Case Study, Sudgelande Park, Berlin

SÃœDGELANDE PARK

BERLIN, GERMANY

LAR 5140 19 SPR - CASE STUDY

INSTRUCTOR: PROF. BETH MEYER HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019 XITONG HE, MLA 2019

ABSTRACT

01

PROJECT OVEREVIEW

02

TIMELINE - THE TERRAIN VAGUE

04

SPATIAL FRAMEWORK

05

EMERGING COSMOPOLITANT ECOLOGY

07

ANAMNESIS: PAYSAGE OF THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT

06

SELECTIVE EDITING, ADDITIONS, AND SUBTRACTIONS

07

TRACE AS DESIGN STRATEGY

09

University of Virginia School of Architecture 2019 Spring, LAR 5140 Prof. Beth Meyer

HYBRIDIZATION: EXPANDED PUBLIC SPACE

10

Hangxing Liu, MLA 2019 Xitong He, MLA 2019

KEY WORDS & QUOTE

16

BIBlIOGRAPHY

16

PRESENTATION PANEL

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SÃœDGELANDE PARK, BERLIN CASE STUDY

- SÜDGELANDE PARK, BERLIN -

ABSTRACT KEY POINTS: SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT / EXPANDED PUBLICS / VAGUE TERRAIN

Südgelande Park emerged out of the “ terrain vague “ (Sola Morales) of abandoned railyard during the walled-era of West Berlin, Its cosmopolitan ecology (Lokman & Herrington) found unlikely adovacates in landscape ecologists aware of the fraught socio-ecological connatations of native-non-native plant debates.

Propelled by the alt-right nationalism, the hostility toward the other people was projected to the botanical world during early to mid-20th C in Germany and spreaded out in Europe in pace with the WWII. As a result, two publics, the non-native plants, and non-Aryan people emerged as “affected bodies of the common harm” (Bennett).

As both a memorial to its industrial history and a critique (Sola Morales) to the past era, Südgelande Park transcends its meaning through the careful preservation and proud demonstration of the site and the native and non-native plants to echo with broader publics persecuted by Nazi’s extreme conductions in a post-war context. Landing (Girot) the site to its complex socio-ecological context, the designer consciously chose to build on the emerged existing plantings and industrial tracks/structures instead of clearing the site (C. Burns). Through selective editing, additions, and subtractions, Südgelande Park was carefully transformed to an expanded public space where “the two harm bodies were drawn near each other and engage in new acts.” (Bennett) It hybridizes (Corner) the current needs of present citizens for urban open space onto the site’s cultural history to create a “copresence” (Corner) of the culture and nature.

HTTP://ADMISSIONS-STG.CLASADVISING.ARIZONA.EDU/NATURPARK-SCHOENEBERG-

“Gardens connect people, times and latitudes… The garden of humanity is a huge democracy. “ Südgelande Park is indeed a piece of art that is conditioned in its socio-ecological context and respond to the future public realm of Berlin.

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ER-SUEDGELAENDE.HTML

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XITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

Natur-Park Südgelände was once , a railyard built between 1880-1890. With train service discontinued in 1952, the site was abandoned. This allowed for the development of a quasiwilderness to spring forth from the untouched nature of the site, including a “richly structured mosaic of dry grasslands, tall herbs, shrub vegetation and individual woodlands”.

Scalar Relationships Area: 18 hectares (≈ 45 acres).

2 Main Pathways:（1）1km （2）2.7km Construction Cost: EUR 1.75 million ($2.3 million USD), Annual Matainance: EUR 240,000 ($316,000 USD).

Visitor: 50,000/ year Species: 95 bee species, 30 species of breeding birds, 57 spider species, 95 wild bee species, 15 grasshopper species, over 350 plant species, as well as 49 species of mushrooms.

Design Concepts

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In an effort to preserve its wildlife and reuse the switchyard, citizens lobbied throughout the 1980s and 1990s to place Nature-Park under special legal protection.

