.

ArchDaily. (2019). Gallery of Torre Diagonal Zero Zero / EMBA - 15. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/148680/torre-diagonal-zero-zero-emba/5014cf7028ba0d5828000656-torre-diagonal-zero-zero-emba-plan?next_project=no [Accessed 8 Dec. 2019].

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ELEVATIONS

FACADE A

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FACADE B

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FACADE C

FACADE D

Calzรณn, J., Ceriani, L. and Bartalotta, P. (2012). Diagonal ZeroZero Tower for the New Telefรณnica Headquarters in Barcelona, Spain. Structural Engineering International, 22(4), pp.569-573.

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LOCATION

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LOCATION

BARCELONA BOSC URBA

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MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF BARCELONA

BARCELONA INTERNATIONAL SAILING CENTER

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PORT FORUM

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PORT FORUM

TERSA FACTORY

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Nam ret viderte batici incerfe ssimur pulviritis et factustimus pra sulvis li ervidepses es! Seratia? An

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LOCATION

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SURROUNDING AREA

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PHENOMENA

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AIR POLLUTION

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Barcelona has been battling with environmental problems for some time. One of the biggest issues right now is urban pollution in cities.

Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles and certain gases that are suspended in the air. These particles and gases come from car and truck exhausts, factories, dust, pollen, mold spores, volcanoes and wildfires. Primary air pollution sources are: cooking, dust, incomplete combustion and automobile emissions, and secondary sources include chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

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EXAMPLES

FACADE

‘Smog eating Facade’ was designed by Elegant Embellishments on Manuel Gea González Hospital in Mexico City.

This facade is coated with titanium dioxide.

TiO2 is photocatalytic, therefore is activated when sunlight hits it.

Ultraviolet light stimulates an interaction between TiO2 and harmful pollutants, turning polluting gases and organic matter into benign compounds.

Elegant Embellishments. (n.d.). elegant embellishments. [online] Available at: http://www.elegantembellishments. net/home-1 [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].

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BIONIC LEAF

‘The Bionic Leaf’ is a system that mimicks photosynthesis by using solar energy to split water molecules and hydrogen-eating bacteria to produce liquid fuels. It is made of a thin sheet of semiconducting silicon with different catalytic materials bonded to its two sides. A layer of bacteria with a cobalt-based catalyst is bonded to the silicon, which splits water into oxygen and hydrogen.

Reuell, P. (2016). Bionic leaf turns sunlight into liquid fuel. [online] Harvard Gazette. Available at: https://news.harvard. edu/gazette/story/2016/06/bionic-leaf-turns-sunlight-into-liquid-fuel/ [Accessed 8 Oct 2019] MAA - INTRODUCTORY STUDIO G3

MEMBRANE

‘Graphene-based Membrane’ which filters the air, capturing CO2.

Recently graphene based membrane has attracted increasing attention for their potential applications in gas separation.

Ali, A., Pothu, R., Siyal, S., Phulpoto, S., Sajjad, M. and Thebo, K. (2018). Graphene-based membranes for CO2 separation.

Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2(1), pp.83-88.

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CAPTURE

‘Direct-Air Capture’ which filters ambient air, chemically combining CO2 to the filter and releasing CO2 free air. Once the filter is saturated with CO2, the filter is heated to 100 degrees celsius. The CO2 is then released from the filter and captured.

Image Source: Evans, S. (2018). Climeworks direct air capture plant, Zürich, Switzerland. [image] Available at: https:// www.carbonbrief.org/combining-renewables-with-direct-air-capture-for-net-negative-emissions [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].

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AIR POLLUTION

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AIR POLLUTION IN BARCELONA Spain is plagued by three main air pollutants: nitrogen dioxide which is caused by traffic and is predominantly a big problem in big cities; PM10 particle matter, consisting of dust, ash, and soot which is caused by traffic, heating systems, industry and construction; and ozone, a pollutant which is prevalent during hot weather and can spread long distances.

Atmospheric pollution in Barcelona affects the entire population’s health every day, although not necessarily in the same way. Children, senior citizens, pregnant women, and people with health problems such as asthma or heart disease, suffer more from the effects of pollution than other people.

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The framework of the Summit of Air Quality in the conurbation of Barcelona, which has set the goal of reducing emissions that are caused by road traffic by 30% in 15 years, in order to comply with the World Health Organisation’s recommended levels.

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WHAT IS BARCELONA’S PLAN? In November 2016, Barcelona City Council presented the Government Measure: Programme of measures to combat atmospheric pollution.

The Programme includes 25 structured measures that are specifically designed to combat high pollution episodes and 58 actions in areas such as urban model, mobility, large infrustructure, the low emissions zone on Barcelona’s ring roads, health and others. This document outlines an Action Protocol for high levels of atmospheric pollution in Barcelona city, which is included in the Basic City Emergencies Plan.

