الاحتلال الإيراني لإمارة عربستان وحق تقرير المصير لشعبها

Iranian Occupation Of Arabstan Emirate and SelfDetermination of Its People

! " #$% & ' / 401120025 :

" !(

+ *

/ ! $ + " /" . $

* / ,'- . ( / ! $ ! ( ! $ 0 / $* 1 / "

2013

* * 5 % ! 2 2 + '-

2 2 3 + 4

* 7' + * / ,'- 6$ # 6 + &"

'- < % + *1 91 ! * 3: 3 ;

/ 8 3 "

. " & 6

*1 / " > ? 2 @ ; ! * ' 1 6 + &" * ! 2 ! A B? / > ( + 9* >

9 ! ( ( ' / (

! $ .$ ' 6 ... / . 92 / * ! ( C

! * ! (2 D 1 / " + / ! $ ! ( + ' 2

+ /$ ,'- 6

*

/ ? / % " , ' / 5% / $

! 8 ( 2 / F 2 * 6 ...

$ E " . / + I * !- H > G- * 6 D %

#$% & '

> -

*1 '- 7 -2 3 .. , 4 3A: F : , 2 . * / J 6

â&#x20AC;¢

... ... 4 3 7 K 6

â&#x20AC;¢

D !$ $ /$ ,'- 6 2 ! - .. / * 6

â&#x20AC;¢

... % 2 4 - &" ! * / - " ... 7 !-& 2 L " ; ( 2 6

â&#x20AC;¢

... ! M *N / + ; & 6

â&#x20AC;¢

... /$ + 2 * 6

â&#x20AC;¢

B? 7 " 7 -2

#$% & '

. / ; ( O ?

/ : !( 2

.................................................................. /

......................................................................... P :

<

............................................................... / ( / " (

.................................................................... *

Q-

........................................................................... > -

.................................................................. . / ; (

............................................................. / /J$ 5%$

7

........................................................... / & $" /J$ 5%$

R

.............................................................. ! $( / % 1 : / /

1

.....................................................................

QQQ

3

................................................................... / /$*

3

................................................................... / # -2

4

...................................................................

4

.................................................................... / / ? +

4

....................................................................

5

..................................................................... / .

5

..................................................... / ; " ! - : . $

/ / -2 /

/ . 7 A 9

................................................................... 7 A . 2

14

.............................................................. / . .

18

......................................... / . / &

.<

18

...................................................................

/ / "

9 :

/ ?( .

21

.............................

" " B( : 1 E

22

............................... :

27

................................. # $ : ! "

33

......................... & &# : % "

38

..........( ! 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; !1258 )

S : 9 E

39

...........( + 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1258 ) # '() :

49

.... ( + 1724 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1436 ) ) ) . +/0 : ! "

57

......... ( +1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1724 ) )/ . +/0 : % "

E 9 : ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) , " / /

69

....( 1979W1925 ) , "

*$ !* ! A / : 1 E

70

...................... ( 1925 ) + ! ( 01 :

76

........................... +2 ) ! : ! "

83 ............... ( 0 . $# ! 3 : % "

90 .(2013 W1979) , " / / " !* ! A / : 9 E

91 ............ ) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! :

97 .......... ) 2' 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! 8 : ! "

B :

107 ................................................

2 : 1 E

108 .................................. & 90 ! :

117 .................................. & 90 ! ! 2 : ! "

130 ......... ! $( / : 9 E

131 ....... .................. + ' ) . ! ! &# :

138 ................... . + ' ) & # ! ! / : ! "

@ % : / % 151

......................................................................

/ %

160

..................................................................... . "

162

...................................................................... .

163

....................................................................... B"

175

.........................................................................

5%$

! " & ' :

+ : * # 2 = > = 2' < ) < : ; / / .+ +/0 + 7! ) >(1925) + 6 ( 0 ' ? (# +/0 + 7! < ) > 6 ( 0 . ) ! / & 90 @. ( A. > ) 4 ! 5 6 . )

9 0 = ! = =) 9 ) : ; B 0 / /$* .

8 ( 2013 D1925 ) = C (# 6 ( 0 .

B = $=E (=# . & 90

=) ) . = . C ; ( 0 . ! @ < @ . / / ? + @ F 0 ) G! . 6 21 G ; < ; ' ! / . & X ! % + . . ; @ 2 C 0& 9 0 .' > . 4$E " !

! 6! > : $ $ X

% . 6 2 0& < . ! & @

" 1 0 / 1 : 6 E@ . . . / 1 D 4 0 + ' ) H 9 0 + ' 0 . . 1 + 9 ! 6 5$

# + .E I2 5 E

+ 7!

J

" 5@ + '

..0 2! 9

) . @ / F

Abstract Iranian occupation of the emirate Arabistan And the right of self-determination for its people Preparation of the student: Athbi Zeid Jassim Al-Otaibi Supervision: Dr. Saad Faisal Al-Saad The study aimed mainly to identify the elements of the issue of the Emirate of Arabistan, through the political history of the Emirate of Arabistan before the occupation of (1925), and the nature of the policy of the monarchy Iranian used to perpetuate its occupation of the Emirate of Arabistan, and to identify the practices of the regime Republican Iranian toward the people of the Emirate of Arabistan, the extent of the exploitation of the principle of the right of self-determination to achieve the demands of the people of the Emirate of Arabistan.

The study problem revolved around the question the President on the nature of Iranian politics seeking to perpetuate its occupation of the Emirate of Arabistan during the period between (1925 - 2013)? Which pushed the emirate's people to claim the right of self-determination.

Through this question crystallized a set of sub-questions.

The hypothesis of the study has pointed out that the Iranian policy seeking to perpetuate the occupation of the emirate Arabistan was based on a means of repression and persecution to prevent Arabistan people to exercise their right to self-determination.

To validate the hypothesis and to answer the questions of the study has been used historical methodology and analytical approach descriptive, because it approaches best suited to address such studies, has brought us study the health premise.

And necessitated the study made several recommendations including: you can not edit Arabistan only revolution comprehensive it is common sense to retrieve the freedom of the region and realize the hopes of the people of the region to edit, and can not do any revolution in the absence of political organizing mass clear goals decree lines to accommodate within it all of the people of Arabistan in the way of struggle Consolidated.

! $( / %

) . &C . 6 L@ ! / $ (+.9 4000 ) ( ) .6 < ( K 0 ) ? . ) > +E.) . ! . / 6 ' > M +" )2# .' > 6!

N3K ! / ( I C &C ' > ! )2# ! #L E KJ +" ==62 ) = 5.( ( 1724) + $! )/ +/0 .6 > $ ! .

G= 5 = 6 =2 = 4 = 0 @ .) ! ( 0( (1925 ) + = (# $= > ! = O 4 )/ K# ? E @ # ' $ > !

5 = M <= 0 ? = 8 $ $! > < +6 2 4 . @ =6 @ ) G 0 . . B. ! 1 0 . K # .= / > " $# .' . . 3 @ P 3 @ 0 I &= = > ! 3 @ 6 2 6; @ A 7 0 6! > = > =/ @ " 3 Q .. . )! &# 0 > N = N = : = 4. I! ) ! >? ... ; > " =6! 9 =! = ! = 3 K F C! ' .# >F! # N . E J = 6 <= (1925) + = K =0R 6 ( 0 $! ! . .' / .. /@ # . 9 ! # N ' !

=) ) 3 ! 0 K 0 +6!

6 !

2

= + .# + 0 4$E 6 KK > +6! < : C > C < ! < 0 . ) > /0 ; . ) B : . ) P > E J ) P / / : " 2 # 9 ) ( =01 S 1 > +6 / < 7 C0 0 > ) < C . 6 . & . .) 1 E@ < !

5 6 E !E / 7! $ ! . 6

) = .=2 . 6 21 G . & > ) ! / T ! ( = = # ! ) 7! ; &C P) G . > . .) ) > .

2 ! ) ) 2 . 0 ( 1 U 2 90 @. V @ . ' . ! . & ;( 3 5$ . 0 ) ) & > ! ( 01 ) # $ < & 8 $ Q= > &= 90 < &0 5K 0 ) ' $ . 6 <

)= 4 = ) ! 6 < ' . 4$E %0 ) 9=0 @. < ) > C +6' 0 F 3 . 6 @.= $E . ! 2 #. 4$E ) / > E & ) ..=) =! ) 2 ) < ! +6!Q ; 0 7 . 8 $ / ( N 0 ! "0 &C .. (# 8 $ > !"

3

6 ; @ . / = . = ! ) 9 ) : ; B . / /

=) = ) . = ( 2013 D1925 ) = C (# 6 ( 0 1B . 4$E 0 > & 90 < : M W G'

.1

W (1925) + =6 ( 0 = ' ? I ( K @

.2

6 ( 0 . ) ! / +/0 + 7! )

.3

W ( 1979 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925) C = )= 4 = F/ = ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! )

.4

W ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1979 ) C = 9=0 <= &0 ) 2' ! ! /

.5

W & . .E@ : M " .E 9 0 < . 4$E .6 . G' < ) .1 . ( 1925 ) + 6 ( 0 ' ? < ) .2 = =6 ( 0 = . =) ! / +/0 + 7! ) .3 . ( 1979 D1925 ) C

4

= )= 4 F/ ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! < ) .4 . ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1979 ) C . )

9 0 & 90 @. ( A. .5 . E@ : 6! / . 4$E E@ G ! . U !& Q 6 A. +6C 9 ) N +6 .'

.1

6 ( 0 . ! 0 > + ) ) ' + 7! . ( 01 7 ! ) 5$ 4$E ) 2' . ) @ +6 > . ' ) Q ) 6 & N 7! @ B

.2

0 4$E ) 2' ) 0 & < U( 1 = = ! )= ' C E @ > E . ) . & 90 < &0 ) .! . 2 ( 0 . ! @ : E. C ; 2 < . + F= 0 ) G! . 6 21 G ; < ; . & . . .0 ( =01 = . = .= C E > ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) : ! K . .0 . M !

5

. ' 0 : ! / . .0 . ) : . .0 . ..0 D: M . < . 4$E ..0 #.= . &= = F 0 ) .' +. .1 5. &= '1 4 = = ! = 4K=/ .= .0 @ 8 $ > # . " 1 = )= <= 2 C ! ' ) ) .2 . . ) 2 . ) E .3 G= ' ) 1 +.) 9 ) ! ! ' / . .4 . . . .0 2 ' 4.) 3 C /1 > . ; + E C 0 & X 0 &= + E C . .0 . 1 "0 ) + K( 6! 1 N / : E . 4$E 6 ' ( 01 .' > 6! 1 N . +/0 A #@ . /0 S . + ' E : ( 01 = 6 # 1 $E >F 6 0 @ $ C! .@ @ 6 / 0 /0 < F @ . ( ( 01 %.0 / > ( 01 & & 4$E ! ( 01 & K @ 8 $ > / ) F & F $ Y K $E >F F! > KJ

6

= . 2 . Z >

( 5. & '1 " K / & .

& # 7 + ' 8 $ G G " > ( 01 F! + ! 3 .) !) A #@ =! 6 K I & . 0 ! @ .( /0 6 K 2= > = $ C! ) = = . + . 0 ! . < P = > = 0 P =" ( 6!/ U 2 @ 9 # . & # 60 & = !

9 = 0 = <!.@ .0 + 0 < 0 P) 2 6 ! . ( 2009 > E C ) ( / 9 0 >. 9 0) A =#@ = . 2 @ P) @ G < . Z 3( E ( 01 N0 =2 =E "/@ ) 1 / @ .0@ E .

0 8 .) @ 0 @ KJ (# . ( 2010 > \ P ) ) ) N " E "/@ N .' . =6 !) 5$ N ! % .0 K I & G ( 01 + 6C . .= ) . < . 6 + ! > 6 "Q A #@ . < . < " = >.=! E. =/ = >( ; #$ 0 ) < > .= = =" ; E @ 8 @ 3 B / ; E K @ 0 ) 7! # : @ < + 5$ !

1 ( 01 < #H + 6C 8 !E = +=/0 + =7! ) + ' / . Q ; + . +/0 + 7! 3 ! E . : @ / < !

1 ( 01 E$ $ > .

= @ !. ! .6 ) $E 0 < > + ' $E < '

. ( 2012 > .) ) C # ) 4$E

7

= ) = 1 . 6 + 8 : F!Q ( 01 %0 ) = @ > =6 = 1 + .' > 6 .6 . 2 @ 4 ! = < 6) K +6 2 @ . & +E. 6 ) & ! / / = = ! %.0 / > 6 +@ ) 1 . 3 . = )C . = : =6 ! ( 0( ; ) @ ( 1925 ) ! 6 !

0 ! . 5$ > ) 4$E ! ) )C 8 $ > +/0 ! / )/ . .2 . 4 ! U .!( +E@ .0@ / ! = ]. ) & 90 .)X : & 90 8 =!E ! / 8 $ > : ! : @ < ) / N! 2 N 0 F! / . =! 9 0 + 6C >F / @ / & 90 + 6C ' & 6 " .0 . 6 & . > 6 " @ ' @ . C/ >A # 9 0 F! 2 ^ .! 5$ + ) / F! / 90 $E E@ I2 .A #@ , 4 &= F 0 .' ) & # ! 9 0 / / =6!( S 90 $E < .0 + 9 " . /Q 3 .' . 5K 0 ) 0 E / ='( + = 2 E 1 . ; 6 J " :< `! 5$ = 9 = 0 = = 2 5$ @. + 0 < B + . .( .0 + 9 " " 55 . ) " 4 & 6! / / Q )

8

= @ 9=0 $E < N. ! 6 & 90 ) / " @ / ) " " = 1 5. =& '1 =E ! 0 =& @ = 6! / 0 . ( " 1 . & '1 9 0 ` # . .6) 1 C 1 . @.= + = 0 : @ < + . '() 3 ! " .0 + 9 " ./B 8 $=/ E & 6! / / Q ) 9 0 2 5$ + .E@ < . 2 C )+ ) + K K) ;( A # . $ # . K ! ! ' . ' .) & 90 : K / 8 $ >( .0 <= .= 5$= 3 > ( N / @ & 90 @. S $ @ . = 1 E & ) P) 90 3 !" (# Q K / 4 !1 =) ! & @. / @ > J ) 1 / @ <!" @. $E @.= E > 6 7! 3 ! 1 6 0 @ @

) @ . $E + + ' . B 0 $ .0 + 7! 3 2 @ @ /

= = . ! @ + ' 4$E I & @ 1 > / $ +/0 6 ) !

9 =" 6 `! $ . + + 7!

2 >.0 <&'@ < G = @ )= 2=' @ .0 + E : M 1B !E " > .0 + = E + = 7 < + 7 .! + ) < 7) A E W 6 E +@

) 2' " 90 $6 G 6 90 1 ) E W . 9 " W $ +@ E J /

9

.= 1 5$ ! : 6 & ) 90 ; ) @ &# < 5.B . $ . 3 ! ) F @ . . . < F &0 ) . ! ! . 5 7!

5 7! : 1 N @ I @ 60 C/ ) 1 7 ! ) ) G 8 .= 6 =C! . @ . & 90 < &0 @ > ! =/ 0 + ) 8 !E : : $E < > @. $6 . ! . ' ! ) =) . 8 . ! 6 @ G2 @ A #@ &C! @ . G .0 0 >( N @ / N &' 6 2! 9 A. < > 6 ( 6 0 9 < 6 (# 0 / 0 + 6 9 0 . N . 6 9C ! ! . @ <2 ' +.) 9 # @ G 1 ) / > . 5 !) 5. . Q (# . ( 2007 > ) & 90 < &0 ! : E 6 2!

7 ! ) K <! F! / ) 8 .0@ )

! / > ( 1925 ) + $! ' ( 0( F2 ) 3 > ' + ! 4$6 ( I C .) & # > ) ; +E . &) $!

T = # = . 6! C2 & E ' 8 $ $=! ) $ >( + 641 ) =; ' 6= @ > = ) 6 . 3 ! < ; = = / += 7 0 .' > ) ! " < ! / : # . $! > )/ ' )2 # ! 6 ) ? @ +/ 0 ; ! 6! ( N / +/0 > )

10

K== 0 ==) 4 . ( .0! E > . ( Curzon,1992: 320) N= = = Q/ = @ .=& $ ( 1761 ) + ! ") . (# K .' > +/0 ! / )/ ' ; 2 G & ! "

= @ 1 > < # ! F ) 5 0 @ 3 ! 6# G . 5$ : =C =' . )/ E.) I ! > ! ") 0 ' &0 P ) = . 8 ) / +E. 6 & > (1765) + ! ! ") . ( 235 : 2004 > . ) ) #M .2 / +6 ( > 8 $ =/ @ ) F > . '() +7! / . ! Q ! . .= ! ! <!) . . +6C > & F& # @ . $ . '() ( 1 .( # . . ) ' @ ' 6!@ < . ( 81 : 1972 > /! ) . > =! ) K ` # G @ . ! N&# . / / D: ( 88 : 1990 > . # ) EK @ . +6; +E. < 7 0 "/ / .

.1

. / 31BE 6 ! ) P @ .

.2

P <= = 7! ( /0 ) .

.3

. / . # + ) G '() ' < .

.4

11

# ) )C 8 $ > K 4$E G 7!

9 =0 + $ ( + 637 ) + $! ( . N3K ! / 4$E Q ./B 3 =C # +=/0 0 ! . .0 N3K I &@ & 1 N . . .= = ? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ( + 1258 ) ! < 0 > ( Strange , 1912 : 888 ) = K =0 + ' ! ! G2 ^ # + â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . < ( (# & = =7 = . 3 C # .6 / .0 N3K F! / . ( 200 : 1968 > ) ) =! =6 = & K 0 ! . $# ) ) ) . / +" = ) = = . < E.) > ) ) +/0 . ) ( +1436 ) 9 0 6!/ ( 0 0 > ! ") C& . ' 0 E.=! > ( + 1724 ) != ) =) . +/0 3 6 ! 6 1 0 J@ 8 $ ! ! = G2 ^ # + > 0 ! / < E$ C! . )/ .

6 ) > . N) N ' F! / # 0 4$E (# + ' = ! ") .= N # N # . / . E 7 / ) ) . . ( 65 : 2006 > / ) ( + 1639 ) .E ) ! = K . )/ . ( 1847 ) + )' ( ! " + 2 @) .E ) 0! . .0 2 0 K 0 + ' 6 #. I ! ") . ) $ G 6 E@ / . ! @ .E ) 4$E 9 E. .0

# )/ . / .) > = =)/ = @ a67X $E . ( Wilson,1942:278 ) 6 I & 6 ' ! ") = 1 3 K 4 / P ) ) N 6 N3K 1 / +

12

2 / +J > ! ! ") : C " ! U R A # <= 7 =0 @ 6!S > 0 4$E ) ) 6 P ) . ( 252 : 1981 > . ) ) & ) 6)

= 2 ! + ) @ . ! "/@ ) $E

=&@ ` #= @ +6!Q â&#x20AC;&#x201C; / 0 . â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 . ' ( 1 @ = > &= = / â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ) / 90 5$ ! $E> . ! = â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . @ @ 9 ) 9 C . > C )2 > !

9=0 .=) $ > " 1 . & '1 1 0 ! & .( 31 :1997 >5 / ) & ) . ! K ]. .0@ & .= += F=!S ( 1526 ) + 6 .' & 90 . ! / $ = E.=) > (1776 K 4 ) ) / ( 1 1 )C F

! = ) &0 .! ! (1789) + ! 9 0 " .(1825 D1810) + . C 6 ( < ! / @ > = / 0 = 8 = .2 N #K @ & @. ! 8 $ = + ) . = @ = @ = @. $E @ = ! C " > = . = # . 6 2 @ ..0 @ >. 6 21 + @ > 0 G @ 6 0 =6 ( # > +/0 . ) I &@ @ + ) U '1 / .

Q 1 ) ( 2E ! ) 1 A ' 90 $E C 7!

Q < ) 1 . " . > 6 ( J ) I! ) G . > . ! ]. 2 4. /! .0 < F E@ )2 90 $E

13

+ = . & (421) +' E ' ! 9 0 !

@ .0 + R ) / > ) & 90 2 ; 9 0 6 & G2 (1950) =& # ' C 1 2 2 < (1952) + . & (545) +' E ' &! > E & ) 90 C/ & # . " 1 . & '1 9 0 = ) 90 4 2 ) 5$ (637) +' (1952) + .&@ / = 2 / < F!@ > 6) 9 0 G N 2 N E & : &= 90) F 0 A # + R & 90 < 7 C0 .0 + . ( 2010 >W . ! E @ E 9 = 0 N =/! = ! !

) U 2# .)X $6

) = .= ( = 1 I! ( .0 + 9 " C # ! + =) +(= +.= + @ N ; ( 1960 ) ! ) ) . & ) += ]. N' # > ! ( 01 .) / > . ) . G 0 & 9 0 . ! . @. . /Q @ > E.& .0 5$ +/0 / # 4$E ) V 1 < Q 1 > 1 + = = 9=0 +@ $ +/0 / < 8 $ / 3 > 4. B . N ! 4 &C!1 90 6! >.0 # "/@ 2 @ 5$ 3 C 1 9 & . .0 + ; E 0 > ) < + 2!1 @ > . . . / . : N ! "

14

= . : = E < ! . .. < . 4$E . > & 90 ) . > ( K 0 + ' ) S ) : . 4$E +E P K . 4$E ! : . # ) ! . K 0 : ( 1970 ) 0 . D 6 =2 @ > =6 ! 6 ='@ .! ' (# ) K 0 ! . ?

E =2 0 =! . 4$E +.' . .' > 6 1 0 > . & '1 6# . B K @ .' > 0 ! 4 + 7! . < F ) 5$ + B . K 0 < G; ' 6 @ ( ) I C $! = . 4$=E B G + : P @ K 0 : ( 1980 ) 5. ) . D . & < + + $ > 6 . 9; 0 F ! . / %0 @ = 9= ) > 6 G; ' P) # . ) N C / E. > = + ' +6 5 1 G' K 0 G K 0 . > 6! "/ K > b &# K / . F 0 6! ) C2 < ) 6 ! / / < = ' =" " C $! ? . ' / > / > (= I C N > 9 ) ./ / 6 ) G2# $ >.( ? ' .2 ! + . ! ") Z ( 0 E.) = < ) 0 (# F K# ? +/0 1 N & > )/ = . '() ! I & . ! / . !

! < 6 #. = C / > ! / G '() N & &# 4$E 4 '

15

(# &! N 2 : 5$ ) ! ( 01 6 + = = ' > C 6 6 ) 6! / K . ) ) 6 / " 5. & '1 +. = = . = ! : ! = ) )/ : ( 1981 ) . ) . D =; ' 6= @ =)/ ' < K/ > 6 ! / / 6# " ? . ' 0 6! . 0 ! . = ' 4.6) + A < 6 & @ $ > 6 / < (1768D1737 )

)/ ' .2 ! ! ") C ( 0 < . ' / <= = . K=/ > 6 ' . K ) 4$E ! 9 0

= . # > ( 1768D1765 ) C (# )/ .2 ! ) .( 1768 ) + ? .) 6 .6 7 ! C 9 = 0 ]. . ! 3 2 K 0 / : ( 1982 ) 5K) . D &C 2 > # . G & ) @ . 4$E : ! ) > + 'O # > K 0 + ' . . . & '1 ! .) E 7 ! " &C ! > K 0 F= %=0 <= . % " &C @ > K 0 5 ) )C 9 =) = G &C 9 0 > K 0 2 ! ! ! . N " +6 . K 0 ) ! .' : > 2 0 > 2 K 0 : ( 1990 ) K# . D U &= = % .0 ( N #. 6! &C / > & # < .

16

+ = ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ' ) 0 < 0 .( ' $! C ) = @ > K =0 = < % .0 ( N #. ! " &C / > ( 1980 ) + E > < )/ +/0 6! < 0 K 0 ? ! . % " &C .E ) < NK/ > / 6 7 G &C > ( 1925 ) .=) K 0 = =!) : # &C @ > K 0 2' !

9 =) = / ' > F ' / 0 ( 01 7 ! . K 0 : . . ! ! ' 6 & ) 90 : ( 1997 ) 5 / . D &=# U =2 6! &C ! > & ) @ < . 0 &=# + =6C I =2 G > & . ! ` # . ! ! = ! ! &# + 6C > & ) . ! 6! 2 . ! ! = . = ! ! &# K ) > & ) . '() . &=C = @ > & ( 1 @ 2 ! + ) & # . ! ` # . ! ! &# ; P) < 9 . ! " /0 ! / P) > . /0 J /0 7! 6! ! " &=# = . = < % " &C K/ > & # ! $ <= 9 / > & @ 2 ! + ) . ! ! ( 1 @ 2 ! + ) 6/ 9 0 = . C ! ! &# U 2 ! . G &C @ > & . 6 . ) 6 K 6! 2 6 6C % 0

17

: =) .. . .. : K 0 2 : ( 2006 ) / . D K 0 2 ! > @ "(" < . 0 $ > K 0 + ' ! A G < &C 9 > & (# Q =! ! " %0 ! > + 'O & &# %0 !

2= Q ! < K/ ! " &C @ > . & '1 ) K 0 2 Q =! )/ . + 'O ) $ % 0 # ) K 0 = > K 0 2 . !) ! " ! . K 0 2 %= " @ > + ' < ! K K 0 + ' ! ! G2 K =0 P= <= = (# K 0 2 ) T . (# 2!

# > 6 +/0 (# F +6 ( 0( . K 0 2 & < 9 / > ( 2005D1979) C ! : EB .@ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EB â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6# K 0 : ( 2010 ) ) . D (=# K =0 + = ' . ! / 0R N & . 4$E 9 = = ! = / EQ + ' $E <70 $ > ( ) = ) . &= F 0 > +6 F)' (# 8 $ >

= 0 6! / ! ( 6 5 K 6 . / " '() (# K 0 + ' E@ G ! / >(1925) + $! + ' 9 ) ) 5$ > ) # +@ ! / 3 9 ) F) .+ ' $E 6 20 N "Q "/ /

18

. . 4$E K : N" " : 6! % 0 . E J . 4$E # + = ' =! ( =01 U 2 < K/ !. @ ) . @ .) .1 G= . /@ . 5@ %0 . + $ > (2013 D1925) C K 0 .+6 U 2 $E ! !. / & # ) . . ' > 5K 0 ) & 90 2' ! + + .2 ( =01 = N & +. + E > N ! .' .

J@ .) .3 . K 0 0 < % .0 / 0 B N K 0 + ' ! . 6! . +" > 6 9; 0 G < ) 5$ # T6! . . ( 01 = 9= ) ! K 0 4$E > # % .0 C 0

= . = +K = > ! / +6C N @ .) > K 0 + ' ! .= = / > K =0 + ' # . # G; ' % 0 ?

N '. N 2 NC& 6C& E 7 . + 6 5$ C& 0 T6! . = % .=0 & 8 $ >N / NC / 6&; &# I 2 E 7 & (# . 6 K 0R ! ( 01 .) ".0 "@ < ) . + ' $E ) < "@

19

! " &C 2'

. G' : %0 .

:

. # $ : ! "

. 1 & &#

: % "

.( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1258 ) ? : ! " %0 .( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1258 ) # '() :

. ( 1724 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1436 ) ) ) . +/0 : ! "

. ( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1724 ) )/ . +/0 : % "

20

! " &C 2' = 2 4$E > 6 0 < & 2 2' +6

6 !

0 ! 3 5$ > ) 4$E ! )C . < . ) =)C 8= $ > = +/0 ! / )/ . .2 ( 1925 ) ! > = 4 ! A U .!1 +E@ .0@ / ) ) A 8 6 2 # 0 K! .0 < 0 "/ & .'

F=! = N= . K! 8 ) 8 > < 3( ( . 4 F ( < N7 C0 9= @ = E 0 / K 0 + ' < @ D = ) 6 + ' 2 C !1 " 3 .6 .6 + D 6 = ' 0 ! < 6

. .) 6 > ! . .2 &C!1 0 @ $ +/0 @ & 90 < &0 .6 . = 3 . . ! ! ' K/ + @ $E G2 .' > ! . <= R <! = @ .) 4$E ) 4 6 $# 3 )C 6)2 > K 0 + ' < E. G2 =! (=# = = 2' &C $E . !

