Busquets yang chapter 1 sample pages by D.Y.

THE ATLAS OF 101 GRID CITIES

Helsinki St Petersburg Stockholm Edinburgh Amsterdam Copenhagen Hague Rotterdam Liverpool Warsaw Berlin Milton Keynes Krakow Brussels Prague Paris Budapest Mannheim Lyon Milan Vienna Ljubljana Turin Bilbao Marseille Barcelona Rome Madrid Porto Valencia Naples Bari Lisbon Palermo Athens Messina Tunis Casablanca Glasgow

Vancouver Seattle Portland

San Francisco

Montreal Toronto

Salt Lake City Denver Kansas City Oakland

Los Angeles

Chicago St Louis

Phoenix

New York Philadelphia Baltimore Washington DC Savannah

Houston

New Orleans

Moscow

Bagua(Tekes) Baku Damascus Alexandria

Tehran

Beijing Islamabad

Xi'an Zhengzhou

Chandigarh

Shanghai Hangzhou

Jaipur

Monterrey

Hong Kong

Guadalajara Mexico City

Ouagadougou

Caracas

Seoul Kyoto

Tokyo Osaka

Shenzhen Taipei Kaohsiung

Ho Chi Minh City

Medellin Bogota

Lima Brasilia

Rio de Janero Curitiba

Santiago

Buenos Aires La Plata

Johannesburg

Cape Town

Canberra Melbourne

Grid Cities

Helsinki St Petersburg Stockholm Edinburgh Amsterdam Copenhagen Hague Rotterdam Berlin Liverpool Warsaw Brussels Milton Keynes Krakow Prague Paris Budapest Mannheim Lyon Milan Vienna Turin Ljubljana Bilbao Marseille Barcelona Rome Madrid Porto Valencia Naples Bari Lisbon Palermo Athens Messina Tunis Casablanca Glasgow

Vancouver Seattle Portland

San Francisco

Montreal Toronto

Salt Lake City Denver Kansas City Oakland

Los Angeles

Chicago St Louis

Phoenix

New York Philadelphia Baltimore Washington DC Savannah

Houston

New Orleans

Moscow

Bagua(Tekes) Beijing

Baku Damascus Alexandria

Tehran

Islamabad

Xi'an Zhengzhou

Chandigarh

Shanghai Hangzhou

Jaipur

Monterrey

Hong Kong

Guadalajara Mexico City

Ouagadougou

Caracas

Seoul Kyoto

Tokyo Osaka

Shenzhen Taipei Kaohsiung

Ho Chi Minh City

Medellin Bogota

Lima Brasilia

Rio de Janero Curitiba

Santiago

Buenos Aires La Plata

Johannesburg

Cape Town

Canberra Melbourne

The Accumulative Grid City The Celluar Grid City The Discontinuous Grid City The Infinite Grid City The Overlaying Grid City The Scalar Grid City

Amsterdam , is the capital city and the most populous within the kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 809,959 within the city-proper. Its name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city’s origin as a dam of the river Amstel. Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and

Alexandria

Amsterdam

Founded by Alexander the Great with the planner Deinocrates of Rhodes in 331 BC, Alexandria served as the capital of Ptolemaic Kingdom. Alexandria was the prototype of a series of Hellenistic towns designed in the orthogonal grid pattern.

Amsterdam was formally founded with the construction of dam in the early 14th century, and till 16th century the city was walled. The grid system led by the canals was firstly introduced to the city in 17th century.

suburbs were planned and built. The 17th century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20 century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Masterplan

Amsterdam: Macro-scale Context

Masterplan

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Grid System Grid System Grid System Grid System

Figure-Ground Site Figure-Ground Figure-Ground SiteSite Figure-Ground

Accumulative City Accumulative City Accumulative Accumulative CityCity

Block Section

The Accumulative City

Open Space

Circulation

400x400 Grid Analysis (Density=41% FAR=2.48)

5--6 Floors/Residential

7--11 Floors/

The Accumulative City

the kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population 809,959 within theofcity-proper. Its name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city’s as a dam of the river Amstel. Originating as the a small Amsterdam , is the capital city and the most populous within , is the capital city and the most populous of within the kingdom the Netherlands. It has a population of 809,959 within the city-proper. Its origin name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of city’s origin as a dam of the river Amstel. Originating as a small Amsterdam fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became fishing one of the most ports in theAmsterdam world during the Dutch Age, important a result of ports its innovative developments trade.Golden In the Age, 19th aand 20th the city expanded, and manyInnew and village in important the late 12th century, became oneGolden of the most in the world during thein Dutch result ofcenturies, its innovative developments in trade. the neighborhoods 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built. The 17th century canals ofsuburbs Amsterdam the 19-20 Defence Line ofcanals Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. wereand planned and century built. The 17th century of Amsterdam and the 19-20 century Defence

Grid System

Site Figure-Ground

Accumulative City 9M

Masterplan

Amsterdam: Macro-scale Context Amsterdam: Macro-scale Context

Masterplan

400x400Circulation Grid Analysis

400x400 Grid Analysis (Density=41% FAR=2.48)

(Density=41% FAR=2.48)

Block Section

5--6 Floors/Residential Block Section

Open Space Circulation

Block Parcelization Open Space

Block Parcelizatio

7--11 Floors/Mixed Use 5--6 Floors/Residential

12Floors/ Cultrual Facility 7--11 Floors/Mixed Use

12Floors/ Cultrua

The Accumulative City Amsterdam , is the capital city and the most populous within the kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 809,959 within the city-proper. Its name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city’s origin as a dam of the river Amstel. Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built. The 17th century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20 century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Block Dimension

Program

Boulevard Section Grid System

Masterplan Street Section Site Figure-Ground Grid System

Amsterdam: Macro-scale Context

Site Scale

Street Hierarchy

6m 6m

630m

18m 9m

1km

7m 13m

12m

36m

6m 6m

1km 1km

10m

11m

4.6m

5.5m

11.5m

18m 18m 12m 11m 11m8m18m 18m 8m18m 18m12m 12m 7m 13m 8m 8m 8m 8m 10m

3.9m

7m 7m 13m 13m

5.3m

58m 112m 54m 142m 58m 58m 112m 112m 74m 54m 54m 102m142m 142m 74m 74m 102m 102m

10m 10m

103m

7.2m 7m

11m 11m

98m

98m 98m

10.5m

10.5m 10.5m

98m

98m 98m

108m

20%

10.4m

10.4m 10.4m

10.9m

10.9m 10.9m

55mm 1155

3.5M

6.5M

3.5M

6.5M

3.5M

4.5m

12.5m 12.5m

19m

4.5M

6m 6m 6m 20m

4.5M

13.5 M

650m 650m

650m

6m 6m 6m

10.2m

4.5m

650m

750m

450m

110m 110m 110m 110m

55mm 1199

55mm 212090

m 05

15 M

2.7M

750m 750m

750m

20m

6m 6m

6m 6m 6m

6m 6m

20m

20m 9m

36m

20m

450m

2.7M

650m 650m20 650m 0m 6m 650m

6m 6m

6m 37

6m 6m

6m 80m 90m 6m

18m 18m 18m 9m 6m9m 6m 9m 6m 9m 6m 12m 12m 6m 12m 9m 12m 6m 6m 9m 9m 9m9m

120m 120m 185m120m 185m

200 M

Typical Typical Block Block

65m

100m 100m 100m

150m

Axon

370m 370m 6m

20m

75m

75m65m

65m

100m

20m

20m 36m

370m

370m 50m

50m

75m

5--6 Floors/Residential

80m 90m 80m 80m 90m 80m 90m 150m 150m150m 150m 150m220m 150m 150m 90m 150m220m 220m

186m 300m

Masterplan

325m

Dimension Site Scale Street Scale and Hierarchy Street ScaleBlock and Hierarchy Typical Circulation 400x400 Grid Analysis 400x400 Grid Analysis Block

325m

300m

Building Footprint

630m

6m 6m

18m 630m 9m

12m

290m

86,718

290m

86,718

290m

293m

49,420

250m

56,240

250m

49,420

250m

49,420 56,240

282m

56,240

12m

6m 6m

9m 120m

36m 185m

15%

650m

18m

450m

50m

6m 9m

36m

80m 90m 6m

12m

150m 9m

150m 36m

Site Figure-Ground

220m

14M 3M

15%

70% 15%

65m

Road Section Road Section Road Section Road Section

6m 6m

630m

Block Section 12Floors/ Cultrual Facility

70% 15%

Road Section 9m

12m

36m

Road Section 20

6m 6m

120m

185m

195m

100m

6m 6m

Commercial

6m 650m

75m

6m 6m 6m 20m

370m

6m 450m

20m 6m

750m

50m

12m

3M 9M 6M 14% 80m 90m

36m

Road Section

90M

50m 75m

72%

150m

6M 9M 33MM 9M 6M 14%

220m

14M 3M

15%

70% 15%

14%

150m

220m

Residential

Circulation

5--6 Floors/Residential 7--11 Floors/Mixed Use

Alley Section the first big extension plan that decided to build a canal ring around the old city and move the defence-wall outward over 1km was provided in the first decade of the 17th century after Dutch Golden Age. The canal ring was built with the two different types of grids in two phases: one in 1610 and another in 1660. SinceBlock then the grids of Section Amsterdam is closed linked with its canal. The outer part of the extension, including De Jordaan, formed with the 100m X 40m grid for poorer workers and industries the and the inner part in a grid of 250m X 100m unit. With the city’s economy growing in the second half of 19th century, Amsterdam expanded concentrically again according to the 1876 Plan400x400 Grid Analysis Circulation Open Space Circulation Kalff, introducing (Density=25%, FAR=1.51) a new combination of different grids that parallel to the canal ring. The next large expansion were undertaken between 1920 and 1940 consisting of Plan Zuid designed by Berlage with straight narrow streets and long blocks and Plan West. After WWII, the General Extension Plan brought the radical post-war early modernist ideals of urban grid regarding function, manifested in the realization of Bijlmermeer Plan. Currently Amsterdam isSection redeveloping using the Use grids Block 3 Floors/Residential 3 Floors/Residentialthe waterfront 4 Floors/Mixed as a design score. 6M 9M 3M