As of January 1st 2020, Barcelona Ring Roads Low Emission Zone will be put in place. It is a measure designed to reduce the air pollution caused by motorised vehicles, hence protecting the people’s health. It is a zone of 95 square kilometers in Barcelona where the circulation of the most pollution vehicles is restricted, in order to protect the atmosphere and people’s health. where traffic restrictions will be put in place, therefore public transport will be encouraged and extra public transport will be put in place for these episodes. This will be put in place on weekdays (Monday to Friday from 7am to 8pm).

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These are suspended particles under 10 microns in size are small solid or liquid particles that float in the air. Upto 40% of these particles are generated by vehicle engines, tyres and brakes. The rest come from dust from public works, demolition and Saharan dust clouds. They float in the air and can easily penetrate the human body.

They penetrate our respiratory system and the smallest particles can enter our blood vessels and stay there.

In Barcelona: 71% of them are generated outside the municipality (regional contribution) 20.8% comes from traffic 6.4% comes from other sources 1.5% comes from the port 0.3% comes from industry

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PARTICLE MATTER

Air Quality. (2019). PM10 Particulates | Air Quality | Barcelona City Council. [online] Available at: https://ajuntament.barcelona. cat/qualitataire/en/la-contaminacio/els-contaminants-i-els-escenaris/what-are-pm10 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].

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Nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown irritant gas with a pungent, acrid smell.

In Barcelona: 60% comes from traffic 13% is generated outside the municipality 8.3% comes from the industry sector 7.6% comes from emissions in the port 11.1% comes from other sources (heating, combustion processes etc)

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NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Air Quality. (2019). Polluting Gases NO2 | Air Quality | Barcelona City Council. [online] Available at: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/qualitataire/en/la-contaminacio/els-contaminants-i-els-escenaris/what-no2-gas [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].

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Ozone is a colourless oxidant gas that is produced by photochemical reactions between the nitrogen oxides present in atmospheric pollution and some volatile organic compounds. This should not be confused with ozone on higher layers of the atmosphere which protects us from the sun’s UV radiation.

When sunlight is more intense, the concentration of ozone increases.

The precursor gases are generated in Barcelona, but the wind blows the ozone towards regions in the north-west.

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TROPOSPHERIC OZONE (O3)

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THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Spain is one of the top five countries worst affected by pollution in the EU. Being subjected to pollution, whether in the short or long term, can have major effects on one’s health.

More than half of Spain does not meet EU air quality regulations.

According to the most recent annual report from the European Environment Agency (EEA), 38,600 premature deaths in Spain in 2015 were due to pollution and 27,900 of these were caused by particle pollution.

There have been many recent studies showing the direct correlation between the number of hospital admissions and spikes in pollution.

(15 million Spaniards are breathing air the EU considers polluted - El Pais by Esther Sanchez & Elena Sevillano, Madrid, 7 Dec 2018) ZERO ZERO POLLUTION

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AIR QUALITY

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RESEARCH

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Honeycomb Structure of Bees - H

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Stomata Bind Aerosol Particles

How Spider Webs can detect Air Pollution

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BIOMIMICRY

Hexagon Shape

Designing by nature.

Biomimicry is the design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modelled on biological entities and processes.

Our research us took us into the process of looking at nature for inspiration. We looked at what are natural air cleaners which led us into looking at the contrustion and function of spider webs as well as stomata.

Later on in our design, we looked at the hexagon shape to influence our structure which was inspired by bees and their honeycomb.

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EXAMPLES

HEXAGONS

Hexagons are found in nature in various forms, due to their efficiency. Honeycomb is the most well known, with the geometrically perfect shape creating homes for bees and their honey.

In a hexagonal grid each line is as short as it can possibly be if a large area is to be filled with the fewest hexagons. This means that honeycombs require less wax to construct and gain lots of strength under compression.

Hexagons appear in nature as they’re the most efficient way to fill a space with the least amount of material. The shape can easily tessellate (meaning it can be repeated across a surface without overlapping).

Therefore the hexagonal shape will be used in order to optimize the space and use the least amount of material possible.

Tamsin Woolley-Barker, P. and Tamsin Woolley-Barker, P. (2019). The Biomimicry Manual: What can the honeybee teach a designer?. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: https://inhabitat.com/the-biomimicry-manual/ [Accessed 7 7 Dec. 2019].

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BIND PARTICLES

DETECTS

There is stomata on the surface of leaves on some plants that bind aerosol particles. They liquify and absorb these particles by using atmospheric humidity.