D: M "0

G' : %0

? :

! " %0

21

%0

G'

& &# > # $ > +6 G' G <= E .& + > ! 0 K ! > ; E ) . < .! ) > ! / E@ $ (# + ) . =) 4 = ! &# P @ F K 3 ( 01 A N)

= E 8= . K 5$ > K C! 6! " . ) U ! > + = ' P @ < 3( 1 ) ) 1 A U & 6 @ $ N. ) 2 ' . I & > ) 4$E G' + 8 2= Q ! ? $E $! > ( 1925) + 6 0 N ' < 6 2 . ! ) + = > = / EQ G 6 ) G' S cF : M

(# %0 $E 6 !

:

# $ : ! "

1 & &#

: % "

22

> + . 6# N. 6 N 0 N / N N # N . ) += > + 9 ) ! ) < 9 C . ! / > 6 =2 @ <= . . 1 @ 6 +E$ C! ! 1 0 3 @ / <= > ) / G 6 ) 0 8 $ 6 ! / = C .

3 > 6# 0 +J "/@ @ =' ="(" '@ Y .' C ' C C N /0 > 31 = 3 !1 D +6 C!@ ! < 0 D S > . G 6 @ N <!J@ N "/@ 9 ) 6

= : = G= = ) 9 P @ K K ) ' (=# = !

G= 9 ! 6 .' > & " # 1 > * N ! = 1 N ( =0 0 ) ' 0 &Q > ) % " . ) & ! = . C =! 9 0 Q G 1 > / !

9 0 . ) 6 ) G

==) =! 1 = = ==E = ) 6 " C! / . . ( 39 : 1974 > 5 ) N; E # T # :@ < > ) ' + / > ! E. .0 ) < > 9 ) ' ! < G > ) (51D48) = = # 1 N . ( 33D 30 ) P # &0 E â&#x20AC;« " ا! Ø© Ø¢ Ù&#x2021; Ù&#x201E;â&#x20AC;¬# $ % #&'( )â&#x20AC;« ) ا! Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬+ â&#x20AC;« ïº&#x2022;â&#x20AC;¬- â&#x20AC;« إذ Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬#â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x2021; Ø£ Ø¡ Ø£ اع ا! Ø© ا رÛ&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;«* ا Ù&#x201E; اâ&#x20AC;. !â&#x20AC;« " ا اâ&#x20AC;¬5 6!â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;اâ&#x20AC;¬Ø&#x152; ) 8" " â&#x20AC;« دâ&#x20AC;¬% !â&#x20AC;«Ø§ Ù&#x2020; Ø¢ Ù&#x2020; اâ&#x20AC;¬

23

N= N = = < 9 E. . / . / $6 > N' . +=/ (380 ) =62 +=/ ( 420 ) 6 Y= $ > ! < E. . 1 . ( 11 : 1981 > ! ) > # 9 >9 ) . / .0 /= 9 =! &C ) N . .0 9 4$E / $ >9 =) )

E.0 > 9 = # = . / G / @ ( 165 ) 0 ==0 Y > ) T # ! . ( 28 : 1966 > ) J `; &# ) : 2 "/ 9 ) G 8 ! / .' ! K@ $! > C! 6 . !.) " K & 0 d !

4 = = &=# $ E > + !J # ) &# > ) . ( # / ` / ) 6!@ 6 E@ . 6!@ . 6' # U K= >F/ C U !@ . @ T ! $ > K ! 0 6 " !J 6 8 $ !& 6 ' > 2 0 .!6 K / &' K 0 6 . ( 41 : 1974 > 5 ) E J ) / D: ( 40 :1990 > K# ) ' < : 2 % 0 2 @ + ! .0! E 5 # P @ e /f V C / : +

.@

. <&0 "/ 3 . 62 @ ! 0! = "/ #M > &# ! J 62) 6 E : ! + . 5 0& ) 6 ! @ ) !

.

24

=7 0 & 7 0 9 ) F d ! + ' d ! # 1 d ! S & > < 9 ! 7 0 E < 9 ! > )

! . V @ > 3g . > NC & ! $ 0 + ' = > 9 ) J 5 0& + ' 6 0 / J V 6 > = K# ) = ) T # N "/ 0 ' ! V 6 0 . ( 62 : 2006 + .= =0 . . FC & ) $ c + ' d ! G' "@ .' > ' < ! !6 / 0 . 1 >

E ) > V 6 .! & . 1 P) 0 . ) .' : / V 4$E "B / > N' 0 N $1 + ' & ' ! V 9 =! = = ) T = # ! 1 ! .) U C . < 6 6 / @ F . ) + ' 3 @ > ) ! . ( 11 : 1975 > 0 6 ! ) K N! 0@ C/ 1 D: ( 66 : 1971 > &! ) 6 6 @ ; . @

= / 6! & ' (1724) + ! . 4$E 3 ! + .' : 0 : 1 N @ h! +E@ E > ( 1925 ) + < 0 )/ . & ! / > ) . ( 6 + # ) + M ) > ) T # < . ( . )= M ) 0 ! G :

: N ! " & E > +/ ( 120 ) 0 .) > / 6! < G : K 0 . (K E ) = M ) > + '

: N" "

25

M =) )/ . K/ 2 ! / 0 G : K 0 : N) . ( .) = M ==) > =0 =6! < G ! E : 0(C : N # .( /. ) = .

C! H 6 "/ 9 <&'@ G : . : N . .

C! H KJ +2 J G : 5 JH : N) ; ' 6 !/ $ > ' .) .( ' .6 < ) / G 4$=E . = .' > + ! +E > 7!0 8 E +) !

=! <= =' : C < " ! @ $ > I C ( ) Z ; <= .= @ ! ' K! > C +62 @ 0 !/ > = )2#@ ) . .) > \ E 7 ) C # + @ 9 =! = +6 )/ ! > ( "/ H) > ( ) > (+1 ! ) : @ / > +6 /0 . ( 13 : 1972 > ' ) +( K ) . .

9= =! &! ( "(" ( 3.5 ) 0 / .. Y = 1( = # +62) > V 0' ) +6 J@ > ( 1962) + 3 &0 = @ .= & +6! + ' > . 0 ) > A # ; = = ! / > ( 41 : 1990 > K# ) 0 ! 0 ==/ . .=) U = ( % 4 ) Y ) ! @ 6 ; "

==) ..= @ =!) $=E > 2 0 ' ! (65) Y= = G= I== 0& = J +' $E > ! @ ; ! (2.600) K 1

26

) =! G' / C . . @ . K 0 =

. .== @ = ( % 60 ) 5@ = ' ! K= # > / . .) ( % 40 == Z == =) . =/ 8 = = $ : A # . (31 : 2006 > / ) = / = # <= $=E = F)' (# + ' S c9 < N Q = ! =E > ) ' 6! j /k X 9 ) ' ! =) . . + ' > 4$E ) J + ) H K 0 = 0 =! = F= N= / . / 1 N & & 6 . 5. 6 . +.

6 ! + # 4$E > # $ / ) . & '1

27

! "

# $ + = @ $=! > .==0 = # =0 ) G + ' K 0 ! .' 20 '@ $ ( .( ' ! 1@ 6D4 ) 0 ( )

= = 6 9 ! < ! + ' . =/ F=! ? = N. + ' $E / + > 9 ) / & < @.= > .( ' % " $! 0! 4 @. .! > ) T # 4 N

=! ./ / ]. G2# 5$ ( ) ) F!

+6 J ( ) " 1 + . & + U 2# $E / > 9 ) .( Edwyn, 1917 : 23 ) ./ . < )

> ( ) 8 = & ( ) Z ! . 0 &@ +" =E.K1 / >( !) 8 +E #H / ( ) 8 6 +/0 = ' ( 2200 ) ! 9 ) / 8 $ .) ' +" > ! . / 5

= == 6! / U 2# .6 ( ) / 6! K ! @. .( ( ) )2#@ > ) T # <

I & 6 ! .' > #M . ( Percy, 1915 : 25 ) .( ' ( 2094 ) ! ( 0) 8 +/0 F = 0K ! ! . / M ) ; . 6 / 7 / N 1 N ! ) . N. K > 9 ) 0! K C > ( 31 : 1967

> . ) 9 ) (A ! !) ( H) ( ) 8 N3K

$=E / > / )2 +E. ( ) . M +/0

28

( 646 ) ! ( ) & +6 ( 0 M ! ( N +. + ( 1 ' ( 606 ) ! M / 2 @ ** . * ! . / + ' .) > .( ' .=' =6! ! + ! . / $#@ / + . $#Q > .( . ( 53 : 2006 > / ) + ' (546) ! . ; G ( / Z /) . ' 0 C ; .0 .'

6 +/0 < + '@ < 6! ' ( ! # ) ' E.! >.( ' = +/0 " & # 1 . ) / 5$ ( ! # ) 8 F! ) + ' ! # / K=J S 8 $ > ( George, 1892 : 435 ) + ' 8 =) = ) > +; +/0 + 7! = + .( ' ( 539 ) ! +6 ! . P ( ! # ) 0 + / > .; ! / +6! ! ' $ +6 ( .(16: 1958 > ! 0 ) & # ) ! N)2 # 5$= + ' < ( . K ) ='( 9 ) 5$ ( ) ) + /0 ) :/ < 20 2 N / N G ' .' F!@ 8 $ > ! # 8 G

= C 8= = ( N = ! (: . E) ! ! d B F ! 9 > A # + ' (K= ') +" (Z /) +6 $ H ) G F! 5$ (: .) .=6 $ > +=6 N (0@ ! / ! : C 8 N. @ )2# + $ > ) 1 : 2007 > 0 ) 6 4$6 + F!/ @ +E1 > & < (K ') & 9

. ( 69

. # ( !â&#x20AC;« ا!@?Û&#x152; Ø© اâ&#x20AC;¬A6B )â&#x20AC;« ا! اÙ&#x201A; ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬E!â&#x20AC;« ت Ø¥â&#x20AC;¬G â&#x20AC;« ا! Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬# â&#x20AC;« ا! ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬H$ 6I!â&#x20AC;« ﻡ) اâ&#x20AC;¬Jâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;«=ا Ù&#x2020;â&#x20AC;¬8>!â&#x20AC;«* اâ&#x20AC;. )â&#x20AC;«?Ù&#x2C6;Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬K L( â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x201A;â&#x20AC;¬B M-+ â&#x20AC;« ا! اâ&#x20AC;¬#â&#x20AC;«Ø±Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬Nâ&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬H$ 6I!â&#x20AC;« ﻡ) اâ&#x20AC;¬Jâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;«** ا! =Û&#x152; Ù&#x2020;â&#x20AC;¬

29

= > N ) N2 @ ! 4$E ? N3K / C 4$E ?

6 .= = =6;! +=7) =6 20 +. > E !J@ 6; K @ +E@ ! / 6 ) = F % 0 9 < T # h 6 Q ' )

.(33: 1967 > . ) K h % 0 < 6! > .!6 1 > .( ' ( 311 ) ! $! * ' +/0 )2# .' !/ > ( Percy, 1922 : 11 ) 8 ! & 6 ; +E c ( " ) +6 &

**

( C ) $# ' < 3 2 .( ' ( 126 ) !

> + ' 6! ( ' ) +/0 )2 # ! / + ' / < +6! . > / = + > ( 226 ) ! ( " ) / < 3 2 ! + ' N= N 2=# F)2# + 6!@ 1 >( 245 ) ! 1 < 6

6 / ( 0 6 P C / 5$ >F "

G! ' > ( 310 ) ! ( ! " ) E. ' 8 ( 0 4$E #H / > " 4$E 3 !S +6 0 > ( ) ) +/0 < +6 .' +.) ( ! ) E.) .( 55 : 2006 > / ) ! 8 ! 2 G . $ ( G G = = =; @ <= 0 ! : C .6 ! / c $6 / > 5 ) 5 / U . : C 6 > & # N2 @ 5.( = ) 4.= F= @ # .= F /0 N N ) C 4$E (# ) 4$=E =! / >5K= 31 = = C F > & # F ! / 6! > . C! @ ) ) G . .0 K 1

U8 ! = â&#x20AC;« Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬J!â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;¬Ø&#x152; â&#x20AC;«=ادâ&#x20AC;¬V( â&#x20AC;« بâ&#x20AC;¬-G Jâ&#x20AC;« ( Ø¢â&#x20AC;¬30 ) #8Gâ&#x20AC;« دâ&#x20AC;¬% )â&#x20AC;« ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬E- !â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬#&O!â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬E8P QIâ&#x20AC;« ا! ïº&#x2022;â&#x20AC;¬# K 8 #-â&#x20AC;« ﻡ=Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬% â&#x20AC;« ﺹâ&#x20AC;¬Pâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;¬: # K !â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬#>8 !â&#x20AC;«* اâ&#x20AC;. â&#x20AC;« ﺽâ&#x20AC;¬L!â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬MK !â&#x20AC;« د " اâ&#x20AC;¬Gâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;¬#-â&#x20AC;«Ø§! =Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;. # K 8 #-â&#x20AC;« ﻡ=Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬H( Iâ&#x20AC;« ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬#8Gâ&#x20AC;« دâ&#x20AC;¬%-! â&#x20AC;« ا! Ù&#x2030;â&#x20AC;¬#&O!â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬E8P â&#x20AC;« رÙ&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬Z= â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬H6K #-â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2021;\[ ا! =Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬QK â&#x20AC;« Ø¢ Ù&#x2020; ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;« & Ù&#x2020;â&#x20AC;¬+ **

‫‪30‬‬

‫ ‪9 ) T # ) ? . E. .0 ) / N 0 " N.‬‬ ‫' (‪3 !Q 3 > +E .' ` !( : C 1 0 < 6 . ' 0 +‬‬ ‫ ) ‪+6 ( +6' 0 N . C .2 ) 62 # . 8‬‬ ‫> ‪ " * 6 ' + " 0 > (= 01 @ = 6 K : C 0 /‬‬ ‫ ‪ ' 5$ + " > 0 " ** C& + " > X‬‬

‫***‬

‫" ‪ > 9 ) T #‬‬

‫ ') ‪.E # .( G :. ! ) : C = C ' Q‬‬ ‫ < ‪ ( =01 @ = / @ / 5@ +62 > +6 / +6 0 ) 8‬‬ ‫ ! > ‪.(41 : 1967 > . ) 5 / ) ) ? . # 0C& < 6‬‬ ‫ ‪ / G / .& ( . +/0 < ! .‬‬ ‫ ! ‪. 0 ! . P $ >( 6 .K ) 6/ 3 C / +.

C‬‬ ‫& < \ ‪ = F

! > +( . #. + F‬‬ ‫ > < @" ‪ / =) = 0 = 6 9 ) ; + ' 8 $‬‬ ‫ ! > @ ‪ . 9 ) < .E P) F! \ 2 9 .& / @ C #‬‬ ‫‪ . = ( Z S F! \ 2 9 C C # F @ > . . #‬‬

‫* ‪ %8K‬ت ‪:‬‬

‫وه ا! =ی‪ #-‬ا! ‪ #‬ا! اﺕ^\ه ا!‪ =$ I‬ا! ( ﻡ !‪=( " J%" )( U‬ای‪=K #‬وﻡ‪ A‬إ!‪ P E‬ن آ‪ # I-‬ارﺕ> ز وا ق إ!‪E‬‬ ‫( ‪ K‬ا! ‪ a+ -‬ا! ‪ " #‬ﻡ آ‪ 8 #‬ت ا! ی ف ﺕ ری^‪ _6O! ( %‬وذ!‪ ! U‬ﺕ ‪ %8K A( Q‬ت ﻡ) ﻡ ‪QK‬‬ ‫إ اﺕ @ وذ!‪ U‬ا‪ E8P %$‬ا! ا ‪ Q‬ا! ‪ # 6‬وا! ﺕ‪ L‬ل وﺕ ‪ HK‬ﺕ‪=I‬م ا!& س " إذا أ ‪?%‬م ا! ب " ‪J%! K‬‬ ‫ﺽ=ه‪ . J‬وآ\!‪ U‬ﺕ> ن ‪ # I‬ا ‪ L‬ب إ!‪ E‬ا!'‪ L‬اء وا! ی ‪ Q‬ا!& س ا! ‪= ! % " Hd‬م ﻡ " ‪ @ ( J%‬ه‪ %8‬آ ‬ ‫ی "‪ %‬ا! ب‪ .‬آ ‪ K‬م ﻡ !‪ H >h ( U‬ا!@ ‪ g‬ا!\ي ‪ I‬ﺕ‪ H‬ا!& س ا( =ا ًء ﻡ) ) ‪ %8K‬ت ( وﻡ) ‪ JZ‬ا! ‪=I‬م إ!‪) E‬ا!@ ف(‬ ‫وه ﻡ‪ #I -‬ﺕ@ ‪ Q‬ﻡ‪\%! #6 -‬ا ا!@ ‪ g‬ا! ( ‪ E‬ی ‪ H%‬ﻡ‪ -‬ورة ا!@ ‪ g‬ا!& ر وا!\ي ی‪ ) L‬ا!‪ I‬ل " ‬ ‫ﻡ‪ #I -‬ا!'‪ L‬اء و‪ =K‬ﺕ‪ J‬ا ^ ب ﻡ‪ 8 ) #I -‬ت( آ ‪ #I -‬ﻡ‪ I! #6 -‬ل ا!& س‪ .‬وﻡ‪ #I -‬ا!@ ف ﺕ‪I‬ـ‪ Q‬ﻡ ( ـ) و ی ‬ ‫)‪j‬دم( و) (‪ ،( %‬و( = ا ' ر ا!\ي ﺕ‪ E8P aIL‬ا!&ـ س ﺕ ‪ U8‬ﻡ !‪ J%" )( U‬ا!‪ 6‬دی‪ #‬وأ‪ +‬اف ا!@‪ 6‬ل ﻡ ^\ًا ﻡ) )‬ ‫‪ %8K‬ت ( ‪ P‬ﺹ ‪ #‬ﻡ‪ ! # Kk‬ن‪.‬‬

‫** ی م ا!'&‪ :#I‬ه ی م ﻡ) أی م ا! ب " ا!@ ه‪ ،# 8‬ا ‪ A " JI‬ا!& س ﻡ) (‪ -‬ﺕ ‪ P J%6%-! J‬آ ى إ!‪ E‬ا! )‪ .‬و‪ =K‬ض ه ذة‬ ‫() ‪ 8P‬ا!‪ &-L‬آ ى ( ‪ I‬م ﻡ‪mn! J%-‬ر ( ‪ A-‬و( ‪=K J%-‬ی‪.J‬‬ ‫*** ی م ذي ‪ K‬ر‪ :‬ه ی م ﻡ) أی م ا! ب " ا!@ ه‪ .# 8‬ه أول ی م ا ' " ‪ A‬ا! ب ‪ E8P‬ا!& س‪ .‬وی‪ I‬ل إ ‪= A‬ث " زﻡ) ا!‪ 6-‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪ = L‬ﺹ‪ E8‬ا‪ A 8P p‬و ‪ ، J8‬و‪ A " QK‬ا!‪ I‬ل ( ) ا! ب وا!& س " ا! اق وا ' " ‪ A‬ا! ب‪.‬‬

31

/ ) ( 636 ) ! ! Z K6 9 0 U 5$ ` ' @ .) . ( Syton, 1943 : 140 ) .

K F ' A =#@ = ; ' V K! +( ' .6 .' > ( / 8 ) +) ! ; ' E 6 @ / K @ < 0K ) A # .=) .=0 ! ) . ( I C 3 !"@ ! 8 .=6 = ) Z . ; 4$E .' > ! : # . ' != =) == = C $ >F! \ 2

# . C # = / = Z < . & Z G ( 638)

= @ + ' < F 0 ! .) K 6 < 3 2 = + )! . . ( 56 : 1975 > 0 6 ! ) . / ) < F . 4 0 ) . + ' @ + ' .j )l X K 4$E 2 @ 0 + ) / $ > .0 0 K 20@ + = 8 =) 3 =6 ! G >+ : C $ C! G2# K 1 +6 " 6!

<= 3g ! . . ; ' + 'O . ! 4$E = "@ / K (+639) 9 N 0 0 >F! \ 2

# C # @ 6! / 6 ^K > 9 . K 0 . ! >T # +6 2=0 =) / = >N = ) $# +( ! > ) 6! / G .(46 : 1967 > . ) ! "@ 5 j @ ' $! M +6 9 + < 0 >+6# ( = . .=6 .= N= . & = 1 += ' 90 @l .=' ( + ' + ' & . .0 8 !E .) + > ( Le Strange , 1912 : 888 )

32

=! $=! 3 C # +/0 0 ! . .0 N3K I &@ @ .) A # ? ( 1258 ) ! < 0 > ) . . 3 C # .6 ( 637 ) = ! " . $ > ( 200 : 1968 > ) . < (# & . .

.(57 : 2006 > / ) +E J +@ ! +@ 1 N ! / 3 ! +/0 0 = ) (# = @ $ E < + ' P ) .'

F 20 + ) = . > 3 . ' = 9 ) ! + ' ! > . . . = ) \ E 7 +/0 + @ < B $ (. @ =! ) +/0 : Q < = =)2=#@ == ) . .=) > 5. C : . +6 K +6 /0 & (K 0 ) ! . = $# > ( / ) 6! = =/ > +6 /0 . ( 14 : 1972 > ' ) +( K ) DA =# = ) ' 9 ) 0 F 0 D 8 $ .) + ' P ) .'

= 2 F ! + $E F & &# 8 $ > K <= . = > =) ? 7 C 4$E . + 4.0 4 & / > M > ) = 1 A = /@ ( 1 < 7 0 ) < 7 C0 ) 1 ! +" .! 6 > 9 ) < 8 +J < ) $=E = F= .0 + ' 7C 0 . > : C U @ +J > ) T # h < . 0 )/ +1 ! ) . < F ( F 8 )

โ ซโ ช33โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ

" โ ช%โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช 1 & &#โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ " @ โ ช = ! 4$E >* &# (6 ! ' . . 1 Pโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช = + $6 j /m > 9 ) ! !

C 6 .! @.โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ ' ) > โ ช= > H ) J 9 ! F! ) K 0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ชF 9 @ 5$ 6! E > "/ 4. K 0 . 6! 6! / F /โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ ! !โ ช. ( 11 : 1980 > + ) ) ( /) 6โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช.=6 4$E @ $ c+6 C!@ ! 3 .โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช> =) +E 6 ) @ P @ ! 4$E Q +6! N 5 C& 4โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช "M 5 0 5$ > ) + ' $E 0 J / +6! % 0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ ( โ ช 6! / 1 5 / > 6 &@ ./B . Iโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ*โ ฌ

โ ซุง!โ ช %โ ฌู ุง!^' โ ช! "#$ qโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ ุง ุฃ ุง ุฑ ุง'โ ช /01 %& $โ ฌู โ ช -โ ฌู โ ช56 7 ()* +โ ฌุถ ๏ปฅโ ช 2โ ฌู ุฏ โ ช 8โ ฌู ุง ; ุงุชโ ช ุ โ ฌู ุง ?>ุกโ ฌ

โ ซุง โ ชC+ A$ 6 Bโ ฌุฏ ุง โ ช Eโ ฌู โ ช .โ ฌู โ ช LMโ ฌุง โ ช 8 "-0โ ฌุข ๏ปฅโ ช Jโ ฌ๏บต ู (ุฉ โ ช FGโ ฌุฑุงุช โ ช ุ 810โ ฌู ุฃู โ ช 20โ ฌุง โ ช #Oโ ฌุง โ ช ?Gโ ฌู ุง โ ช N&(Gโ ฌู ุง โ ช #Oโ ฌุง โ ช Pโ ฌู ๏ปฅ>ู โ ช 7)6โ ฌุงโ ช()+โ ฌุงุกโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช S 00โ ฌู ุง โ ช(0โ ฌู โ ช5-โ ฌุจ ุง ุง (&โ ช Aโ ฌู ๏บตโ ช 0โ ฌู >& ุฉ ุง ; ุงุช ุง โ ช5Bโ ฌุฑ&โ ช 8โ ฌู โ ช Tโ ฌุจ ุง โ ช Eโ ฌู โ ช(V)B& .โ ฌู ู โ ชMโ ฌุง ุง โ ช ! "#0โ ฌุฏุฉ ุง (ุฑุง* ุช ุง' &โ ช ุ 8โ ฌุฅโ ชWโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุฃู ุง*)โ ช(Vโ ฌุงโ ช ู 1* 1* ู $โ ฌุฃ&โ ช ุ ู Fโ ฌุฅุฐ ุง*)โ ช $(Vโ ฌุฃ๏ปฅ"โ ช5โ ฌู *โ ช Oโ ฌุฏุฉ โ ช A$ ู "-$โ ฌุง )(ุง๏บฅ] ุง \ ู โ ช LMโ ฌุง โ ช 8 "-0โ ฌุง ? ุง โ ช P 81โ ฌุง ) ุฑ&[ โ ช P1โ ฌู โ ช7 Aโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซู โ ช5โ ฌุฏ "ุฃโ ช "8$โ ฌู ุงโ ช(6โ ฌุฉ ๏บ ?โ ช %* `0โ ฌู ู โ ช LMโ ฌุง โ ช 8\1Pโ ฌุง ? ุง โ ช 81โ ฌู ุฃ*โ ช S M /โ ฌุง โ ช>Gโ ฌุจ ุง โ ช5Bโ ฌุฑู ุง โ ช $5โ ฌุงโ ช ุ 0) Wโ ฌู ๏ปฅ ุฏู โ ช(65+โ ฌุฉ ุง โ ชC2โ ฌู ุง โ ชc1#Vโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ๏บ โ ช JGโ ฌุง* *โ ช5โ ฌุฑ& ุง โ ช P%โ ฌู โ ช.โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุฃ โ ช 7 dโ ฌู โ ช LMโ ฌุง โ ช 8 "-0โ ฌู โ ช LMโ ฌุง )โ ช 810Bโ ฌ๏บ โ ชู >110โ ฌุง โ ช 2โ ฌุขโ ช "81$ *" 8 "-0โ ฌุง โ ช 8 "-$ A 8โ ฌ๏บตโ ช Pโ ฌุง ?>& ุฉ ุง โ ช P%โ ฌู ๏บต ู ุง โ ช GPโ ฌุง'โ ช "81$ *" 06โ ฌุง โ ช8โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุฃ&โ ช ู Fโ ฌู โ ช5%โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช L 10 + 81-T 8 "-$ 2โ ฌู ๏บ โ ช )0โ ฌุฒ ๏บ โ ช 8+5#V + 2)+โ ฌุง ) ๏บ โ ช> + !0Bโ ฌุฑุง โ ช ]2* 0$ ุ 8 52B+ 21 8โ ฌุง >ุฑุง โ ช 21 8โ ฌุงโ ช()+โ ฌุง ู ุก โ ช A$โ ฌุง >ุฑุง โ ช8โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช 81 OPโ ฌู ุง ) ุงุซ ุง'*"โ ช5โ ฌุฑู ุง (&โ ช & 8 "-0 -โ ฌู ุฃ&โ ช Fโ ฌุฅู ุง โ ช P-โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช ู 65โ ฌุข ู (& โ ช 8 Cโ ฌุฃโ ช -+โ ฌุก โ ช *:โ ฌู โ ช 6โ ฌู ู & โ ช ุ Nโ ฌุฃ "โ ช 7โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช5โ ฌุญ ู โ ช LMโ ฌุง โ ช8 "-0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซโ ช P A$ Wโ ฌุฏุฉ โ ช k$โ ฌู ุง "โ ช ุ 8O1Pโ ฌู โ ช(jโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซโ ช * -+Wโ ฌู โ ช ."81$ *" Jู 10* S Mโ ฌุขโ ช 21 J #6 0โ ฌุฃโ ช(6โ ฌุงุซ โ ช 802$ 8& E+โ ฌุข)"โ ชู 5โ ฌุฑ โ ช %โ ฌุฉ ุง โ ช 82โ ฌุง โ ช 0Bโ ฌู &โ ชู (+ ุ 8โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง*)โ ช(Vโ ฌู ู โ ชMโ ฌุง ุง โ ช ! "#0โ ฌุฃ&โ ช(+ d -$ A 1PO) ู Fโ ฌุง&โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช FGโ ฌุฑุงุช ุง โ ช.8& EPโ ฌุง โ ชู O& ! "#0โ ฌู ุง ู โ ชC+ d -$โ ฌุฏ ุง โ ช Eโ ฌู ู โ ชC+โ ฌุฏ โ ชA1+ $โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ชู #6 A& 2-โ ฌุง ุง โ ช Oโ ฌุงู ู *โ ช5โ ฌุฑ& ุง (&โ ช ?$ ุ 80โ ฌู ุง (ุฑุง* ุช ุง โ ช.8\&(Gโ ฌโ ฌ

34

+.'@ F ' 5$ > + ' ) 9 ! 6 G > +; .