Residential

15%

6m 6m

630m

18m 630m

6m 6m 9m

12m

650m

12m

9m 20

36m

9m 120m

6m 6m 6m 650m

6m 6m 6m 20m

6m 6m

20m

6m 750m

750m

12m

90M

36m

400x400 Grid Analysis (Density=25%, FAR=1.51)

12Floors/ Cultrual Facility 3 Floors/Residential Block Section

185m

14%

195m

12m

80m 90m 9m 9m

150m

Water Surface

65m

Mixed Use

100m

Commercial

Residential

75m

65m 3M

14M 3M

15%

70% 15%

370m

50m

75m

220m

Green Space

100m

75m

20m 150m 36m

Green Space

80m 90m

150m

220m

Circulation

Open Space

14%

90M

Circulation

(a) Modern Alexandria Plan, Mahmoud Bey, 1885 (Source: www.alexanderstomb.com/main/imageslibrary/maps/devaujany1885.jpg) (b) Aerial image of downtown Alexandria (Source: www.aaha.ch/photos/alex-mon-amour-2-w.jpg) Road Section

Road Section

Alley Section

72% 72%

90M 72%

3M 14M 3M14M 3M 3M 143MM 3M

12M

3M 14M 3M 15% 70% 15%15% 70% 15% 15% 70% 15% 15%

70% 15%

14%

3 Floors/Residential

4 Floors/Mixed Use

5--6 Floors/Residential

14M 3M

70% 15%

Open SpaceBlock Parcelization

Block Parcelization

4 Floors/Mixed 5--6Use Floors/Residential

5--6 Floors/Residential

(a) Amsterdam ground plan for Fourth Expansion, Daniel Stalpaert, 1662. (Source: Bijzondere Collecties Universiteit van Amsterdam) (b) Amsterdam from above (Source: all-that-is-interesting.com/aerial-amsterdam) Alley Section 12M

12M

80m 90m 80m 90m 150m 150m 150m 150m 80m 90m 150m 80m 150m 90m 150m 150m

75m 75m 65m 65m

100m 100m 100m 100m

4 Floors/Mix

50m 50m 75m 75m 220m 220m 220m 220m

50m 50m 75m 75m

Parcelization

6M 9M 63M M 6M 9M 3M 9M 3M

Block Parcelization 72%

Block Section

3 Floors/Residential

370 m 370

Block Parcelization Open Space

4 Floors/Mixed Use 3 Floors/Residential 90M 90M

6M 9M 3M

72%

120m

100m 370m

6m 6m

450m

14%

195m 100m

18m

18m 450m

6m 185m 6m

6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 20m

Block

3M 9M 6M

6m 6m 6m 6m

6m 650m

Block Dimension Plot Layout and Program PercentagePlot Layout and Program Percentage Typical

18m

36m

6m 6m

Typical Block

100 m

Street Scale and Hierarchy Block Dimension

36m 36m

370 370m m

75m 75m 65m 65m

Block Parcelizatio

Alley Section Alley Section Alley Section Alley Section

72%

14%

Circulation

7--11 Floors/Mixed UseCultrual 12Floors/ Facility Block Section

Alley ForSection Amsterdam,

90M

6m 20m 20m

12M

Circulation

Alley Section 200 M

200 M 100 m

9m 9m

36m 36m

Axon

12M

9m 9m 9m 9m

6M 9M 3M

195m 195m 195m 195m 100m 100m 100m 100m

75m 80m 90m

Street Scale and Hierarchy

6m9m 9m 6m

Commercial

100m 6m

6m 6m 6m

14M 3M

70% 15%

Open Space Circulation

Mixed Use

65m

6m 6m

18m

6m 6m 6m 6m

15%

0m 20 0m 120m 185m 120m 120m 185m 185m 120m 185m

Water Surface

6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

Mixed Use

Commercial

Green Space

100m

6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

20m 20m

(Density=25%, FAR=1.51)

18m

6m 6m 650m

Site Scale

72%

6m 6m 6m

Water Surface

Mixed Use

400x400 Grid Analysis

Plot Layout and Program Percentage

90M

14%

Accumulative City

Accumulative City 20

As a matter of fact Alexandria was the prototype of a series of Hellenistic towns designed in the orthogonal grid pattern following Ptolemies and later Roman rules as “king’s towns” aiming to make the divine power of their founder explicit. The blocks of that period are smaller ones, around 100 X 100 meters. After the conquest by the Arabian, the city gradually declined. When Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, began to rebuild and expand the city, the ancient district along the middle place of the harbor. was redeveloped following the Ptolemaic era grid of 2,000 years ago. As it sprawled to the inner land, the new grid system was adapted and overlaid on the existing urban context. The new grid Site Scale is is around 180m x 300m larger than the old grid, enclosed by wider streets, to meet the new requirement of building and space. The astronomical orientation of the grid of Alexandria, based on a main longitudinal axis, was deliberately designed to orient to the Regulus.

Typical Block

3M 9M 6M

14%

20 200m 0m

3M 9M 6M 14% 14% 14%

200 M

Block Dimension

100 m

Grid System Site Figure-Ground

Grid System

Street Scale and Hierarchy

6M 9M 3M

Building Footprint

3M 9M 36MM 9M 6M 3M 9M 6M

Site Scale

36m 36m 6m 6m 6m 6m

6m 6m 6m 6m

370m

Block Section 5--6 Floors/Residential

Block Section

75m

20m

9m 36m 36m 9m

Green Space

Water Surface

100m 370m

20m 6m

12m 750m

750m

Green Space

75m

65m

6m 6m

Street Section

Open Space

100m

75m 6m

6m 450m

195m

6m 6m

9m 9m 9m 9m

6m 6m 6m 6m

9m 9m 6m9m 6m 6m9m12m 6m 12m 6m 12m 6m 12m

Parcelization

12m 9m 9m 12m

200 M 200 M 200 M 200 M Typical Typical Typical Typical Block Block Block Block

14%

185m

6m6m 6m 6m 6m 20m

120m

12m 9m 12m 9m

400x400Circulation Grid Analysis Plot Layout and Program Percentage 400x400 Grid Analysis Open SpaceBlock Parcelization (Density=25%, FAR=1.51) Block Parcelization (Density=25%, FAR=1.51)

6M 9M 3M

72%

195m 100m

6m 6m 6m 6m

6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 20m

90M

14%20

6m 6m

6m 650m

3M 9M 6M

9m 6m 6m

650m

Plot Layout and Program Percentage Block Dimension Typical Circulation Open Space Block

18m

6m 6m

36m

6m 6m 650m

7--11 Floors/Mixed Use

Alley Section

200 M

(Density=41% FAR=2.48)

325m

Axon

Road Section

200 M

Site Scale

75m

Block B Block A

300m

186m

Parcelization

100 m

210m

390m

210m

186m

Accumulative City

Axon

50m

220m

450 450 450m m 4 m 50m

750m 750m 750m 750m

100 m

Block B Block A

Amsterdam: Macro-scale ContextAmsterdam: Macro-scale Context 390m

210m

Site Figure-Ground

Building Footprint

100m

50m75m

9m 36m

15 M

Grid System

Parcelization

195m 100m

100m 100m

6m 9m 36m 9m 36m

Typical Block

220m

, is the capital and the most populous withinofthe kingdom of the It has a population of 809,959 within theindicative city-proper. Its city’s nameorigin derives Amstelredamme, indicative of theas city’s origin as a dam of the river Amstel. Originating as a small within the kingdom of thecity Netherlands. It has a population 809,959 within the Netherlands. city-proper. Its name derives from Amstelredamme, of the asfrom a dam of the river Amstel. Originating a small Amsterdam , is the capital city and the most populousAmsterdam fishingone village in most the late 12th century, Amsterdam one of theGolden most important ports in the world during the DutchinGolden result of 20th its innovative in trade. the 19th 20th centuries, fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became of the important ports in the world became during the Dutch Age, a result of its innovative developments trade. InAge, thea19th and centuries,developments the city expanded, andInmany new and neighborhoods andthe city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and19-20 built. century The 17thDefence centuryLine canals of Amsterdam the UNESCO 19-20 century suburbs were planned and built. The 17th century canals of Amsterdam and the of Amsterdam areand on the WorldDefence HeritageLine List.of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Building Footprint

200 M

Typical Block

120m 195m 185m 185m195m 195m

The Accumulative City

75m

36m

6m 6m

Block Section

750m

9m 36m 9m

6m 6m 6m

18m

110m

6m 6m

6m 6m 6m

200 M 200 M

6m 9m 12m9m36m 9m12m 6m 12m 18m 9m 9m18m 12m 9m 6m 9m 9m9m 36m

6m 18m 6m 9m

6m 6m

6m 650m 6m 6m 9m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 12m 20m

450m 450m

2.7m

3.4m

650m 650m

110m 110m

6m 6m 18m

6m 6m 6m 6m

450m

19m 19m 110m

195m 100m

6m 6m

630m

00mm 1177

17 110m

185m

630m

650m

Religion Religion

3.5M

13.5 M

120m

6m 6m

145m 145m

12.5m

8.8m

60%

Religion

180m 180m

300m 300m

20%

630m 630m

4.5m 108m 108m

145m

19m

18m

10.5m

12.5m

55mm 1111

Boulevard Section

Block Parcelization

9M 6m 18m 6m 18m 18m 6m6m 6m6m 18m 6m Green Space 9m 6m 9m 6m 6m 6m Water Surface 6m 6m6m 6m 6m 6m Mixed Use 6m 6m 6m 6m Green6m Space Green Space Green Space Green Space Commercial 6m6m 6m6m 6m 6mWater SurfaceWater Surface 3M6m 9M 6M 90M Water Surface Water Surface 6m 6m Residential 650m 650m 6m 6m 14% 6m 72% 650m Mixed Use Mixed Use Mixed Use Mixed Use 650m6m6m 6m6m 6m Circulation 6m 6m Commercial 6m Commercial Commercial Commercial 6m 20m 6m 20m 20m 20m Residential Residential Residential Residential 18m 3M 14M 3M 18m 18m 18m Circulation Circulation Circulation Circulation