Orb-weaving spiders webs are electrostatically charged, making them perfect for capturing prey, pollen & pollutants. They are therefore indicators of environmental health. They are made up of intertwined silk, where the compound of silk attracts water molecules that coat the web, making it electrostatically charged and therefore able to attract charged objects that come close to it.

Team, A., Team, A., Team, A. and Team, A. (2019). Stomata absorb nutrients from aerosols : Plants - AskNature. [online] AskNature. Available at: https://asknature.org/strategy/ stomata-absorb-nutrients-from-aerosols/ [Accessed 7 Dec.

Rutkowski, R., Rybak, J., Mach, T. and Rogula–Kozłowska, W. (2018). Spider webs in monitoring of air pollution. SHS Web of Conferences, 57, p.02011.

2019].

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SPIDER WEBS

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Spider webs are highly intricate structures that have been optimised through years of evolution with the sole purpose of catching prey.

The plan of the building’s hexagon filter’s pattern is determined by the pattern of a spider web, with the radial spiral coming from the center.

Many recent studies characterizing the proteins responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of spider silks could lead to durable and resilient new materials for artificial human tissues, surgical sutures, and ultrastrong armor.

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IONS & POLLUTION Combustion of fossil fuels causes not only emission of chemical gaseous substances and aerosols, but also emission of air ions.

Approximately 80% of particles emitted by diesel engines are charged.

Overall, air pollution affects the size and mobility of air ions. Positive ions have a stronger tendency towards environmental factors.

Nitrogen oxides have a relatively strong impact on air ion concentration, especially heavy ions.

(Skromulis, A, Breidaks,J. And Teirumnieks, E. (2017). Effect of Atmospheric Pollution on Air Ion Concentration. Energy Procedia, 113, pp.231-237) ZERO ZERO POLLUTION

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TOMAS SARACENO Tomas Saraceno is an Argentinian contemporary artist who is best known for his large-scale, interactive installations and floating sculptures, and for his interdisciplinary approach to art.

With his practice he explores new, sustainable ways of sensing and inhabiting the environment, the result of research into the origins of the observable universe, arachnology and the potential future for airborne dwelling.

Relating to arachnology research, Saraceno is the first person to have scanned, reconstructed and re-imagined spiders’ woven spatial habitats, and possesses the only three-dimensional spider web collection in existence.

Arachnophilia.net. (2019). Arachnophilia.net. [online] Available at: http://arachnophilia.net/scanning-the-web/#hybrid [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

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NERI OXMAN - SILK PAVILION MIT Media Lab’s Mediated Matter group’s researchers have created a dome from silk fibres woven by a robotic arm, which was then finished by 6500 live silkworms.

The project was started to explore how digital and biological fabrication techniques can be combined to produce architectural structures.

The team programmed the robotic arm to imitate the way a silkworm deposits silk to build its cocoon. The arm then deposited a kilometre-long silk fibre across flat polygonal metal frames to create 26 panels. These panels were arranged to form a dome, which was suspended from the ceiling.

The Silk Pavilion was designed and constructed as part of a research project to explore ways of overcoming the existing limitations of additive manufacturing at architectural scales.

Howarth, D. (2019). Silkworms and robot work together to weave Silk Pavilion. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2013/06/03/silkworms-and-robot-worktogether-to-weave-silk-pavilion/ [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

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AIR-LINK An MIT Media Lab student has created a system that takes carbon emissions from car exhausts through a soot-capturing device that is placed on exhaust pipes.

Fine particle matter is captured, and undergoes a process by which heavy metals, carcinogens and dust are removed and what is left is dense black pigment which is carbon-rich.

This pigment is used to make ink which is used by artists around the city

Graviky Labs: Capturing air pollution and recycling to Inks.

(2019). AIR-INK™. [online] Available at: http://www.graviky. com/air-inktrade.html [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

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SMOG-FREE TOWER The Smog free project is a long term campaign for clean air which Daan Roosegaarde and his team of experts have created the first smog vacuum cleaner.

The tower is 7 meters tall and uses patented positive ionisation technology to produce smog free air in public spaces aimed to be placed in areas all over the world.

These towers would allow people to breather and experience clean air for free in major cities.

It is able to clean 30000m3 of smog out of the air per house and uses wind energy to operate. The pollutants that are captured are collected, cleaned and compressed to make jewelry pieces.

Studioroosegaarde.net. (2019). Smog Free Tower | Smog Free Project | Studio Roosegaarde. [online] Available at: https://www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/smog-f reetower [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

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The relationship from spider web to electrospinning originated from biomimicry.

Electrospinning is the artificial way to create a spider web. It consists of a fibre production method that uses electric force to draw charged threads of a polymer solution.

A strong electrostatic field induces repulsive forces within the solution.