Goal • Preserve the former switchyard’s historical structures and train tracks; • Protect the vegetation, insects and animal species that have flourished in the switchyard since its closure in 1952; • Create a space for modern art and cultural, artistic and theatrical performances; and • Develop educational programming to teach children and adults about the environment.

The park features original train tracks, switches, signals and water cranes, which were used during the time when it was one of Berlin’s busiest acilities for railroad freight. Though much of the vegetation is typical of what is traditionally found within cities, a number of rare species can be found primarily within the dry grasslands.

Ecological Processes In an effort to preserve its wildlife and reuse the switchyard, citizens lobbied throughout the 1980s and 1990s to place Nature-Park under special legal protection. Citizens successfully resisted rebuilding the land into new freight station and switchyard, and experts appraised the ecological value of the vegetation. As a result of their efforts, Nature-Park was developed into an ecologically and historically protected arts and leisure space.

Nature-Park is also regarded by city officials and residents as a project that helps compensate for the environmental damage caused in the city center by the ongoing construction of new transportation facilities and buildings.

People & Park & Nature Citizens successfully resisted rebuilding the land into new freight station and switchyard, and experts appraised the ecological value of the vegetation. As a result of their efforts, Nature-Park was developed into an ecologically and historically protected arts and leisure space.

Nature-Park is also regarded by city officials and residents as a project that helps compensate for the environmental damage caused in the city center by the ongoing construction of new transportation facilities and buildings.

The success of Nature-Park is directly related to the steady commitment of residents to the project despite plans to create a new switchyard. Cooperation between residents and conservationists, including scientists, was necessary to induce the city to implement Nature-Park.

Nature-Park is an example of collaborative negotiating and planning between civic stakeholders, city government and a professional planning company. Sites such as former railway switchyards can be turned into a green space for residents while saving indigenous plants, insects and animal species.

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- SÜDGELANDE PARK, BERLIN -

Planning Details

Program

Multiple Meanings

The masterplan took into account two main conflicts: conversation versus recreation, and the challenge of wilderness versus biodiversity. Thus, the plan aims to accomplish varying goals that sometimes seem at odds: uncontrolled development of new wilderness is allowed simultaneously alongside maintained open landscapes, particularly where rare species are present.

Accordingly, visitor access is restricted to raised pathways 50cm above the landscapes in certain areas, while allowing free movement in other areas. Ramps and underpasses once serving the railroad tracks establish the path system on three different horizontal planes through the park.

The park’s program principally revolves around three things: the consumption of the image of nature, the preservation of the landscape’s ecology, and the representation of the site’s history.

On the site’s western edge is the Tälchenweg, which runs along an old railroad route and is lower than the rest of the site, makes for a shaded walk and runs underneath what is left of the constructed tunnel that the rail line previously ran through. The tunnel and its adjacent retaining walls, constructed of large concrete bricks, have provided surface for a large amount of graffiti, with artists spraying every surface imaginable. This is allowed, but the spraying of plants is strictly forbidden, and some of the artists defend this rule in their art.

The walls are expressive of a kind of history of a different variety from the kind curated by the rest of the park, with layers of paint suggesting an accumulation of “history” in its own right, giving form to the human need for creative expression in a place that forces a number of restrictions upon those who find themselves there, acting as the invited guests of the species inhabiting the space.

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The site’s movement throughout is mainly restricted to the footpaths and elevated walkways provided by site’s design.

The program manifests as “the consumption of the image of nature” in terms of the way the landscape is represented, maintained, and how the experience is curated to position the visitor as that of a voyeur, an onlooker being invited to witness something supposedly simple, yet remarkable: the untouched.

The park represents the image of a “return to nature,” or what has been described as “fourth nature,” or a type of new wilderness defined by Ingo Kowarik as “woodland succession on urban industrial sites.”