P @ < 2 > . 5. 20 "Q ? 9 @ .) @ 20 9 =) P . .= =6 > C . )

! / .' . ( 14 : 1981 > ! ) F K@ & 6 ! = 7 > ) T # h < ( 1 < K + 7 = K 0 ! < . . 4$E . @ @ $! /0 . 6 (# ) ! / $ > ) +E. ' > 8 : C ' c c ! ") c C E ) 1 +6 < . +6 8 @ < K 1 I! .E ) . ) 7 .' > ! c .! 6 F @ @ 9 5$ + 3 @ 5$ ( 1925 ) + ! ( 01 &0 ==E N.== . N == N == 6 @ > ' "(" . ) ! < . ( 13 : 1967 > . ) ( = K #) T = # 0 < F! G' P @ G .! = $ > ! 5. & '1 ! : ; . G' $6 / > ) D : ( 20 D18 : 1981 > ! ) E > @ K; / %(" < . & '1 0 =E > . ( 1908 ) + @ C! < ") + . : C! (1) .= $ > A # ) T # 9 ! F ") ' > . A.0 ( . ) < 6 C! 9 ! ( 1912 ) + C! !@ . 6 C! / C& 3 ! 2 > C! ' ! # & 6 h !@

35

> <= +6 =0 E ) : ; . K .j )f $ : K (2) = 5 = : ; = .& E. ( # / ) ( / ) 5 6! 4 / > ( = 0(C ) ( . = ) ( = 0 ) > #! K 6 .

K / &' ) !0 K <= +6 6)' N ; N . ) : (3) . F;! <

> F 0 0 6!@ 8 $ ) T # > + ) ) M 6& # / / & &# I &@ $6 D :(12 : 1980 =0 5$ &' 9 < ) T # :@ < 6 '

.@

. 5.!6 0 P 6 ) > E @ 9 6 Q 0 C! . 6 &

.

.

C! < &0 # . : ! N! . < 6 / 9 ) ! 3K 6

.^

. 4 K ) T # 0 F=!Q & $ > / ) 6 ! / E@ 1 5$ 5 / ) 6)'

..

%(" & 5$ 2 2 G F! > E J =) U .= # /m F!@ / > P) 62) @ @ H . 9 ) ( . /) ( # ) " > 9 ) . > . ) ) . <!J .j )l f ) NK N . 6! 4$E ) .' > 6! ) $) 4 % 0 8 $

36

4$6 / / > &) +.'@ $! ! 0 K . !J = ! A = N) ) > ! @ K E@ 6!

D: ( 32 : 2006 > / ) 6! 4$E K @ > 6 . =! . .) < / 6! A C2 U C : ( ! 6 ) 6! .1 .( N ( 54 ) F Y > ) T # & > 0 # / # / $ @ 5 6! G' 6 G ! :( ) 6! .2 . # Z E $ @ 6! & > ( N (60) F Y = 4 = .) > J 4 K 6! A$ :( ) 6! .3 U = @ # G ! 6 ! ! < 4 ? / . & =6! & > . . ' J ! G ! : ( $ @) 6! .4 .

!' < F' C .! / + ' #. # ! G ! : ( 0 ) 6! .5 . ) ! E.) / 6! ! c ( / /) c ( &) : E ; "(" 6! $E / : ( # / ) 6! .6 > WWWWWWWWWWWWWW 4 ! / 9 ) 4$E G > ( K H)

&= K =0 6= = .) > / N K 6!

7 0 ) ! ! . C @ @ ) @ .) < ) ( # / ) 6! . &

37

6!@ E > . K 6 6!@ . G 6! $E / : ( .!6 ) 6! .7 = ) T # & > ( H) c ( ) c ( H) c (. @ #) : . + ' ) .!6 ! .

J ! ( N .) !

F NK (K 0 .) @ ( X.) + ) # B 4 @ : ( /) 6! .8 6! E > N / ( 890 ) / 6!

Y > . .0@ . 6! = G= ! . ! 9 ! < FE j + .' F! 1 > 0( . 0 = =! . < #. > # ! >( = ) =! ) ' + : E ' < + ! > ( N ) + # N ! ( N ( 30 ) .) > (

) ! ) + +@ K 6! / +">( / ) 6! F . )

. 0 ! . ( N ) @ # .) ! )

& #!

0=2 67 6 G 1 & &# @ %0 A ! .& 6! > + ) . G '( ) ! / $ > &) +.'@ $! =6 =! / = " > 9 ) + ' < K !& = ' ? = = < ! & .! .!6 .( G '( +/0 < ' ) . ) . ( 0 C +( . ! + 'R ; (& K/ 0 &@ . (K 0 ! . ) & @ = = @ > 9 = (K E + ) (K ) = 9

$ > G= > ==6 +=' = G 1 N > . .

9 8 !6

38

K =0 =! . &= 9 8 !6 ! 0 ! @ > ' 6C&@ = K=/ = & &# K / > & 7 0 0 + = K . . 0 EK @ . A # . = ) = + ' ! ; 9 E 4$E K E + > K E = # E $= = =6 E@ 4$=E = Q E $/E 6 #. 0 > ( 1925 ) + < 0 .( ' ) C $! 6 & &# I2= K 0 4$E > ! +6; C 0 . Q ) 0 : C K= ) = .=6 . / Q 6!Q K "/ N .E ! / @ =E / > ! ; G2 6 /0 E KJ . . : C / .' >

. F ! $E > ) N # N ' N 0 ) 1 . 6 ( 01 / . 90( %0

39

! " %0 ( + 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1258 ) ? "(" < . K 1 ! K N N /0 ! : C +/0 . "(" 6 C! /0 ) ! / > . ' C ' ) @ @ > = C +/0 .6 +" > # 0 $ K N! ' K 9 ) & > ) 6!/ N2 @ ! / +6 C!@ : C = 6 = "/ N .E +6 /0 ! / > S F & "/@ ) . ) K . &= 6 & > ( 638 ) + $=! ) 0 ( I C E3 +" + = =! ( 01 U =' < N! ' ) @ 8 $/ 7 > & # ) 3 = .1 . = / E > M < 0 . ^ 0 1 ! G >( 1925 ) . # : C + K < . > 0 J ! + K $E .= > = ! ) E3 C 0 @ J > = ) 6 ) . ) C! 6 " 6! ) 1 E +6

= (=# 8 $ ? %0 $E .

D: M . ( + 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1258 ) # '()

:

. ( + 1724 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1436 ) ) ) . +/0

: ! "

. ( +1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1724 ) )/ . +/0

: % "

40

( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1258 ) # '()

. C .' > !

) 3 K @ )2#

= ) + ' > #H N! 0 J N! 0 ! / > F

2 ; 1 0 . ) K $! : C $ .' >

! @ ( 0 < 2 )

3 .) < +6 . ) . . +6E / > F! K ) / = > E.0 `# 1 / 0 4$E > C J / G ) 6 : ) / 0 ! / +( ) K : C .! ) . . ) +6 0 > 6 // +6 !@ !)

0!1 . ) = =

= 1 =! ; ' .0 @ 6!@ . > 6 $ = <= ) " < 6 6 6 ) + 9(# E . 6!Q 6 ) > ) N = 0 > C & # ! + " . ) 0 0 = J ) = . > ) 0 6 ' 6 " (0 < . E 5 /C 6" 3 0 = . =) @ 1 +6 : > +E . 3 6 ! ! ) ) 2 2 < ) =6 0 &@ E. @ < / 0 4$E K .' > K K 0 +62=) B = < / 0 4$E " 67 5.B @ .A #@ .( $ @ 0 $E E 67 E $ E !) +6 0 @ . > 6 +6/ . ( 2012 > . 0 ) 6 ) 67 1 E 6C!

41

6 = P C <) ! / . .. G # '() ! .'

D: . 4$E K @ > < .) < +6 0 P : * . # . .1 )2# +" > ( 1258 ) + . . ) (# 0 !/ @ =#. ( @ K ) / @ .) (1412) + . # .

(1436) + $! ** ) ) . = & .) 0 &@ K 0 ! .

U = @ = N; +E.! 8 + 7E ; 2 6! / < P (1455 ) + ) ) = E.) N > ( 398 : 1987 > ) = = +== %= 0 . # = . & (K ) ! . 6 N &0 E & 0 (K ) ! . G A.0 ( 6 6 ) ! . < 3 > (9 . ) F= K( = 8 $ (K ) 0! 1 & E.) / + ( N

(9 . ) + > ( 6 6 ) =&0 F &@ V " Z C == .==) ) ) Z < + 6 Z @ P > 5. K ) = 6 = ' .=' > ) ) K6 E .0 6 ! . . . ( 48 : 1983

J 5)*тАл (╪з╪п ┘И╪зтАм+ J тАл ╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я╪Я ┘И╪пя║етАм7тАля║╜тАм5; тАл ╪зтАмLMтАл ┘ЗтАм8&5 тАл ╪▒тАм81тАл я╗етАм0тАл я║Х ╪втАм8 1Pj :тАл╪птАм5*'тАл ┘И┘Б ╪зтАмV тАл╪зтАм 8oo тАл "╪п┘ИтАм8oo тАл ╪з (┘ИтАмLMooтАл ┘ЗтАмJ10oo*тАл ┘ИтАм╪М тАл╪птАмC1oo0 1411 тАл ╪йтАмoo?2 813 тАл ┘ЕтАмoo oo21 8" Boo тАл ╪зтАм7oo LMooтАл ┘ЗтАм8oo 1Pj тАл ╪▒тАм2)ooтАл ╪зя║╡тАмcPBoo+ 810Boo) тАл ╪зтАмLMooтАл ╪б╪к ┘ЗтАмoo тАл ┘ИтАм. "5oo -&5j L ooj тАл╪п ┘АтАм5oo*'тАл ┘И┘Б ╪зтАмoV тАл╪зтАм

. тАл╪п╪з╪бтАм5B тАл ╪зтАмL 1E тАл ╪б ╪зтАм-)j + 8 тАл╪з (┘ИтАм E)тАл ╪▒ ╪г┘К ╪зя╗етАм- тАл ╪зтАмJOEOтАл ┘Ия║╡тАм╪М 2 OтАл ╪к я║╡тАмEтАл я╗етАм/0E тАл ╪зтАмJOтАл ┘И╪гя║╡тАм╪М `"*тАл ┘ИтАмE)тАл ╪зя╗етАм7-O0+ тАл╪▒тАм5- тАл` ╪зтАмEOтАл я║╡тАмA$ тАл╪░╪йтАм5тАля║етАмq$ 80 тАл╪втАм тАл ╪з'* ╪йтАмA$ тАл(╪▒тАмG-& тАл┘КтАмM тАл ╪зтАм2B*r$ 7 тАл ╪етАм8PBтАл я╗етАм81OEOE0 тАл ╪зтАм8 тАл ╪з (┘ИтАмJ10*тАл ┘ИтАм╪М >$ тАл ╪з╪итАмE тАл` ╪зтАмEOтАл ┘Ия║╡тАм╪М тАл╪б┘ЗтАм5тАля║╜тАм .81OEOE0 тАл╪зтАм

*

: 81OEOE0 тАл** ╪зтАм

42

. Q P # . / .@ ( 1484) + : *P # . .2 = 0 ) K6 ; . C& 6 N # / ) ) > / ) ) ) . <= 4 & ! 6 ! =/ ) . ' / 0 . ( 72 : 1911 =

) 6!. E ) ) . / ) 4$E E @ .= .) # . / # / >.! # F 2 ) 3 4$=E /= $ > ) ) $ C! 0 ; K ! . ^ # & ! . . F '( 0 @ 0 ) ) @ < J 2 % .0

# 2 C . < ) ) 0 ? . > P # F C! ' > ' '( 3 ! P # . F! . .0 . P) . . !.6 . C 1 0 ? . @ > ( = ) ! . 6 . 0 Z >F! &C! . N Q > ) ) R ; + P # . @ 1 P . 6! U . ) ) I ! K 0 ! . ( 01 (4 C7)

=0 = = 8 = > ' ; ) Z Q @ .) 0 9 +6! +!J > 5K Z ' / ) ) Z 6 : 2 .. E / ) / ) 6 .K + $6 > "/ 1 N @ . ( 272 : 2004 > 5 K) ) . # . .2 0 < N ' ' -1467 A1+ $ โ ซ) ู โ ฌBโ ซ) ู ู ๏บ ุขโ ฌBโ ซ ุฃ ๏ปฅโ ฌุ โ ซ ุงู โ ฌO โ ซ ุงโ ฌุ โ ซ ุฑุณโ ฌุ โ ซ? ู โ ฌ1+โ ซ ุฃุฐุฑโ ฌุ โ ซู โ ฌ5โ ซ ๏บต ู ุง'๏ปฅ ๏บฝโ ฌJ0%6 ุ 81โ ซ ๏ปฅโ ฌ0โ ซ] ุง ) ุขโ ฌu P โ ซ ุงโ ฌA$ :s1+'โ ซ ู ู ุงโ ฌV โ ซ* ุงโ ฌ (โ ซ ู ู โ ฌV โ ซุงู )ุงโ ฌ51G โ ซุง ุงโ ฌMโ ซ ู โ ฌ7 ู *( $ ู O+ J;โ ซ ู ุง ) ุฃ๏บฝโ ฌ80&( โ ซ ุฏุงุช ุงโ ฌO โ ซ ุงโ ฌsO+ 7 โ ซ ุฅโ ฌ810B) โ ซ & ` ุฃ๏บน] ุงโ ฌ.โ ซ ู โ ฌ1502

.

> + โ ซ ู โ ฌO& $ โ ซุฒ ุฃู โ ฌ5T'โ ซ ุง'๏บ ุงู ุงโ ฌA$ 8 1P โ ซ(ุฑ ุงโ ฌG-) ู 1j $โ ซ ุฃโ ฌ. โ ซ ุฑู โ ฌOโ ซ ู ๏บตโ ฌ8 1P โ ซ ุงโ ฌ$ 6 O (6 7 โ ซ ุฅโ ฌJ โ ซู ๏บนโ ฌ

43

= :. = G 4 C& . : @ : C& . .3 &=) = . 6 / + $ > ( + 1501 ) + N. .0 5.( 5 C& 4 / .' > / . .) 0 &@ .' > <

2 01 ! ) ! / P # . < 3 2 ( +1508 ) + . ( 1973 > " ) : # # . ) $! + =7! / @ .) ( 0 5 C& 4 ' .'

21 ) .' >(1508 ) + 6 0 . . < .6 ) ) Z '( < C& . + ' 5 C& Z 6 0 K 0 . 2 5$ 0 V( = = ( ) / 5$ 0 V( < 5 #@ @ < 7 0 C& .6 +.' @ .) K 0 < N / 0 F! ) @ 4 4.=) = +/0 < +" > 6 +/0 ) ! +6 . F '( .=2 N 0 5 C& 4 G F '( 9 " <) 5$ V( .= F=! = # 4. < 0 ( K .) ! . & 0 0 . > = C& . 3 . @ 5 C& ( . . K +" > (1530)+ 5 C& 4 + = = 8 $ C& . Z F ! ( 6 ) 4 ;!6 + . ( 1594 ) != > < F 1 '@ 4.( < 4 4. Q (1542 ) 8 ! ) $ ! < ) ) Z ' C& . .2 " ! @ @ .) ) )

. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; = â&#x20AC;&#x201C; = ) . < / Z +6 +6 . ! < 8 U Q >

44

: = 4 E.) 9 > 5 C& Z I & C @ .' > ( K .

4$=E . > '() .

8 B #. +. < 3 .= @ = G . 0 6 (# O E$ &) C . ( 3459 : 1976 > ) G2# @ . 8 : C + = > C&= . Z ! " : 4 + ( 1642 ) + = / / = ='() 5. < .@ ) ) . 4 ; . U > # F! 5$ &! . @ 4 + ' .0 < & G= 5$ 4 4.) 5 C& Z ) . ! " : 4 .) > # . G2

2 8 $ 4. .' ) ) 3 4 F C! 8 +/ 0 . 3 @ J > 5 C& +/0 0 ) ) . G2 + J 4$E @ 4 . > F /0 < . "@ 5 C& = <= G= F .) . ! N "/ FC / 6! !/ . ( 67 : 1983 > 5. K ) +/0 +60! ) ) .6 D D + E ( 1722 ) + : . .4 = @ =0 > ( 6C=&@) & ) 0! . $#@ 5 C& 0 4 + = A > ( ) 0 5 C& 4 G \ . . 0 ) ) > F / Z . ' +" .0@ ) ) . ' : ' < Z +/0 + < 0 4 2 + @ . & G + Z $E / . = @ = =6 + ! ! "/@ F /0 +. + 5$ ! . 0 < . ( 176 : 2003 > E ) N. . N ! C&

45

. = 5 C&= Z . ' / 5$ ( ' . !) .; &# K .' > ; A.0 ! F!@ +J 5 C& Z ) ( 6 ) . ( = 6 ) <= P ' @ .) Z ) < N & F C! ) ( ' . !) + ' / =6! / = ! ") . G .E ) . ) ( 6 ) + ' 3 : F! &!

C&= = . =! 6 =; / = J E. / 6 F @ $#@ +.) F ; = .=) Z ) F! 3 K @. >(199: 2003> E )

. (4 . !) . ) ) . 3 @ # .' > : 4 + . 6C&@ < . F 5$ F

! 0 > C& .

K 0 < N / 0 F! @ .0@ ( 1737) ! C GC! + $E / >F ! 6 . ( 71 : 1983 > 5. K ) F ) ) K 4$E K .' > .!K < . ' < . 4$E ! : .!K . .5 U = R N= 6! ! Z ) I &@ $ > 4 . ! .) % .0 V < F= ' / ' / & C # + / : ; K6 ! > &# =# . = = ) G= 0 @ .) < & 6 / . @ ) < 3 2 U / > 5 # < 6 ( # A.@ +" >(5 # ( ) ; + K # 0 . 0 < 3 2 $@ +/ 0 ( # \ = $# F 0 6 / 0 &Q ' 8 ) .) ( .!K ) ! . : 2003 > E = ) ( 1779 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1763 ) = C (# F & (K ) ! . +=/0 G= ) ) . .6 '( K .' .( 207 @ 1 > ) ) 0 < ( # + /) +K 1 N @ 3 C C 5.!K

46

+ /) < \ . &0 < 0 . 0 $#@ '() . '() E.) > ) ) . F! ( # =# . = ) 4.) +/0 < $ ( 1779 ) + # + / < 0

. (5.!K =#. .!K < (5 # . 0 J@) I ! : . .6 6 # >( 1785 ) + N/ F C! ^ +" > F 6

6 ! E < 2 > ' (. ) 6 ' F/ & +=/0 + =' +=" > .!K 0 K ! / ! 1 < =# =C) &=; 1 .) = $#@ +" +E / 3 B < 1 6 2C @ U ! . KJ N 0 P # >5.!K . ( 2010 > . ) 6 / < F!

8 # 1 ( ) . G '( ! / = ! .& . ) $ > .!K . .6 6 ) ) \ ^ F .' 5$ 5 / ) ) / > ) ) . 3 4 = E.=) .&@ > '() 0 / "@ 5 .; < '() 4$E > G < N @ \ ^ < ) N @ . . +/0 . 0 2=E = = = + ! ") . ' : ! ") . .7 = 7 . .' > 5.( % " / 2 ! = ' .=' > 6 0 < 6) 6 ' < / )

47

.=6 E$ C! +7 ) 9 C& . 67 ! ") . +7 ) + = = +7 ) G ' 8 $ U ' 9C > 5 C& 4 =C > 6 @ 2 . +. & @ . 1 / > ! ! F! +. > ! ") . $E "@ . . 5 C& 4 0 ( 1508 ) ! = 6! . C&= =& ) (K ) 0! / 0 +

> (K= ) =! . ( 0 ! ") & ! 6 ! ( 1514 ) + & / ) < 0 K 6 ! ") + ' / > & ! . < ! ")

F!@ 1 > ) ) V( . .6 ) ) . & K 0 . ( 405 : 1987> ) I & . A =EK @ / .2 ( 0 N.. ! ") . 7! .' .= . .6 ) ) .2 <C & E. ' 0 > K =0 < 0 6 .E@ 9 0 ( 1553 ) + =; <= ..) ( 0 # ! ") . .2 "B + C $E / +6 = E 5$ H & # ; 8 ) ) . C .' > ) = . .2 0 ( . K ) . . +/ 0 . ' > ! " 1 E & < U( ( K . )< E.) #. ! < 6 ( 1590 ) ! ) ) . ( 48 : 2004 > 8 /! ) 6

8 + 3 ! @ ( 1595 ) + 5 1 H ^ # . . K6 !

Z = < > ) ) 0! ! " Z S Q F +6 2 ) ) =) =6 N . / ) . & ! . J 8

48

= ( ) U 2 4$E ) . > 4.! +!J ! ") .; 'f >+6 ' ' +J = G! > ) ) 8 Z E .& 1 N 0 % .0 V < 67 = . 2 ! . ) ; K ! . < JQ ) ) 6) . / 2 G .

8 == . ^ =#@ 9 . < = +" > ) ) $ C! K@ ( ) ) . ( 42 : 2004 > 5 K) ) 6! = 6 <= = . / +/ =0 G ) ) \ . 9C ( 1715 ) + ( K ) & / 0 >9 ) ! ! ") . / K ! 8 B ! ") 2 . ! ( +1 ! ) ' 6 &0 ) =) K6 6 ! \ . G 0 K6 5$ 0 ! ") =! . < > +1 ! ' ? G 4. 6 .0 4 # . ) 0 $ =6! = C < 6 (# . . . .6 . ( & ) . ( 157 : 2004 > 8 /! ) K 0 < 6 0 . & &

= # .=E ) .= ! ") . ) ) ) . 0 &@ +" 1 :F!@ < E. ! .0@ &! >( 1727) )' 9 ) . .0 3 .6 < E ; 7 0 $ ) ) . 2 @ ( 0 ! ") . 90 1 @ < > 6 ( 0 90 ! ") . S 8 $ &0 S > . . 9 ! . ( 41 : 1966 > 2 ) ! ") ( 01 &0 .! ! . #. = ) ' 0 ! . . A ( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1724 ) )/ . .6 2= 9 =0 < A.@ 3g ! E$ # + â&#x20AC;&#x201C; / â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 6! < = F . . . . @ 2 $E G @ > & 3 ! V. C

49

=/ > 8C ! ? G ) 0 < 0 K 6 (K K J ) & = . < E " < )/ < > )/ + @ 0 + ' @ .) 0 ; 0 . )/ 8 8 $ > +6 0 @ ! ") . E. .0 G2 > .!6 / C G @ 3 . ? = 6 0 $ C! U (1837) + 2 ' 9 ) ! ! ") = ! ") ! +" > N /0 N &0 6 P 0 ) 0@ )/ > 6! ' 0 ! @ .) 0 < 3( 1 F (# + ( N N E . ) @ ? U . ! G' N; + 0 4$E / < ! ") . +" > 6! ! ") 0 ! .) 6) 0 ! . 3 ! ( 1847 ) + =) ( = ! " + =2 @) .=E ) < 0 ! . +2 N# N= ) N=2 @ ) ! 8 +=2 : C 0@ +.) 6 !' +J . ( 92 : 1971 > ! ) =6 > ( 1 < . G )/ . C . c( N +. + 8 $ / 9 ) 2 . & ! 4 / + ( 1857 ) + # @ .& > =6 . 3 = ` # 8 $ > ? 0 ( ( S = . I & 9 (Buffer State ) " K 0 ! / . G

50

! "

( 1724 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1436 ) ) ) . +/0 +.'@ : Q 5.( : # & ! 5 6 G .6 N . 4$E ) .' > ) ) E % .0 &) = Q . > K ' # + . ) T # ? N / N = ' =" & "/ ; ' 6!/ ! (1436) ! 4$E ; ' > 3( / : ! ' >. @ ! .) !

0 ! % ! + ! > . .X )X > E J ! & )/ ) ; ' +1 ! ' 5K H F= ) := @ = ! @ A ' 0 + ' < ) +/0 . 6 ' . ( 5 : 1983 > 5. K ) = .=0@ \ E V( . 0 . < ) ) . ' . / 0 . # . U K ! / 5$ > ) < ! ) $# > & < 6 /0 . . ( 1 < > . .

F & K 0 ! .

1 0 F 2 ) +J 6 ( < ) . 4$E 7 0 .' ! ") . < K . ( 88 : 1965 > )

51

> 9 ) ! ]. / ) ) . : B 67 @ F= . V ! .) U .' > 7 ! 5.6 F!Q ( + 1412 ) ! $! @. $ ( = @ ) E.) 9 += ' < F= . = @ ) ! / +K6 F /0 0 =& (= < . . . # . 8 . ( 58 > 2006 > / ) KE =! = = (1465) ! < 0 4$E +/0 V( . 0 7 = = )= $ 4. C0@ F; ! @ .. 4.) +/0 < .' > .

C&= = + =/0 = =6! p K .o / G $E @ +J > +E.6 ) =) & > ! ") 9 ) + /0 .!K : ( 13 : 1983 > 5. K ) 6 E@ ) ! ? 6 N" .0@

! / / 6 (1299 ) ! 2 ! ! ") . 67 .1 .= $#@ > 5.( :. ; @ : # # @ 6 = P 0 ) . . + '@ < 6 E$ C! . V( ) ) . < U = $ (1501 ) != C C& . " . . ' 67 .2 . . +" .!K . . E.) > ) 5$ I U K! ( 1507 ) + N3. ) T # ! K .3 . C!1 A 4$E 0 ! ! C .! 6 G'

52

.= A = 4$E P) 0 .' > E J . ) T # <

. 6! 5 / ) ) < &0 @ ) ) G / C 0 <=! 5$= =0 F! +/0 < ( 1465 ) + V( . 0 .) += . += > ) ) . ! 8 4.6 @. > ! 0 E F . . & > . . . # . C # P # . G . '() = > 6 9 ! < < 6 . ) ) . / 8 $ . ( 33 : 1981 > ! ) / 5 j @ : C F / + 5$ ' < ( q 'f $ > +/0 @ 4 . < 0 ( 1497 ) + . 0 = 0 V( = 6 +/0 6C # > ( 1506 ) + 5 C& .

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW < " .0 ! . 3 ! 3 .' > ( 88 : 1990 > K# ) N.= ) . C& . !X . < ( + 1501 ) ! C& : Q . ( 38 : 2007 > 5. ) G & ^K ! . / 0/ 6 &@ < 6! 3 .) 67 > < E$ $E C& . 2 .' = . = K @ .=! = U K! / E$ 3 .) $E $#@ $ > ! ") . > ! = =E@ = 0 6 C! ! ") . K @ ! G E@ 0 6 C! C& V(= . ) ) .6 9 ) < ! 6 . 0 ( = ) ( = K .) ! .= C& . 6 > ( 1512 ) + F /0 < 5$ ==6! 0 ! ( 1524 ) + 5 C& 4 .) > K . 6 0 = ) =) . > ( 1540 ) ! . . =6 +/0 <= > / = ) = <= = < = = C& . 1 0

53

= . 3 .= Q ) ) . 0 &@ ( 1541 ) + = > ( 59 : 2006 ..0 = ! ") $ =C! 6 ` Z ! / ) #. ! ") . ( 44 : 2004 > 5 K) ) =& = 0 0 2 = . G = < Z / ) ! ") Z KE 5.B @ N # > Z J P ) ! / C& . 6 < ) ) + = 6 G=! #. \ ! / ) + ( 6 ) 5 C& 4

. . ) ) . @ < \ ! / > +E.2 G' ) ) . E. @ C& .