100 m

11m

180m

m 000m 330

11.7m 11.7m

300m

6.9m 6.9m 11.7m 11.7m

11.7m

48m 48m

6.9m 11.7m

40m 40m

48m

12.5m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m

26%

40m

12.5m 12.5m

6m 6m

Open OpenSpace Space

Program

100 m

3.5m

1km 1km

48%

11.2m 11.2m

88m 88m

Open Space 100M 100M

6.5m

1km

26%

11.6m 11.6m 11.6m 11.6m

11.2m

88m

3.5m

11m

11.6m 11.6m

7m 7m

100M 100M

m 800m 228 100M

12.5m 12.5m

100M

Block Dimension Block Dimension Block Dimension Block Dimension Circulation

(Density=25%, FAR=1.51)

Open Space

9M 630m 630m 630m 630m

100 m

7.5m 7.5m 3.6m

650m

Typical Block Typical TypicalBlock Block

103m 103m

14.5m 14.5m

20 20 200m 0m 20 0m 0m

100 m

7.5m

14.5m

4.8m

14.5m

Circulation Block Dimension

400x400 Grid Analysis Accumulative City (Density=41% FAR=2.48)

Accumulative City

Site Figure-Ground

Street Scale and Hierarchy Street Scale Hierarchy Street Scale andand Hierarchy Street Scale and Hierarchy 400x400 Grid Analysis

Plot Layout and Program Percentage

100 m

Street Hierarchy

200 M

Typical Block

100 m

Site Scale

Site Scale Scale SiteSite Scale Scale

Site Block Dimension

Street Scale and Hierarchy

100mm 100

Site Scale

100 m

8m 8m

The Accumulative City

14% 14%

6M 9M 3M 14% 14%

5--6 Floors/Residential 4 Floors/Mixed Use

5--6 Floors/Resid

Athens

Bagua / Tekesi

After the declination of Acropolis, till 1834 before it was chosen as the Capital, Athens was a village of 4,000 inhabitants. Though many Greek cities planned by Hippodamus of Miletus were followed grid pattern, the first grid plan of Athens was developed by S.Kleanthis and E.Shaubert in 1832.

Bagua/Tekesi City, within the Xinjiang China was created in year 1938 by General Zhong Qiujun. The planning and city making was deeply influenced by the Taoism, a traditional Chines Philosophy and specifically shown in the equal orientation and centrality.

Grid System

Site Scale 1km

1km

Street Hierarchy

Figure-Ground

Block Dimension

Masterplan

Program

Masterplan

Boulevard Section

Street Section

Grid System

Site Scale

Street Hierarchy

Figure-Ground

Block Dimension

Program

7.2m 8.2m 5.7m 10.5m13.0m 14.0m10.0m 20.0m 10.5m13.0m14.0m 14.0m10.0m 10.5m13.0m 10.5m13.0m 20.0m 14.0m10.0m 14.0m10.0m 14.0m 20.0m 20.0m 15.6m 6.7m

3.0m

3.0m 3.0m

5.5m

5.5m 5.5m

6.0m

6.0m 6.0m

16.2m

16.2m 16.2m

150M

65M

commercial commercial commercial

Public

Recreational

Recreational Recreational Recreational

28m

Hotel

Hotel Hotel

Residential

Residential Residential

16m

Public Public

28m

16m

28m 16m 600m

7.0M

18M

7.0M5.0M

18M

5.0M

1.4M

14.0M

1.4M 1.4M

14.0M

1.4M

23.3%

60%

23.3% 16.6%

60%

16.6%

10%

80%

10% 10%

80%

10%

600m20m

20m

Open Space

Open Space Open Open Space Space

Parking

1200m

1200m 1200m

1200m

20m

1200m

20m

20m 20m

600m

400m

20m

400m

6M 9M 4M 12M 2M 12M 4M 9M 6M

9% 3% 13% 6%

50M

400m

76.5m

7.0M5.0M

18M

5.0M

1.4M 6.7M

23.3%

60%

23.3% 16.6%

60%

16.6%

14%

10,094 7,879 11,800

Circulation 98.0m

76.5m 76.5m

76.5m

98.0m

11,484

400M

10,094 10,556 11,800 10,094 10,556 11,800

10,094 7,879 11,800 10,094 7,879 11,800

103.0m 35.0m

103.0m

35.0m

2,677 2,677 10,094 7,879

103.0m

11,484

10,094 7,879

35.0m

103.0m

2,677

10,094 10,556 11,800

76.5m

18%

6% 13% 3% 9%

18M

1.4M

1.4M 6.7M

14%

76.5m

72%

10,094 7,879

44%

9M 2M

2M 9M 5%

23%

18M 44%

2M 9M 5%

23%

14%

Parcelization 76.5m

18M

1.4M

Building Footprint

Axon

76.5m

365M

103.0m

400M

10,094 7,879 11,800

10,094 7,879

400M

11,484 10,094 10,556 11,800

98.0m

103.0m

2,677

Axon

76.5m 365M

103.0m

76.5m

103.0m

76.5m

35.0m

10,094 7,879

103.0m

103.0m 35.0m 103.0m 103.0m

400M

103.0m 35.0m 103.0m 103.0m

98.0m

18% 3%

400m

9M 2M 7.0M

Circulation

Building Footprint Block B Block A

11,484

10,094 7,879 11,800

76.5m

365M

2,677

10,094 10,556 11,800

76.5m

Block in 2012 Block in 1875

10,094 7,879

76.5m

6% 13% 3% 9%

20m

400m

Building Footprint 98.0m

365M

103.0m

Axon

76.5m 365M

18%

Parking Parking

14.7m 6.0m 4.0m 20.0m 6.0m 4.0m 6.0m 20.0m12.5m 14.7m 4.0m 12.5m 6.0m 6.0m 20.0m 2.5m14.7m 7.0m 2.5m 7.0m 2.5m 7.0m4.0m 6.0m 6.0m 4.0m 4.0m 12.5m2.5m 4.0m 4.0m 6.0m 12.5m 20.0m

103.0m

76.5m

18% 3%

400m

23%

Building Footprint

400m

30M 30M

600m

60600 0m

600m

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600m

600m 600m

20m

400m 20m

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20m

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50M

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65M 65M 30M

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16m

20m

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80M

7.0m

30M

100M 100M

45M

6.7m 6.7m

150M 150M 100M

100M

65M

14.7m

150M

100M

4.0m 4.0m

commercial

80M

4.0m

70M

4.0m

120M 120M

70M

6.0m 6.0m

80M 100M

6.0m

150M 150M

120M

80M

6.0m

150M

120M

3.0m 3.0m

120M

3.0m

Typical Block Typical Block

150M

120M

6.7m

3.0m

Typical Block

5.0m

70M

6.7m

4.3m 4.3m

4.5m 4.5m 5.0m

100M

4.3m

4.5m 5.0m

80M

1km

4.3m

5.0m 5.0m 5.0m 5.0m

4.5m 5.0m

120M

6.5m 6.5m 6.0m 6.0m 6.0m 6.0m 6.0m 6.0m

7.2m 5.7m 7.2m 8.2m 5.7m 8.2m 7.2m 8.2m 5.7m 14.0m 14.0m 5.0m 5.0m 5.0m 5.0m

120M

6.5m 6.0m 6.0m 6.0m

15.6m 15.6m 6.7m 6.7m

120M

6.5m 6.0m 6.0m 6.0m

76.5m

Street Section

1km 1km

15.6m 6.7m

98.0m

Boulevard Section

2,677

11,484 10,094 10,556 11,800

10,094 7,879 11,800

The first urban plan of Athens as the capital of Kingdom of Greece, developed by S.Kleanthis and E.Shaubert who carried out a systematic geographical survey of the city. The plan they produced reflected the principles of 19th century Romantic Neoclassicism providing a vast archaeological park around the Acropolis and the creation of a new city at the north of the ancient “polis”. The proposal consisted of three new wide avenues, that are arranged according to to a isosceles triangular system aimed at Piraeus, between three large squares. The road network was elaborated in part as spokes with hubs at circular plazas and in part as horizontals and verticals in the direction of the main axes, always with absolute regularity. Hence the grid of new city formed by three parts with similar block scale that oriented perpendicular to the three avenues. The standard rectangular building lot is square with 120m side length. In 1834 Leo von Klenze produced a modified version of the Kleanthis-Schaubert plan, narrowing down the streets and restricting the original public spaces, as well as the zone that would be excavated to highlight the city’s ancient glory. Athens was late in expanding into the entire space that the plans provided for.

Bagua/Tekesi City, within the Xinjiang China was created in year 1938 by General Zhong Qiujun. The city was planned with the shape of Bagua, an eight-trigram symbol of perfect symmetry in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality. The plan reflects clear centrality that the center is a public park and has eight 50 meter wide 1200 meter long centripetal-axis boulevards under the name of “Kan (Water), Zhen (Thunder), Dui (Lake), Li (Fire ), Kun (Earth), Xun (Wind), Gen (Mountain), and Qian (Heaven) and oriented to north, south, east, west, southwest, southeast, northeast, and northwest. From their very outskirt, the boulevards are connected every 360 meters which created 4 ring roads of the city. In this way, the boulevards and the ring roads create 24 plots of isosceles trapezium shaped grids. Further the outer located plots are subdivided into halves making 40 blocks in total. The grid pattern of Bagua/Tekesi City is not orthogonal but in trapezoid form. The density is low, the vernacular buildings within the blocks are up to three or four floor high. The community is less automobile oriented but more pedestrian friendly.

