Essay On Wireless Technology

IEEE802.15.4:awirelesscommunicationtechnologyforlarge–scaleubiquitouscomputing applications

AnisKoubâa,MarioAlves,EduardoTovar

PP–HURRAY!ResearchGroup,PolytechnicInstituteofPortoRuaDr.AntonioBernardinode Almeida,431,4200–072Porto,PORTUGAL{akoubaa,emt}@dei.isep.ipp.pt,mjf@isep.ipp.pt

Abstract.WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)havebeenattractingincreasinginterestforsupporting anewgenerationofubiquitouscomputingsystemswithgreatpotentialformanyapplicationssuch assurveillance,environmentalmonitoring,healthcaremonitoringorhomeautomation.However, thecommunicationparadigmsinWSNsdifferfromtheonesassociatedtotraditionalwireless networks,triggeringtheneedfornewshowmorecontent

Additionally,theIEEE802.15.4protocolmayalsoprovidetimelinessguaranteesbyusingthe Guaranteed–TimeSlot(GTS)mechanism,whichisquiteattractivefortime–sensitiveWSNs.In fact,whenoperatinginbeacon–enabledmode,i.e.beaconframesaretransmittedperiodicallybya centralnodecalledthePANCoordinatorforsynchronizingthenetwork,theIEEE802.15.4protocol allowstheallocation/deallocationofGTSsinasuperframeforapplicationswithreal–time constraints.Hence,theGTSmechanismprovidesaminimumserviceguaranteeforthe correspondingnodes,thusenablingthepredictionoftheworst–caseperformanceforeachnode's application.Inthispaper,wedescribethemostimportantfeaturesoftheIEEE802.15.4protocol thatarerelevantforWSNsandwediscusstheabilityofthisprotocoltofulfillthedifferent requirementsofWSNsandtoresolveinherentparadoxesinvolvingpower–efficiencyandtimeliness guarantees.

2OverviewoftheIEEE802154protocol

2.1.PhysicalLayer(PHY)IEEE802.15.4offersthreeoperationalfrequencybands:2.4GHz,915 MHzand868MHz.Thereisasinglechannelbetween868and868.6MHz,10channelsbetween 902and928MHz,and16channelsbetween2.4and2.4835GHz.Thedataratesare250kbpsat2.4 GHz,40kbpsat915MHZand20kbpsat868MHzLowerfrequenciesaremoresuitableforlonger transmissionrangesduetolowerpropagationlosses.However,theadvantageofhighdata

...Getmorecontent...

WirelessTechnologyPaper

StephenWenclewicz, RondaWilson,MatthewTiemens, SheleadaWells,AnnabelleFranklin

DeVryUniversity

Tech,SocietyandCulture

LAS432

ProfessorLaurenceHornibrook

TableofContentsIntroductiontoWirelessTechnology4OverviewofWirelessTechnology5 SciencethatDroveWirelessDevelopment6SignalTypes10WirelessNetworkInfrastructure12 HistoryofWirelessTechnology15SocialFactorsthatDroveWirelessTechnology19Wireless TechnologyTimeline24PoliticalEffectsonDevelopment28LegalIssuesRelatedtoWireless Technology30LegalConcernsRelatedtotheDevelopmentofWirelessTechnology31Economics inRelationtoWirelessTechnology33Psychological...showmorecontent...

Awaythatthetribesovercamethisissuewasbysettingupdifferentpointsandeachdrummer wouldacknowledgethesender'smessagebyaseriesofbeatsonthedrum.Afterthemessagewas confirmedreceivedthenthemessagewouldbesenttothenextreceiver

InthetimesoftheAmericanIndians,thetribeswouldusesmokesignalsasaformofwireless communication.Thedownsidetothisformofcommunicationwasthelimiteddistancebasedonline ofsightDuetoalimitedalphabetandtheissues,thatthewindcauseswouldincreasethechances thatthecommunicationwouldbelostormisinterpreted.Soonfollowedwastheintroductionofthe semaphoreflag.Thesemaphoreflagsystemisoneusedtoconveyinformationatadistancebyusing signalswithflags,paddlesorglovedhands.Thedownsidetothisformofwirelesscommunicationis thatitislimitedtolineofsightaswell,andthatbecausethishadtotakeplaceintheopenthe chancesofyourmessagebeingstolenisincreased SciencethatDroveWirelessDevelopment