0 1 @ 4 8 + 4 N # =E G ) ) . 8 < s7 0 r "@ 4$6 / > 8 $

( K .) .= = ! 6 C' > ) E$ A # .( 60 : 2006 > / ) (K ) ! . E @ ) ) . # .

21 <2 C . +" N = ! N ' N & F /0 .6 5$ ( !K) F! 4.) +/0 < (1584) +/0 < 3( 1 4.6 (3( / : ! ) ' . @ . > ! . + . +/0 < < 3( / ' K 0! > !K : ! 0 > ) ) 1 N . ! !K ' 8 & ! 6 ! !0 8 ) 6! . > 8 F !

= . 8 +/0 .j ) f > K 0 + K < < ( 1588) / < F P U $ ) ) . E$ &) (1588) + g3. : 1975 > " ) 6 / . C 5 C& Z . + ' . ( 277

54

> . / F . .) FC # .0@ 8 !E / + ( 1616) ! 8 ' =/ > = Z < E 4 @ 4 . 5 C& ( N C & ! F! / 6 N @ & ! P + ) ) 3 0 2! ) ; P) 3 > F + @ ) .) 5$ & ! + :. . F 2 0 P=) F 2= 5$ > : 4 4 .&@ + . +/0 < <= ; 4$E U 2# . 0 !E > 4 N)2 # F A ! / 6! ; 0 =! = .= 6 ! 5K H ' F! ' 0 . F /0 =6 / P + '@ "(" < ) ; F "@ < ! > ( 1619) ! & 5 C&= 4 @ ' / > (

C&

8 / ) ' $# \ . 6 K ) ' / K 0 ! . ( 21 : 1983 > 5. K ) <2 C . 6 N K 0 = . <= N / 0 : 4 4. ' 5$ 8 . 0 &! A +" @ J > & 0 ! . < &! F E .) ( 1623) ! ) ) < = .=! (1629) + . E. F /0 @. 3 ' 3 / + N. 0 . 0 K) . . 4 + > : 4 N C # . C& 4 F=2 # F0! . &! < . > (1634) ! +/0 8

= = > +/ 0 # 0 . C& 4

> <= 3 2 K 0 . &! . + . Z +/ 0 (5 ) < # 5$ \ . F G2# @ .) 8 $ 9 0 &! U ( N ) > C

55

!= ! " : 4 ' F &! +/0 )2 > 8 / ) ' . (96 : 1987 > ) (+1643 D=E1053) = 3 = = 4 J K 5$ &! / +/0 E.) < = ) ; / > 3 . 3 ) F Q N .@ / .' > 2 C 9(# = 4.= G= F! ( 1655) + F @ % 5$ ! " : 4 < F / = C = ! = "Q N. ) 4.( ( 0! F!@ 8 $ > # . ( 63 : 2006 > / ) ! ") N= =/ .' > ) ) < N @

# &! A +" = % .0 K @ / > !C < "/ C B F . N .@ N ) ; P) P 0 &) F!( 0 F! ^ # 4.6

= = 0 < Q & < 6 > F! # ) E 6 K 0 < . ) 4. F! C) .& 0 8 !E < 0 ! =" : 4 ' C&@ < F ; C! < P ) >

4 = . )=2 =/ > / + ' +/0 #. + ' 5$ +/0 " < + ' ) ; KC0 ; F > 5.= K ) ( 1677) + C! 3 4 ' C)2 5$ . 4 2 . ( 27 : 1983 . =) U @ $ F @ .) ( 1678) + ) ) Z ) . 0 <

( N C / 4.) @ @ 9 5$ F @ # + .! K 0 < F= \ .= 4 #@ P . > F= # 4 ; 4 ! F ) .! 5 C& 4

56

>( 1679 ) + = = ! ") . . = = = / ! ) = Z ) E (1686 ) + . 0 F .) Z ) \ . < . 8 $ +J T # ! C 6 F /0 @. 5$ \ ^ F FC # 6 @ ! " .) #M . ( 95: 1967 > 0 6 ! ) )

= . ) ( 1 K! /0 (\ ^ ) =6 .' =! . +2 <= ! ") . . G= 9C )' G @ 0 > ! ( 1694) + = =6 N E >8C ! ; +/0 6& # F < & = 1 <= ) ) (# . +" >F < 6 2 6 < C=& = 9 ! % .0 .6 +/0 < & 0 : ! C& /0 ) .(405 : 1987 > ) + ' < +" +6 2 6 6 < 0 ; ) = 8 $ \ ^ F @ < & ! 5$ # \ . < 8 $ .) +/0 .'

F =C! < 9 @ 5$ . 0 F! 1 Z ) K ! E.! (1719) + < 0 (1702) + = / .= <= ! J@ . > + % .0@ U ' 4.6 K >(< )

. 5 C& 0 4

.' +6 . Q 6C&@ ! .

9 ) : =! / > B ( N #. 8 $ .

$E P F!/ \ . . 0 4 = < P ! / (0!1 )2 ! ) 6 C& . = . +=/0 <6 ! (1724) + > C& . < 3 2 + 8 $ F ' 0 K# ) 0 ! / < =E$ C! . )/ = . .! ) ) . ( 92 : 1990 >

57

= .' + ' ' ) ) . S 9 < N Q D: M 6& # / 6 ! K 0 ..) .=' >V(= . 0 K ) ) ) . ' D (1436) +

D

!/ > ! ") ! . > ' "(" 0! E. < 7 0 .=! =6 = = = / 3 K @ < 6

C P) =2 > = &= =6 = 9 =) = + '@ >4 ! / : .

3 0 < 1 > ) ) & K 0 5 C& 4 0 - (1509) +

D

= 1 <= 4 +J @ 5 C& +/0 .2 ) " U1.! . ! ) ) +/0 ( =0 = 0 = ! ") ) ) Z +KE D () 1541+

D

. & . . ( 0 F!/ .) > ! &) F /0 . .) 5$ >

8 +/0 < D() 1589+

D

. ! 3 0!@ / < F

/ $ ) ) . E$ Z = > = ! ") = . . ) ) KE D ()1625 +

D

.5 C& . = .=E ) = = ! ") C& . D () 1639+

D

. ) ) ( G <= 6 =2 & < ) ) \ ^ < D () 1694 .F

D

‫‪58‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ ‪. . 0 E @ ' K E + ' 5 4 . ! 0 D () 1732+‬‬ ‫ \ ) ) > ‪ @ .=) > 0 < K )/ ! $#@ 8 $ G N! K‬‬ ‫ ‪. ! + '@ P) +E$ C! . EB @ /‬‬

‫

" ‪%‬‬ ‫‪( 1925 – 1724 ) )/ . +/0‬‬ ‫‪ ! ) K F . ! & 6!

)/ ' E‬‬ ‫‪.! + ' ! + 0! 1‬‬ ‫ ‪N 6 +" > ) T # 0‬‬ ‫‪ =)/ ! ' + K E$# 6 N ' ! . . ) C2‬‬

‫*‬

‫ ? ! & ‪> ( 1690 ) + 6 +/0 < )/ . & . 0‬‬ ‫ = ‪> 6 = 0 F / + ' . 0 < 0 E$ C! G= E.) .‬‬ ‫ ‪5 2 G . + ! @ ! ") . 5@ . G $E G2# +‬‬ ‫ ‪ 0 c 0 c \ .

4B @ F .) & ! ? # > .‬‬ ‫ \ > "‪ =! = + ' ( 1722) ! & ! \ . \ ^ +E.) +/0 < +‬‬ ‫) ‪ 6C)2 & NK6 ! ) ) . 6 + ' @ .) +2 ( 1724‬‬ ‫ @ @ ‪.(68 : 2006 > / ) . . < C < \ ^ \ . . 0 E‬‬ ‫ ‪5$ & ! ? )/ . N!Q 3 K @ /‬‬ ‫ ‪ 9 . < ! 6 (# + > ( 1768 ) + <6 ! ( 1737 ) + F /0 @.‬‬ ‫*‬

‫آ ‪ : q‬ﺕ‪ %( a -‬ا! ﻡ‪ " #‬ا‪r‬ری ف ( !@ ‪ J‬ا!& ر ‪ ، ( q G ) #‬وه ‪ #8 6K‬آ‪ 6‬ة !‪ " %‬وع آ‪ n‬ة وأ"^ ذ ﻡ =دة ‪ ،‬ﻡ ‪ " % s‬‬ ‫‪ ( P‬ن ‪ ،‬وه ﺕ‪ ً K HVh‬وا ً ﻡ) أراﺽ ‪ %‬و" ا! اق و ا ا!& ات ا! " ‪ %‬ﻡ‪ t‬ت ﻡ) ا!‪ 6‬ت ﺕ‪ q -‬إ!‪E‬‬ ‫آ ‪ ، q‬وآ\!‪ " U‬ا!& ات ا‪r‬و _ ‪ ،‬واﺥ ‪ M&8‬ا! ' در " ﺕ‪=L‬ی= أﺹ‪ H‬ا!> ‪ ) 6‬وﻡ ‪ QG‬ا (‪= ! J8P q >" ، J%‬ة ر‪ G‬ل ذآ ‬ ‫ا!‪?I‬وی‪ #Z Z -‬ﻡ‪ ، J%-‬أ‪ %B‬ه‪ J‬آ ‪ q! d )( q‬أ = أ‪=G‬اد ا!‪ 6-‬ﻡ‪ = L‬ﺹ‪ E8‬ا‪ A 8P p‬و ‪ ، J8‬وآ ‪ )( q‬آ ب ‪ ،‬وآ ‪)( q‬‬ ‫ر( ‪ )( #‬ﺹ ' ‪.#‬‬

59

+= . @ .' > ' . + . +/0 .) ) ) . +/0 K 8 $ > ( 1747 ) + 4 & .6 . F! '@ G 5$ > ? . 0(C < 9 . . ( 71 : 1980 > + ) ) ) +. V(& # < 0 ) 1 ? .6 . .'

= <= )/ . F G 5$ 1 G' < N 7! > 9 !

+#2@ / / 5 0 @ 3 ! < 4 1 +K ) T # ) = C .= = @ =E > ; ! F ( + . @ T # > N) = N ! ! )/ . ' $#@ $6 > ' .!6 / @ ! ") U > 6 . 6 /0 0 F) Q + ' . 0 < 0 G E$ C! $ =C! )2# @ . > ! ") : C ! h ! U & )/ = R = @ = )/ +E. )/ "@ 8 $ > ) ) . +6!Q +6! 5@ . ' ) T # 0( Q 0 2/ 1 C ! ") & NK NK/ +6 G2 $E 9 0 > . ( 35 : 1981 > ! ) +6 $ +6 < 6! ( N / G . :@ = ' = : @ @ .=) = ?= = ( 1766 ) + !/ > +6 20 +6; ! U . 6; ! @ A.& @ ) T # ? # > !

8 : C ! A ' %(" A '@ .& @ . ( 97 : 1990 > K# ) ( 1769 ) + ' 5$ +! J ? F #@ . +/0 <

2 6!@ 1 ( 1836 ) + & ! . ( 0 )/ . !/ + > 0 < &0 4$E 2 . > 6 ! ") ) + @ 0 !(

60

! ") . / > ! ") 0 .; ' < . )/ . .' @ .) 1 G 0 ! / < 6

@ " > 6 0 ( 1867) + Q 0 E

)/ ' + K . U .' . 6 g / 0 2 + ' >F=) =' ( ! ) . .

. . + ' < . ! ") ! >G . (1837) + + 2 L@ .E ) .

2 < 2# K E3 ! 0 ! . .E ) @ > )/ 0 E ! / > ) ' C2 < )' (1857) + 0 ! 6 ( 2 < )/ . G C >K 0 0 .(79D78 : 1980 > + ) ) 5$ + 3 @ < )/ . G . C 8 $ .) ( F >( 1857 ) + 4 5 . & ! 4 4 .&@ = ' C = /0 $E 3 .' > & F + $E 6 <C2@ + ' .' > ! ") . (1848/5/31) . ! " + P @ : 1967 > 0 6 ! )

F 3 5$ + $E ) D: ( 69

. 4.) F; ! . ^ 0 +/0 /

.1

! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; @ 6! B . > ! . . 0 8 <

.2

.

F 6 &0! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6! . 0 + 6! .! @ A. ! . "

.3

61

= 0 = = ! . . ! . ? @ .6)

.4

. A #@ . G 0 6/ B = #. 1 @ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5 . & ! 4 .6)

.5

. !

6 @ & # 6 7C 0 @ 6 / > ) # .

4$=E = =) . = `!

0 A #@ . G 6/ 0 . .E ) . A # . G # 6 '( 6! / 6

.6

T6! < 5$ K F! FC # > (1881) + . ? .)

F= .) K ? F . > + ' )/ . $ C! + . 4.

1 =#H = < . 0(C )/ ; ' : ; 0 ? . = Q :0@ F!@ / > . . # K ? / > ) ) .

Q= (1888 / 5 / 11) ? N $! 6 F > F . G2 : @ 0 1 F=!@ F= . B #. 0 $ < 0 ) )/ .

V = +.= <= = K ? & G > 8 $ < T; ! < # = 0( I & . 0 6! / . / 5$ / 6! 0( !

.= ! C 4 .E@ 5 4 < 3 !

G . 5$ > I = F= I ( 1888/10/30 ) N!( 4 .&Q > .2 6 .!

2006 > / ) . 0( + ' / 6! 5 5$ + .( 78 :

62

. 0( Q K ? U !' N #@ !/ ! / = =0( K = 0 & (Z ! ) / # @. > N . & ' !

='() ? = N. . N.6 #. 8 $ / 6! .

P $6 ! &!' : Q .) & # !

0 )' .

4 =#@ =E # @ F ! N K ? . .' > ( 1890 ) + = =6 =! ) ( 1897 ) + = K ? J / 5$ K# ? & . ( 110 : 1967 > 0 N= ) =/ 5$= 0 K# ? +/0 < $6 =/ <= <2=' @ .) .0 . / .0 > !

F ' .& = . 0 ! / > 6 7 ^ @ 4.6 > # G= .=! ' F ' Z E 2 6 I &@ > / ) j = > = K . ! . .

U > 9 ) / Z . ( 79 : 2006 > / ) / 0 6 @ .=) T # 6 / 0 A '@ K# ? ! @ .'

2= = = ) T # < & U @ ! 701 6 ' < &! / ! = /C S $=6 > ! !

K/ / $ F= 5.!6 0 = ) T # 9(J < + E = G== ! = 0 S 1 4$=6 > < + 6 E.2 ) =; Z Q . =0 > 6 62 J@ 9 0 $==E =6 .=/@ > S N= 6 ! @ $6 > ! " 6

63

<= ' =6 .=6) > ( 1905 ) + K# ? G 6 . . .E ) .= .= <= 8= $ .=) . > = # KJ @ . 5@ .2 ! . ( 71 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 70 : 1967 > . ) = . > A #@ =' C .E ) . K/ . + 7! F . 5$ + ' :/) < ! $#@ > ( Hans , 1929 : 323 ) <2 C C . > )/ # > ( N 5 +/0 @ I2 I &@ # . 6! B #. > )/ . G2 < "Q < .

5.B @ K# Q N! 2 !

$ > ! @ @ 0 . G & # : = Q ./@ > F . G2 < "B %.0 .' ! ./@ $6 > ! ") . F F!@ !) 2 $E " + . !

.=0 < / ' 6 ) 6 ( 2 6!@ )/ . . ( Bell , 1917 : 29 ) 3 .E ) = ! = $ C! 9 ! < ! . + .) = )/ . E. @ > ( 93 : 1965 > ) ( 1907 ) + ) u ! .2 6 ( 0 #H N.6) 6 @ / 6)2 < "B .E ) 8 Q = < )/ . 8 $ > + ' .2 F ' 0 3 . 5@ !

I 5$ (1905) + ( E / ) + /0 3 ' + > ( Stephen , 1959 : 20 ) . K < 0 + ' C! !@ . @ < 6 ' )/ . ! @ ( 1914 ) + < ) 0 + ' .! = >. 0 < 6 ' ! . ! @ ! ! ") . .2 !

!

64

. ! @ / ? G ) ! ") & 0 K# ? !

&0 K( . 3 31BE . ! /0 .6) 2 .

3 = = /0 / < . @ 6 > N) 2 0 < = =/ 6 ) & & #1 . .0 K . +@ . +@ / ! /@ . ( 20 : 1949 > ) . ! / P=) 6 0& = ! = G=;( & ( 1915 ) +

/ @ .

C! !@ # # = ' =# / 6! < ) ; ) . ) @ U 8 .2 F E )/ Z @. > ( Reader , 1915 : 78 ) @ 1 > +6 . = ' K/ . @ .)

0 !1 < 6 @ ! <

G . ' . .0 < 21 &0 ! ") . ! & =6 ' = = )/ . = < 3g ! 0 K! !

= 0 == ) @.= ==E.! > =! . 4$=E ! . 0 .=2 > =6) C 0 ) ; ) ! ") .2 )/ ! / ( 1916 ) + . $! 9 ! 8 < + 7! . @ 5$ > # ; . ( 82 : 2006 > / ) ( 1918 ) + = =# @ < ) 0 @ )/ . 0 &@ = ( 1920 ) =" =6 . / > ! ") . @ @ .) ! . A '@ > " 4$E V ! N ( 224 : 1952 > ! 0 ) + 9 ) ( < . ! / 9 )= Z = = F C! )/ K# ?= = @ I 8 $ = !

I &= = ! = 2= F0 0 2 F!/ > ( Jonhn, 1962 : 64 )

65

K# ? . @ .) > ( Temperly , 1924 : 1186 ) 0 & +60 . ( 76 : 1988 > ! 0 ) F /0 G2# & 1 Q

) = =6 + = ! ! C )C ; 7 3 !" 8 + ' : ' < 5 . & ! . C7 . 0 4 .6 ! = /.= @ . < . #H + ' > . @ < . ! / .' > F G . G! > &) @ % .0 4$E K# ? .=' =6 F 3K 6! K# ? . B (. / ) # ; ' . ( 67 : 1980 > + ) ) I Q . / / 5$ # 2 I ! ( 1920 ) + C G / 8 $ .) % .0 +" > /0 < 5 / ( ! ! : 0 ' : ; &!

F =C! < 4. . 3 2 < /0 ; .! @ 0 N K F C! .=) . K $#@ 5$ !

5. ) ) # 2 > K ; .= <= = ! &0 > ( Moberly , 1927 : 183 ) < ) 0 . @ : @ < > .! ! . ' ) 2 / 0 3 S

.= !1 =0 9 =) G=2 / > 0 (# S N 2@ 0 @ .' ! ") . $E = =7! & <= ! = @ + & = > !

. ( 84 : 2006 > / ) / 5$ K# ? < @ > .2 # 2 ( ! I ! @ .)

6 .= / G . G! <& # 2 . B @ > . . B ! . )2 .6 + F J @ .) (# T Q > ! /0 <

66

8= $ " / 6 )/ . < 3 2 F ! &! # 2 G2 > = > C! 62 @ 9 . (# +6 K/ F G 7! . (97 :1980 >+ ) )P 0 U ' C K ) F Z ) 5$ '

= I / $ ; .) &!) K! # 2 A. 67 +" = : Z 6 Q P @ / < & C %) / 0 5 = 6 +/0 8 $ : @ 5 6 2 4 + < N/ F C! @ $ > ?

0! 0K / ) F ' @ Q F (0@ 9 0 @. > ( 1926 ) + ! 3g . @ K# ? ' / > !

F ..) 8 ) > Z ! E / 9 / F > N ; 6! &C!1 @ ! ) A ( 0 0K ' 2 4 ' / > . ) K0 + ( 0 < F & 4 & . .!) ! @ > A # .0 8 5@ U ' . 0 < > K# ? 6 .6) G # = !

9 0 / .' K# ? . + > ! )

+=" > F . N 6 K# &' $# K 0 5 6 2 4 #. > . @ > 5.=E K =# \ 2= ! ; / /0 6 / 0 < ! <= # / 0 /0 / 3 0!@ G ) + /0 ! @ !

P C K :! & > ! ( 01 1981 > ! ) . . G2 < F ;!6 + . # 2 4 < . ( 49 :

67

< 6 (# 3 .0 $E < & .! ? = F! G / & < F 0 ! . K# ? 8 ( 1925 ) ! =2 4 = = @ .' > 0 ! . N / 0 \ . ? F! @ .) . 0 . =! <= K Q= > F ^ # K# ? F

# $ C! G 1 F!@ 5 6 F= .=& = Q 4 # K# ? < 5.E K Q > ) 5.E K .. = .) > 0 < . ) 4 F .

J E F ' G ^ # F K K 0 ! . ! . ) 4 K E.! C < K# ? G + ='@ C0 + 7! A ( 1925 ! 18 ) + 3 > 0 ! . ) <= (= @ . 0 . F! G K# ? F (# + K# # 67 < F ! A +" 6 @ "(" . 0 < N @ \ . ? F! > 6

= = ) +=/0 K 8 $= > N / N N /0 /0 > 6 < . ( 23 : 1972 > ' ) +( K ) + < 0 =; G= .

0 P # E !J@ .' ! v @ %0 A ! 8 $! 0 //C . @ .) > + ' ! ) = N= ; ' =/ 5$ ) U & 6 ( (# 8 $ > <

9= 0 = 6 K! # < . ) > ! . =! 6 2 / 5 6 2 ! G . < ) > w..w6 X 62 J@ C 4 1 " Z N &! ) / 0 / F! > F= . =6 ! / / > ! K 0 8 (# ! U & +=/0 <= 3( ( F ) 6 . )/ +" > U . K &! < 1 N @ F & Q ! =2 > 60 &= < 3 . #@ ! & # 8 $ > ( !1

C! C .6 @ & # > 6 N& # N .& . . +/ 0 =6)' / ! 4$E 0 6 J I & > K# ? + @ .

6; ! @ < N # ) . F 0 1

68

% " &C ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) 4 !

.( 1979D1925 ) 4 ! / +/0 + 7! : %0 . ( 1925 ) + ! ( 01 :

. +2 ) ! : ! "

. ( 0 . $# ! 3 : % "

.(2013 D1979) 4 ( 6 +/0 + 7! : ! " %0 . ) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! :

. ) 2' 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! 8 : ! "

69

% " &C ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) 4 ! = E <= ( 1918 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1914 ) < ) 0 .) ) P ) >F! K K 3 K @ & J ! . .. < F ;K < .@ ) g = =g E C =! / = > (1916 ) + = =/ :/ = = ' C G= ' A . (=6 . + = ' <= '. & .0 / ! = 5 6 .) H J $ C! 9 ! . .0 ! ! &# .< ) 0 > ! 4$E < ! / > ! ") 5$= ! $ C! 9 ! A.0 ' C 1 4$E 0 &@ +E C 7 7 8 $ ( 1925 ! )

( 0 I

? = 8 $ $! > ) ! U

2 > ! 5 ) 1 4$=E = = ) ) < 3 2 < ! ( 01 .# . &= ' ; = 6! ..) ) > ) 4. ) ? = = =6 " 1 . < ) $E U 2 @ E. < .@ " = .' E > < K # + 9( A < & >% .0 . ( &0 U( .( ) !) = C (=# 4 ! &C $E . !

D : M "0 (# ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) .( 1979D1925 ) 4 ! / +/0 + 7! : %0 .(2013 D1979) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! : ! " %0

70

%0 ( 1979D1925 ) 4 ! / +/0 + 7! = +/0 < ( 1921 21 ) 5 6 # 2 / =/ >( 127 : 1971 > + =/ ) U .= N K 0 N N.; ' F C! . = =/ F >F 7! Z C 8 F E N) ! &! $E 4 # . . . 3 ! 2 F / G P ) > ..) &' ! ' C .! )= F=

# $= C! F G 5 ' Z < .! > ( 612 :1992 > ) ' ) + = = K < 4. G2 $6 > 3 d < 3 2 U = 5$= ( 56 : 1939 > . = ) Z Q F # . G / E @ . . N" .0 N 7! &' . F 7!

F= A = F @ 9 + / # 2 <6 ! @ .) = < ) 0 @ ( N F @ 9 0 ='() E. > )/ . @ K# ? )2 "Q 6 / ( N ) > < F! ) 1 5$ # 2 ' / >

2 @ < 0 ( 1924 ) 0 @ = > EQ F ' < 4 @ .& $#@ . ( 171 : .. > ) ( 0 N .6 ) ; ) # D : M

(# %0 $E . ! .(1925D1921) ! ( 01

:

.(1925 ) + .) +2 ) !

: ! "

. ( 0 . $# ! 3

: % "

71

( 1925 D1921) ! ( 01 F ) ' > ( 1917 ) + C " " +/0 N. . N 7! '@ 6 / G 6 # . . # / 5 & .6) 6 & 5@

&! / > ( 1918 ) < ) 0 6 K K ! > > ! 2 0 ! $ > N / 4$E : .(

=0 8= = @ =6 / .( < <2 C ! ) : .( ! / / / 6 @ # 2 E. @ . ) K +" > N D : EK @ > ( 0 6 6 ( 1919 H 9 ) .E ) P .1 +7) ) ( ; ! ! / 0 < ) 0 @ ' <= I2 "Q 6 / > E J + .( .!6 / & 9 ) =6 =& .E ) P < ! : G . c = C + ) 5@ = C /0 : ; 9 ) !

.! (:/ / ) > = 6! 0 ! 9 ! !

0 @ .) ( . 9 " ) > Z = . = = !

0 : .( .E ) )2 =6 ' =J . = Q 6 / N # N. .6 ! & / @

# + K 5 4 /0 ! / $E / > : . ( 275 : 2009 > ! ) ! (#. G! .( 02

72

( 1921 ) ! /0 0

.2

(1921 = ) ( ! : 0 ' : ; &! / 5$ # 2 + ' <= ; =

. 3 2 /0 P > . /0 0 < A.@

&=! =# 2 6 > . . /0 4$6 < +qJ l@ 5$ 4 . ( 54 : 1939 > . ) U . K ( 1921 ! ) # 2 .

.3

6= @ "(" .) ;

3 K : ; =# =2 (# .

8 == <= ; =

S # 2 F I ! $ (1921 ) ( ! <=

/0 :@ (1921 !) = = + =' . 0@ &! .(= '() E " < ! 0 .' > U . K &! 6 # 2 6 ( (1921) .E ) + 2# G K ! / > 6 /0 ! / ! ) K ! > + 1991 > + E )(1 +' 90 7! .E ) & C ) $ ! / . .( 144 : # . (/ 0 ! /0 : .( 3 K U 2# # 2 / G== == . > . B + 7! E.) ' $ > ( 1922D1921 ) : $ P $6 ( " H) / # (1922) + = .(280 : 2009 > ! ) N. ( N #. /0 h 6 @ 6 (# / (1927) ! < 0

.4

73

( 1922 ) K# ? .2 C /0 / 0 9( !

.5

G = = .= . C /0 ! C / < 3 3 K = : ; ( + ' )P $ > ( 1922 ) )C 6

&! F! ( 1921 ) & 6 & + 1 C / < N / + 5$ K# ? ! ) / 5$ !

1913 ) ! $! G . + G #Q < G K ! 6 ..0 .' . (311 : 2006 > 8! )( 1920 ) ! .) G / G . > ! /0 ( ( 1923 ) C /0 ; # 2

.6

4.2 ( + ') 3 K := ; E . / B . ( # 2 ) / = @ = #. @. > U . K 2 F C! 3 K ; C < + . ( 248 : 1999 > . ) ) 6 + 0 : . ' ! .0 9 0 9 ) ( 1924 ) # 2 A. / !