Source: Best Practice: Railway Switchyard Converted into Green Space”, (2011) Available online:https://www1.nyc.gov/site/globalpartners/index.page

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TIMELINE - THE TERRAIN VAGUE

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SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH

1943 DEC

1953 DEC

2000 OCT

2006 MAY

2016 JUN

2018 MAR

Source: Google Earth

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elevated path foodpath edge

- SÜDGELANDE PARK, BERLIN -

fencing railroad solied wall conservation area SPATIAL FRAMEWORK elevated path

tuft

foodpath edge fencing

steep garden

railroad solied wall

elevated platform

conservation area

railroad

tuft

foodpath edge

steep garden elevated platform

EDGE

elevated pathEDGE NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE

railroad

foodpath edge fencing

foodpath edge path Eric “Between LandSource:elevated Van Dreason, schaft and Landskip” foodpath edge

railroad solied wall

NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE EDGE fencing

conservation area

railroad

tuft

solied wall

steep garden

conservation area

elevated platform

tuft

Management of Nature Conservation and Recreation railroad

steep garden elevated platform

foodpath edge

railroad

NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE EDGE

foodpath edge Source: Van Dreason, Eric “Between LandNATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE EDGE schaft and Landskip”

PROGRAM MIX

elevated steel platform gravel path dirt path former rail lines conservation area

BERLIN WALL TRAIN TRACK

elevated steel platform gravel path dirt path former rail lines conservation area

conservation area heavily forested platform new program elevated platform railroad park extents

TRAIN FACILITIES

elevated steel platform

TEMPELHOF SHUNTING YARD PLAN

BERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PLAN

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NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PLAN

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gravel path NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PLAN

NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE

NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PROGRAM MIX

TEMPELHOF SHUNTING YARD PLAN

l ra ve e a se cap s s a h nd r uc la sa , s pen m s d o oo r n a e ed sl th as of fin gr ies de y he dr ec .T he sp ed f t stic n o e p ts eri s o on. an ct pl ara wa vati NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PROGRAM MIX d h k r r an c pa nse ts the e ta th s co bi give e a h elevated steel platform for cie n to be spe gravelopath pe as d y f a re han o w dirts path u t ct a rail lines sec oal former se ch e g in su area er e l, conservation n l i ) w e th a r s r t e o o af area ov d f conservation sh is m ab re heavilyg. forested e, ca . ge r e e ( a platform sa r le im ie , a sib peprogram ec lic inew t v sca sp pub ’ n elevated platform ed e re nd et th t a la railroad rg y ha tive ta ed b t c park extents s he er ea tra . T nt ar n at ity e e r s u a rio ot b ro a, sp n ge re ke ay an on a a D m t NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER i SÜDGELÄNDE PROGRAM MIX . n h le at io ic ib rv at h ss nse rv s, w e e s g cc co on rin y a pe s c clea rtl sca e a i p d c e ea rea pe h or lan ar a ly , s s. T n n ul the tio atio ea cie f a r n v v a pe be . I er er n ns ons to es io ) s co c is sur at um e v e a r i r a p c e e e tu ca ar Na ds ns iera n em n co La tio anc e d (H . a r v n u e e at we rviv er te ns ain en k u co m th haw to s XITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019 e h In re ce ap ug ra an sc hro d h t c n la d e ize Th abil

conservation area heavily forested platform new program elevated platform railroad park extents

In the nature conservation area, species conservation takes priority. The targeted species are, above all, insects of open habitats and pla rare hawkweed (Hieracium) species. The clearings, which may not be entered by the public, are cared for in such a way as to give the cha chance to survive.

NATUR-PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PLAN

The landscape conservation area is to be fully or partly accessible. Dangerous areas that aren’t visible (e.g. shafts) were secured before stabilized through maintenance measures. In the landscape conservation area, an attractive landscape image is more the goal than spec N

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1952 1981 1991 1880-18901880-1890 1952 1981 1991 1880-1890 1952 1981 1991 1880-1890 1952 1981 1991 The component a large freight railyard wasentiremostly, but notItentireIt had led to a richly structured mosaic of ten years,Inthe olny ten years,of the proportions of herbaomponent of a large freightof railyard The Südgelände The was Südgelände mostly, but not had led to a richly structured mosaic of In olny proportions herba- SÜDGELANDE PARK, BERLIN -

omponent a large freight railyard The Südgelände was mostly, butNatural not entireItentirehad led to a richly structured mosaic of shrub In olny ten years,In the proportions of The component a large freight railyard The Südgelände wasbegan mostly, but notdry It had led to a richly structured mosaic of vegetation olny ten years,dominated theherbaproportions of herbawas built on the of site, Südgelände. ly, abandoned. development began dry grasslands, tall herbs, vegetaceous vegetation and vegetation dominated uilt on the of site, Südgelände. ly, abandoned.