(Wenclewicz)

"Inthenineteenthcentury,lightbeamswereusedforshort–haulcommunications,particularlyin militarycontexts.Verydetailedmessagescouldbetransmittedbyacodedsequence(Morsecode)of blinkinglightsfromsendertoreceiver.Again,thiswaseffectiveoverlimiteddistancesandprovided aquiet,yetvisiblemeansofcommunicationDrawbacksincludedlimited

...Getmorecontent...

WirelessTechnology

Wirelesstechnologyisanindustrythathasseenmuchgrowthandprogressintheyearsfollowing theinceptionoftheinternetandcellphones.Oursocietyhasprogressedtothepointtowherewe cannolongerfunctionwithoutthistechnologyBusiness,travel,andeverydaylifenoware dependantonwirelesstechnology.

Wirelesstechnologyisjustwhatitsnameimplies,communicatingorcomputingwithoutwiresand phonelines.Wirelesstechnologyusesavarietyofdifferentdevicessuchasdesktopandlaptop computers,personaldigitalassistants(PDA's),cellphones,andmanyothers.

Themajorbenefitofwirelesstechnologytousersistheimmediateaccessitofferstoresources. Whetheritisshowmorecontent

Horizontalintegrationdeliversbenefitssuchasdatamining,real–timetransactionprocessing,and decision–supportsystems.Wirelessdata–translationprotocolsallowcontrastingdevicesto efficientlyuseinformationfromallsources.

WirelesstechnologyhasalsoleadtotheadventofPDA–cellphonehybridscalledsmartphones ThecombinationcellphoneandorganizeralsohasWebaccess,emailandmessagingcapabilities, anMP3player,Bluetoothsupport,andadigitalvideocamera.

PalmSourcemadewirelessdevice–to–devicecommunicationmorepopularbyputtinganinfrared portoneveryPalmOShandheld.FromtheadventofthefirstPalmOShandheldsin1995,the conceptof"beaming"informationbecameanorminthebusinessworld.Businesscards, applications,andcontentbegantomovefromonedevicetoanotherwithease.PalmSourceisnow innovatingagainbypioneeringBluetoothinmobiledevicessuchashandheldsandcellphones Bluetoothisacable–replacementtechnologyforpassinginformationbetweendevicesnotunlike infraredTheadvantagethatBluetoothhasoverinfraredisthatdevicesusingBluetoothdonothave tobepointedatoneanother,thedistancebetweendevicescanbemuchgreater,thespeedof transmissionismuchhigher,andthedatapassedcanbeencryptedand

...Getmorecontent...

Wirelesstechnologyhasbecomethewaveofthefuture.Fromcellularphonestowirelesspointof saledevices,wirelessnetworksandtechnologyisallaroundus.Inordertojumponthewireless train,onemustfirstunderstandthedifferentstandards.Toproperlyandsafelyutilizewireless technologytheuseralsomustunderstandthevarioustypesofwirelesssecurity.Oncegraspingthese technologiesandstandards,anyonecanimplementawirelessnetworkintheirhomeFirst,the 802.11bwirelessnetworkingstandard,whichisthemostcommonconsumerbasedstandard.The 802.11bstandard'sfrequencyisinthe2.4GHzrangewhichiscommonwithmostcordlesslandline telephonesandsomemicrowaveovensTherearenotreallymanyshowmorecontent Anupgradeto802.11bis802.11gwhichofferssomeofthesametechnologyas802.11bbutwith significantupgradesandimprovements.Themostsignificantimprovementoverthe802.11b standardisthespeed.802.11gsupportsspeedsupwardsof55mbpswhichisahugeincreaseoverthe 11mbpsof802.11b.Thisstandardoperatesat2.4GHzwhichisthesamefrequencythatthe802.11b standardoperatesatAnothergreatthingaboutthe80211gtechnologyisitisbackwardscompatible witha802.11bwirelesscardsothereisnoneedtogooutandbuyanewwirelessnetworkcardfor yourcomputers.Finallyabrandnewstandardthatisstillinitsinfancystagesandstillhasyettobe ratifiedbytheIEEEis802.11n.802.11nwillbeahugesteptowardsequalityamongstwirelessand wirednetworks.First,thestandardsetsaspeedrequirementofatleast100mbpswhichiscommon amongstmostwiredcomputernetworksItismostlikelythatthethroughputwillbeinthe200mbps rangewithamaximumbeingsetinthe600mbpsrange.Lookslikethe802.11nstandardwillbe operatingatboth2.4GHzand5GHzfrequencies.Lookforthefinal802.11ndraftoutinAprilof 2009Afterchoosingaparticularstandardtogowithandbuyingtheequipmenttosupportthat standard,oneneedtoknowthemethodofsecuritytheywishtoimplementontheir