(a) Athens masterplan, Kleanthis and Schaubert, 1832 (Source: archiscapes.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/athens-capriccio-imagined-visualization/#jp-carousel-1700) (b) Aerial image of Athens (Source: arouraios.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/WEB_AERIAL_ATHINA-KENTRO-AKROPOLI.jpg)

(a) Tekesi County plan, Qiu Zongjun, 1936(Source: www.lyn616.com/ProductShow.asp?ArticleID=352) (b) Aerial view of Bagua (Source: news.beibaotu.com/articles/361822)

Axon

Circulation

The Overlay The TheOverlay City Overlay TheCity Overlay City City BARI, a port city in ItalyBARI, was BARI, part a port of a port city the in kingdom city Italy in Italy was of BARI, was part Naples part of a port the under of kingdom city theNapoleonic in kingdom Italy of was Naples ofrule. part Naples under During of the under Napoleonic kingdom 1808, Napoleonic King ofrule. Naples Murat rule. During ordered under During 1808, Napoleonic the 1808, King building King Murat rule. of Murat ordered aDuring new ordered section the 1808, building theof King building theof Murat city a of new laid ordered a new out section based section theofbuilding on the ofacity theof laid city a new out laid based out section based onofaon theacity laid out based on a rational grid plan. This rational grid,rational named grid plan. grid afterplan. This him,This grid, is known rational grid, named named as grid after the Murattiano; plan. after him,This him, is known grid, isand known named as hasthe as transformed Murattiano; after the Murattiano; him, is Bari and known into has andthe as transformed hasthe most transformed Murattiano; important Bari Bari into and portthe into has citymost the transformed in the most important region. important Bari The portinto old port citythe Bari, in city the most in Barivecchia, region. the important region. TheisThe old port a Bari, old cityBari, in Barivecchia, theBarivecchia, region.isThe a isold a Bari, Barivecchia, is a sprawl of streets and passageways sprawl sprawl of streets ofmaking streets and up passageways andthe passageways sprawl sectionofmaking ofstreets the making city up and to the up passageways the section the north section of of the the making of city modern the to city up the to Murattiano. the north the section north of the of Together of modern the the city modern with to Murattiano. the the Murattiano. north Piazza Together of Umberto, the Together modern withthe with the Murattiano. Piazza Piazza the Piazza Garibaldi, Umberto, Together Umberto, the the with diagonal Piazza the thePiazza Piazza Garibaldi, Via Garibaldi, Umberto, the diagonal the thediagonal Piazza Via Garibaldi, Via the diagonal Via San Francesco D’assisi, San theSan Francesco oldFrancesco city overlay D’assisi, D’assisi, on top theSan of old the the Francesco city oldMurat overlay city overlay grid, D’assisi, oncreating top on of top the the aof old multitude Murat the cityMurat overlay grid, ofgrid, creating conditions oncreating top aofmultitude that the a multitude Murat diversify ofgrid, conditions the of creating conditions grid. To that athe multitude that diversify south, diversify the an of conditions international grid. the grid. To the To that south, heavy the diversify south, railroad an international the an international system grid. Tosets heavy the south, heavy railroad railroad an international system system sets sets heavy railroad system sets the boundary of the expansion the boundary the boundary of theofgrid. the of expansion the expansion the boundary of the of grid. theofgrid. the expansion of the grid.

Masterplan Masterplan Masterplan Masterplan

Bari: Macro-scale Bari: Macro-scale Bari: Macro-scale Bari: Context Macro-scale Context Context Context

Barcelona

Bari

In the mid-1800s, from a smaller, very dense area surrounded by walls (Ciutat Vella), Barcelona has undergone a specific process of historic formation: density and compactness of the urban form, evolution by extension, Eixample project, developed by Cerda that brought an urban grid with 520 city blocks of parallel and perpendicular lines to the city.

Bari is made up of four different urban sections, in which theBari south is the Murat Bari quarter (erected by Joachim Murat), the modern heart of the city, which is laid out Bari, a Bari, portacity portincity Italy in was Italypart wasofpart theofkingdom the kingdom of Naples of Naples underunder Napoleonic Napoleonic rule. During rule. During 1808,1808, on a rectangular grid-plan with a promenade on the sea following grid plan King Murat Kingthe Murat ordered ordered the building the building of a new of asection new section of theof city thelaid cityout laid based out based on a rational on a rational grid plan. grid plan. made in early 19th century. This grid, This named grid, named after him, after is him, known is known as theasMurattiano; the Murattiano; and has andtransformed has transformed Bari into Barithe intomost the most

Masterplan Masterplan Masterplan Masterplan

Bari: Macro-scale Bari: Bari:Macro-scale Macro-scale Bari: Context Macro-scale Context Context Context

382x336 382x336 382x336 Grid Analysis 382x336 Grid GridAnalysis Analysis Grid Analysis

Circulat

Block Section Block BlockSection Section Block Section

Residen

436x375 436x375 436x375 Grid Analysis 436x375 Grid GridAnalysis Analysis Grid Analysis

Circulat

Block Section Block BlockSection Section Block Section

Residen

important important port city portincity theinregion. the region. The old TheBari, old Barivecchia, Bari, Barivecchia, is a sprawl is a sprawl of streets of streets and passageand passageways ways making making up theupsection the section of theofcity thetocity thetonorth the north of theofmodern the modern Murattiano. Murattiano.

Population: 320,475 Population: Population: 320,475 320,475 Population: 320,475 Area(Land): 116km² Area(Land): Area(Land): 116km² 116km² Area(Land): 116km² Density: 2,800 /km² Density: Density: 2,800 2,800 /km²/km² Density: 2,800 /km²

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Masterplan

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Population: 320,475 Population: 320,475 Population: 320,475 Population: 320,475 Area(Land): 116km² Area(Land): 116km² Area(Land): 116km² Area(Land): 116km² Density: 2,800 Density: /km² 2,800 Density: /km² 2,800 Density: /km² 2,800 /km²

GridGrid System System

Figure-Ground Figure-Ground

Masterplan Masterplan

Site Figure-Ground Site Figure-Ground Site Figure-Ground Site Figure-Ground

Overlay Overlay CityOverlay CityOverlay City City

Grid System Grid GridSystem System Grid System

Site Figure-Ground Site SiteFigure-Ground Figure-Ground Site Figure-Ground

Grid System Grid System Grid System Grid System

Site Scale Site SiteScale Scale Site Scale

Street Scale Street Street and Scale Scale Street Hierarchy and and Scale Hierarchy Hierarchy and Hierarchy

10m

980m

Site Scale

Block Dimension

Street Hierarchy

Block Dimension

Program

Boulevard Section

980m

Program

Site Site Scale Scale

Site Scale

980m 980m

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Street Street Scale Scale & Hierarchy & Hierarchy

Site Scale

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3 5 9

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15 3 5 99 5 3 15 9 9 5 3 15 50m9 3 550m

9 2 53 33

50m 50m 8m Sections: Alternative examples Sections: Alternative examples Sections: Alternative examples Sections: Alternative examples

52 3 3 8m

2 3 53 10 253 3 108m 5 20m 8m 20m

5 10 20m

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980m980m

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8 10 57 10 10 525m 5 20m 7 10 25m 20m

5 10 5 10 10 10 20m 5 10 20m 30m

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Building Footprint

60m 60m

140m 140m

10m

12745 (5.5)

12545 (6.0)

12647 (5.5)

132.2m

12023 (7.1)

12143 (6.5)

11517(4.5)

60m

60m 60m 12m

60m

60m 60m 10m

60m 70m

12620 (4.5)

12745 (5.5)

12647 (5.5)

12476 (5.3)

12501(5.5)

Public Space

12545 (6.0)

12501(5.5)

12143 (6.5)

11517(4.5)

12620 (4.5)

12745 (5.5)

12647 (5.5)

12476 (5.3)

12545 (6.0)

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Block Block Dimension Block Dimension Block Dimension Dimension

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Circulation Circulation Circulation Circulation 84m 84m 136m 84m90m 84m 84m 84m 84m 84m 9m 9m 9m 9m 90m 60m 67m 60m84m 60m 67m 67m 60m 60m 67m 67m 60m 60m 67m 67m 90m 90m 90m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m9m 9m 163m 9m 90m 84m 90m 80m 80m 80m 80m 80m 80m 80m 80m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m12m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m9m 12m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 163m163m 136m 84m 163m 163m 84m 84m 163m 136m 84m 136m 136m 136m 12m 9m 12m 9m 12m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m9m9m9m 9m90m 163m 84m 163m 84m 136m 136m 9m 9m 9m 40m 40m 40m 40m 40m 40m 40m 40m 60m 67m 9m 70m

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84m 84m 40m 163m 60m 67m 60m 60m 67m 90m 80m 40m 80m 84m 163m 136m 84m 90m 136m67m 80m 84m 40m84m 136m

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80m 40m 60m 67m

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OpenOpen Space Space Open Open Space Space OpenOpen SpaceSpace

Open Space

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Recreation

Communal

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Circulation Circulation

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Open Spa

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Recreation Recreation

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Plot Layout Plot Layout Plot and Layout Program Plot and Layout Program and Percentage Program and Percentage Program Percentage Percen

Boulevard Section

Alley Section Alley AlleySection Section Alley Section

10m

OpenOpen Space Space

Recreation

Program Program

140m

10m

Open Space

84m163m 136m 84m 90m 60m 67m80m84m 60m 60m 67m67m80m 40m 60m 67m 80m 80m 163m 84m84m84m 163m 136m 84m 136m 40m136m 40m40m