.7

=0 C = ! : = C ! =7 ! ( 1924 ) $H (= <= .= ! .! =6! $0 ! # 2 +K > . Q

.& =# 2 . 5$ = > 66 . ' 6 F== =) = = =2 0 ' 6 / / ) F > = 6 ) .( = = = E `' ! / F . / .# !) : ..E > /0 F @ F & . + .! > ( 82 : 1937 ! > . . + K . F " . . : . > 6 < 0K

74

=0 > : = Z 6 ; P @ / C %) / F!E$ <= +2 < # 2 &@ @ .) / 02 . ( 280 : 2009 > ! ) : / ) / 0

.8

= 0! +. @ / ) . .) 1 / E.) ( # 2 ) I !

G= K =" ( 0( # 2 # ! / > K# ? G # 6 ( 0 6

= M / 6 G= 9= 4 ' / > 9 G @ < Z D: ( 224 : 1970 > ? ) 9= 8 = > ( K 0 . 0 ) .

J 6 ' C .â&#x20AC;«Ø£â&#x20AC;. ( &') 0 ! < (4 ! /) ( . /) ) ( $@) . ( K .) 4 (. H + #) ) > (5. 0@) . ' C .â&#x20AC;«Ø¨â&#x20AC;=2 @ 9 = # ( 6C=&@) < > ( # \ 2 ) . ! ' C .^ . (K E + ) ( 6 6 ) < ( # ) . ( 6 ) 9 F ( # 2 ) E. ' C ..

8 ) @ Z ! F C! ( # 2 ) E. ' C 2 # .' = +" > & 0 !/ ( .!E) (1 F .) !

B =/ +. @ J > ( 81 : 1937 > 6 ) ! ; # 90 @ ) < ( K#) ? . 5$ > ( # 2 ) I & ' + 0 @ < A.@ ! =' =' @ < > 6 @ "(" (# F 0 ! 6 ) ( # 2 ) < '

75

! . ( # 2 ) = ( K#) ? E.) < .' > / ) 6 ( # 2 ) . ( 100 : 1939 > . ) ( 1924 ! / ) K 0 < # 2 E.) . > 6! (# @ N B . 3 (# 5$= ! : 0 2' %0 ( 1925 ! " ! / ) A $ 6

= =! +/ 0 < . # 2

! / > . K# ? +6 = K# @ J > 6 K K# ? < I 5.E K \ 2 8 @ .) & < E$ ! /0 ! 3 F ) 6 < E$ P .(175 : . . > ) 6! B < \ . ? 4. . 0 0 9 =! E.! ( 1925 ! 15 ) < 0 & K# ? 7 5.=E K \ 2= =! +/ 0 F!

$ > F P 3 B !

G

0 !1 6 N @ F .&@ @ .) F) . 0 0 < U = ! = &! A. @ > ( 127 : 1970 > 0 ) (# 4. ! G . ) ? G!'@ @ .) > K# ? ( F! 2 ( Moony Penny ) ! ! 0 <= = K# ? = . = 8 $ .! > . J .' # 2 ' Q 4 @ \ .

4 K = K# ? = . .! . ( 350 : 1986 > / K ) F # < 0 &' ) K# ? # F < C0 < 4 . 5.E K 5$ 2 6 + 6!@ 0 . K# .. > C K# ?

K# ?

E$ $6 N / C0 Q F!Q 5.E K / > . ) 8 !

.= 0 . ? F! F / > ( 286 : 1928 > ) ) F . G' / +

76

? = ) F= `) K# ? '@ P) G \ . ? F! > .6) . ( 254 : 1970 > K# =6! K=! =# < 9 K P) & C0 K# ? ! = = K# ? : 0 . P) 5.E K Y 0 N .! ( 50 ) = ! 20 D19 ) = = K# ? < P < @ 2 .0@ .)& +" > 0 <= 0 8 !E K 0 < 0 / .0@ < F . 4. ' >( 1925 A \ . ? V 9( E.) + > ( 44 > 1972 > ) K . +" 3 = S ! /0 0 ! $/E > 6 < . 0 . F! K# ? 0 0 ) 6 N / N / 0 ! 0 0 ! . +" +6 P . ( 131 : 1970 > 6 ! + ) ! 3 ! ( 01 @ %0 A =! / K# ? 6 .6 . % .0 @ 1 >

$E

/ < A.@ (1908 ) + C! C @ .) & # E J F) > 6 5 ) 1 $ C! G 6 . . !

C

=! = ( N 2= >

) T # ! ! I & 3 % .0@

N = # = 1 G' / $ ( 1914 ) + < ) 0 +=/0 8 $ , F! / 5 6 +/0 + ' : 5 +/0 6! .6 / > 6! . F . < 6 2 < <) +" > (1925) + 6 0 KJ 5$ ! "

(1925 ) + .) +2 ) !

77

$=E K / / > E.0 `# 1 / 0 : C 3 . .)X .=' > ( +/0 (# ) K : C .! ) . / . 3 .) =67 .) C ) " U & 0 ! / = ! @ A ' 6 .( ) 0 4$E > V < ) = N = "/ ) . @ NC ! N) $# U & $E @ J 1 > C # . +6 . .=6) =# @ =) .=2 : C A.= &!) ! .) ! K .' == K' ==0 <= = ) ) ! 4 . ! . @ 0 5 4$=E $= C! . =0 ( 1747 ) + = 4 . ! U & =/ > +6 0 : C (0 < +6; . . 0 8 $ $! : .( 21 0 / > # <= = ) 0 6 C / %. 0 9 0 / > ) $E 0 > = ) = /C . ) . 67 " 9 ) 1 ( 1 6 )

@ N # N / ( 0 . ( 52 : 1980 > 5. ) ) F/ = 5$ 9 9 :C! # 2 4 .6 & # / . . . Q ) . $ > < < F; 5$ 4 . ! ? = A. # 2 + ' / > . . 9 ! !

E +@ = 0 = 3 . . 9 ! / 4 P) I K# .= / . ! .! . . @ A ! / + 8; @ @ .) I2 > K 0

= < 6 ( +6 6)' " $ > <

78

<) ) 4$E / 6 6;! E@ > ) T # #. 6 /0 ) <= = / . = =6 I & @ N ; .

J ! / 6! <

<= =E ; E N. . @ G . .' E . / 8 $ > ! 6 ; ) 9 ! 8 3 +E 1 5.B / +E. . ) T # 9 ! = 6 ( 0 ..E 9 ! 4$E @ . / +E. . @ 0 &@ $ < 0 6 K= P) = F . > 6 0 / .; ) ' 6; . F ) $E A &= !

A / ! %(" ) K / 90 . 6 0 ) . ( 109 : 1970 > 0 ) < @ = 0 @ .=) ! Z + ' .! ! . ! & . .K .' = < 3( 1 > C &' % "@ N3. )/ . .

6! .=' > = K# < K# ? ` # G . I # 6! C > . . K '.! @ ( 20 ) = ( N 2 = ( ="(" +; ! ' + ' > . 4$E 6 . )C . ! /0 . C . ( 429 :1954 > C ) F / < 6C 2 K# ? 2 @ +2 # 2 6 ! .=) 1 ( 1925 ) + = )/ . .2 # 2 6!

0 / = M = ! ! T= 0 < . =! 1 8 $ > = . F C . ! + /0@ 9 D : ( 60 : 1981 > ! )

79

: C G F 0 J < . ( 01 F ) P .1 6! / 6 E / 1 0 . ' 4$E > J +6 /0 ` # + < 0 . 1 &# 0 & . +6 " 0 ` # @ +E ) . ) > F ' # 2 6!

0 ! ) . &# 3 6 ! .2 = ) ) 4 . @ )C E ! > 6 ! .'

0 4$E @ !) 1 6 .# ; G ' / F C ( 01 P . F ( F 0 . . @ 62 # 2 C !1 " ( =01 = < 4 & F ' < F . ) 8 .3 + = ' +2= = = P @ 0 3 6 ! 1 +.

. 6 = ) .! > ! ( 01 = ) A.& $6 0 0 $ K# ? .. E. ' " ( 1925 K 23 ) = /0 .# = @ .=) 6 ; < P " P 6 0 6 3 0 F )2 ( 1925 ) + 6 < K# ? $#@ @ .) . . .# !

F= /0 K ! F!@ F 3 N! .&@ .' K# ? Q . 6!S > ' = /0 G . 5$ >( 111 : 1966 > ) 6! B < F= 0! < N @ K# ? \ . ? ) ' .& ! ? # 6 ! ` & 1 0 ! Z " +K( .( 233 : 1998 > ) K#

80

1 =0 = .. 6 # ) 6 ( 0 .) 6 .6 7 =6) K > ! ( 01 ` # ) 6 + ' C (1925 = 31) ! : ' . E &0 9 = 0 = / 3 = 5 . 0@ 4 . > # 2 3 K : ; F 12 ) ! : G +" > ( 252 :1991 > + E ) Z ) = =/ @ .) < 4 &! # 2 &! ' ( 1925 ! / 25) &! = .' > ! 2 G < F P .( 248 : 1971 > ! ) 6 E . . ( 8 $ N B (1926 ! > F ( 01 I & . Q . . 4 +/0 1 ! ' +" 6! 1 N . + 6! ; ' ! / .E ) / 3 @ = ! % + +" > 6! N3K 0 &@ / G 6 . . . A #@ 6 0! C& 6 &0 B 6/ " P ) @.

= / K 0! " / > ! 90 ? N (# = !

3 C 0 1 > C! F C! < > !

6 ) = > . C! !

1 0 < / + F 0 & C! )

= 1 : = M !

0 C! G K C @ +6! ' : ! / ) > 5 = ) %14 == =/ > %6 = ! > % 40 = ! > %40 .0 . ( 50 : 1974 +=2 ! / + 4 ! ( 01 8 I & +2 6!( S 0 & ! . + ' . ) " <

81

+ / > F 0 5$ + ' . .0 6 ! V 2 @ 6! .& +=2 = 6 ! 1 > 6 2 @ < + ' +2 N N0 & M < 0 .& > F =2 + ' ( 0 .6 6 !

0 (# " 02 ! / 6 + ' 67@ ( 1925 ) + ( 01 .) .& C 5 / ) +/ 0 ! . I2 / 6 ./@ ! 4$E $=E (=# > ! 1 1 + ' . 0 )C +2 3 +" = +K 5$ . B ' @. " . ! ]. S 8 &# G ! / F 5$ 2 V(&S . ) . 6! / @ .=E ) 6 . K ( 9 # S $ > ./ ! ! .0 + & < 2! @ 9 @ > . ! ! ' . ' @ . ==6! > = &=) .=6 6 `! = K 1 + 0 .=6) (1920) + = . B 0 6!S > + ' / .=6 =0 < 3 +.=) + K 1 2 < =6 ' +2 ( 1925 ) + .2 ! .)

0 6!

==0 8= 2 V(& = B 4$E > = !

G > + ' $=E ) ) &@ # =2 / = =6! P ) F==! =0 =!1 + ' # 8 $ > 0 ' F / < 0 . .( 63 :1981 > ! ) 0 / F C! 4 & F 0 & F ) I! N. 6 6 $=C! =

# 8 6 ! / 6 ( 0 .) ! # / P=) G .) 0 ) . @ ! .!/ 3 ) 1 A 4$E ) < 3 2 < # E > ; K 9 C

82

. =) +" > 6 < 7 C0 6 / 0 @ ) @ / ' ! = . : = ) +=/0 B G 3 S ! + ' $ > ) 70 < + 0(& G 5 / +/ 0 3. 6! 2 ) > / ) ; 2 .=# +@ +@ + ) +@ . 3 ) 0 C (0S @ % > 5 = ) = ) ) = 3 ! Q & / ) C7 .) @ / > ) . ( 51 : 1974 = = < E$ C! P C ( 01 V !

= = @ =C > = 6 ! 4$E ) 2 ' . ^ #@ ! . # 6 / 9 . &0 )/ . K/ < ; 2 @ / > ) 5. @ . & '1 ^ # < A.@ 5. &= '1 +. ' C 6 : C ) K > 6 = %.0 + 8 $ @ > ) ) " +. + = 'O = ) 6 < ( 1925 ) + $! C /0 . .6 =2 > 6 .=E@ 9= 0 ..) @ .# > C E 6& <= =2 > +6 ' +E. +6 . +E. ) +6 3 2 @ ) G= 3 :B B N 2 @ Z ) F ) "/ ..) N. ' ) ) 1 =) 6!/ = A > <! " . & +#2@ 2 P @ 0&@ +6!@ <= > #! ) !& > 0 & 4 1 3 6/ 6 .

59 : 1980 > 5. ) ) P F 8 C $ 6 ) ) ! ) ! . ( 60 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

83

( =0 = / @ .) ! +/0 + 7! 6) @ %0 A = = 4$E ) ) .2 K ! / (1925) + =2 > = ! 6 ) ) + ) +6 )! > " 7 = =) > ) + ) < & G! .6 ' N

=/ %= 0 > ! ) #. ` < &0 )& ! )

= ! +6; 7! !" '@ ) ! ) #. & 5 ! ) #. 0 ; @ ) >+6 ) + ) 3 = ) ` = = K ) ! ) / > C 20 < K/ C

= U = < ( > ) J +6; 7! !

C 7

K (; ) 1H A > ! / F) + ' : C " =/ = = < @ 31BE " / ! / >(1928) + $! + ' < : C <= : C 1M ; $ < (1908) + + ' C! / A.@ > ) . ! / / J % "

( 0 . $# ! 3

)= 8 = > ( 1925 ) + == = ) =! 5 =/ ) ( 01 .) =/ =) ' ! = / > ( 1 0 @ 2! 9

0 = =6 . K = / =) !/" = 'Q > 2 @ # . G =! .= C& .=/B / 5 / ) =67 $=E > 3 =! @ = ' == ) == 4$=E = ) A. = !

V = " / > 0 = /

84

< 3 2 ! 3 ; < Q 5$ = = C $ C! )2# D : 3 4$E K @ / > 6 ( 0 . @ 6 E 6 = ' +" > + ' ) C& C! K # < + ' +

.1

>G' 6! 3 0 A . 3 @ !

G= / ! .& . 1 F!@ +J > . . 3 @ 6;

.=) 5 6 2 4 +/0 + 7! 6 6 ! C 3 9 ! 8 & )

! ? G A $ > ( 1925 ) + 6 ( 0

1( C& .!K 1( . 6 + .

9( < 6 . . C . ( > 6 ' /0 .( 158 : 2006 > / ) / @ (185) Y = 0 0 3 K @ U

( 1936 ) + ' $ >G / @ (67.282) I & G (25.400) =0 = U == ' =" .0 . 7! 3 0 1 < 6 2 2 @ / ; ) @ NC @ # 6; K @ .0 & @ + 0 0 ` .6 !

D: ( 12 : 1981> ! ) E ) 0 > <= =2 = ) ! 3K / @ (11) U '

.@

.: 7 0 7 0 < 2 ) ' 3K / 1H (10) U ' .

. 6C&@

.2

85

=7 0 <= 2 3K / 1H (4.400) U ' .^ . = N3K= = + ' 5 6 2 4 .6 ! )

.4

> 8 $=!H = ! = 1 ) 1 / F!Q ! @ > 6 2 @ ) +=/0 B G @ > += 'O 5 / ) +/0 ! @ . ( 105 : 1981 > K C ) = ; 2 = . = + ' 3 ! @ ' 0 6 . K / ) !/" '@

.5

= . = !

K @ > 6 2 @ # . G / ) ' @ ! ! / > E " + F ' 5@ Z > / ) +; . /! . 6 21 E 0 ) Z . ( 175 : 2006 (# ) ) < " &0 P / V +. G > / . .) G ! 1 : . .. = ) ( .. ! < 5.B 5$ ) . /S > K =0 =) ) $ .. (# : . ) TE =! @ / > ) ) 1 ! . G @ & # 6! / +6 . & ) < )& C . . ( 128 : 1980 > + ) ) ! /0 F <) ! / E J @ = ) = : .= + =0 ! ' ! /0 .&@ .' = .. 6 0 0 ) : . / Q > ; . 6 )

.6

86

9= A .' > ) 6 ) ) 1 ! : . = / ) . K/ + ' 2 @ / < 3 4$E . ( 51 : 1974 > 5 ) G . ; 7 0 8= $ 2 F' 0 2 ) + @ 9; G2

.7

> =6 ) +/ 0 + ' ! /0 G! (# N )=& =6! = ) ) + ' +/ 0 .. ' ( N 2 .=! =6) A = 2E / < 2 ( N N ' 9 . ( 71 : 1981 > ! ) 2 31 = E @ 9 ) ; 3 B ) ! /0 + '

.8

6) < NK .) $E > E @ > ! /0 . ( 132 : 1970 > 0 ) G ) . Q /! . 6 21 E # U !@ / + .# = ) A < J (# ! ' ) 90 ! = 2 > &# / F! . & > #H ' = = ) = + K= > . 0 A .

) P = Q F ./B = # .=6) + . ^ # < C J 5Q & 1 +.) .6) G > J 5 : C = /0 1 N K =! =/ .6) $E C # .! > ^ # ) ; ( ) +=/ 0 < = 0 G= > ! J ! F @ ! = = ) ) 3 ! @ < ! &0 P $ .( 74: 1981> ! )

.9

87

= =0 A =' . / /0 G K (# K==) 8= $ 9 = ; / " =; / 0& ; / + ) ; / > + ) ) + ' ) 5. ! / < 3 2 ) 6)

. ( 129 : 1980 ; =7 = = =) F ' = C 3 K = : + =0

.10

=/ = & > 0 / @ / < 3 = !1 @ = /0 == @ > +==6 . G=2=# = =6 = = = 0 N=C7 +60!= . +6 & +60 A . <!.

2 / ) = K = ) ) < + 0 5$ > F2 ) @ . 9 0 5@ > = ! ) F = ) = 2 G; 2 0 ; . ; . & . ( 71 : 1981 = ! = = . ) K 9 ) < C 3 ! @ G!

.11

. ( 132 : 1970 > 0 ) E J 3( / = 3 = P =C 5 = 6 =2 4 = 5 / ' .& D: ( 52 : 1974 5 ) .( N / N K! ; ) V( UK! . @ . C 5K 3 . E ) 5K 3 . G! .

5 / =) .==; &= 0 I & ) ; ) 8( @ . & .^ . ! . .. . ) 3 ) + 0 ..

.12

88

= = C = /0 G= =) : =C U = ' + '

.13

A =#@ 6 ) = =2 =/ 3 = 0(C 2 @ P p Q 31BE P ) 3 .1 > ; .# =C7 " V K! F2 @ 8 ) V(C < P =C 5$ = > (1962) + = G= ! /0 .&@ / > ! < 6!

2 F K $ > F K V(& ! ' 8 @ / < + 0 C # 9 ! : 0( < .(129 : 1980 >+ ) ) C 3 K : 1 ) 2 > = == = 0& = .# +. = ! /0 . )

.14

= ' G= > = .=) 5@ =6 = 1 + ' A J@ = K( = .# + .

0& ! / + 1 F!S C . ( 73 : 1981 > ! ) .=EQ F (# ) 0 9 0 E !E +/0 + 7! /! = F 0 ! 9 0 + 0 ./B 4.& .0 + 9 " = 1 @ = =6 7! = =7! P= += ) . = / <= ; E$ + E P) > ( Mvhan , Undated : 248 ) <= +6 = 2 ! ) . @ +7) ! + 7! :!= <= 9 C K 5 M ! :! @ / 9 ) ) . ( Mohammed, 1961 : 18 ) )

.15

89

= ! = 6 + ' 6 ( 01 < ! $!

C 6 ) ( ! . < &!) I 0! ! +( ; (# ' > & ) % .0 + . ? =/ V.= = . = A & E 3 S > . TE ! = 1 . C /$ . C 8 .E .( 185 : 2006 > / ) 6 ! / N= = # "/@ . 6 +/0 ! @ %0 A /0 . ' ) 2 < N @ ' .6 + = ' = = ) ) + @ 9 . 6! 9 ! / ' ) ! w !k ' 6 E@ > ..) 0 / F)! =/ 70( + > E . C C > / K # C; @ @ = += > + 1 .0 K A +/0 ! K ; 0 1 + = ' = 1 = . : ; @ @ 7 0 /

p &! 5@ + ' P C / + 7! < N "(" "/@ .) M >F # N. ' K 1 6!@ 1 > ) .' ) . ) &!) . / @ += ) ) / > ! 1 I; ;C "/ @ = " N.. $C! > 0 ; / F ' . C ( 0( ?2

=) > =6' 0 ! ! ) 6 ' !

2 C !1 / +E > = 4 .2 E 7 2 NK N . ) 1

@ ) F + ' 5$ .; . +J

90

= 4 = +6C ' 2 @ +6C' / + 4 + 7! C # $ 6 + /0 6 +/0 + 7! ! < %0 . ) > ) ) . 4 (

! " %0 (2013 D1979) 4 ( 6 +/0 + 7!

Y @ .) > / +/0 + 7! 0 / ) +E

) = 3 ! @ F 8 > 0 5 6 2 . 0 4 +/0 # @ ) 2! = =" = / A # ! ) ! < ) $= 5 0 . . 1 2! $E 0 " .' > ( 1979 ) + 4 + 7! @ > ' &! . & ! 4$E (1925) + . ) 4 ) + 7! E ( 1958 ) + K 0 0 ) 6 9 " ! 6 (# A 0 ) " / 0 ( 1968 ) + = . / > &! < 0 V C/ ) P R ! ( 01 .2 7! ) " u K 0 .( 85D84 : 1981 > ! ) =0 C F E ! / ) 02 =/ +E &= = +6 0

) $6 N ' N) . ! / 4 +/0 / > ( 01 ` # +6 H 9 0 E 4$E Q !' ! / +6! $ > 0 > =! # + . ( 6 +/0 + 7! u @ ) ) !

91

= N..= G= @.= > . ) ) V F 2 ! @ F ) . F 2' ) $ .6 : M (# %0 $E . ! . ) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! :

. ) 2' 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! 8 : ! "

) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7!

) 6! G 6 ) @ > ! &# < ! 6 + 6C

= ' ) ! +/0 7!@ & # > & ) % .0 + . ? A. < +=/0 + =7! / 4 !( " / > @ 5. G 0 = )C = C F ) I& @ 5$ ( 1979 ) + $! +/ 0 ( 4. .=0 <= <= = ' 20 F )2 ) # % G= > ) K F 4. .0 < ! " > .!6 F ' = > ' ) T # C2 < . ) ) @ N F/ . .= ) F ) N C! > K E 9= 2 < > ) < 6 # . @ . ( 5598 ..) > 2012/5/5 !. + ) 3 = ) 2' 4 ! +/0 + 7! A. ' ( 1979 ) " & ! .) ! . / @ 4. 5$ T6! 1 ) ! = / 0 C 1( . 6 .; ! / . M :C! < +;

=0 U1.=! 8= $ < 6)= > + ' G 6 ) > 9

92

= 9 ) . B ) ) ' (1988D1980) ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ' ) > = ) .= P) ; ' ! / '() > 0 8 <= " .& ! # + K ! + 7! ^ 6 ! / ='() .= ) = . K .=' > 6! . ) ) . < ` &# F 6 +/0 + 7! G . ) 2' < N "@ > ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ) .( 189 : 2006 > / ) 0 4$E ) 4 U 1 ( = = 5 6 +/0 + 7! + Q ) ) G . = H # . . + 7! / > 5 6 +/0 T6! +/0 ! / ) K > ) +6; ! . /Q +6 .

C +6) ) > ) U(=' < ) . 0 > & 90 . ! &R U 1 P 6 2 ) . 4$E ) 3 . 9 @ 5$ 5 6 + 7!

) =

+/0 + 7! /!@ > " ! " : 0" < . < 7 C ! ! ) ) 7 > ) &! E ( 0 F F F' 0 ! ) = ) ) = =0 90= < . ) + 7! . 6 21 + > 1 6 5 &!) . 6 21 G' : / < > . ) F )

< . 4 +/0 @ U ! 5 6 + 7! / :K = =0 A.== ! ) == M = = ===E$ C! (= =# == 8= = $ == .= =) @ D : ( http://www.grenc.com/sfiles/alahwaz/Arabistan1.htm . ) 1 ( 0 + 7!

.1

. " +/ 0 .& + /0Q ) ! "/ + .

.2

‫‪93‬‬

‫‪.3‬‬

‫ ‪ =/ 6! `# +6 ! ) !

1M 6‬‬ ‫ ‪. 0 K 0 ! .‬‬

‫‪.4‬‬

‫ ‪ ) U K A 9 J WWWWWWWWWWWWWWK. . 4 I‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬‬

‫‪. G! & / (0 8 ) !

0‬‬

‫‪.6‬‬

‫ !‪ +6! 0 > =C! ) ; B ) !

G‬‬ ‫ ! & ‪. 6‬‬

‫‪.7‬‬

‫ ‪. ) 0& +6 2 Q + E1 +. ) !

B E‬‬ ‫ ‪. +6 ! +E‬‬ ‫ @‪ > / + 7! < K ' G "/‬‬

‫!‪+ =) 9 ! . . 3 ! ! ) . < 5 6 +/0 + 7‬‬ ‫ ‪ &=!) . M 3 6 ! P C > E . 6 /0 + 7! F /0@ ( .‬‬ ‫ ! ) ‪ "/ @ N. ' K 1 . M 4$E "H @ 1 > ) .‬‬ ‫ ‪ = = / ..= A. > / . &!Q/ ! 1 I; ;C‬‬ ‫ " ‪.= 0 = .) * M K! $ 5 &!) /C K > ! C‬‬ ‫‪ 0(& K " $ > ( 1997 ) + 6 : ; &! #‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ا‪N‬ری ن ‪ :‬ا‪N‬ری ن ﺕ ‪ #‬أ‪ " MI8+‬ا!‪ I‬ن ا! ‪ E8P hP Q‬ﻡ@ ‪ #P‬ﻡ) ا!‪ h‬ب ا!‪ V8! ( #I+ -‬ت ا!‪=-%‬ی‪ – #‬ا‪r‬ور( ‪،#‬‬ ‫ا‪ P‬دًا ‪ E8P‬و‪ G‬د ‪ K‬ا(‪ ) ( #‬ﺕ‪ U8‬ا!‪ V8‬ت‪ .‬و!>) ا! ' ‪j» w8‬ري« ی ^=م ا! م !‪ #! =8‬ﺥ ﺹ‪ E8P #‬ا!& ع ا!‪ ، K h‬أي ا!‪=-%‬ي‬ ‫ ا|ِی ا ﻡ) أ ة ا!‪ V8‬ت ا!‪=-%‬ی‪ – #‬ا‪r‬ور( ‪ ،#‬و( ! ! "‪ %‬ﻡ' ‪ V! w8‬ي ( !=ر‪ #G‬ا‪r‬و!‪ ،E‬و ی ‪ O! ( ) O‬ورة ﺥ' ‪}$‬‬‫إِ‪ # -Z‬أو ‪ # K P‬أو ‪ # " IZ‬أو ‪ K‬ﻡ ‪ #‬ﻡ‪=L‬دة‪ .‬وی د أﺹ‪ H‬ه\[ ا!>‪ # 8‬إِ!‪ E‬ا!‪ #s&8‬ا! ‪ > -‬ی ‪ #‬ا! ﺕ ‪» -‬ا!‪ 6-‬ء«‪ ،‬و‪ =K‬ﺕ ‪M‬‬ ‫(‪ %‬ا!‪ H$ 6I‬ا‪N‬ری‪ #‬ا! ‪?d‬ت ‪ ! B‬ا!‪ % & ? ! =-%‬ﻡ) ا! > ن ا! ‪ ) 8L‬ا!& =ی )‪ ،‬ا!=اآ‪ -‬ا!‪ h6‬ة‪ ،‬ا!\ی) أﺥ‪J% O‬‬ ‫! ﺕ‪ %‬إِ( ن ا‪ ~!r‬ا!‪ n‬ق‪.‬م‪.‬‬ ‫آ ﺕ ‪ =G‬أی‪ " ًO‬ا!‪ #V8‬ا!& ر ‪ #‬ا!‪=I‬ی ‪ #V '( #‬ﻡ ‪» E- ( #8Z‬ا! دة«‪ .‬وآ ن ا! =ی ن‪ ،‬ا!\ی) أ ا أو!‪ E‬ا!=ول ا! ری^ ‪#‬‬ ‫" إِی ان‪ ،‬ی=‪ P‬ن " ا‪r‬زﻡ‪ #-‬ا!‪=I‬ی ‪j» #‬ری )«‪ q L( ،‬روای‪ #‬ا! ‪k‬رخ ه ودوت‪ .‬وی&^ ا! ‪ U8‬ا!& ر ‬ ‫و»‪j‬ریً «‪.‬‬ ‫(‪ A m‬آ ن " ر ً ‬ ‫ا! ‪ %h‬رة‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪AB I‬‬ ‫أ =‬ ‫" ‬ ‫)‪486-522‬ق‪.‬م(‬ ‫ا‪r‬ﺥ ‪= -‬اری س ا!>‪ 6‬‬ ‫آ ی > ا ‪» J‬إِی ان« ا ب إِ!‪ E‬أو!‪ Ut‬ا‪N‬ری )‪ ،‬ا!\ی) ه ‪ G‬وا إِ! ‪ - %‬ﺕ‪ 8! ً 6‬وای ت ا!‪=I‬ی ‪ - #‬ﻡ) ا! ‪ %‬ل ا!& ‪#L‬‬ ‫ا! ا‪ # K‬إِ!‪ E‬ا!‪ h‬ق وا!‪ h‬ل ا!‪ K h‬ﻡ) (‪?K L‬وی)‪.‬‬

94

@ 70( / > ) ) F 7! 5 &!) F $E # ; U = > 3 = P) ) .' > ) < 2 C ! / . " = B P=) & ! +( ! + 7! F 4B1 " ) P) . ( 170 ..) > 2002 > ! ) 9 . ) " ! /0 < '

( 6 +/0 + 7!