...Getmorecontent...

WirelessTechnologiesWirelesstechnologyiswidelyusedthroughoutdifferentcountriesand governments,andisoneofthemostfast–growingandneededtechnologiesonthemarkettoday. Whileinthepastithasbeenlookedatassomethingthatisnotneeded,nowisnecessary.Most companieshavemainbusinessfunctionsthatoccuroutsidethemainoffice,andtakingalaptop computerintothefieldhelpstheneedtocompleteservicesparticulartothatbusinessGlobally,the wirelessfieldisexpandingandbothpeopleandbusinessarebeginningtoheavilydependonits servicesallovertheworld.Wirelesstechnologyhasalsobecomemorepopularinthefieldof educationandisbeingtakeninbynotonlyuniversityshowmorecontent

Companiesofferservicessuchasfreeweekendsandnights,rolloverminutes,andfamilypackages whereifyoubuy2cellphonesyougetathirdoneforfree.Astimegoesby,thewideusofcell phonesforboththeaveragepersonandbusinessisevolvingintosomethingthatismandatoryto haveandcannotgowithout.Nottomentionthephysicalaspectofhowthecellphonesareevolving andgettingsmallerandsmallerTheuseofcellphoneshasalsoevenimpactedtheamendmentof laws.CurrentlyinthestateofNewYorkandTexasitisillegaltotalkonthephonewhiledrivinga vehicle.Sincecellphoneshavebecomesuchalargepartofoureverydaylives,safetyissuesmust betakenintoaffectandassessedwhereneeded.

Wirelesstechnologyhasnowmovedbeyondthehomecomputerwiththehigh–speedInternetand movedintoourschools.Bothstudentsandstaffonuniversitycampuseshaveinterestsincreating mobilecomputinglabsutilizinglaptopcomputersequippedwithwirelessEthernetcards.Wirelessis beingadoptedformanynewapplicationsandprovidingasolutionforenvironmentswherewires maynotbethebestsolution.Schoolsthatarebeingconstructedarebuildingcomputerlabsstrictly forwirelessaccess,andclassroomsthatcanadapttosuchuse.Schoolsofalllevelsaremakingthe useofwirelesstechnologyawidelyusedtechnologyinsideclassroomswhichthenforcesthe

...Getmorecontent...

WirelessTechnology

Wirelesstechnologyisaboomingbusinessthatisfindingfarreachingbenefitsonagloballevel.

Corporations,schools,homes,andcafesareimplementingwirelesssolutionsasindividual organizationsandusersseekmorefreedomandconstantaccessWirelessFidelity(WiFi)isthe latestbuzzwordtocapturethemarketinourindividualquestforaccessanywhereatanytime.Allof thiscomesataprice.Securityisamajorconcernmovingforward,aswellashavingtoomuch accessthatdoesnotleadtoneededpersonaldowntimeIntheendwhatismorevaluable,accessor secureaccessattherighttime?

WirelessTechnologyOverviewAccordingtoVoiceandData.com(2005),wireless"refersto communications,showmorecontent

Incorporateenvironments,wirelessaccessisbeingusedtoperformallsortsoftasks.Wireless applicationsrangingfromwirelessWideAreaNetworks(WAN)toVoiceoverInternetProtocol (VoIP)andblackberry'sarebeingusedtofacilitateconstantaccesstothelevelofenterpriseaccess.