60m

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23 3

Recreation

Mixed Use

Communa

Residentia

Circulation

12m

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9m9m

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9m 9m9m9m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 12m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m

9m9m 9m 9m

9m 90m

90m 163m

84m 90m 84m 163m

84m 80m 90m 60m80m 67m 60m 67m 67m 40m 60m 67m 80m 84m 163m 136m 84m 163m 136m 84m 136m 136m 40m84m 40m84m 40m 60m80m

AlleyAlley Section Section

Building Footprint

Axon

Circulation

Building Footprint

Road Section Road Road Section Section Road Section

Axon

Circulation

Alley Section Alley Section Alley Section Alley Section

12501(5.5)

Open Space

Block Axo

400X400 400X400 Figure Figure Ground Ground

Bari, a port city in Italy was part of the kingdom of Naples under Napoleonic rule. The old Bari, Barivecchia, is a sprawl of streets and passageways. During 1808, King Murat ordered the building of a new section of the city laid out based on a rational rectangular grid plan. This grid, named after him, is known as the Borgo Murattiano. The plan used the formation mechanism of the origin of the lots following the logic of the block and created a constitutive form of the city. Though the streets seem share the same hierarchy, the distribution of the blocks is not homogeneous, which decrease from centralParcelization axisParcelization to the east Block Block Axon Axon and also west and range from 160m X 60m to 40m X 60m. However the diversification of grid pattern of Borgo Murattiano is not only horizontal. Together with the Piazza Umberto and the Piazza Garibaldi, the diagonal boulevard Via San Francesco D’assisi as another layer overlay on top of the Murat grid, creating a multitude of conditions that diversify the grid. The Murat Plan transformed Bari into the most important port city in the region and provided a frame work for the further expansion of the city.

400X400 400X400 Figure Figure Ground Ground

Circulation Circulation

Block B

(a) Plan for the Reform and Extension of Barcelona, Ildefonso Cerdá, 1859 (Source: Joan Busquets, Barcelona: The Urban Evolution of a Compact City, Actar, 2005) (b) Aerial of the Eixample district of Barcelona (Source: www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/sep/25/aerial-views-of-europe-taken-from-a-drone-in-pictures)

Circulation Circulation Block A Block B Block A

The old city was contained within a heavily fortified wall which outlined the limits of its growth. Exiample, the visionary and pioneering plan devised by Ildefons Cerdà, in 1859, imposed a uniform system of square blocks with chamfered corners, xamfrà, upon the agricultural landscape, surrounding the historical city which remained morphologically intact within its original location. Several large boulevards, notably the Avinguda Diagonal, cut across the uniform logic of the grid, slicing and splitting the regular blocks to create primary arterial connections. Each characteristic octagonal block covers an area of 133.3 X 133.3 meters with chamfered corners at 45 degrees. The perimeter of the block was supposed to be as tall as 16 meters, which is eventually built up to approximately 25 meters deep, is built to a height of five or six storeys. It was claimed that the block size and height came up with the consideration of transport along with sunlight and ventilation and parking. The modern transformation of Barcelona began with preparations for the 1992 Olympics. By transforming the abandoned industrial land close to the coast into Olympic site, the new plan brought the urban grid to the seafront.

35m 35m

Plot Layout Plot Plot and Layout Layout Program Plot and and Layout Program Percentage Program and Percentage Program Percentage Percentage

Parcelization Parcelization

12023 (7.1)

60m

50m50m 35m35m

55m 55m

133.5m

11517(4.5)

140m

60m60m

50m 35m

60m

140m140m

10m

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133.5m

134.4m

12501

12620 (4.5)

12476 (5.3)

143.2m

133.2m

12545

12647

143.2m

12143 (6.5)

133.2m

Program

60m 60m

133.5m

134.4m

12476

12745

133.2m

12023 (7.1)

5 3

Circulation

381m

133.2m

132.2m 134.4m

12620

4912

1925 143.2m

377m

12501

7541

133.2m

377m

12647

12023

377m

12745

12545

377m

12620

12476

133.2m

132.2m

381m

4912

134.4m

7541

133.2m

12023

Axon

1893

381m

132.2m

133.5m

140m 140m

60m

Block B Block A

143.2m

133.5m

Block in 2010 Block in 1863

133.2m

143.2m

134.4m

Axon

381m 133.2m

133.2m

Building Footprint

140m

35m 35m

Road Road Section Section 3 5

60m

980m

12m 9m 9m12m 9m 12m 9m 9m 12m 9m

9m 9m 9m9m

60m

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60m60m

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980m

9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 12m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m 9m

60m

StreetStreet ScaleStreet Scale and Hierarchy Street Scale and Hierarchy Scale and Hierarchy and Hierarchy

60m 60m

10m

Street Sections

9m 9m 9m 12m12m

12m

Block Dimension Block BlockDimension Dimension Block Dimension

10m

Block Block Dimension Dimension

Block Dimension Road Section Road RoadSection Section Road Section 60m

10m10m

Site Scale Site Scale Site Scale Site Scale

10m

Street Hierarchy

Sections: Barcelona Sections: Barcelona Sections: BarcelonaSections: Barcelona

1050m

Overlay Overlay City OverlayCity Overlay City City

Block Block AxonAxon

Parcelization Parcelization

(a) General plan of the city of Bari / Piano generale della Città di Bari, Angelo Cicciomessera and Pietro Trotti, 1867 (Source: www.rilievo.poliba.it/bsc/abc/euro/ita/pug/ba/bari/mappe/index.html) (b) Aerial of the Eixample district of Barcelona: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/sep/25/aerial-views-of-europe-taken-from-a-drone-in-pictures

Beijing

Berlin

In 1153 Beijing first time officially became the capital of China as Jin Dynasty and remained the world’s largest city until 1800 undergoing four important changes of Dynasties. The basic idea of city planning kept similar: rectangular outline with gates on each side of the wall, and orthogonal grid inside with imperial city in the center.

In 1440, Fredrick the Great established Berlin as the capital of the region and his successors eventually established Berlin as the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire. In the 1798 Plan von Berlin, the major boulevards were layouted and created the initial grid pattern of the city in current central Berlin.

Grid System

Figure-Ground

IntroductionIntroduction Text Text

Berlin has constantly Berlin reconstructed has constantly itself. reconstructed Its various districts itself. Itshave various been districts executed have been executed in fragments that in arefragments within themselves that are within entities themselves of their own entities right.ofThere theirare own places right. There are places within the city with within singular the city identity, with that singular are throughout identity, thatthe arehistory throughout the places the history that the places that have been workedhave again been andworked reworked again andand function reworked as anchor and function points of asthe anchor grid.points of the grid.

Masterplan

Masterplan Berlin: Macro-scale Berlin: Macro-scale Context Context

Grid System

Street and car system Street and 1903-1905 car system 1903-1905

Figure-Ground

400x400 Grid 400x400 Analysis G

Grid SystemGrid System Site Figure-Ground Site Figure-Ground

Berlin Plan 1824Berlin Plan 1824

Built-up areas 1820 Built-up areas 1820VehicularBerlin Berlin Infrastructure Vehicular1903-1905 Infrastructure 1903-1905

Berlin Plan 1910Berlin Plan 1910

Location Gross Plan 1910Gross Plan 1910Land Use and Infrastructure Land Use andmap Infrastructure 1954 map 1954

414M

Location

Block Parcelization Block Parce

Street Layout Street Layout Site Scale Site Scale

Site Scale

Street Hierarchy

Block Dimension

Program

Boulevard Section

Street Section

1km

Block Dimension Block Dimension

Street ScaleStreet and Hierarchy Scale and Hierarchy

Site Scale

Street Hierarchy

1km

13.5m

15.3m

Block Dimension

10.0m13.5m 12.5m 11.0m 15.3m 15.8m 10.0m14.8m 12.5m17.0m 11.0m

15.8m 14.8m 17.0m

180M

105M

Program

105M 180M 90M 220M 105M 150M 105M

90M 150M220M

150M

Boulevard Section

Typical Typical Berlin Block 150MBerlin Block 105M

1km

8m8m8m

13.5m

Typical Block Typical Block Typical BlockBlock 180M 180M 105M 105M 180M 90M 105M 220M 150M 90M 220M 150M 150M 150M 180M105M 105M 105M 105M 90M105M 90M 220M 220M 150M 150M 150M 150M Typical 105M 105M 105M 105M