Natural development grasslands, tall herbs, shrub vegetaceous and vegetation uilt on the was site, built Südgelände. ly, take abandoned. development began dry grasslands, tall herbs, shrubtall vegetaceous vegetation and vegetation on the site, Südgelände. to ly, abandoned. developmenttion began dry grasslands, herbs, shrub vegetavegetation and to take place. Natural tion and individual woodlands. by woody speciesdominated had vegetation reversed. dominated place. Natural and individual woodlands. by woody speciesceous had reversed. to take place. to take place. tion and individual woodlands. by woody reversed. tion and individual woodlands. woody species had1991 reversed.

PLA NTS speciesbyhad SPEC I E S 1981

63.5 63.5

EMERGING COSMOPOLITAN ECOLOGY

63.5 63.5

Species richness (1991) Species richness (1991) Species richness (1991) Species richness (1991)

Ingo Kowarik, Andreas Langer.

"Natur-Park Südgelände: Linking Conservation and Recreation in an Abandoned Railyard in Berlin".

Planning Group ÖkoCon & Planland: 287-298

Vascular plants 366 Vascular plants 366

Grasshoppers/crickets Grasshoppers/crickets 14 14 Grasshoppers/crickets Grasshoppers/crickets 14 14

36.5 36.5

36.5 36.5 11.2 11.2

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1880-1890 1880-1890 1880-1890

Wild bees and waspsWild bees and wasps 208 bees and wasps 208 Wild bees and wasps Wild 208 208

13.7 13.7

13.7 13.7

Betula pendula (%) Betula pendula (%) Betula pendula (%) Betula pendula (%)

? ?

? ?

1.3 1.3

1.3 1.3

0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2

10.1 10.1

10.1 10.1

1880-1890 1952 1952 1952

Betula pendula Betula pendula & Populus tremula & (%)Populus tremula (%) Betula pendula & Populus tremula& (%)Populus tremula (%) Betula pendula

Populus tremula (%)Populus tremula (%) Populus tremula (%)Populus tremula (%)

platanoides,(%) A. pseudoplatanus (%) Acer platanoides, A.Acer pseudoplatanus Acer platanoides, A.Acer pseudoplatanus platanoides, (%) A. pseudoplatanus (%)

Others Others

1952 1981 1981 1981

Others Others

19811991 1991 1991

Dominated Dominated by by

Macrofungi 49 Macrofungi 49

Spiders 57 Spiders 57

Dominated Dominated by by

Macrofungi 49 Macrofungi 49

Spiders 57 Spiders 57

Pioneer Pioneer species species

11.2 11.2

Pioneer species Pioneer species

Breeding birds 28 Breeding birds 28

69.1 69.1

69.1 69.1

21.3 21.3

21.3 21.3

23.8 23.8

23.8 23.8

5.3 5.3

5.3 5.3

Woody vegetation (%) Woody vegetation (%) Woody vegetation (%) Woody vegetation (%)

Robinia Robinia pseudoacacia (%) pseudoacacia (%) Robinia pseudoacacia (%) pseudoacacia (%) Robinia Breeding birds 28 Breeding birds 28

30.9 RI C H N E SS ( 1 9 9 1 ) 30.9

Herbaceous vegetation (%) Herbaceous vegetation (%) Herbaceous vegetation (%) Herbaceous vegetation (%)

Information Source:

Vascular plants 366 Vascular plants 366

30.9 30.9

2.3 2.3

2.3 2.3

1.4 1.4

1.4 1.4

15.0 15.0

15.0 15.0

Grasshoppers/ Crickets 14

Spiders 57

Wild beesand wasps 208

Wild bees and wasps 208

Macro-fungi 49

1991

The The The component component component ofof of a large aa large large freight freight freight railyard railyard railyard The component The The The Südgelände Südgelände Südgelände of a large was was freight was mostly, mostly, mostly, railyard but but but not not not entireentireentire-The Südgelände It It had It had had led led led was toto to a mostly, richly aa richly richly structured but structured structured not entiremosaic mosaic mosaic ofof of It had led InIn In olny toolny olny a richly ten ten ten years, years, structured years, the the the proportions proportions proportions mosaic ofofof of herbaherbaherba-In olny ten years, the proportions of herbawas was was built built built onon on the the the site, site, site, Südgelände.

Südgelände.

Südgelände. was built ly,ly, ly, on abandoned. abandoned. abandoned. the site, Südgelände.

Natural Natural Natural development development development began began beganly, abandoned. dry dry dry grasslands, grasslands, grasslands, Natural development tall tall tall herbs, herbs, herbs, shrub shrub shrub began vegetavegetavegeta- dry grasslands, ceous ceous ceous vegetation vegetation tall vegetation herbs, and and shrub and vegetation vegetation vegetation vegeta-dominated dominated dominatedceous vegetation and vegetation dominated toto to take take take place. place. place. to take tion place. tion tion and and and individual individual individual woodlands. woodlands. woodlands. tion andbyindividual by by woody woody woody species species woodlands. species had had had reversed. reversed. reversed. by woody species had reversed.

63.5 63.5 63.5

30.9 30.9 30.9

63.5 Herbaceous Herbaceous Herbaceous vegetation vegetation vegetation (%)(%) (%)

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Herbaceous vegetation (%)

30.9 XITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019

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ANAMNESIS: PAYSAGE OF THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT

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XITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019

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SELECTIVE EDITING ADDITIONS SUBTRACTIONS Information Source: Ingo Kowarik, Andreas Langer.

"Natur-Park Südgelände: Linking Conservation and Recreation in an Abandoned Railyard in Berlin".

Planning Group ÖkoCon & Planland: 287-298

Management of Interaction

1 890

Management of Interaction A concept of zoned spaces was created in which natural and social processes were partially controlled and partially left to their own dynamics.

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Zone 1: Uncontrolled development of the new wilderness is allowed, without influence on the species composition. In this way, the important role of non-native species in the vegetation of the Südgelände and as a characteristic of urban vegetation was expressly accepted.

Zone 2: The open landscapes are maintained, within which succession is to be controlled through maintenance. The goal is to maintain habitats for the characteristic, and often rare species of the grasslands and other non-woody vegetation communities. In these areas, remnants of the earlier railway uses should remain at least partly recognizable. The open areas allow the underlying cultural layer of the old railyard to be easily perceived, which contrasts distinctly with the naturally derived wilderness character of the woodlands.

A concept of zoned spaces was created in which natural and social processes were partially controlled and partially left to their own dynamics.

1945

Zone 1: Uncontrolled development of the new wilderness is allowed, without influence on the species Management of Three Room Typology composition. In this way, the important role of non-native species in the vegetation of the Südgelände and The open character these rooms ensuredaccepted. through long-term mainteas a characteristic of urban of vegetation was is expressly nance (mowing, removal of trees) by the Berlin nature conservation authority.

Zone 2: The open landscapes are maintained, within which succession is to be controlled through mainCLEARINGS tenance. The goal is to maintain habitats for the characteristic, and often rare species of the grasslands “Clearings” are to be keptcommunities. free of shrubs the long term.

It isof not beearlier entered and other non-woody vegetation Inover these areas, remnants the railway uses by the public, cared for in such aThe wayopen as toareas give the characteristic species of layer of the old should remain at leastare partly recognizable. allow the underlying cultural the open landscape a chance to survive. railyard to be easily perceived, which contrasts distinctly with the naturally derived wilderness character of the woodlands.

GROVES Zone 3: Stands In a large the and park, the are visitor may move about thatpart areoflight open to be maintained as completely “groves,” freely. A newly created path system should open the site to visitors who otherwise would have no access to the urban wilderness of 8 / 17 an abandoned railyard.