Silk is a perfect material to consider as it is non-toxic and biocompatible and has been proven to be stronger than steel.

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ELECTROSPINNING

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Electrospinning is a fiber production method which uses electric force in order to draw charged threads of a polymer solution towards a collector plate.

The whole process needs a high voltage running through it.

Electrospinning shares characteristics of both electrospraying and conventional solution dry spinning of fibers.

Electrospinning consists of a process where a high voltage is applied to a liquid droplet, the body of the liquid becomes charged, and an electrostatic repulsion counteracts the surface tension and the droplet is stretched; at a critical point a stream of liquid erupts from ZERO ZERO POLLUTION

the surface which is known as a Taylor Cone. Once the solution reaches the collector plate, a formation of uniform web of fibers is created at a nanometer scale.

The voltage required is dependent on the dielectric constant of the solvent and the viscosity of the solution.

When the force overcomes the surface tension and viscous forces, a jet travels to the collector which forms an elongated nanofibre as the solvent evaporates.

En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Electrospinning. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrospinning [Accessed 7 Dec. 2019].

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ELECTROSTATIC POLLUTION CAPTURE

The main methods of Electrostatic Pollution Capture include: 1. Electrostatic Precipitator: - high collection efficiency - low pressure drop - widely applied in industry Ions and electrons are produced by corona discharge before moving to the collecting electrodes. This requires a constant energy supply and a high voltage.

Troposhpheric ozone is produced by the ionization of oxygen which is toxic to living organisms.

2. Fibrous Filter: - minimum energy consumption - varying pressure drop Ø<0.5µm: Brownian motion greatly increases probability of collision with fibres. Ø = 10’s of microns: Sufficient inertia = inertial impaction and gravitational settling Ø = submicrons: Particles possessing negligible Brownian motion and inertia will follow the air streamline and then be intercepted by coming in direct contact with the fibers.

He, C. and Wang, Z. (2018). Triboelectric nanogenerator as a new technology for effective PM2.5 removing with zero ozone emission. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 28(2), pp.99-112.

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ELECTROSPINNING

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METHOD

Parameters: -Solution properties (viscosity, conductivity and surface tension) -Electric potential, flow rate and concentration -Distance between the capillary and collection screen -Ambient parameters (temperature, humidity and air velocity in the chamber) -Motion and size of target screen (collector) -Needle gauge

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Electrospinning is a fibre production method which uses electric force in order to draw charged threads of a polymer solution towards a collector plate.

The whole process needs a high voltage running through it.

Electrospinning shares characteristics of both electrospraying and conventional solution dry spinning of fibres.

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The Needle and Syringe is connected to the high voltage and contains the polymer solution that will be electrospun. The syringe with the polymer solution will need to be pushed at a constant pressure into an air-tight box towards a collector plate. The polymer solution will create a Taylor Cone once it extrudes and will create a nanofiber filter on the collector plate that will be electrostatically charged.

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METHOD

The Collector Plate is placed inside the air-tight box and will be where the polymer solution forms the electrospun nanofilter.

The collector plate is at low potential whereas the needle will be at high potential which will create the force for which the elongated nanofibre to extend.

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The Voltage required is dependent on the dielectric constant of the solvent and the viscosity of the solution.

When the force overcomes the surface tension and viscous forces, a jet travels to the collector which forms an elongated nanofibre as the solvent evaporates.

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METABOLIC CYCLE

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DESIGN

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WIND ANALYSIS

WIND DIRECTION

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WIND TURBINES

OPTIMIZED DESIGN

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WIND TESTS

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PROTOTYPING

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ELECTROSPINNING PROTOTYPE

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WIND ANALYSIS PROTOTYPE

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FINAL DESIGN

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CONCEPT The design is based on the wind analysis in order to optimize and maximize the wind in the filter system.

The design was also largely influenced by the original facade of the building. These vertical â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;bambooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; elements were the starting point for the extruding vertical structure in which the filter system would be attached.

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ELECTROSPUN FILTERS

Based on the structural shape of the hexagon seen in nature from honeycomb, our structural design was adapted. By using the hexagon as the main base shape and tesselating it, we came up with a pattern for the electrospun filters.

Each filter is constructed by six vertical elements that are connected by small horizontal supports. These hexagons are then covered by the robotic spiders in electrospun material, making them electrostatically charged and able to collect dust and smog particles from the air.

This structure is then multiplied in a mathematically calculated pattern which optimizes the wind direction as well as to create a lightweight structure. This pattern is based on the logic of a spider web.

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ELECTROSPUN FILTERS

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FINAL PLAN

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METABOLIC ROOF

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ELECTROSPUN FILTERS

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2050 VISION

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