commercial commercial commercial

13.5m 13.5m 13.5m 13.5m 40.0m

Residential

Residential Residential Residential

40.0m 40.0m 40.0m 40.0m

1km

14.5m 14.5m 14.5m 14.5m

16.0m

12.0m 12.0m 12.0m 12.0m

12.0m

5.5M

22.5%

13.75%

5.5M

9.0M

11.0M

9.0M

5.5M

13.75%

22.5%

27.5%

22.5%

13.75%

4.5M

10.0M

23.75%

52.5%

13,200

8,190

13,200

8,190

5,800

13,200

8,190

5,100

13,200

8,190

13,200

8,190 23.75% 52.5%

4.5M

10.0M

6,000

5,800

4.5M 4.5M

10.0M

4.5M

23.75% 23.75%

52.5%

23.75%

80.0m 176.5m 176.5m

13,200

176.5m

105m 105m

105m

7,875

6,000 6,0006,000 7,8757,875 13,200 13,200 13,2007,875 75.0m

7,875

80.0m80.0m

75.0m

13,200

105m

176.5m

414M

13,200 8,190 5,800 5,8005,800 13,200 13,200 13,200 8,190 8,1908,190 78.0m

8,190

6,000

80.0m 414M 414M

5,100

5,100 5,1005,100 13,200 13,200 13,2008,190 8,1908,190 78.0m

5,100

13,200

105m

176.5m

75.0m

7,875

78.0m

5,800

Building Footprint

414M 80.0m

78.0m

13,200

105m

and Program Percentage Plot Layout Plot and Layout Program Percentage

Circulation

78.0m

176.5m

15.3M 60.0%

5.0M 5.0M

20.0%

Axon 75.0m

75.0m

Building Footprint

5.0M

13,200 78.0m

31,050

Access

78.0m

74m

69m 89m

40,050

78.0m

31,050

6,000

78.0m

31,050 31,050 31,050

69m

69m 74m

33,300

69m

33,300 33,300 33,300

89m

9.0M

27.5%

364M

31,050

69m

11.0M

22.5%

20.0%

364M

89m 89m

80.0m

450m

31,050 31,050 31,050

40,050 40,050 40,050 31,050 31,050 31,050

9.0M

14.3m 19.0m

364M

69m 69m

450m

23.75%

14.3m

364M

400M

400M 400M

400M

69m 69m

74m 74m

69m 69m

450m 450m

Access

78.0m

450M 450M

Parcelization

78.0m

Circulation

69m

Axon

4.5M

52.5%

12.0m

Block in 2010 Block in 1820

450M

Block in 2011 Block in 1750

450M

Building Footprint

10.0M

14.3m 14.3m 14.3m 14.3m

14.3m 19.0m

Axon

5.5M 13.75%

12.0m 12.0m 12.0m 12.0m

78.0m

75.0m

78.0m

4.5M 23.75%

Parking Parking Parking Parking

16.0m 16.0m 16.0m 16.0m 16.0m

14.3m 14.3m 14.3m 14.3m 14.3m 19.0m 19.0m 19.0m 19.0m

Building Footprint

Public

Open Space OpenOpen SpaceSpace Open Space

78.0m

PublicPublic

Residential Residential Residential Residential

14.5m

12.0m

Public

40.0m

14.5m

78.0m

Open Open Open Space Space Space

1km

Institutional Institutional Institutional

Open Space

Public Space Public Spac

Recreational Recreational Recreational Recreational

1km

810 m 810 m 810 m

810 m

Institutional

Street Section

105M

commercial commercial commercial commercial

80M

commercial

80M

irregular grid irregular irregular grid grid

80M

defined byby typical grid/river defined defined by typical typical grid/river grid/river

irregular grid

1km

typical typical typical grid grid grid

defined by typical grid/river

1km

typical grid

80M

13.5m 13.5m 13.5m 13.5m

78.0m

4m4m4m

78.0m

14.8m 14.8m 14.8m 17.0m 14.8m 13.5m 13.5m 15.3m 13.5m 10.0m 10.0m 12.5m 15.3m 11.0m 12.5m 10.0m 11.0m 15.8m 12.5m 15.8m 11.0m 17.0m 15.8m 17.0m 13.5m 15.3m 15.3m 10.0m 12.5m 11.0m 15.8m 17.0m

80M

1050 1050 1050 mm m

1km

80M

1050 m

1km1km

8,190

Axon

Circulation

commercial

Public

Recreational

Residential

Open Space

Parking

15.3M 60.0%

400x400 Grid 400x400 Analysis G

13,200 13,200 13,2008,190 8,1908,190

13,200

8,190

Block Parcelization Block Parce

(a) Beijing revised urban masterplan 1954 (Source: Beijing’s Urban Construction since the Birth of New China, Beijing construction history Editorial Board , University of Michigan Press, 1986) (b) Aerial view of Beijing (Source: http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/AFP_Getty-524834873.jpg)

5.0M

15.3M

5.0M 5.0M

15.3M 60.0%

Rebuilding the Berlin Grid 1953-1989

5.0M

20.0%

60.0%

20.0% 20.0%

20.0%

5.5M

9.0M

5.5M11.0M

9.0M

11.0M5.5M

9.0M

5.5M

13.75%

22.5%

13.75% 27.5%

22.5%

27.5%13.75%

22.5%

13.75%

20m

The industrial revolution and the economic rapid growth urged the need for urban planning. The Hobrecht Plan of 1862 prescribed the gridded street Grids_ Critical Reconstruction 1953-1989 layout for future growth, Berlin which included housing ‘Unter den Linden’ ‘Unter den Boulevard Linden’ Boulevard blocks of approximately the same size (80-meter wide) without right angles and orbital distributor roads to connect to main radial roads. The Hobrecht-Plan was detailed for street area giving only the boundary lines for the housing construction and regulating the maximum height limited to 20 meter and each house must be reachable from the streets via a backyard of at least 5.34 × 5.34 m. The plan asked for the front-buildings to be designed for upper- and middle-class people the backyard buildings which set the foundation of the Mietskaserne housing block type. This plan led to very dense development especially in the city’s core and provided regular open spaces and public squares. After WWII thirty-three percent of Berlin was destroyed, the city was into a polycentric urban landscape, as an archipelago of urban grids that various districts being executed in fragments. There are places within the city with singular identity, that are throughout the Grid _ worked New Construction 2000 - 2010 history the places that haveBERLIN been again and reworked and function as anchor points of the grid.

20m

The streets were designed under most strict hierarchy and in accordance with archaic concepts of geomancy, Feng-shui. In Beijing, there are two levels of blocks: The first level is defined by avenues on four sides. The dimension of the block comes from the size of Forbidden City about 753m by 961m. The second level is defined by streets on north and south sides, and avenues on the others. The size of the block on north-south direction is about 70m. It is the reasonable depth of one quadrangle yard, which can has enough sunshine and proper arrangement of the yard. In Beijing, a systematic distinction is made between primary and secondary streets. The northsouth avenues are important and wider than the east-west ones, which is about 36 meters, twice as wide as east-west ones whose scale of the streets are much smaller, which is about 5 to 7 meters. And most streets face east and west, considering the direction of the wind in the winter time (from north). In 1950s, Barannikov advised a new masterplan of Beijing as an industrial city by introducing the maxigrid and Superblock to rebuilding and improving the existing Beijing City. The plan was implemented and reconfigured the grid pattern of Beijing . In 1980s, Beijing experienced rapid urban expansion with the repetition of around 1km wide maxi-grid.

(a) First development plan of Berlin, Hobrecht, 1862 (Source: Harald Bodenschatz, Platz für das neue Berlin - Geschichte der Stadterneuerung seit 1871, Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1987, P54) (b) Aerial view of Berlin Mitte: (Source: http://www.fotos-aus-der-luft.de/luftbild/11431-4/Friedrichshain_und_Berlin-Mitte_01)

Bilbao

Brasilia

Since its foundation in the early 14th century by Diego López V de Haro, Bilbao was a commercial hub that enjoyed significant importance in the Spain. The first project of expansion of Bilbao, “Ensanche”, dates back to 1801 conducted by the Aragonese architect Silvestre Perez but was paralyzed by the wars.

Brasilia, a capital created in the center of the Brazil in 1957, whose overall urban form is like an airplane or dragonfly. The city making followed the “Pilot Plan” designed by Lucio Costa, who was deeply influenced by Le Corbusier’s idea of modernity.

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Masterplan

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Residential Residential Units Units

Site Scale

Street Hierarchy

Block Dimension 100 m

11 m

338m m m

11 11m m

88m m 3m

11 m

100 m

Recreation

Recreation Recreation

Recreation

Mixed Use

Commercial

Residential

Residential Residential

Residential

Circulation

Circulation Circulation

Circulation

Building Footprint

17M

3M 8M 3M

4M 11M 4M

5M 3M 5M

Axon

Circulation

Building Footprint

10 m

Axon

Street Section

1 km

Open Space

Recreation

8M 5M 8M

45M

12M 5M 12M

45M

8M 5M 8M

45M

12M 5M 12M

45M

8M 5M 8M

13%

28%

18%

28%

13%

28%

18%

28%

13%

Mixed Use

12M

Commercial

Residential

280 M

640 M

40M

12M

40M

5.8%

38.5%

11.4%

38.5%

40M

12M

40M

5.8%

38.5%

11.4%

38.5%

5.8%

Circulation

280 M

Circulation

Building Footprint

Axon

Circulation

Block B Block A

1 km

Typical Block

1 km

Mixed Use

Commercial Commercial

Boulevard Section

1 km

Mixed MixedUse Use

Program

280 M

310 m

Circulation

280 M

300 m

Commercial

Axon

280 M

300 m

Open Space

10 m

Building Footprint

280 M

30 m

11 m

Block Dimension

10 m

12 m

m4 m 88m

10 m

160 m

11m m 11

10 m

1.6 km

m 484m

10 m

300 m

Open OpenSpace Space

1 km

117mm

10 m

12 m

Open Space

1 km

100 m 100 m 100 m

10 m

100 m

10 m

120 m 70 m 100 m 100 m

100 m 100 m 100 m

11 m

100 m 100 m 100 m

11 m

100 m

120 m 70 m 100 m 100 m

154 m

Street Hierarchy

1.6 km

4M 11M 4M m 77m

Site Scale

140 m

120 m 70 m 100 m 100 m

7 m 15 15m m

120 m120 120 100 m m m 120 100 120m m 100 100 120m m m 100 100 100 120 m m m m100 100 140 100 m m mm100 100 100 m m m 140 140 100 m mm

Street Section

1 km

17 m

1 km

15 m

120 m

Boulevard Section

1 km

30 m 10 m

1 km

Program 100 m Typical Block

100 m

11km km

Typical Typical Block Block

100 m

1 km

100 100m m 100 m

Typical Block

In 1862, the engineer Amado Lázaro presented a new expansion plan which later revised by the team of architect Severino de Achúcarro and the engineers Pablo de Alzola and Ernesto de Hoffmeyer in 1876. The 1876 Plan occupied an area of 150 hectares eastwards and applied Eclecticism into it with a square-shaped elliptical Federico Moyúa square as geographical center, symmetrically crossed by a 30 meters wide boulevard, Vía Don Diego López de Haro, and three other radiant diagonal avenues (Recalde, Ercilla and Elcano) which together define axises of the plan of new Bilbao. These settings were influenced by Paris. The typical block is 100m X 100m with chamfered four corners. In 1898, the municipal architect Enrique Epalza presented another plan for the extension of the extension which filled the ground where remained free after the implementation of 1896 plan with smaller grid. After decades of construction, Bilbao extends from left bank of the estuary to a new city of larger scale. In the late 20th century Bilbao has experienced the transformation from industrial city to postindustrial city of architecture emblems.