Management of Interaction

M

A concept of zoned spaces was created in which natural and social processes were partially controlled and partially left to their own dynamics.

Th na

Zone 1: Uncontrolled development of the new wilderness is allowed, without influence on the species composition. In this way, the important role of non-native species in the vegetation of the Südgelände and as a characteristic was expressly accepted.

Managementof ofurban Threevegetation Room Typology

CL “C by th

1991

The open character of these rooms is ensured through long-term maintenance (mowing, removal of trees) by the Berlin nature conservation authority.

Zone 2: The open landscapes are maintained, within which succession is to be controlled through maintenance. The goal is to maintain habitats for the characteristic, and often rare species of the grasslands and other non-woody vegetation communities. In these areas, remnants of the earlier railway uses CLEARINGS should remain at are leasttopartly recognizable.

Theover openthe areas underlying cultural layer of the old “Clearings” be kept free of shrubs longallow term.the It is not be entered railyard easilyare perceived, which contrasts distinctly the naturally derived character by to thebepublic, cared for in such a way as to give with the characteristic specieswilderness of of thethe woodlands. open landscape a chance to survive.

GR St

Zone 3: In a large part of the park, the visitor may move about completely freely. A newly created path system should open the site to visitors who otherwise would have no access to the urban wilderness of GROVES an abandoned railyard.

Stands that are light and open are to be maintained as “groves,”

W In te

WILD WOODS In the “wild woods” the natural dynamics can proceed fully unfetXITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019 tered.

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T RAC E A S D E SI GN ST RAT E GY

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HYBRIDIZATION: EXPANDED PUBLIC SPACE Source:

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https://www.berlin.de/senuvk/natur_ gruen/naturschutz/schutzgebiete/ download/nsg/flyer/schoeneberger_suedgelaende_en.pdf

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HTTPS://WWW.MDPI.COM/2071-1050/8/5/486/HTM

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HTTPS://ROBINVERDEGAAL.NL/2012/12/25/SUDGELANDE/#JP-CAROUSEL-3347

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HTTPS://ROBINVERDEGAAL.NL/2012/12/25/SUDGELANDE/#JP-CAROUSEL-3354

HTTPS://ROBINVERDEGAAL.NL/2012/12/25/SUDGELANDE/#JP-CAROUSEL-3349

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KEY WORDS + QUOTES

“Landscape as a unifying backdrop.”

Nature and Ideology

Site Reading:

“Nature is ideology, a systematic scheme of ideas, held by particular social, political, cultural, and other groups.”

“Nature is a human intellectual construct. Without humans there would be nobody to reflect upon nature, to name natural phenomena….and to define the whole thing that is nature.”

- Nature and Ideology, Introduction P6

Native

“ Even human initiatives are not exclusively human... all material bodies are potential members of public into which one has been inducted.” P102-103

- Smets, Marcel. Grid, Casco, Clearing and Montage, 2002, P136

- Bennett, Jane, Vibrant Matter, 2010

“Anamnesis:The remembering of things from a supposed previous existence” - Marot, Sebastien. The Reclaiming of Sites, 1999, P49

“Paysage: landscape (as in land and countryside) and conveying qualities that are both visible and invisible. It refers not only to issues of environment and ecology but also to the mood of an entire nation, to its changing sense of identity and cultural belongings. “

- Girot.Four-trace-concepts. 1999, P2

“ Trace Concepts: Landing, Grounding, Finding, and Founding” - Girot.Four-trace-concepts. 1999, P 4-7

“ “ Native plants”, as well as native people, cannot be deemed biologically best in any justifiable way. “Natives” are only the ones that happened to arrive first and be able to flourish based on the geographic and historical perspectives of the evolutionary theory” “ When we are willing to give each plant a chance fully to develop its beauty, so as to give us all it possesses without any interference, then, and only then, shall we enjoy ideal landscape made by man” - An Evolutionary Perspective on Strengths, Fallacies, and Confusions in the Concept of Native Plants, P17-18