Intoday'smarket,connectivitytoandfromcorporateofficesandoutbuildings,tohotelsand conferencesisanabsolutemust.

WirelessinmyworldWireless,asitappliestomylife,consistsofawirelesshomenetworkthat allowsmetositonthecouchanddomyhomeworkThefreedomofconnectingviaalaptopand sittingonthecouchtodohomeworkandbrowsetheinternetisexactlythereasonthatwireless accesscontinuestogrowthroughoutourhomesandbusinesses.Wirelessaccesshasastrongmarket base,asisevidentbythecontinuedadvancesandinventionsthatwillcontinuetomakeourlives moreconvenient.Caseinpoint,IrecentlypurchasedaWAPtouseformyXBOX,tobeableto connecttoXBOXliveviamyrouterupstairs.TheWAPallowsmetoconnectmyXBOXtomy wirelessnetworkandplayonlinegames.Thesheerfreedomofmovementiswhatwirelessisall about.IfeelIhavedoneagoodjobofsecuringmywirelessconnectionbuttherearethosewho wouldprobablynotagreewithmeSimplesettingssuchasnotbroadcastingsomyneighborscan seemywirelessroutertousingpasswordenabled

...Getmorecontent...

WirelessTechnology

WIRELESSTECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTIONTechnologycontinuestodevelopveryquicklydowntothecorneroftheworld, butnotwithstrongwillandhardwork,informationtechnology,chairedbythecomputerbecomesa linearphenomenonwiththedevelopmentprogressoftheageThedevelopmentofinformation technologyisdevelopingveryrapidly,thisdevelopmentcannotbeseparatedfromtheabilityof computerstoperformdatacommunicationandalsoestablishacomputernetworkbothlocalnetwork orInternetnetworkIndevelopment,thecomputerdoesnotstandalonetoformitall,computer connectivitytechnologyrequiresthatacomputerandafaithfulpartneraccomplicecomputerswithin anorganization'sshowmorecontent

Itwastheirfirstmajorupgradewhentheywentfrom1Gto2G.Thisleapeffectivelytookcell phonesfromanalogtodigital.Withthissecondgenerationintroducedanewvariantof communicationcalledSMSortextmessagingAcrosstheworld,manyoperatorsadoptedtheGlobal SystemforMobilecommunication(GSM)standard,whichusedTimeDivisionMultipleAccess (TDMA)Plannedforvoicetransmissionwithdigitalsignalandthespeedsupto64kbps2Gwasthe digitalhandsetsthatweareusedtoday,with2.5Grepresentinghandsetswithdatacapabilitiesover

GPRS

3G–ThethirdgenerationAstheuseof2Gphonesbecamemorewidespreadinternetusagewas growing.Ifwecanexpect3–5mbpsofspeed,whichisactuallyequaltocable/DSLkindofspeedin toamovingdevice!That'swhatallabout3G.Thisenabledfasterdata–transmissionspeeds,greater networkcapacityandmoreadvancednetworkservices,basicallyturnsyourcellphonestoamini computer.Also3GisthatWideBandVoiceChannel,bythistheworldhasbeencontractedtoalittle villagebecauseapersoncancontactwithotherpersonlocatedinanypartoftheworldandcaneven sendmessagestoo.3Ggivesclarityofvoiceaswellcantalkwithoutanydisturbance simultaneously.NotonlythesebutalsohaveentertainmentssuchasFastCommunication,Internet, MobileTV,VideoConferencing,

...Getmorecontent...