The circulation system is the first consideration of the plan which proposed a road layout comprising parallel and slightly curved expressways in northsouth direction. Along these arteries, are the residential zones in two symmetrical wings organized into sequences of “superblocks”, reserved for all practically self-contained apartment blocks that each possessing its own commercial and leisure centres, green spaces and etc. In this means, each 300 X 300 meter superblock is actually as a complex cell through a repetitive way to aggregate the form of gridded residential zones. Within the superblock of Brasilia, Costa uses the pilotis to lay out the paths of pedestrians and vehicles at the ground level and to adjust the buildings to the slope of the site the created by the juxtaposition of expressways and urban tissue. Perpendicular to the residential road axis, is the “monumental axis” accommodated the institutional area. In spite of the stress on symbols of modernity, Lucio Costa favoured a planned new city of low densities and heights, with a maximum of six floors for residential buildings and sixteen floors in public sectors. However, for the grid plan in favor of car and modernity, even though a success as a design solution, the superblock of Pilot Plan continues to be an expensive and elitist answer.

(a) Plan Extension Extension of Bilbao / Plan de Extensión del Ensanche de Bilbao, Enrique Epalza, 1900 (Source: www.euskomedia.org/ImgsAuna/0005215.jpg) (b) Bilbao birdview (Source: c1.staticflickr.com/3/2390/2154260323_d89d84bd43_b.jpg)

(a) Pilot plan of Brasilia, Lucio Costa, 1957 (Source: www.metalocus.es/content/en/blog/latin-america-construction-architecture-1955-1980-moma) (b) Aerial view of Brasilia (Source: www.worldtravelserver.com/travel/es/brazil/brasilia/gallery_brasilia/photo_49765971-Vista+parcial+-+Plano-piloto+-+Bras%C3%ADlia,+DF,+Brasil..html)

The prototypes of the grid block in Pilot Plan

Canberra

Cape town

Being an entirely planned city following the blueprint designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Canberra was constructed in 1913. The Griffins’ plan featured geometric motifs including hexagons, rectangles and triangles, and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks.

Located at the southern tip of Africa, Cape Town was first settled in 1650 whose initial layout, designed by the founder of the city Jan Van Reibeeck, consisted of a simple fortress and pier, a small settlement and a series of canalized agricultural fields of 60 X 320 meters going up Table Valley parallel to the Fresh River.

Grid System

300 M

100 M

300 M

300 M100 M

100 M

300 M

100 M

TypicalTypical Block Block

Typical Block

Masterplan

Program

100 m

Block Dimension 100 m

Typical Typical Block Block

100 m

Typical Block

100 m 100 m

1000 M

100 m

Street Hierarchy 1000 M

100 m

1000 M

100 m

Site Scale

Figure-Ground

Masterplan

Boulevard Section

Street Section

Site Scale 1000 m

1000 M 9m

49 m

9 m 9 m 9 m9 m 9 m 9 m 9m

9 9m 49 mm

9 9mm

99 mm

49 9m m

9 m9 m

99m m

9m 9m

49 m

300 M

100 M

Typical Block

1000 m

Street Hierarchy

Block Dimension

20 m

16 m 36 m

36 m

16 m

18 m

Institute

Open Space

Recreation

Mixed Use

18 M

1300 M

Institute

18 m

28 m

Institute

Open Space

Commercial

Recreation

Residential

Mixed Use

Circulation

Commercial

9M 9M

29 M

Boulevard Section

100 M 36 m

100 M

65 M

62 M

18 m

28 m

70 M

55 M

70 M

58 M

65 M

Residential

3996

3738

3467

3272

3629

3620

business

Public

385M 11.0M

10%

Multi-use

2.0 M

11.0M

6.6%

36.7%

10%

385M

3.5 M

11.0M

Open Space

commercial

2.0 2.5 MM

10%

business

Public

Multi-use

3.5 M

Multi-use

5M 11.0M

6.6%

Axon

Parcelization

Building Footprint

Axon

Parcelization

Building Footprint

Axon

3738

4134

3467

3272

3629

3620

4195

4373

3272

3629

3620

3575

4554

4170

4195

4373

4255

4400

2948

3169

3484

3160

3198

3029

3230

3608

4400

3198

4134

3738

3467

3272

3629

3620

3230

2260

3169

3484

3230

3239

3363

4554

4170

3198

3029

2.5 M

3239

3363

3575

4554

4170

9544

2948

4195

4373

3169

3484

3575

9544

3160

2948

Building Footprint 3160

Axon

3029

3160

3198

Circulation

3029

Parcelization

385M

3996

3738

3467

3272

3629

3620

4195

4373

3169

3484

4134

3230

3575

3738

3467

3272

4170

3629

3620

2948

4195

4373

3029

3169

3484

3363

4554

9544

3160

3996

2260

3239

3198

400M

3738

3467

4255

2.5 M

2260

22.2% 55.5% 22.2%

4170

400M

3996

2945

3484

Block in 2012 Block in 1930

Block B Block A

385M

4373

3169

400M

Building Footprint

4195

commercial

2.0M 5.0M 2.0M

3608

4554

5M 4M

commercial

Circulation

3575

3.5 M

3996 Open Space

10%

2.0M 5.0M 2.0M 22.2% 55.5% 22.2%

2945

3230

3.5 M

Open Space

36.7%

2.5 M

3996

75 M 75 M 75 M 75 M 31 m 31 m 31 m 31 m M m6617 63 66 60MM 6685 MM 63 63 M 6066 MM 8566 MM 66 M 63 M 60 M 85 M 60 66 M M 8566 MM MmM19 m 66MM 40 m 30 m 19 m18 m19 m 2240 mm 3230 mm 1219 m13 m18 m15 m19 mm 1722 mm 1932 m m 12 17 m 40 m15 m 30mm17 19mm18 m1966mM22 m 3266mM12 m1366m15 40 30 m13 m385M 19m15 m18mm19 m 19 22m m 32 m 12 m13 19 m 66 M 66 M MM 66 66 M 66 M 66 M 66 M 6666 90M M 66 M 66 M 90 M 66 M 66 M 90 M 66 M 6666 M M 90 M

Street Section

36 m

400M

Commercial

16 m

18 m

1300 M

16 m

1000 m

18 m

1300 M

49 m

1000 m

18 m

1300 M

1000 m

18 m

1300 M

Program

20 m

1000 M

Figure-Ground

1000 m

9m 100 m

100 m

Grid System

The plan was influenced by the garden city concept and city beautiful movement so that it turned out to be a hybridity of built grid form incorporated in natural landscape setting rather than superimpose. The design boldly holds the geometric axial arrangement of the three main avenues perpendicular to the sides of the hexagon of central district in an overriding symmetry which was personified by the ‘national triangle’ and followed by the orthogonal grid of 100m X 100m blocks.The major public buildings within larger volume are along the main north-south axis which is famous as mixed-use corridor and the hexagon area. The residential neighborhoods are principally provided in two forms: higher density terraces in another blocks of 300m X 100m lining the main avenues and lower density garden suburbs partially in grid which are set back from the main avenues. According to the description of the Griffins’ plan, the block sizes were determined by the accommodation of the traffic of the district and the width of the avenues and streets.

Cape Town was first settled in 1650 by the Dutch as a halfway prot city for ships travelling to india and the Far East. Its initial layout, designed by the founder of the city Jan Van Reibeeck. Further research on the city focused on similar “Ideal” port cities developed by Dutch during the 17th century and influenced by the mathematician and civil engineer Simon Stevins. Plan of Cape Town in 1755 was in a clear infinite grid pattern showing streets and erven. The Plan of Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, 1854 by outstanding several important urban fabrics, such as the monuments and churches broke the evenness of the grid then. The 1897 plan made the city expanded along the coast towards west, and formed several isolated gridded urban fabrics. In early 20th century, Cape Town reclaimed large area of land to the north of the shore masterplanned in discontinuous grids of different scales. Another point of interest is the relative small scale of the grid which can hold a gradient of densities. It is also clear that a certain critical volume of the block can function only as a singular building.

(a) Plan of Canberra, Walter Burley Griffin,1913 (Source: uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/Images/a1_1917-7242_tcm14-29283.jpg) (b) The aerial image of the city of Canberra (Source: actbds.com.au/Images/canberra%20city.jpg)

(a) Plan of Cape Town, George Thompson, 1827 (Source: www.digitalcollections.lib.uct.ac.za/cape-town-street-plans?page=2&display=list) (b) The bird-view of Cape Town (Source: http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/urbaneye/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/DSC04366.jpg)

4134

3230

3575

2260

3239

3363

4554

4170

3198

3029

9544

3160

2948

Chandigarh

Chicago

Chandigarh, the dream city of India’s first Prime Minister, Sh. Jawahar Lal Nehru, was planned by Le Corbusier as the implementation of the 20th-century principles of urbanism and mordern architecture. The masterplan embraced the grid pattern and formed by grid cells.

The grid was first introduced to Central Chicago of a small area in 1830 by James Thompson of Chicago’s first plan laying-out the town with straight streets uniformly 66 feet wide with alleys 16 feet wide bisecting each block. The grid then extended following the Jeffersonian Grid, and being modified by Burnham Plan of 1909.