Constructed Site: The constructed site argument depends on the visible layers of landscape phenomena: First, the prehuman or prehistoric landforms resulting from chthonic forces. Second, that which remains of the efforts and projects of the period back in the past (agriculture, dominion, rural landscape). Third, the present process. (3 chronologically components of the argument: prehistoric, past, present)

- BIBLIOGRAPHY Bennett, Jane. Vibrant Matter, 2010,P94 Corner, James. The Thick and The Thin of It, 2016

- Burns, Carol. On site Architectural Preoccupations. 1991, P153

Burns, Carol. On site Architectural Preoccupations. 1991

Nationalization of Nature and Naturalization of the Nation

Site as Hybrid:

Descombes, Georges. Shifting Sites: The Swiss Way, Geneva

“Beginning with the Roman influence some 2000 years ago, Germanic culture and race since then were considered to have been weakened and influenced negatively by foreign peoples or races” German culture, therefore, had to go back to those times of alleged racial purity.”

“Hybridization, or the overlay of something new onto something old to create a copresence that is both familiar and new.”

De Sola-Morales , Ingnasi. Terrain Vague, 1995

Terrain Vague:

Girot, Christophe.Four-trace-concepts. 1999

“ Nation is called a people because it is first of all through nature, and then a people then can be called a nation when it can be derived from nature.”

Girot, Christophe. “Eulogy of the Void: The Lost Power of Berlin Landscapes After the Wall.” DisP - The Planning Review 40 (156): 35–39. 2004

- Corner, James, THE THICK AND THE THIN OF IT, 2016, P125

Gould, Stephen Jay. “An Evolutionary Perspective on Strengths, Fallacies, and Confusions in the Concept of Native Plants”

“ In short, they are foreign to the urban system, mentally exterior in the physical interior of the city, its negative image, as much a critique as a possible alternative.”

Gröning, Gert. “Ideological Aspects of Nature Garden Concepts in Late Twentieth-Century Germany”

- De Sola-Morales , Ingnasi, TERRAIN VAGUE, 1995, P3

“Reservations about or even hostility toward other people were inherent of nationalism from the very beginning” and this reservation was projected to all spheres of life including the botanical world.

- The Nationalization of Nature and the Naturalization of the German Nation: ‘Teutonic’ Trends in Early Twentieth-Century Landscape Design”

Theory of Site

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Reclamation of Sites: “ The specific qualities of sites and their situations provide both the rationale and the raw material for making new projects.”

- Marot, Sebastien. The Reclaiming of Sites, 1999, P49

” The essential difficulty of landscape intervention is how to make certain forces conspicuous and, hence, how to make new forms, to create new feelings and associations. “ - Descombes, Georges, Shifting Sites: The Swiss Way, Geneva, 1999, P79

Kowarik, Ingo, and Andreas Langer. 2005. “Natur-Park Südgelände: Linking Conservation and Recreation in an Abandoned Railyard in Berlin.” In Wild Urban Woodlands, edited by Ingo Kowarik and Stefan Körner, 287–99.

Thing Power “Small agencies” when in the right confederation with other physical and physio-logicla bodies, can make big things happen.”

Marris, Emma “Rambunctious Garden_ Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World ”

- Bennett, Jane, Vibrant Matter, 2010,P94

Marot, Sebastien. The Reclaiming of Sites, 1999

Public

Smets, Marcel. Grid, Casco, Clearing and Montage, 2002

“ Public as a set of bodies affected by a common problem generated by a

Van Dreason, Eric “Between Landschaft and Landskip.”

pulsing swarm of activities” P94

Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim. “Nature-and-Ideology-Introduction.”

” Problem give rise to publics, publics are groups of bodies with the capacity to affect and to be affected.” P100

Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim. “The Nationalization of Nature and the Naturalization of the German Nation: ‘Teutonic’ Trends in Early Twentieth-Century Landscape Design”

“ Harmed bodies draw near each other and seek to engage in new acts that will restore their power, protect agianst future harm, or compensate for damage done.”

P101 16 / 17

XITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019

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XITONG HE, MLA 2019; HANGXING LIU, MLA 2019