Wirelessdatahasbecomethetechnologyofthefuture.Dataisbeingpassedfromonelocationto anotherwithoutthehumaneyedetectingthistransaction.Wirelessdataistransferredinmanyforms fromhomenetworks,businessnetworks,andcellularnetworks.Eachofthesenetworksoperateson adifferentscaleandtechnology.Homenetworkshavebeensteadilygrowingovertheyearsas manufacturershavedevelopednewandeasiertousedevicesthatinstallquicklyandgivetheowner theabilitytomanagetheirownwirelessinternetathome.Wirelessroutershavebecomethestandard athomeandmanyusersareinstallingthesetoallowthegrowingnumberofcomputersandlaptops intheirhouseholdtoaccesstheWorldWideWebWirelessshowmorecontent

Italsoallowsforbackwardscompatibilitywiththe802.11b,meaningthat802.11gaccesspointswill workwith802.11bwirelessnetworkadapters.(Mitchell)Ontheotherhand,802.11noffersupto 100Mbpswithanincreasedsignalrangeand,like802.11g,isbackwardscompatible.Home networksarecommonplaceintoday'ssociety,butwirelessnetworksinbusinesshavebeenaround foryearsascompaniestackledthechallengesofconnectivityinlargeofficesandmultiplelocations Mostbusinessestodayusewirelesstechnologiesinoneformoranother.Theyusewirelessaccess pointstodeliverthenetworktothelocalbuildingforlaptopsandotherdevices.Theyalsohavethe abilitytoconnectsensorsthatmonitorheat/cooling,dooraccess,andcameras.Oneformofwireless technologyimplementedbybusinessesistheuseofawirelesscontrollerforconnectingmultiple accesspointstocreateaWirelessLocalAreaNetwork(WLAN)Thisisaccomplishedby configuringthewirelesscontrollerwiththenecessaryinformationsuchasServiceSetIdentifier (SSID,)passphrase,andotherconfigurationinformationthatitwillthenpassontotheaccesspoints. Bydoingthis,theNetworkAdministratorcanconnectmultipleaccesspointsthroughoutthe buildingthatcommunicatebacktothecontroller.Thiswillallowtheaccesspointstogettheir configurationfromthecontrolleraswellasmonitorforany

...Getmorecontent...

WirelessTechnology

Nowadaysmosttechnologyisbecomingwireless.Theseinventionsaremakingourlivesmuch easier,andinthisfast–pacedworldwereallyneedit.Althoughsomeofthetechnological developmentsarejustmakinguslazy,liketheremotecontrolAlthoughitmakesiteasyforus, somepeopletakeadvantagethereforeitcontributestoobesity.Mostofthetechnologyhasbeen inventedforthegreatdemandonthem,ithasalsohelpedmedicaladvances.Wirelesstechnology justhelpsmakesourlivesrunbysmoother,thanifwestillhadeverythingwired

Thefirstwirelesstechnologywastheremotecontrol.Televisionshadknobsontheminorderfor peopletobeabletochangethechannelsonit.Thentherewasshowmorecontent

Peopledidnothavetocarryaroundchangeinordertousethepayphone,whichinthelongrunwas moreexpensivethanpurchasingacellphoneAnotheradvantagewaswhenontheroad,anyonehad anemergencypeoplewouldhavetofindapayphonetocallforhelp.Nowpeoplejustcallfrom theircarswithouthavingtogetoff.

Thenextwirelesstechnologybecamelaptops,orcompactcomputerswithnocords.Thesenew computersaregreatfortravelers,businesspeople,students,andanyonethatusesoneNotonlydoes alaptopgivetheoptionofusingthecomputerwhilemovingaroundplaces,itisalsoacompact computersoittakesupmuchlessspace.TheregularPCsareabigboxplusthemonitorandthe speakersLaptopshaveallofthatincludedinit,andarestillsmallerthanthePCboxAnothergreat advantageisthattheyareportable,thereforeapersoncancontinuetheirworkwhileontheirway home(whennotdriving).Mostpeoplethatuselaptopsarebusinesspeople,theycantravelandno looseanytimeintheirjobsbyusingtheirlaptopstocompletetheirtasks.Theyarealsoveryhandy becauseyoudonotneedtobesittinginoneplacewhileworkingathome.Youcanbesittinginyour comfortablecouchinyourlivingroomorinyourbed,orevenyourkitchenwhilehavingacupof coffee.

Firstwehadthewirelessremotecontrol,thencordlessphones,cellphones,computers,etcOneof thethingsthatneededtobecomewireless,buttook

...Getmorecontent...