Grid System

Figure-Ground

Business Core

Parking

45m 43%

22m

21%

29,400

25m

24%

6% 29,400

45m 43%

22m

21%

25m

24%

45m 43%

29,400 6%

138.5m

118.5m

1.5

138.5m

24%

22m 21%

25m

24%

45m 43%

FAR: 2,1

22m

25m

21%

24%

45m 43%

22m

21%

1.9

2.3

3.25

2.55

2.35

6.5

2.68

4.35

5.0M

11.0M

5.0M

23.75%

52.5%

23.75%

43%

5.0M

11.0M

25 23.75%

52.5%

5.0M

Parking 23.75%

6.5M

22m

21%

7.5M

4.5M 7.5M 8.0M

6.5M

118.5m

12.8m

7.5M

7.5m 8.5m 5.0M

11.0M

5.0M

23.75%

52.5%

23.75%

6.5M

10.0m 6.5M

4.5M 7.5M 8.5m 8.0M

7.5M

6.5M

7.5M

4.5M 7.5M 8.0M

6.5M

Building Footprint

375M

10M

10.2M

125M

Open Space

6.0M

13.5m

10.0m

125M

10.2M

12 Hotel

7.5M

6.5M

12.8m

6.0M

23.5%

6.0M

8.0M

53%

16.5m

10M

13.5m 18M

23.5%

7.0M 6.5M

1km

6.5M

13.5m

8.0M

6.5M 6.5M

6.0M

23.5%

6.5M

120M

6.5M 6.5M

121M 121M 125M

13.5m 12.0m

7.5m

6.5M

45m

8.0M

Recreational

53%

6.0M

7.5M

6.0M

6.5M

6.5M 23.5%

Circulation 117m

138.5m

FAR: 0,4

140m

25m

118.5m

150m

44,800

400m

140m

400m

68,200

Axon

375M

53%

18M

6.5M

117m

118.5m

375M

15.5

10.05

16.5

9.75

Axon

375M 118.5m

118.5m 117m

118.5m

11.25 1.5

2.68

4.35

1.97.5

2.3

3.25

2.55

2.35

6.5

Circulation 117m

375M 118.5m

117m

118.5m

15.5

11.25

10.05

16.5

7.5

9.75

375M

15.5

10.05

16.5

7.5

9.75

11.25

400M

29,400

44,800

150m

68,200

44,800

Block Section (Related to Infrastructure)

10M

23.5%

400M

140m

68,200

Building Footprint

UrbanBlock Density Section Block Parcelization (Related to Infrastructure)

290m

150m

Block Section (Related to Infrastructure)

290m

150m

Parcelization

Block Scale(m2) Urban Density

290m

24%

400M

29,400

400m

8.0M

400M

400m

150m

44,800

150m

Urban(Related Density to Infrastructure)

Block in 2010 Block in 1937

44,800

(Related to Infrastructure)

Circulation

400x400 Grid2)Analysis/2013 Block Scale(m

400m

Block Scale(m2)

400M

Block in 2010 Block in 1966

400m

290m

68,200 68,200

Axon

400x400 Grid Analysis/2013

290m

400x400 Grid Analysis/2013

150m

Building Footprint

150m

140m

Axon

500m

140m

Building Footprint

140m

29,400

25m

Public

8.0M

18M

112M

138.5m

112M

18.5m

105M

138.5m

Open Space

23.5%

105M

12.5m 11.0m

100M

Street Section 7.0M 6.5M

138.5m

Parking

8.0M

100M

125M

44,800

150m

68,200

85M

6.5M

121M 121M 125M 125M

Parking Parking

96M

13.5m 17.7m

138.5m

34%

Hotel

98M

16.5m

100M

6.5M 6.5M

85M

138.5m

23%

Recreational

100M

12.5m 11.0m 18.5m 12.0m 96M 110M 100M 98M

138.5m

11% 7%

110M

Commercial

1km

13.5m 17.7m

6.0M

25%

18M

Open Space 15 8.5m 8.5m

138.5m

57% Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial 27% 16%

12 10.0m 10.0m Open Open Space Space

100M

138.5m

Commercial

290m

112M

6.0M

30m

150m

Commercial

Block 14 Section 12.8m 12.8m Recreational (RelatedPublic to Infrastructure) 125M

20m

125M 125M

10m 6m

Hotel Hotel

Urban Density

16 7.5m 7.5m Hotel

125M 125M

22m

14M

125M 125M

7000m

1000m

7000m

Shops Shops Shops Shops

Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial + Utilities + Utilities + Utilities 22m + Utilities 12m 6m

400m

Block Scale(m2)

400m

30m

Shops

Commercial + Utilities

Recreational Recreational

105M

16.5m

1km

15m

30m

Public 18 13.5m 13.5m

400x400 Grid Analysis/2013

1km 1km

15m

30m 30m

1.8 km2 1.8 km2 1.8 km2 1.8 km2

48%

1.0 km

15m 15m

30m

1.1 km2 1.1 km2 1.1 km2 1.1 km2

1.8 km2

22m

1.0 km

15m

1.1 km2

12m 12m 26% 26%

100M

10.2M

10m

0.8 km2 0.8 km2 0.8 km2 0.8 km2

40m 58%

85M

120M

10m

0.8 km2

25m 42%

96M

121M

10m 10m

1.0 km

Public Public

0.3 km2 0.3 km2 0.3 km2 0.3 km2

98M

125M

10m

1.0 km

0.3 km2

6.5M

125M

15m

School School School School

Commercial 13.5m 13.5m 10

121M

15m

School

Commercial Commercial

100M

110M

Alley Section

120M 120M

15m 15m

Residential Residential Residential Residential

121M 121M

15m

Residential

105M 105M 112M 112M

Boulevard Section

1km7.0M 6.5M 6.5M 6.5M

6.5M

1km

10m

Road Section

800m

Program

100M

1km

10m

800m

96M 96M 85M 85M 100M 100M

Block Dimension

16.5m 16.5m 13.5m 13.5m 17.7m 17.7m 12.5m 12.5m11.0m 11.0m 18.5m 18.5m 12.0m 12.0m

120M

10m 10m

800m800m

1300m

10m

800m

1300m

10m

1300m

30m

10m

1300m

30m

10m 10m

1300m

30m 30m

10m

100M 98M 98M 110M 110M 100M

Street Hierarchy

1km 1km

125M

Typical Chandigarh Block Typical Typical Chandigarh Typical Chandigarh Typical Chandigarh Block Block Chandigarh Block Block 30m

Site Scale

100M 100M

121M

Street Section

125M

Boulevard Section

120M

Program

7000m 7000m

121M

7000m 7000m

30m

120M

30m

120M

15m 30m 15m30m

120M 120M

15m 30m 30m 10m 10m 30m 30m 10m 30m 15m 15m 10m

125M

Block Dimension 7000m

30m 10m

125M

Street Hierarchy

1000m 1000m 1000m 1000m

125M

Site Scale 1000m

Business Core

138.5m

Masterplan

138.5m

Masterplan

138.5m

Figure-Ground

138.5m

Grid System

FAR AVERAGE: 1,25

Block Parcelization

zation

Block Parcelization

FAR: 0,4

FAR: 0,4 FAR: 2,1

FAR: 0,4

FAR AVERAGE: 0,4

The initial plan was carried by Matthew Novicki, and Le Corbusier carried on the job since 1951 and modified the shape of the city plan from one with a curving road network to rectangular shape with a grid pattern for the fast traffic roads, besides reducing its area for reason of economy. The plan divided the city into different Sectors. Each Sector or the neighbored unit, is quite similar to the traditional Indian ‘mohalla’, and measures 800m x1200m, covering 250 acres. It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of recreations and worship. The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and the topography of the area. The sector featured a green strip running north to south, bisected by a commercial road running east to west. The streets were organized in a diminishing hierarchy and labeled V1 through V8: V1: arterial roads that connect one city to another, V2: urban, city roads, V3: vehicular road surrounding a sector, V 4: shopping street of a sector, V5: distribution road meandering through a sector, V6 residential road, V7: pedestrian path, V8: cycle track. Each Sector is surrounded by V2 or V3 roads, with no buildings opening on to them and meant to be self-sufficient, with communal facilities within reasonable walking distance.

FAR AVERAGE: 1,25

FAR AVERAGE: 0,4

FAR: 2,1

(a) Chandigarh Masterplan, Le Corbusier, 1951: (Source: Flint, A., Chandigarh, a city designed by Le Corbusier, 2013) (b) Aerial image (Source: Google Earth)

FAR AVERAGE: 1,25

The Chicago River, one of the major factors influencing the geography, topography, and existence of Chicago, cuts irregularly through the rectilinear grid making it into three parts: north, south, and west. After Thompson’s plan, the street grid pattern began to extend as early as 1834. Chicago’s growth was also framed by the square-mile grid of the federal land survey, Jeffersonian Grid, whose section lines would become major arterial streets as the city grew. The visionary Plan of Chicago in 1909 created by Daniel H. Burnham and Edward H. Bennett consisted of a system of parks and broad avenues that transcended the street grid in a pattern reminiscent of the French Baroque tradition favored for nineteenth-century Paris. Besides the plan contributed to the establishment of new transportation elements, from road to river to rail and made the growth of the city out of its boundary. The physical integration of systems of transportation and systems of recreation was the organizing principle for the buildings, streets, and parks. Further the railroad system together with the water had certain impact on the transformation of grids into three different but well connected types. Each grid is coherent with another, thus forming a unified city with no hierarchy among the three types of grids. Reference: 1) Chicago highway system general plan 1949: Burnham, Daniel, Edward Herbert Bennett, and Charles Moore. Plan of Chicago. Vol. 29. Edwin Mellen Press, 1993. 2) Chicago aerial photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/myelectricsheep/343703624