D : 4$E 4 K @ > ) . 2 ) + 7! ' F' 0 < I2 K ) <!

A.

0

) P ) . >

.. > / 6 +. 7

>

! 5 6 +/0

) +. F; ! @

/ 0 C 3 ! @ 6 G

N &0 6 .# 5

K 1

C ) 3 ! @ J@ .

8 +@ > ; +@ ! # !1 ) ! /@ 3 > ! + 6C 9 ) 8 / 1 9 0 < &0 ) ) / < p . ' J ) $E J@ ) 5$ > !

@ E$ +K ) @ / > !

J@ C + K > F 0 .0 !

# !1

F & 31.O

' &# F' @ + # 9 ) Q ! E F / / Q F G' ) / 0 6 K

! F &0 + 0 1

/ # !1 ; .

. ( 190 : 2006 > /

.@

95

+. > !

" '

) ) ! )

.

N K 0! 9 ! /0 & ! ;2 .. < 1 F &0 ( 01 +6 ' 0 +6) . > ' N'( ! N . & ' ! /0 / > = . 6 .0 +

!

/ 3 C /1 $ K !

3 ! +6 + @ 9 G '

6 6 ) !

4$E

7!

. > !

&@ !

J . G .

0 . & ! @ < ) " : . C) >( 2 +' 90 7! ) +6 2 @ ) 0 .6 2 ) A #@ 9 ! < ) ! 6 J 9 ^ .! $E @ . . ( 2011 > 0 ) < ) J ! 6 G

) 3 ! 0& 9 0 I! +. 6 .E ; 7 9 # & 6 3 6/ 4

` ! Z 6 ! ) +6 )

3 C %80 P ) >G'.

+6! %50 Z ) $ > 0&

1 Nx. ' 6 C I +. G > $

) / 0& + .)! +6 @ 0& ! / 6 A.0 A > E.0 K 0 )

' ( 150 ) = = !

' ; "/@ U > )2 ! / 6 ' (107 >1981 > K C ) ! / 6 A ' ! " 8 !E . )

.

.^

96

0 U1.! ! (# & # ) ! . 9 0 G!

..

6 + 7! ( (# 8 $ >(1988 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1980) ! ' ) 0 . K/ @ / . ' < . 0 0 8 ( ! 5 " : 0 & ! ' E ; ) . F ) ) ) 5 6 + 7! / > ) Z ) ) @

! <

) F E$

/ 0

.

.' >. F!@ : @ < A #@ ! . < ( F ! . j G ( = = 0(

+

) ) 3 ! @ . .) F

) =! =E$ +=E # ) E$ +6/ = /C + . .( 193 : 2006 > / $6 5 ) 1 (# ) " 9 0 < K

.=E

' G2 > ) F " < 3 2 0 ) .& ) 3 ! @ .. . < ! 3 @ 9(

! : . +.) + ' : . < ) .& > +6 .1 9; " 70 > ) $ C! /0 B 6 %.0 Gk! X ) . ! $ C0& @ > F 6 3 .@

) +(

. ( 2011 > 0 ) ! +6 K + " 0 .6 # +

( 5 6 +/0 + 7! @ %0 A

Z ! $ ) G 6 )

> F

) & +/0

/ +/0 + 7!

.' 0 ) 6! ) 7!

97

+ A. .) @ < A. 4 +/0 @ U / + 5 6 + 7!

) !

1M 6 ! "/ + . > ) 1 ( 0 < +6 &0 P " ) 0& +6 2 Q + E1 +. G > +6 !

) G! + 4$E / > ! . 6 +6 0 +6' 0 . 6 < 8 P F' 0

.

F ! $E > ( 01 ` # @

! "

) 2' 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! 8 =/ +=/0 + 7! .6 ! ( 01 .2 + ' ) 2! + ' 6 7! !

2 C !1 C / > 0 ; / F < = ) =2 + =7! 2! 8 $ . > 6' 0 ! ! ) / =6 .= ) = & $ / G! & C! Q ! < / 6 U = ' y > ^ ! ) ' v ! 8 ) > ! . & '1 = @ 5$= > + ' . ' . & ' 3 F / . & '1 = @ = ' ) ) ) " . # < + 7! .' + =7! = G + > + ' < #. ! ( 01 ` # 4.= F @ 9 F 0 : 7 5$ + ' $E ) 2! 5.& F 3 = 8 0 0 NK N . ) ) .' > & # ) . ( 1979 ) + / +/0 + =7! = j > 4 + 7! .2

98

= ` # = <= 4 F E 5.B @ Q ) / =& # > 9 0 & 0 ) H @ > 6) ; : " " ( C& 0 ! / . . + 7! 6) ! " ) @ =0 9 = 0 = U .= >K + 7 G > 1 .) > 0 + ' . ( 78 : 1981 > ! ) + ) . ) +E 2' = ( 6 +/0 + 7! 7 ! 8 # + (=# = V 2 8 $ 70( / $ > ) 4 / +/0 + 7! F D: M . ) + ' < ! + 7! 7!

.1

<= + / 9 = ! < ! 7! C # N=! 0 =6 E@ . K $ c S= . 6) ( # ` # / + ' = 6 = ! @ = 0 = =) ! 6 0 6!/ > #H N! 0 &' !

2=0 = U =& G==' = ! ! / 9 0 2 C > 6 == ( ) =20 9 z ( = ! 0 &@ +" > ! +" ! ! C = ! ") . U & ! > = ) = . N. .0 ( . 7 == ) 1 A = = ! < =) +" > A #@ 0 ! C& 0 ! ! = == # . & = ! ! / > ! " .0

= = N= $ = @ = &C! . 6 'Q > &C!1 E 1 ! & K $ > & ( . < ) / > +/0 ! / K/ <= N..= 0= &@ > F 5 = ) 1 / =C! 67 >

99

= ! @ == 9 = ! ? I= &@ $/E > 9 9

= . : =! U =& G2 > =& # + ' ) T # ) # = = = @K= 1 N3K= + = ' $E ? I &@ > 0 ' . ( 1 : 2008 > + ) ) 1 ! &# `; &# < 4 5 6 +/0 + 7! 7! + : !1 (# > C J A # 4 6 7) < <= G=' D 3 < – . ) 1 ; C ! ،* . K = <= .= c :/) < . M c :/) # > ! 9; 0 ^ # + &# < C! C # ^ # < . 3 E. > :/) =6 K= !) E 7 C $E > +E 0 0 / ! .E !& F = = $ >5 C&= .6) 4 $ . 5$ 5 6 +/0 + 7!

D : ( 201 : 2012 > \ . ) M ) < 4 6 7! 7! . + &# 0( @ / !) .

.@

.5 +2 ( 01 ) K!

.

. 6 < ) . 1

.^

= 6=2 > .( =

# . 0 C .

..

A # . E. > !" < . + ' 4 ! + 7! 8 .2

. ‫ ع‬-!‫& ا‬L! #I !‫ ا‬#‫ ی?ی‬V!‫ ا‬P‫ ا‬6! ( ً ‫ أ‬H' ‫ ﺕ‬# ! P ‫ ة =س‬I( ‫ دة‬P ? ‫ ا! ﺕ‬#! L!‫ ه ا‬: #‫ ا! ﻡ?ی‬#‫* ا! @ ی=ی‬

100

= .6 F G 6! ( 1979 ) + / +/0 + 7!

3

= # 9 = + =7! N= + 7! & > N # "/@ .) 6 8 $= + 7! $E ' / + > .; ) 0 ! # " PE !

4$E ! < F K 0 & @ > ) T # . G ) C /

# > = ! . 7!@ ; " / 1 !) / + 6 3 /

=!

A = / ! %(" ) K . . ! + 7! U @ G + = ' ( 0 = 1 0 (# 6 . K > < @ A & E > T # < N # ' & . @ . . + 7! $E #. > = .= 5$= / 3 (1988 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1980) ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ' ) 0 . ( 185 : 1998 > 0 ) N N N ! . < 5$ ! + 7! 8 + ' ) <! .'

D: M / (# 4 .) = +== ' =! 5 =/ ) +/ 0 =!. .= 0@ =! ' .@ ( =! =! ) F=! F= 0 ! # + ! =" .=; ' =' 5$= =! . 0 = F I

! ! $6 >( 202 : 2012 > \ . )

) = K= =/ I= = .! ( 1979 / 12 / 29 ) ? 0 =& +E 3 / ) 3 . .) F! ' +" > / U = @ 3 EK = . + ' = ) E 7 6 4 @ .&@ > +6 ) . ( 137 : 1980 > + ) )

101

> / = ) = M 1 ) )

+ /0 P .

D:( 215D214 : 2006 ' ! . 2 > ) 1

:1 N @

. 1 $6 4 .& G=2 + = + ' $ +/0 0 : /

: N ! "

= 0 9 0 ) # . 1 K( 0 ! .( ! = N= =) ! / 0 +/ 0 /

: N" "

. ( 2 9 0 ) ( 6 ) C ! < ) .

: N)

. ( ) + ) 90 . ; . 1 : . ) : . K

: N #

+ = ' $= +=/0 = ! ) : . ) I

: N .

. = 9=0 ) ) 6; ! ; 7 90 I!

: N)

.( ) . ) +( ! 0& 0 2

: N! "

= = T ! 5$ C! . 3K ` &#

: N)

. + '

102

Z = ) 0 = = = ) ) !

V

: N

. (

! = N= = K 2 G K ! ' 7! . : 5. 0 . ( =! 5 =6 +/0 + 7! ' )

P = 7!@ =6!Q ) . < 9= ! 7! 6 < .! : J / . 6!Q 6 +/0 6 ( ) ; ) =E ! /0 @ > E$ C! 0 +/0 @ +/0 @ 6 . ! . 0 .& .) ) ( /0 + =/0 @ > ! = =E A =# /0 / @ > ! B B > ) @ ! " .; +( 1 P ) . ( 225 : 2012 > \ . ) + 0 < @ N. 6! ) % .0 ! # + ! " .; ' P .^ + = ' .= =" / 5$ ) . G > C F F" .0 (1980) $H 6 6 K 5$ ! ' # . 0 ? ; + .= ( 1979 ) + == .==) ' /0 G= ". 0 3 6 : ; @ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; .& ! 0 @ < > + '

)= .=2 )= / = 0 E " > B â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . ( 2009 > 5. ! ) ! ' # ? . ' 6 A

103

= ! / T ! ( 6 + 7!

0 .. . 0 < ! 8 $ 3 .' > + ' '@ ) I & % 0 = 01 " # . 0 9 ! : ; / . 0 @ 3 =! K =0 = . 0 K 0 . 6 .6 E 7 = =' 6 (# ' > ( 2005 ! 15 ) A #@ 9 ! ) . ( 2012 > 5K K ) ; N&# (50 ) 0! !

) " ! )2

.3

= +; = G' + ' ! / 0 ") A.@ 2= 3 = 1 / 0 4$E 2 ! + @ 0 ! / & C U 2 < + ' = = 7! =2 ) $ > ) !

0 2' & < K = @ > 6 0 + ' .. C < + ' !

D: ( 218 : 2006 > / ) M ' 4$E =0 E " 2 ! C& . 0 < . + K 2' . .@ = N.; ' 0 + K $# !

C 2 ! . 2! !

C ) 2 @ 6!Q B 3 ! + ' ! / 0 .

= = " 1 . & '1 3 ; 6 2! +/0 : @ 3 ! 0 < 2 C !1 " 0 !1 @ + ' . B : @ 9 2! ) ) . '@ @ > + ' 0

104

= ' ) =0 F= . . ! B @ > %0 A ; .' c 0 8 6 C # + / . ) E > !

E . . +J < 8 $ > . 3 ! @

)= 4 = 5 6 +/0 + 7! E 2 ; ! < . $E . $E > F= ! +/0 1 @ U 2# P 0 ?

0 & + ' F= 0 > F Z ) 5$ + ' # F' 0 ) $E N / . > . 4$E G &C F ! $E ( 1 & 5$ + 7! 8 $ > ) G + 7! 6 .# G 8 C !) 7 = ..0 E@ F ) > 90 F . 3 ! /! V @

= > ) / + > . '@ < +6) 2 ' . ' < 0 ! ! )

105

G &C

) & 90

. & 90 . ) @ : %0 . & 90 ! :

. & 90 ! ! 2 : ! "

. ! ( 01 .) + ' . ! ! 9 0 : ! " %0 . + ' ) . ! ! &# :

. + ' ) & # ! ! / : ! "

G &C

) & 90 ( # < > & / ) / & )

. ! I!

&0 & 90 > C )2 @ ! / ' > C # @ ! @ . 6 > " 1 . & '1 1 #

! <

N N 6C / FC& + 6C / &

. . 0 ) G . F ) 8 $ > 7! 0 ! >

. ! 3 6 & 90 + 6C 5$ +J . ! K ]. .0@ I &@ F!@ 1 > 6 E . '

) 1 . .2 ) 2!

2 "Q 0 F ! ) @ .) > & ) +=' .! 0 .0 + 9 " F " A > ! ( 1 0 @

106

+ 6C ' & . 8 $ > ( 3 +' 90 7! ) ( 1 ) . ( 2 ) @ ' ) . R ! 9 0 + 6C >F / @ / & 90 (# . A #@ 6 " .0 . 6 & . > =6 " + @ . G G2 ( 01 7 + ' ) F ! ) . 4 & ) $6 V # F B (# + ' ) & 90 &C $E

. ! : M "0

. & 90 . ) @ : %0 . ! ( 01 .) + ' . ! ! 9 0 : ! " %0 %0 & 90 . ) @ N 0 F! /

. ! ]. ) & 90 .)

' & 8 !E ! / 8 $ > : ! : @ < ) / N! 2 @ N. F! / > ! 9 0 + 6C >F / @ / & 90 + 6C .A #@ 6 " .0 . 6 & . > 6 " @ ' / >A # 9 0 F! 2 ^ .! 5$ + ) / F! / 90 $E E@ I2 8 $ > 4 & F 0 .' ) & # ! 9 0 / . ; 6

J " : `!

3 / 90 $E < . 9 " ./@

< = B + = . '( + 2 E 1

107

6! / / Q ) 9 0

2 5$ @. + 0

. ( 1945 ! .0 + 9 " 55 . ) " E &

9 " . )! < `! + 6 ! 9 0 .0 + 9 " + E .'

3 $ > + & .6 / / @ > . ' C 1 . ) E / ' )

) + 3 .' . ; 6 4$E 3 ! Q ./B 5$ `! .0 + . < . $6 >( .0 + ) 0!) `!

3 $ > . :

. :!

K . F 0 ! 9 0 KK) )

(# & 90 . ) @ %0 $E ! >3 ! : M . & 90 !

:

. & 90 ! ! 2

: ! "

& 90 ! > 6 . + B ) 6! / . @. G & + 6C D WWWWWWWWWWW . ) F / 6 8 6 ! . .0 D . .0 : E ) & 4$E > ) 6 . @ @ j ) > ( 52: 1998 > ! ) +/ 0 N=/ . @ <=!) > 6 ! / . < E. ! / 1 C& 4$E > . H C& E . S c F U .! ! > .

; E @ ; E < 1 . @ @ .

> # ) F= =! / . = . / " U $E &# / .

108

.0 E > . G < K . .0 / U @ 5@ . ( 38 : 1979 . ;K ' J > . @ +6 " N / 1 > ;K ' J .0 .0 I & . S c: $E < . "/ ! .' . 6 / E E.0 > 6! K ! 6 & F &! > ( 1930 ) ! ( 1923 ) ! 5 & . / @. $E ) .

F . @ .)

! $E 3 .' > ( 1952 ) + )

!. . ( 24 ) .

! 9 0 ( " " . ' .! ! C ! ) F `! 5 . @. F 0 / " . / .& " @ < ( 1789 ) + . & . ( 59 : 2005 > 5 ! ) ( 1795 ) + . & " " 6 . ; 6 = . ; < ) . .

!)

E . 6 ` # . S c 9 < 3 ! > . !; / B . 1 6! &@ ! ! '

6 > / 0 ;C ` # @ .

. ( 35 : 1979 > # ) A =#@ =

) F! 2

. ! 3 6 .. ! . & + 6C @

> C # 0 + 6C C ) )2 E & ) 90 : M C ) 4$E K @ . @ F 7 Z ) J 5$ +/0 / # @ ) 90 " D . ( Shukri, 1965 : 5 ) " 6 !

109

6 0 90 6 > 6 .

0 6 0 6 C! . " D 6 . 6 + > + &C!1 90 6 8 $/ >

$ +/0 . ' <

. ( Kodjoe, 1978 : 13 ) " + / > ! ) " . @ $ 6 @ 6!/ 6 ! / . @ / G @ " D . ( 332 : 1993 @ / 90 " : !) & @ ( Krylow ) F C A D &C!1 8 $ / 3 > 6 . .0

6 7! / #

.( 87 : 1991 > 5 .!E ) " . . . / +@ 6! N3K / . > + ) F G @ > N ! ! N 0 & 90 I & $6 & 90 $6 > = 0 = " ? N ) F! / ) 90 D : ( 2D1 : 1956 > 0 ) E F /0 > 6 ;( 5$ +/0 / # 90 " : # . ! . ' .1 + ' 2 P C F!/ . +7! ( # @. $E 9 # . + ) & N 7! " ; E "

E.0@ : ) & 90 :

# ! . ' .2

) 90 5@ F . K ! @ . 0 / 1@

) 90

> 6) . &C!1 ) 90 " #M > ( 1 . . / @ 6) . 0 1 @ A #@ . G ^ .!1 P ! 3 6 8 $ > & 90 # $ Q 3 M ! .' @ 1 > & I & 2

+6 ( # h ! $E >

â&#x20AC;«â&#x20AC;ª110â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« ? )(' â&#x20AC;ª= F= 1 = & = 9=0 ( @ " .â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« " â&#x20AC;ª C # /0 .& .@ C ( /C . . 3 .! F .' . 9â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª EK @ / > 0 9 0 P) 1 2 !( . ..â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª !( 8â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;«&â&#x20AC;ª .â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« ! â&#x20AC;ª=C > ! / .0 1â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« ! &=â&#x20AC;ª8& > (1688) + 9 0 0;1 > ( 1215 ) + / .â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« (â&#x20AC;ª @ > (1911) + . & 8& > (1707) + Z ) 3â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª ( 1 .& . .0â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª 1â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ªI; > ( 1776 K 4 ) ( 1â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª & # . 0 1 6! / .0 1 . 6 &0 + 9 = 0â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;«â&#x20AC;ª '@ 5$ ( ! ) .â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª . ) ( .) > ( 1776 / 6 / 12 ) 9 Câ&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª ! 9 0 ( .& ! = > (1787) + / 5. 0 1â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª>(1793) + ( ) ( >(1793) + = ( .! ) ( (1789) +â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« ( â&#x20AC;ª. ( 2008 > < ) ( 1848 ) + ! " = 6â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª + 6C / F!Q & ) & I &@ $6â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« ! â&#x20AC;ª 0â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« !â&#x20AC;ª N ! ! / ! ..) ! & + 6C .' 7â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª . + 6C '( $ 6 8 $ > ! C ( / N #â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« ) ) â&#x20AC;ª]. > 90 $6 2 .' . ( 13 : 2002 > 2â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;« &â&#x20AC;ªD: M ! K 0 & ) % .0 ? 0 .â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;«@â&#x20AC;ª.â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« â&#x20AC;ª< &) ' " 7! . : ! C " 3A.â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;«*â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;«> â&#x20AC;ª4$Eâ&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

â&#x20AC;« !â&#x20AC;ª+/0 B @ F 8 . ! 0 ! Q ! .' . : 7â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;«* ïº&#x2022;) اÙ&#x2C6;Ø­ ا â&#x20AC;ª5#Oâ&#x20AC;¬Ø± ا â&#x20AC;ª A$ 7"*5â&#x20AC;¬ï»¥â&#x20AC;ª 8& 2â&#x20AC;¬Ø§{â&#x20AC;ª P$â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ â&#x20AC;ª5â&#x20AC;¬Ø±&â&#x20AC;ª 8â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;ª $â&#x20AC;¬ï»¥â&#x20AC;ª 81â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ â&#x20AC;ª56 81+â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ ا Ù&#x2020; ا â&#x20AC;ª 1j 7)6 /$ Vâ&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x2026; ا (Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x201E; ا â&#x20AC;ª 81% 0â&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;ª(+â&#x20AC;¬Ø§&â&#x20AC;ª 8â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ â&#x20AC;ª 5E%â&#x20AC;¬Øªâ&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;«Ø§ ? ا â&#x20AC;ª 81â&#x20AC;¬Ø§'Ù&#x2C6;رÙ&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;ª 81+â&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x2C6; â&#x20AC;ª5â&#x20AC;¬Ø¯Ø© ا â&#x20AC;ª 8 >-â&#x20AC;¬Ø§{ﻥâ&#x20AC;ª Bâ&#x20AC;¬ï»¥â&#x20AC;ª 81â&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;ª 6â&#x20AC;¬Ø¢â&#x20AC;ª 8â&#x20AC;¬Ø§{ﺹâ&#x20AC;ªCâ&#x20AC;¬Ø­ ا (&â&#x20AC;ª -â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ â&#x20AC;ª Pâ&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x2C6;ïº&#x2022;â&#x20AC;ª )*5â&#x20AC;¬ï»¥) â&#x20AC;ª(+â&#x20AC;¬Ø§&â&#x20AC;ª .1517 8-* A$ 8â&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;ª LMâ&#x20AC;¬Ø§'â&#x20AC;ª(6â&#x20AC;¬Ø§Ø« Ù&#x2021; ا ) أدتâ&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;«Ø¥ â&#x20AC;ª 7â&#x20AC;¬Ø¯ïº¥â&#x20AC;ª5â&#x20AC;¬Ù&#x201E; Ø£Ù&#x2C6;رÙ&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;ª(+ 8 6 $ +â&#x20AC;¬Ø§&â&#x20AC;ª 8â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ â&#x20AC;ª(Gâ&#x20AC;¬Ø§ â&#x20AC;ª 8â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ ) ïº&#x2022; )â&#x20AC;ª 8 6 $ 2â&#x20AC;¬Ø§ \â&#x20AC;ª5â&#x20AC;¬Ø±Ø© ا â&#x20AC;ª.81 -#â&#x20AC;¬â&#x20AC;¬

111

5$

6 90 :

E > %(" 2 +/ 0 E.

6

. .) .# . > +6 ' ) . 0 < . @ F +/ 0 . ) ! C 20 / > 6 . +/0 90 $E . 20 E F $ \ : !E +/ 0 > J 6 90 > F F!@ . ) ' ) /C 20 .# .' >P \ ; ! @ .! < R

.0 + ) F2 J / 5$

6 P C > + .

S $6 > E. + .

4$E 6 3 < (#

@ P C ! 0 . . < + "(" . ( 4 : 2006 > ) +/ 0 ! # Q ! .' +/0 >

8 6 ! . J @ ( . ) < .

)2# F +6! / 3K 8 $ / F & + ' 3K & $S ! > ! . . + 6C .2 ) . . U 2 G >F C! 4 & +/0 / & ' J 90 G 5$ ) / ! @ / . ( Shukri,1965:18 ) 6 3 !1 . . > F J 5$ / 6

) .) < ( 1789 ) + ! C " ! +"

"B ) 0 ) / > @

.; 5 + 7!

?= = ! C ! = ) ( .& < 0 0( ) " / 0 ) . .) > 0

) / .! @ 5$ ( 1792/11/19 ) > 0 ) 0

+60 C/ 3 A$ +6 ! $ !

0 !

. ( 23 : 1998

โ ซโ ช112โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ โ ช? : ! / < F ( ! : ) / : ; + : ! ]. .โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ) โ ช.' > / @ B @ #. 5@ F2 6 @ F ( 1823/12/2โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ " โ ช Y "@ F / 8 $ > G % .0@ +E@ N".0 4$Eโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ )(' ) โ ช K 1 " .0 ! 4$E . .' > + . . .โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ! โ ช "/ + @ F 5. 6 Nโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ ) โ ช A. Y 6 > 6! 6 '( . +โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ )(' โ ช . ( 1 < +; . 6) 7 ) 1โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ !& โ ช) =6! =) 1 =6 .E@ = N N .E 0 6 0 & ! Nโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช. ( 9 : 1956 > 0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ^โ ช .0 / 0 ' . .K : / 0 .โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช N& &#โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ @ ! )โ ช( 1815 ) ! B .& .โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ*โ ฌ

โ ซ> ! โ ฌ

โ ซ " ) โ ช > @ . .0 < ' ( .) 3 2โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช &!Sโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซโ ช 6 . .0 6! / > 8 /โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ > โ ช $ > !

