Durante la seconda guerra mondiale, i requisiti militari nelle operazioni congiunte portarono allo sviluppo di un alfabeto fonetico comune per l’ internazionale utilizzo nei alfabeto fonetico internazionale pdf servizi alleati congiunti; questo divenne noto come alfabeto “ able/ baker ” riferendosi alle parolecodice per le lettere “ a” e “ b”. revisions to the extipa chart. [ 1] the ipa is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech– language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators. las áreas sombreadas indican articulaciones que se consideran imposibles. the international phonetic alphabet ( revised to ) consonants ( pulmonic) ipa symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. alfabeto fonético internacional ( revisado en ) consonantes ( pulmonares) ipa los símbolos de la derecha de una celda representan sonidos sonoros, y los de la izquierda son sordos. extipa symbols are provided by icpla, the international clinical phonetics and linguistics association. it was devised by the international phonetic association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form. ipa numbers ( pdf file) ipa and unicode extipa symbols for disordered speech ( pdf file) ball, m. consonants ( non- pulmonic) other symbols voiceless labial- velar fricative alveolo- palatal fricatives voiced labial- velar approximant. journal of the international phonetic association.