7 K !Eโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช 1 /โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ )โ ช C # / 0 > ..โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ (โ ช .โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ โ ช 0 ! .0 0 > ! ") ( 1โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซโ ช / 0K .0 & 90 > /C 2โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ @ ! โ ช. ( 24 : 1998 > 0 ) & #โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ* ๏ปกโ ชkโ ฌ๏บ " โ ช P -โ ฌุฑุฉ โ ชr$ Aโ ฌ๏บ โ ช ;B 0โ ฌุงุก ุง (ู ู ุง'ู ุฑู โ ช 81+โ ฌ๏บ ุฃ* ุฑ ] ุง (ู โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช B0-โ ฌู ู ุข โ ช5 /-01โ ฌู โ ช )$โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช ( .|1โ ฌุง โ ชr0โ ฌ๏บ โ ช -11 0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง ;) ุฉ โ ช 1814 P0)P* A$โ ฌุฅ โ ช5& 7โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช [1].1815 51โ ฌุข ู ู ( ๏บ โ ช 8&5Bโ ฌุง โ ช A$ (&(Oโ ฌุง โ ช & Fโ ฌุง โ ช -โ ฌ๏บต โ ช 6 A 8โ ฌู ุจ ุง \โ ช5โ ฌุฑุฉ ุง ; ๏ปฅโ ช 81Bโ ฌู ุง โ ช Gโ ฌู ุจโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช51 + -โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 81โ ฌู ๏บ ;โ ช S%โ ฌุง{โ ช P$โ ฌุง โ ช5โ ฌุฑ&โ ช 8โ ฌุง ู โ ช $โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 81โ ฌุง โ ช .8*( 0โ ฌุฃ*; ู โ ชMโ ฌุง ุง โ ชr0โ ฌ๏บ โ ช A 0โ ฌุฅ ุฏุฉ ุฑ* ุง โ ช 8"& Vโ ฌุง โ ช 81* 1Bโ ฌุฑุฉโ ช ุ โ ฌู ู ๏บฝ` โ ช(6โ ฌู ุฏ ; ๏ปฅโ ช Bโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซู ุฏู โ ช 81jโ ฌ๏ปฅ โ ช51 +โ ฌู ู ุงุฑ*โ ช 5โ ฌู ู โ ช(- 5โ ฌุง ู ู โ ช &Wโ ฌุช ๏ปฅโ ช 2โ ฌุง ุง&โ ช Aโ ฌู ุง โ ช 8O 0โ ฌุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช * 81โ ฌุขโ ช5Bโ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 1โ ฌู โ ช 7โ ฌุง'ุฑุง๏บฝ ุง{&" โ ช 81โ ฌุง โ ช 8; )V0โ ฌู ุฅ๏ปฅโ ช Eโ ฌุกโ ฌ โ ซโ ช d -$โ ฌ๏ปฅ;โ ช5โ ฌุฐ โ ช A$ ]%โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช Bโ ฌู ุง โ ช B0-โ ฌู ุฑู *โ ช 1โ ฌู โ ช "& +โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 1โ ฌ๏บ )โ ช 21 ย *5โ ฌ๏บ โ ช Sโ ฌุง (ู ู โ ช ]6โ ฌุง โ ช E0โ ฌุข] ุง โ ช 81 G0โ ฌู ุง{โ ช .8101 jโ ฌุข ู โ ชr$โ ฌ๏บ โ ช -11 0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ๏ปฅโ ช50โ ฌุฐ ู โ ช 8P#Oโ ฌุง'โ ช $โ ฌู ุง'โ ช $โ ฌุง โ ช(G)0โ ฌุฉ โ ช cPB+โ ฌู ( โ ช 2โ ฌุฅโ ชC6โ ฌู ุง โ ชCBโ ฌู โ ช A$โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช `10 cโ ฌุง' ุงู โ ช.โ ฌโ ฌ

113

'@ 5$ +( ( S " .&@ : ( 1917 ) + " .. + K ./@ +" > 2! ) 6! > ) & ; 0 / 0 & 90 4. Q ( 1920 ) + ! .( 90 +E. Q P )

( ! ) ' / m / ! > )

> P) < N 01 ! )C & & + 90 @. > . 0 1 $E . $! 6 . 0 <! $6 + E .' > < ) 0 @

@ @. /

) ) . ) 1 0 Q ! ' .! @. . ( 49 : 1972 > /! ) ) .(

‫‪114‬‬

‫‪.=E‬‬

‫ ‪ C! +E @ .) & @. ! 3 . :* ].‬‬

‫ & ‪ ) > ) < G ! 5$ > A U‬‬ ‫! ‪+6!@ > ( ) : ; C < 3 C 0 . 3 > < ) 0‬‬ ‫ @ ‪ !

8 .! ( ( 0‬‬ ‫> ‪ 90 9 ) F ) F;. I & < ( ) : ; G .‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ & ‪N @ ! / / A #@ . : ! 2 K; : " : F‬‬ ‫ ! @ ‪ > 6 < 3g ! 1 +/0 @ 6 1 ) > ) 0‬‬ ‫@ ' ! ‪. @ ) '() $ ) 0 & / @

0 4$E T‬‬ ‫> ‪. ( 119 : 1972‬‬

‫* ﻡ‪ 6‬دىء وی‪ 8‬ن‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺕ ‪5‬م ا ‪ jCO‬ت ا (و ‪5$ 7 81‬ا ‪C* d1‬م ‪ ،8$‬وﺕ‪5%‬ن ا ‪ O0‬ه(ات ا (و ‪ 81- 81‬و‪.8& * 1T‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺕ‪ 8& 6 A1$q‬ا ‪ 86C0‬ا ‪ GP‬ر ﺥ رج ا ‪ L 10‬ا{‪ 8101 j‬ا ‪ B‬وا ‪ G‬ب‪ ،‬إ‪ 1 -& $ W‬ا‪W‬ﺕ; ق ا (و ﺥ‪.S M ً C‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬إ ء ا ‪5G‬ا > ا‪ #)jW‬د&‪( + 8‬ر ا{‪ %$‬ن وإ&? د ‪ B$‬واة ‪ A1+‬ا (ول ا ‪ O)0‬وﻥ‪ 8‬ا ‪ 7 8k G0‬ا ‪CB‬م‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺕ‪ s1;V‬ا )‪ ! B‬إ ‪ 7‬ا ‪ (G‬ا ‪M‬ي &‪ ];%‬ا'‪ A$‬ا (اﺥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬وﺽ` إدارة د ‪ 0O)B0 8‬ات ﺕ‪ %* ! #$ d G& $ M;-‬ﻥ‪. 2‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ا ?‪C‬ء ‪ A‬ا'راﺽ ا و*‪ 81‬آ ‪ 2‬وا )‪ O‬ون ‪ `$‬أي ‪ 8$5%6‬رو*‪ )V& 81‬ره ا ‪.cOE‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ا ?‪C‬ء ‪ A‬أراﺽ ‪ %1? +‬وﺕ‪ 10O‬ه ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ا ?‪C‬ء ‪ A‬ﻥ‪ B‬ورد ا' >اس وا ‪5‬ر&‪ A‬وﺕ‪ $ 10O‬ﺥ ب ‪ cPB+ 2-$‬ا ‪ G‬ب‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬إ دة ا ‪(6 k-‬ود إ&" ‪ N1G+ 1‬ﺕ‪ `10 F‬ا ?‪ /-‬ا{&" ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ !-$ .10‬ا ‪ 1$5‬ت ا ‪ V‬ﺽ‪ P$ 8O‬ا ‪5‬ر&‪ 8‬ا ‪ B0-‬و&‪ d6 8‬ﺕ & ‪ 1#$‬ه ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .11‬ا ?‪C‬ء ‪ A‬ﺹ ‪ 1+‬ورو‪ $‬ﻥ‪ 1‬وا ?‪ ]P‬ا'*‪5‬د‪ ،‬وإ " ء ﺹ ‪ًM;-$ 1+‬ا إ ‪ 7‬ا ‪ GP‬وإ‪ jC 8$ j‬ت (&(ة ‪ A1+‬دول ا ‪ P‬ن آ ‪7 81-P$ 8‬‬ ‫أ*‪ 81$5j /‬وﺕ ر&‪ ،81V‬وﺽ‪ 0‬ن ‪ 2)& 6‬ا ‪ 81* 1B‬وا‪ #)jW‬د&‪.8‬‬ ‫‪ .12‬ﺽ‪ 0‬ن *‪ 1‬دة ا' >اء ا ) آ‪ 81‬وإ " ء ا ‪5OE‬ب ا'ﺥ ى ‪ 1T‬ا ) آ‪ 81‬ا ) ﺕ‪ d6 2 `FV‬ﺕ & ا ‪ ، 1#0‬و‪ 8& 6‬ا ‪ 0‬ور ‬ ‫ا ‪ `10? du F0‬ا ‪ 0F+ A;B‬ن دو ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ NO+ .13‬ا (ول ا ‪ N1G+ 8&(- 5P‬ﺕ‪ `10 F‬ا ‪ #-O‬ا ‪(- 5P‬ي‪ ،‬وإ " ؤه ‪ًM;-$‬ا إ ‪ 7‬ا ‪ ، GP‬وﺽ‪ 0‬ن ا*) ‪ 2 C‬ا ‪ * 1B‬وا‪ #)jW‬دي‬ ‫دو ‪. ً1‬‬ ‫‪ .14‬إﻥ‪ E‬ء ‪ 8P#‬ا'‪. $‬‬

115

: ! / < ( . ) F6 5$

#

3

! ) 4$E

@ A / F! 8 $ > @. ) @ 2 5$ ( 1918 / 1 / 8 ) ? / .' < . @ 0 6!@ ./@ .' 6 ; ! < ) 0 @ $6 . ! ) / S > E & ) 90 E@ @. $E : / 4 8 $ > . ) . )& < ) 5@ 6 / + 90 / .0 1 : ; A. @

. G I & F !

90 8 $ & @. 2 > E.) < ) 0 3 !"@ . # (#. . + 3 C ! 4 & # @ ) & # > 0 . 7 @ ! (/ / + 7! P 6!Q/ . > A / 1 N / . + 7! . 9 ) " ) ) A #@ < 6 @ 0 )

2 C ) G j / 6!Q/ > WWWWWWWWWWWWW ; ) T; ! / " 3 4$E 0 &@ .' > ( ) 1 . . ' 0 @ > ) 1 A . . .0 + K1 ]. 9 +. E E 8 $ / > G P C / . : 0 &@

& @. )

/ : ; 6! @

. ( Pomerance , 1967 : 1 ) 8 $! 0 .; . + 7!

โ ซโ ช116โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ โ ช A ]. 4$E S c9 < N Qโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช K $ > . P) <! T ! N# # .' *5 ' Cโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ ) !โ ฌ

โ ซ โ ช / / E "Hโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ) ! โ ช( ( J ) 6 ( / ) ( ! Cโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ > โ ช> ! > ! C " :]. 3 (# N 67 /โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ @ ) โ ช 0 ' ) ! /0 K1 .j ) > & 90 9โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช/ +/0โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ โ ชE !Eโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ โ ช ( 5 6โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ !โ ช F 0 + ' ) Iโ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ> ) โ ช .0 + 9 " 6โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ & โ ช 0 < F &0 / Z ) > 4โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ โ ช +6 3K E ! ]. 8 N 7! > F ) 0 . Cโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ )โ ช 6 > 6 &! .' 20 . . @ & # > . ! 6โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช /! @ > ;! # . 4.) ! # 6 0 & F C 1 @ > 4โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ โ ช< )' . .0 + < F 0 ) 9 0โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซ " 'โ ช. . + 0 @ 0 9 0 8 9 0 2 N K 6โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซ*โ ฌ

โ ซ๏ปก ู =ุฉ " ู ู ุง โ ช O0โ ฌู (ุฉ ุง ) ุฃ*( โ ช Jโ ฌุง โ ช )Bโ ฌุฑ โ ช5#+โ ฌุฑุฉ ุฑ*โ ช 7 810โ ฌู โ ช `u jโ ฌุง โ ช Gโ ฌุจ ุง โ ช 810 Oโ ฌุง'ู โ ช .7โ ฌู ๏บ ุง )โ ช 7 `1j5โ ฌุง โ ช O0โ ฌู (ุฉ โ ช(O+โ ฌโ ฌ

โ ซโ ช ;$โ ฌู ๏บฝ ุช ุง*)โ ช 0โ ฌุช โ ช 6โ ฌุฃ๏บตโ ชr$ (O+ 2โ ฌ๏บ โ ช + 0โ ฌุฑ&โ ชCB /โ ฌู ู โ ช .1919โ ฌู โ ช `ู jโ ฌุง โ ช ; Gโ ฌุก ุง โ ช #)-0โ ฌู ู ุง โ ช Gโ ฌุจ ุง โ ช 810 Oโ ฌุง'ู โ ช A$ 7โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ชcโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง๏บ ; โ ช 1jโ ฌุช โ ช `$ 8 #;-$โ ฌุง โ ช5โ ฌู ุง โ ช 0โ ฌุข>&โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช * Vโ ฌุฉ ุง โ ช Gโ ฌุจ )ุง{โ ช P$โ ฌุง โ ช5โ ฌุฑ&โ ช 8โ ฌุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 81โ ฌู ุง{โ ช P$โ ฌุง โ ช5โ ฌุฑ&โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช B0-โ ฌู &โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช 8& ?0โ ฌู ุง (ู โ ช8โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช 0\Oโ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 81โ ฌู โ ช +โ ฌุฑ& (โ ช.โ ฌ๏บ ๏บ โ ช `1j5โ ฌุงโ ชWโ ฌ๏บ ; โ ช 1jโ ฌุช โ ช.1919 /6/ 28โ ฌู ๏บ ๏บ โ ช ]&(Oโ ฌุง โ ช O0โ ฌู (ุฉ โ ช Aู 0F)) 1920 /1/10โ ฌุงโ ช ) Wโ ฌุงู ุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅ โ ชrB0+โ ฌู โ ช81โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช Gโ ฌุจ ู &) ๏บ โ ช 7 cโ ฌุฃ โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 1โ ฌ๏บ โ ช s&5Oโ ฌุง' ุงู ุง โ ชู F)0โ ฌุฑุฉ โ ช . ู 1 $โ ฌู *โ ช O0+ J1ู 0โ ฌู (ุฉ * ู ๏บ โ ช %0 + ู -01โ ฌู ุง ? ุง ุง โ ชMโ ฌู ๏บ ู โ ช 1โ ฌ๏บ โ ช`1j5โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช O0โ ฌู (ุฉ ู ู โ ช * #j 5โ ฌู ุง ; ๏ปฅโ ชุ . Bโ ฌู ๏บ โ ช JFู V0โ ฌุงโ ชWโ ฌ๏บ ; โ ช A 81jโ ฌ๏บ โ ช 8P# /1*qโ ฌุง'โ ช $โ ฌุง ) & ` ุง โ ช(2โ ฌู ุฅ โ ช 7โ ฌ๏บ โ ช 8 5 1G 2B1*qโ ฌุฏู ู ู โ ช5jโ ฌุนโ ฌ โ ซ๏บน ุงุน โ ช A1+ !ู B$โ ฌุง (ู ู ุข โ ชMโ ฌู โ ช(6โ ฌุซ ุง โ ช Gโ ฌุจ ุง โ ช 810 Oโ ฌุง'ู โ ช 7โ ฌู ๏ปฅ>ุน )โ ช ]1โ ฌุง โ ช #โ ฌุง ุช ุง (ู โ ช .81โ ฌุฃุฏุช ุงโ ชWโ ฌ๏บ ; โ ช 81jโ ฌุฅ โ ช 7โ ฌ๏บฅโ ช Bโ ฌุฑุฉ ุฃ โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ชsO+ 1โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุฃุฑุง๏บฝโ ช 21โ ฌู โ ช 0O)B$โ ฌุง๏บ โ ช ! # 2โ ฌุฃ ุงู ุฃ๏บฅ ู โ ช ุ โ ฌู โ ช A$โ ฌ๏บ โ ช Sโ ฌุง'ุฑุง๏บฝ ุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช" 8O $ 81โ ฌ๏บต ๏ปฅ(ู ๏ปฅย " ุง โ ช 81-1#โ ฌุง ) ย โ ช Jโ ฌุฅ โ ช 7โ ฌุง โ ช + 1โ ฌู โ ช5โ ฌ๏บฝู โ ชAโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง โ ช 0$ A1#โ ฌ๏บ โ ช ]jC + JPPBโ ฌุง โ ช A1#โ ฌู ๏บ โ ช 11Bโ ฌุง โ ช k0โ ฌู ุงุช ุงโ ช .81 ?)6Wโ ฌ๏บฅโ ช Bโ ฌุช ุง (ู โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช 0\Oโ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 81โ ฌุฃ&โ ช ู Fโ ฌุฃุฑุง๏บฝ ู ุง*โ ช 8Oโ ฌุฃู ุฑู โ ช +โ ฌู ย *โ ช 1โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซู ุง๏ปฅ)โ ช J2โ ฌุขย โ ช P$โ ฌุง โ ช5โ ฌุฑ&โ ช .8โ ฌู โ ช51 + d O)& 01โ ฌุฏ ุง โ ช 7 8& %BOโ ฌุฃ โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช ( ุ 1โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช Jู #โ ฌุงโ ชWโ ฌ๏บ ; โ ช 7 81jโ ฌุฃ๏บต( ุง โ ช5Fโ ฌุงโ ช ย +โ ฌู ุง โ ช51โ ฌุฏ โ ช 7โ ฌุง โ ช 8โ ฌุง โ ช8& %BOโ ฌโ ฌ โ ซุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช A%0)&W % 81โ ฌุง' โ ช 0โ ฌู โ ช A$โ ฌุฅ๏บตโ ช Oโ ฌู โ ช 6โ ฌุจ ๏ปฅโ ช 81โ ฌุข โ ช Gโ ฌุจ ุง โ ช 810 Oโ ฌุง'ู โ ช ( !7โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 7 Jู #โ ฌุงโ ช5)6โ ฌุงุก ุง ?โ ช |1โ ฌุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅ โ ช 100 7โ ฌุฃ ย โ ฌ โ ซ(ู ย ู ุฅ ุก ๏ปฅโ ช kโ ฌู ุง )?โ ช (1-โ ฌุง{ >ุงโ ช $โ ฌุง โ ชMโ ฌู ุข ู &โ ช + ]0Oโ ฌุฃ โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช . 1โ ฌู โ ช Wโ ฌ๏บ โ ช `1")Bโ ฌุฃ โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅโ ช 1โ ฌุฅ๏ปฅโ ช Eโ ฌุก โ ช5jโ ฌุฉ โ ช 8&5โ ฌู ุง ) โ ช+ (1โ ฌู โ ช 15โ ฌุฃ ย โ ช(-โ ฌู โ ฌโ ซ โ ช{ + 8& GPโ ฌ๏บฝ โ ช 8โ ฌุฅ โ ช A$ 8-;6 7โ ฌุง โ ช A;Bโ ฌุง โ ช(+ 81+ Gโ ฌู ู โ ช5Tโ ฌุง๏บน ุช โ ช .81+ 6โ ฌู โ ช5-? dG& Wโ ฌุฏ ุง โ ช Pโ ฌุก ุง ?โ ช |1โ ฌุฃุข\ โ ช ู $ 12 A$โ ฌู โ ชdู O)& 01โ ฌโ ฌ โ ซโ ช ู PF +โ ฌุทโ ชู ($ 7#jq ุ โ ฌุฉ &โ ช5O1")Bโ ฌู โ ช Fjโ ฌุกู ุง ?โ ช |1โ ฌู โ ช !P#& % ู $ 25โ ฌุง ?โ ช |1โ ฌุง' โ ช 0โ ฌ๏ปฅ ๏บฅ โ ช A$ ู 1โ ฌุง โ ช ;%โ ฌุกุงุช โ ช.โ ฌโ ฌ

117

! "

& 90 ! ! 2 > .0 + ; E + ' ' N); / 5$ 5.

. ! ) +

]. ! 3 +J & 90 C # + ) @ F " F 0 @ > ! ! C " C B : 0 & 90 /

> < ) 0 .) 0

+ 90 $6 ! ! @ > ' 1 / + > &# 3 M 6 C + 9 " ) A .! > > 5. )

. + 7! &

1 . < 67

. ) . )& < F N ) N ! ! ' N 0 I & @. $E G .0 . ( 48 : 2003

: 0 . < ) 0 F # 5$ +( B J &

./Q .'

. I & G F P ) / > & 90 9

A / . E. )

.;

E ) 1 + ! / $ > +(

I! + > J + ' K + $ > . ) + ' < 6

. !1 + 7! / + 0 > & @. . ! 1 + 'R ( 1 ( @ ) ;C . > ; %(" < 6C !& +

J + ' < F

. . . ..0 J (# < @ < ( 1 ! . . ( Greig , 1976 : 105 ) . ! . > 0 ) 90 < 0 0 .) & @. .'

D : M 0 4$E K @ / > F &0 @ 6 . 1

118

+ & .6 & .1 3 !"@ & 90 4 )' . +.) ) 1 . ' + + '1 & < & 90 . 4$E 0 . > E.) < ) 0

0 G2 @ ' . .E ) N $ C! 9 ! K ) 3 C 0 (Shukri, 1965 : 32 ) ( 1916 ) + ( / :/ ) ' C 1 > E K @ J + ' + ' EK

) 1 . 8 "@ .'

+ 7! + & ' F! ! A @ .) > ) . N "/ @. @ ) <0 @ > + & .6 ( 22 ) .

. !1 2 )

# N 2 "@ ! " ) 0 @ & # > <6 ! .' & $E Q # "@ 0 3 !"@ 67 @.

>@.= $E ) 0 0 .( Greig , 1976 : 105 ) . 1

1 : ; = ( 1941 H 14 )

4. + 5$

9 "

C

=6 + = ]. P) ! @ > !

3 K : ; / .0 % .0 +.=

= J < `!

=! " @. / . > . $6

) G 9=0 < % " `! = > ) J .2 ' & = @.= 1 ! @. @ N 02 / . $6 > 6 /0 / @ # 6 N 2 > = & &) 9 " ` &! F 5$ P @ 1 > 8

=)2 = 0 ! = ) )& ) > 5 ) 1 . 8

) 4 = Q += ) = +@ > = @ < 6 =&' < &! ]. . (19 : 1983 >

119

.0 + ; E 9 " & .2 .= )! ( =/ ! ) B

/ .0 1

) + '

A K < ! 5$ .0 + 9 " < '. & > ( 1945 K0 26 ) 9 " = A $ > ( 1945 H 18 ) ! " ) 0 3 6 ! @ > 24 ) N$ ! 9 " $E I &@ > .0 + . =; E 3 !

90 ) + /0 6 . . .. 9 " 3 .' > ( 1945 D : M / & .0 + ; E .& : &C .@ /

. 7! P J N! .0 + 9 " 2

9 0 @. + 0 : @ < + ' .& '( : EK @ K K) ! . $ # ! > ) & 90 > 5$ @. + 0 : @ < + . '() 3 ! " : > E & 6! / / Q ) 9 0

) +(

2

> .0 + 9 " ) " + ) + K K) ;( A # . $ # 8 $/ . ( 2 .

1 5. & '1 . ) : G &C .

(/ 0 ) K K) 7! ) < 9 " @ F 0 !1 9 0 + 0 > ) 0& 1 . & '1 9 " ) . @ @ :! @ 9 ) : @ < 8 $ K . . ( 55 . > .0 +

120

$ +/0 ) J + ' 9 ) I & 5. 0 &C .^ 9 0 + 0 9 ) A #@ . ) @ . & @. .0 + 9 " < @ & ( N 2 >

. ) ! 0 !

9 ! > ) ) Q . 7! 9 " 6! 2 &C ! > & ) 4$E /m . > . & )2 # ! / 8/C < A.@ 5$ > 6 . : Q > ) 1 6 ( < `! . & @ < . $E / > ) 1

. ! ( 01 ) 1 ) 0 9 " @. $E F! 2 S @. $E 9 " & C @ . +. +J < A < / 7! .6 F! T ! .0 + P JQ & # < . . !

6 E@ /

]. 2 @. $E ) >

.

I & > $ +/0 ( N / N ' 6 ) ! + + ' 9 " I! > & ) 9 ! @ . ! @ ! / > + E1 + 6 + ' 4$E E@ I & < + ' 4$E E@ E ! < ) + K 1

2 .0 + 3 2 @

P $6 > 9 " F 5$ . + 9 ! U .0 <&'@ + ) U 1 . & '1 B

) 4$E +. 9 0 C / +6

> ) 4$E " + 01 G 8 $ / > 3 2 6 0 ! . + ' 4$6

$ +/0 ! < .0 + 3 2 @ ) /

7 N . / 6 7! ! < 6 ! ) ) 4$6 .( 73 . > .0 + 9 " ) C # F . 0 F ) + ' / & #

121

.0 + R ) ) & .3 > .0 + ) ( 2E ! A ) 1 A F $ U & Y !2 N. 6 ) 1 A " $ . > 6 ( J ) I! Q 2 4. /! < +62) E$ .0 < F E@ )2 >@. $E Q 6 ` &! / @ 8 0 ) ) U & $E G . .' > . ! ].

D : M .& (# 8 $ >4. & 90 ) .& < (1948/ 12/10) +

.0 + R ) ) .@

>+ ) G 8 < " / ! 9 0 U . . ! 9 0 ! .

) (

1 5. & '1 : <& @

(421) E ! 9 0 ! ) ) +" > ! 9 0 9 " 90 B ; 9 0 & G2 @ (1950/ 12/ 4) . & . (52 : 1983> 5. ) ) & ./B 5$ ( 1952 / 2 / 5 ) ( 545 ) +' E ' ) ) .&@ .

& # ' C 1 > !. 9 0 & # ' C 1 2 2

) 90 C/ & # . )2 > " 1 . & '1 9 0 . E & 90 F . 5$ (1952/12/16) (637) +' E ' ) ) .&@.^ F!@ > 6) 9 0 G N 2 N E &

)

A # + R & 90 < 7 C0 .0 + 2 / <

. ( 20 : 1983 > ) F 0

122

.6) < ( 1966 ! / 16 ) = .=0 + R ) ) '. & ..

1 . & '1 9 0 . .6) E > ! 9 0 & # . . +. Q "@ @ .) > !. 9 0 . .6) > " 9 0 . .6) G2 .! ! ! 0 ! & 90 ) < 9 C 1 A U 2 $E 0 2 C ' ! .) >(1966) + ! >" ) " / = C / = ' C 1 8 U (Nation) / $0 9 ! G I > . # 8 $ 2 `! I &Q > &C!1 . . .0 ..6 5$ 90 $=E D : (1 . > 3K : !. 9 0 ` # . .6) " ) 0 90 $E <2

E > 6 C! E & 90 ) G : 1 N @

1 5. & '1 6; ! 9 0

)

0

EK/ . "

E. 6 " 0 & > & # 6 .E@ 3 N ) > ) G : N ! " 5. & '1 ) 2 " ! K Q (# ! . )

@

K 1 . . ! . )C! @. < +;

.

. & # F @ ) 5@ 0 0 B 6 < G . 6 >.6) $E . < : N" " ) @ > & + '

$ +/0 ) J + ' .

+ 9 " + /0 N >90 $E + 0 @ & 90 9 0 < . .0

123

9 " = (7/ 6) . . "+ " I & C + 9 ! $ . + '@ # . . = : . : F!Q .0 + 1993 > ! ) " ) " ) =0 N = (# / >3 2 .( 34 : . + ' < $ . < 9

6 )

1 F 6C )

+ 6C @ > ! . +6 > 6 ! 0

> . ! 0 $ . G !) 1 6 > 8 $ "/@ < g !) 0 9 0 4$E > 9 0 ) $ ` # !) !

B 8 1 / < 0 ) . < N ! F! / `# ! E . ( 55 : 1979 > # ) +/0 9 < &! ! ) + 6C S > '. "/@ <!) > 8 $ N

# ! & F 9 ! 1 @ 6 . $E < > # ! 6 F > + ' ) 4 !E / K > + 6C $6 ) / 1@ F !$ : $ > !. F' 0 "/ + 0 F! % 0 + '

!

) . < 9 ! 5$ > ) F 9

>

! ) +6!@ ! 7! 6

. >

( 1 ) + +6! ! +6 # 0 1 . < 3 2 .) + ' ( 0 ' $ ( 1925 ) + . )/

124

.6) G 9 N!( (1970) +

.0 + R ) ) .&@ .=E

+ 9 " N . ) ' .& '( K K) 9 ) .

5@ . ) G 90 < . ! ]. ( `! .' > .0 . & '1 6 ! 9 0

6)2 0 @

N

!

>

# #.

G2 7 > " 1

5@ 3 ! @ . 5$ G2 : Q I & > & 90 N 2 90 $ C! N' ; . < + 2!1 @> #H I! ( 9 ! G .'

. ! ]. ( @

G2

!) $E > &

+' ) ) . & ) ) . ( 1 N& # N&!

. ! ]. ( 2 > (1960) + ) (1514)

. / < 0 & @ ! 9 0 2 & ! 9 0 . + 01 < . C! @ 8 .6 ) .0 + R ) ) ') .0 + 9 " + /0 N F 0 . ( 1966 ! / 16 . & 2200 +' : & 90 @ < . ! . .0 + R ) )

. > ) .

# .

! ! G2 & & # N

/ P + . &C!1 < )

'@ @ ) &

< . ! G 1 !E > & 90 1 N A #@ . . ( < N& 0 8 $ > ..0 2 2 . 90 $E

125

M 2 8 / > 6/ 6 .0 < N7 C0 8/C #@ D :(1970 + ) 2625 +' .0 + R ) ) ' ) ! ) . . 0 5 2! ) ;C @ ) / @ : 1 N @ 6! . 6 @ 6 . ) ! ) $ @ ' N E 6! &C!1

. . .; ) 6 EK D 6' â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 " 6 ' .0 &C!1 < 5.B 5Q + $ 4$E K 1 : N ! " ; / 9 0 @. + . ( 1 . +6! ! . !" ' C 7! & 6 ) /0 . & 90 ) ; 5 K 1 : N" " ! F `! 9 ! 9 0

!) . !

. .

/ @ ;K 8 /C < .6 5Q + U ! 1 . / < : N) . A #@ . ' ! .0 > 2 4$E ) 1 .0 + R ) ) @ !) $E ( N " F " 1 ! /0 ! / $ 1 ' ) & 90 5@ . ! 9 0 86 ! . ! C # . ) ! / @ > ( N 1 N .

7 3 + ' ) < 9 ! $E > '@

"

&!) K! 5$

# @

$ U.

! ( 01 F 2 C

> ) :! < 9 C K ! :! @ K $ 6 /0 ) @ . ) ) < . @ F!S 8 $

126

(1984) + . )! ) 6 . = ! 9 0 .0 + ! .=E ! 9 0 & # . .6) 2 . & 90 < D : ( 91 : 1996 > ? ) M 8 $ > ! 9 0 2 @ & 90 : 1 N @ . A # 9 0 . @ @ > &C! / FC& A > F K P C F!/ > 6) ) 90 & : N ! " . ' . A # ` &! G P) 6 / K 1 8

. . ! ( 1994) ! / (151 /49 ) +' .0 + R ) ) ' .& .K D: ( 97 : 1996 > ? ) < . & 90 2 .0 + ' G 9 : 1 N @ . ! ! 6 E 0 ) ( . ) 1 0 . U : N ! " . & 90 ' ) ) ) 1 ! .

: N" "

.

'R ' .0 ! . . /Q : N) .0 + R # . ) ! ( .0 + R ) ) .& E

) G 90 : < @ > ( 1995 24 )

) )2 # ) ` # G2 1 ) $# G E & F!@ < 8 $ C 1@ > ! ( 01 @ A #@ U !@ 5@ @

.V

127

@ . 2 @ .0 : @ F!Q 3 5@ < G @ V .( 39 : 1996 > 2 ) = =6 .0 > (/ .. < ) & 90 $ C! P ) .'

D: M / E (/ 4$E K @ .! ' / K/ . & " 9=0 = K/ = .

6 / '() !

= /0 K6 R

(1)

. ! I

/ . " 90 $E / $ > #

G .! .0 < 2C ' K6 4$E $# . > & 90 . ( 1989 ! " 9 ) ! @ 5 .!1 .0 : " > A #@ .

"0 P) 4 E >(1990 H 22) 5 .!1 .0 > ! ) . /! @ %.0 . > & . 8 ) 90 N0 & N2 !

P @ K! (# 6! .!1 .0 .! A #@ . & 90 3 !"@ 6 ( + .' .0 4$E '@ " .0 .

# . . @ & # > ' . @.

/0 ! / < 0 > /@ /

! .) .!6

. 0

0 4$E K .' > .0 ) < !

.) 6 . .!6 ) 1 "/ . ) $ > ( 1 @ .!6 6 + I &@ N 6 7) .0 > !

6! . =0 1 $=E = 2 #. 6! ( & # ) P) 2 ! > $ > 6 6 2 N / 6 ( 0 .!6 ( P ' ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . @ . 0 ) .( Eagleton, 1950 : 277 ) ) 4$E / J@ . + .' 8 $ Q

128

# . & / 5.

1 6 @ : K/ < > D P / â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ) . 0 &

8 $ / 3 >

(2)

# . & + 6C +

+ '@ K " 9 @ 5 $ # . & I! ' .& 6 ! "

< 9 ! @ / +(/ $E > .0 . / # . +@ .

K ! @ .) > ) ! ) 6! ! / @ +( : B 3 C 0 6)' I & .E ) 6 ) ' .& 0 ! < @ + ' . 0 (1946) K0 . 5$ ! / 2 ) "@ G . . 0 @ #. 2 .0 + > " . N ; 6! @ T . U "@ + > ( 1950 1962 ) + < ( @ < N= . 3 2 5 $ +/0 $#@ 8 $ ! > ! @ I & . C & $ +/0 0 8 $ > ( .& + . N.. & 2' I . ! / . @ .(67 :1980 > ( ) . C & ( 1 ! & E & . . . 1 # &

(3)

@ # ! & 90 9 Q ! . / 1 % " 1 < 6 &0 1 .0 + 2) EB 6 N ) > &C!1 .0 $E .) >( Ijalaye , 1971 : 551 ) ' < . 7! 3 2 @ 7! C 7 4$E > ' . @ !

N 7! ( N F $ + 7! N$ 1 > 1 0 4$E " 1 I! E .0 + R

129

@ .) 1 ! ) 1 . S 8 $ > . !

1 0 !'

/ 0 G 6! ( N " > 7! C 7 4$6 NK ! / . 1 & # 6

9 ! .0 / .0 1

. 5Q N @ N

. ]. < ; )2 $ > . . . ( 34 : 2002 > 2 ) . . ( 56 ) . 9 + K 1 .0 + 3 2 . < + 0 $/E +6 / @ . C! + .6) 3 2 . +K 9 " + ) G @ @ 6 ` &! .& 8 . .0 + ; E G ) @ > 4. C B K !E > 9 C @ K . F 0 ! 9 0 + 0 90 F) Q .0 + 9 " F 9 ! E W F / $E + ' ) 4 0 6 G

. ! ! F &# Q $ W &

8 $ / W ! ! ' / F 8 !E E W ( 1925 ) + # . F ! %0 0

130

! " %0 ! ( 01 .) + ' . ! ! 9 0 5 !) 5. !/ (1925) + + '

! ( 01

& 9 " 6 `! ; < Q @ . ! .)

0 + & 0 .' > (1920) + 6 2! @ 9

.0 +

3 2 .6) ) : &! &) .6 ) .

0 < 3 7 0 +; 6 ( &) 3 2 . G + '@ ( + 0 .( # .= 5@ .2 F ' 3 . Q 1 +. < + 0 $E 5.B . !

> J N 0 ! . ) . .j = L < 5.B F!@ / > !

"H 5@ +. < 2 >

. ) 6 90 . C # /

. . ) . F' 0 + ' < ! . P < 5.B ! ! ' . ! ! K/ F P ) 4 . '() 0 / .) + & # > ( 1925 ) + $! ! +/0 .2 " $ > )/ +J > 6 2 @ < + ' +2 N N0 & M < 0 .& + @ 1 )/ . .2 0 + 6!@ / > Q $E

6 6 ! V 2

( 01 .) + ' . ! ! 9 0 %0 $E ! . P $E 9 0 D : M (# ! . + ' ) & # . ! ! &#

:

. + ' ) & # ! ! /

: ! "

131

+ ' ) & # . ! ! &# > 0 ; U . ! < !O N 0 ) m!

X <2 3 .) > )2 ! G; ' F ) :. @. " 90 $E & 3 F 0 2 > ! ' P + 0 ! 0 E@ / M & # 0@ !Q/ E 0@ N) : ! ' !Q/ P . @ :C! N C! ' } . ( 32 M > .; ){ N) : !

E 3 90 S #H ) > A #@ ) 9 0 :. 3 90 U C 7! G

.' ) F! > 90 $E .2 .' ) I& 1 > 9 0 4$E .& J .' ) E > 1 +6!Q ( 6 > . ) @ +7! . + E C 6 > . / )C

> ! ! 4 > 3 90 +6 9 ) > +7! E J 1 > +/ 0 . . .2 2 . ) 6! / ) 9 0 . < . ! ! 9 0 0 90 .! > 3 90 .! . 0 . ( 54 : 2009 > 0 ) & ) ) . + '

) $ ) . @ < 3 90 0 ! $

.! > 6 & # ! ! ' &# 6 . / @ / @ . ! ! &# 4$6 G / 5$ + ' ) < / 4$E

/ 0 A " 0 4$E > F C! + ' 3 ! $! . 5$ 6# ! ! F 0

1

# $ C! + ' F G2#

C P)

6! .

132

> . 3 ! / @ #M !/ < 6 2 . 4$E . ) ? : 1974 > 0 ) . ! F E '@ F' 0 . 4. / @ . (32 S > + ' ! ! &# < 6 . / @ < . ) D : M " / 4$E < )C G' 3 = ! =/ @ = N!/ F! / + ' &

. ! <C / : + '

N ! ! ' N 7! F Q !@ F + '@ ) N ; . N N " N! ) / Q > . . : F > ) 4

Z ) 5$ E + ' > N

F! . . . & / 1 $ > 6 +K1 $ 6 > 6 . 6

E. / 1 0 ; / > #H < / ! ! ! > < = )2 # ! / < 0 > P K 0 < 1 . C 6! c1 N .

1969 > ) ? +6= 6 / > U ! . ( 28 : 1 5$ F! / < 2 > ..) ; 7 . + ' 6; " . ' .& " 6 > F : > ) . > J F2 @ F ! > @ . !.) " F! ^ # . ( 341 : 1967 > +! J ) " 4 0 h 4 6!@ F ) /0 U ' +J F 0 4. .0 F)' ) + ' $

) @ > U J

! ! ' J 5. C! & F! 3 K @ ! 1

N ! ! ' N 7! F F Q !@ > F N ; . N F Q ! $! + ' $E $# .'

.1

133

/ + ' / S > F /0 + ' .S F ` # > F N& # N F; ! $! N ; '

) +/0 N .) . ! F 2 .

F#

6 > . ! 6 ) / . 3 ! / @ ! " / E : ) Z ) J 4. @ G ) + ' ; . C& + : !

8 !E > ./ +6! B .S ` # +6 " +/0 1 U 2# 8 : 6 ) V( & "/@ / V( & @ < E$ . . 4$E ! / 3 . + ' < + G +6 1 $ . ! < ! 1 $ ! +@ > 1 . ( 55 : 1998 > ! ) 6 ' < = ' = A # 4$6 .) > F#

) / $E @ ;1. : 1981 > ! ) M E 7 (# F . @ : ( 52 D : M 67 $E " : 2 67 JQ ) / (# .0 4$E + : :! 9 ) .0 : 1 N @ F Q ! $! + ' $# &@ ; ' 0

. 6 N!

) 6 > ' "/@ N .) : ) : N ! " N. +E.! 9 # > +E J +EK > . @ .0 +60 & +6 @ > +6! &C! +E J C # +6!Q

.@

.2

134

E > ) E ) > +6 & # +6 .E@ . +&C! 1 +6

'

. K $E > ) . @ G : . : N" " . .0 . F ) / +6)

. 0 Z ) / J : 0 " : &# 67 .

) $ > +6 ! @ +60 & 9 0 .6 5$ ) +/0 2 > .0 3 !1 : 0 " ' !)

+6 .0 &@ +6! / > F / ) / I & .E 9 0 . .0 +62 @ > .0 . .0 8 ) E 7 + ' # : 67 .^

) 3 ! @ F $E > + ' 6 K E 7 > 4K + ' .0 : 0 +E ) . +6 )

) ) > 9 )

6 ( " G 67 $E I ( F

. 9 ) P N. . F=2 @ / ) < 43 ! 8 . ; 6 . ; < ) . : !) : .

E . 6 ` #

. S $E < > .

6!@ = / &@ = ! ! '

.

!; / B

6 > / 0 ;C ` # @ .

6 > E ' ! EK @ 0 6! / ! ! ' @ H

. 1 6! &@ 6!@ / > ! .

E ! . 0 . ( 35 : 1979 > # ) A #@

.3

135

D: M . )& K E 7 .

E > 6 ' < E$ C!

67 : # . . .@ P

0 . 4$E . > A #@ 5@ < H

E > 6 ' B + 7!

> E. .0 # . ; 6 . < 6 .

# . . >A #@ ! @ / . 0 : A #@ . U 2# +.

/

E.0@ > ! 2

G ) . G K 6 ! " > # . : 1989 > 5 # ) ' @ F Q P 6 .' # . . ( 32 +.

!) 5$ . ( . 67 $E < : # . .

S $6 > A #@ . 6 ) .) > A #@ ! @ 6 2# @ G > A # E &' ! @ / J 6 . / ( 1 &' ! . . ( 59 : 1978 >

# ) ! ! . . < "B 1 $E @ . U 2# +. " > ! 2 # . 8 $/ ! " > 6 ( : / + 6 ! ! @ . 6 ) +. < + 2!1 . ' C 1 .E ) + < 6 .'

+

A =# .= 3 K 6 .6) 6 K 3 . !( 9 " . ( 44 : 1998 > ! ) +/0 + 7! S C . )& . E 7 (# + $ > . ! F 2 9 E 7 4$6 ( 1925 ) + < 0 G /

136

P)

F . . '

K 1 P) F ' +J > N 0 1 N) /

! @ Z > . + ' V . > . / < ) @ E > C .! > 6 ( ..6 . .2 A #@ . 0

.' @ > N 'B 6 . . C > / 6 . G 0 ` # . .6 3 6 ! @ > Z $E 0.

0 / . 2 @ ' ) Z V . + $E !

/ 2 @ ' ) Z . > ( 1990 H 2 ) K . . < Z 8 $ 0. .! > ! ( 1 N..6 6 @ ) 2 ) G . 5. ) < > ! . . / G C 0 ! <!

T; ! ".0@ # . F".0@ 3 . / . K / 1

+ 6C ( N ) " / + ' N ; ' / 5$ +/0 + 7! @ ./Q 8 $ 6! / @ (# ! ! &# G / > . ! . ' 9 . ^ # + + ' ! ! G2 S > . ) + ' : "(" + ' G < 6 . E 7 . N)2 # N ' F! / . ? &# 3 6! F . + ' <

! + 6 9 )

2 V(&S 4 . K $E > )/ . . ! ! < @

7! P . B . ' 9 6

6 ! / 0 . S 8 $ > 6 ! ! .)

0 ! )/ .

137

F' # " ! @ 5. ) I 1 . ! ! . G N ! > .) ' . A # 0 ! . ! . ' + 0 .) N 0 > 0 ! !

5. ) F".0 5$ ( +. < . ' C 1 9 " G ./B .) > F 2 .) > ( + ' ) F A. ) ! ! K/ ( ) < C& @ Y 1 ( 1925 ) + 8 $! 0 .; + & .6) N' # > 0 ! .) < + 1 . $E N 7!

! .

2 ! ( 01 + 5$ ) J G P ) 3 > ! ! ' C& Q G 1 5$ ! . .2 > 2 C !1 " ' C F ! !

0 / 1 (/ "S 4

0 9 0 E ' ) ! /0 F 5$ . 6 21 &!) & .6 EK @ > . . 6) 9 " F &! 5$ > !O &!) ' C G! ( > ! 9 0 ) ( > .0 + 9 " >+ .6) > ( 1966 ) + ) . & '1 1 " 9 0 .6 >( 1965 ) + ) . E J ( 1966 ) ! !. 9 0 .

138

! "

+ ' ) & # ! ! / . ! ! &# 1 < E$ . ! 3 6 J@ @ +J / @ < 0 /! > !) ! ! ' &# . / @ /! 8 !E F!@ 1 > !) &# / /! 5$ ( Duguit

/ . ) . ) " > ( N &@ &# .

@ > /0 + /0 1 G'

. @ A 6 > 6 @

6 +K & & #1 4$E +6 # 5$ ! . .0

& + /0

6 Q $ . Q U . 8 !E : 0 4$E . > /0 . ( 26 : 1989 > 5 # ) + /0 . K .

6 A 1 > . 2 1 &# P 6 ( G. Scelle ) F C @ ( R.Bonnard ) . ) A ! > .# ) 9 K 6 . A > 6 . ! ! & !) . ! / . & !) 3 6 C # .' F!Q &# /C $# + 0 2 . 1 F!Q A 6 $6 > $ E / . ( 41D40 : 1998 > ! ) C& 0@ A.

> + 'S 9 ) ! ! ' / K . c F + ' 3 + 'O ! ! G2 .) > & 90 G + ' ) P) G > !) F &# ! ! C& 3 > + ' $E ( 0 +2 . 2 ' . +E ) / %.0

0

139

' E J / ) . / Z : C / . & 90 @. 5 ) 2 .! ' . 1 / 4$E J ) . '() ` # . ! ]. ( ) M < @ 5$ ) D: ( 1970 + ) .0 + 7! 9 " N . + 7! 9 "

" E & ) @. <2 " .1

> 0

# #. . 90 ) G 8 > .0

+ 0 . / +K > " 1 5. & '1 6; ! EK/ . " .0 + 9 " + /0 N 90 $E A #@ . <

0 + 2!1 . $ . 3 ! " .2

> 0 ) 4 # #H K/ G2 5@ ' @ 6) . 0 1 @ . " & 90 ) $E / @ E 4K/ 90 F + ' ) S @. $E

. / ! ) > " 1 . & '1 F! B 9 ) /

P

90 + ' ) " > .0 +

3 2

N; / N / + > < + 2!1

+ 6 >F . < !

0 4K/ G2 ' . 1 > 6! . 0 1 . 6!

/ 3 ( N > 4 & : 3 ! (# 9 "

F 0 0 ) 5@ $#@ E ' 3

= & )2 # + ' <

> .0 + 6 .

F 6 &0! 5$ &

140

$E

( N N . .=0 + R ) ) : > A / . =6

& & # 1 0

> (Tamuschat, 1993 : 18 ) ..&

> A #@ H 8 !6 > . C +@ $ +/0 & 3 ( # . ) .

D : ( 102 : 1996 > ? ) M ..0 # . F & 90 / : 9 C 1 .@ . !)

9 C (# # 3 C (# 1 0 +7)

& 5 : 3 C 1 .

F! /

5$ + ' @ .

!

G F 8 + . &

%.0 / 5 . `! N$ C! & Q .' : 5 . `! .^ . `! < N. ! 9=

. 0 1 6 .! . . 0 1 . (71)

F 0 : ) 5 ! F!@ < + F . ! 3 6 9C : .. ; $ @ > 9 + @ & @ F K &

"

! ! F 0 < ) 8 $ &0

+ 9 " .E N I V C/ 8 $

> + .# < Q . F;. .0

= 90 6 ! ! ' N& # @ ) G . ! N I & $/E B / & 0 6!@ > 90 $E + 0 < K . @ > & & 90 < &0 ) / > F . +. 90 $6 6/ 6 !

141

) &# 4$E > F & # . ! ! ' &# 8

. ! N&#

D : ( 34 : 1997 > 5 / ) '() ) + 8( < .

!) ( ! ! 6 . ) ! ! ) E@ : 1 N @

. . ! ]. . ' 6 0 9 0 & @ 3 . < . E > ! ! ) 3 C/ : N ! " . . 9 0 4$6 .! & 0 < .

!) > B ) E@ : N" "

. T; ! 6!

G & B 2 + ' . .0 ! ! : / $E K $ 6 1 / ( 1847 / 5 / 31 ) . & ! " (+ 2 @) .E ) 6 ..0 " .' .E ) 4$E < )/ . G ' +. S > ( 1913 > 1911 )

.E ) 4$E . . A. I 2 !E 2 > . .0 ! ! : B 6 6 ! ") /0 @ .' 6! $ > + ' < ) ! > ! < / 20 > ! " 6 > < +2 + .E ) 4$E @ < 7! > ! ") . 8( )C 0 !

+ )

G2 < "B +

; P 3 > .E ) 8 . ! )/ . ) + > ! /0 . ( 76 : 1966 > / ) ) 9 ) & # > 6 < . + '

142

6 ) $#Q .E ) 9 .& < & +

! @ /

< 9 ) ) / < < 60 G J E.) . ( 327 : 1958 > ! 0 ) 3 @ .E ) : E 2 1 .E ) Q +K 1 . : ( J !K ) `! K 1 9 0 / .. 6 @ ! ! ' K P C @ N' 0 I! > P @ 90 6

8 J . P " E. / .E ) 6

./B > E 2 . " " . K @ N' 0 h ! 1 .E ) : ( ! ) > 6 N " " 6 < K P C @ .E ) : F!Q : (5 ) : F!@ 1 6 + . < K P C 1 .E ) @ +J : ( K ) N " " . N' 0 0! @ .E ) "/@ @ ! 0 . ( 107 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 106 : 2006 > / ) N! 2 @ x 0 & 6 ' $ .E ) .0 + 9 " 0 5$ P / + ' ) P ) & @.

0&@ +E : F! I2 1B .. . G ! . ) . 1 B $E ( W + ' ) @. $E E W / ) 4$E > .0 + ) 0! ) 6 5$ F C! 9 " < 5 ) . & <!) Q (# 67 > .0 + 9 " . . .) ! ) 0 ) (/ > 6! 5Q . . .0 5@ . . ( ) ) N'( ! > ) + .# / $ > F ) . & 6 N) > C # 5 $ . : <!) 0 4$E 2 0 &! ' 7! 6 . .0 +6 > . 5@ > + F / ..0 `; &#

143

<

! + ' ) /

(# 1 >

!

. ) 3 ! @ G 6 0 / `; &# (# ) N'( ! > ( ) ) 5 ) 5@ ) / S A #@ 0 ! <!) . 0 0 4$E

+ $ > . .& ! ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6

.0 )2# ..0 + ' / G 6! 5Q . & / > ) F .&' ! > .0 + 9 " F 6 5$ ) ) @ I2 > 6 C! ) <! .' .0 + 9 " @ 5@ > .0 + 7! 3 2 @ .

) 67 F $ ) $E N'( ! > ) + 6C . .0 ! ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +/0 ) J + ' @ > . 5@ / < 6 F > 9 " . / < 6 9 ! %.0

6 C! 6 9 ! & + 7! 0 2 @ >

9 " < . ! " C

$

. " > ) )

1 8 !E : F!@ > ) & 9 0

N (# . 8 ) ) < .! @ .' NC # < g !) @ " 9 " 20 . ( 30 : 1983 > ) . 8 . & 4 !) > ! / 1( Q 6!Q > ) + E. < . 8 $ / . / ) )2# 6!@ / > E J < C' > .6) " .0 8 $/ > !. 9 0 0 9 " < . / > ?

A 6C ) / 1 ) /C P . 6 + / + 9 ! < & 90 9 3 !E > . / G 6!Q < & 1 & 90 S 8 $ > ( 34 : 2001 > . / ) ) ( )2 #

144

9 !

) / . ! > J + ' . )

5$ ) ) 1 N / + ' ) S $6 > 6 & # K 6 . 9 " $6 A # . .0 + 9 " . 3 "/ < 5 ! > P J ) F!@ < 6 P) F 7! . > @ .; ) + . < G ! N ( # > E !) . .0

3 M ( # . )

> " > : ! 6!Q > ) +62) > & / .; 7 N ) F . 8 C! / > / P @ > / 6 > N # ! /

) G 6!Q > ( ! ! ) ) > / "

> 0 8 1 3 . ) & P .0 > P) F2) @. . '() ! ' 2

2C . )

! ! < >

1 )

$E <! )2 . ! ) F; v @ . "/ "Q $ > ' = / @ : !) @. > & 90 F . > @. @ 8 $ N) > . $ ./ + @ 90 .0 D @ / . & â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9 6 J E & R / > 0 E & < + ' $E +2! @ @ > ..0 6 ' # . Z ) < K ! / $ 3 C 1 @ 6 ! < 3 # @ 6 F > A #@ @ . + ' .E ) 90 $6 .' > 6 !

0 &@ . ! / 8 $/ ( 1871 ) + C/! > ( 1866 ) + ! > ( 1851 ) + d K . ( 141 : 1993 > 0 ) 1919 + ) I & B

145

' ) I & N . > 0 P)

' I & +.#

EK + < ' ) 2 > ! .

6 ) < 0 " : 6 ` # C& F Z ) 5$ G E J E. ) ' G2 2 / > ) K 0 6 C! .) J ) . ( 198 > 1987 > ) G 0 / / ' @ @ ) C& 9( + 3 > + ' ) S > F ! N&# F! / ( 1 < &0 4 & @ 2 ! 6 F 1 E. @ <!) > 2 C& $ . ! ! F &# S > .

0 ! > . $6 & ) . ! #M ` # < . ) . 8 $ > . $ . & # . ! ! &# F

6 A #

> . ! @ &@ @ ` # @ +E 2 ! )

) / F 1 . 1 F!@ 1 > . ! ! &# . 2 +J 4$E 9 0 ! E@ $6 > F ( F 0 @ 2 ! . ! #M ` # > . 0 < . ! ! &# 7! /

> 6 ) 2! I! . ! ! ) &#

#. .)& / < F " !

F 2! .

KK) 1 @ / > . /0 7! . G . ! ! ' '( ( 1 &

F 0 F! / . F &# ) ! /

8 $ G > F ! . . ' > . '

146

. ! / F ) / F0! F 0 ) 9 ) > "H T; ! . A # ) .

K & F 0 N' 0 ) $6 S #H !

D : ( 37 : 1997 > 5 / ) M 1 . .2 E$ # K . ` &# F J ) 90 D . 0 G . Q + . < &0 >

. ! ! 0 90 D

. & 0 1 @ 2! 0 (# .

7! 2 ! ) . G G '() ' 90 D . . /0 . . 7! @ / 90 D . . B / 90 D 6 ) . >

. ! . ' 3 !

/ 90 D . &

. . .' ) '() / 90 D V 3 2 + ' ! ! G2 / < 3 > T; ! 8 $ < ( 1925 ) + + ' $E 2 ! Z +@ > ( 1936 ) + F < 0 ' 0 F)2 K# ? + ' Q 9 ) . N 0 5 / ) ) $6 ! S > ! 1 1 + ' .= $;.! > ! ) !

N0 N .& .6 .' ! / ".0

147

! C/ > 0 8 $ + & & & # 2 0 4$E @ G + 6 " 5. / > 5 !) 5. !/ 6 .' .

0 " > + ' Z 6 .

0 + ' <

! Z

6 ' ( 0 .6 @ G 6 '( G ' ! 5 !) / . ( 57 : 1981 > ! ) 6 2 @ < F 2 I 6 E +.

! ! 9 < G B F

D : M 9; 0 N. ! 8 $ > 8 $! 0 )C 5 + & .6 8 $

0 .) + ' < . /1 / 0 < 3 1 K 1 (1) .(+ & .6 > 10 . ) 0 ! . N 0 + ' +2 .& # . 0 &@ > E.0 0 . `# N".0 0 .) + (2) $ . U K! 5@ #. &) : @ > + & ` & # 2 ! & ! 3 $# @ F > 6 N. .6 @ N 0 " U K! $E / . ( + & .6 > 11 . > 1 C ) . + K ! 0 #@ / + & .6 0 < 3 1 0 (3) : E > . .

15 . > 7 C ) I2 ! ! 90 .) 2 0 .6 @ .@ . ( + & .6 > ; 2 @ + /0 E > ; G . C! .

.& < 6 @ "(" 3 2 ! 0 > &) : < A / + . @

148

D 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 13 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12 : . ) : @ ; 2 +/0 @ + /0 ' . ( + & .6 > 16 = / N

=0 < = u = + & .'

F 2 = &) +K > / C > 2 A #@ / 13 ) ? 6 2! $! &) ( N N 2 6! / + /0@ &) .6 . K ! ; G . C 8 $ 2 $ > ( 1920 / 1 ! .' $ > &) : @ . 3 2 @ + /0 < 3 > / .) > 0 4$E +. ./B $E S > .2 0 4$E

0 > . &) 3 2 . G .2 8 $ ! @ 6!@ + 0 E > &) .6 ) . ! .)

0 2 &0 .6 N @ 6 0 ! @ & # > . ) N2 @ " +/0 0 ! . N 0 .)

0 4$E S $6 > ' / < 5Q 6; .

6 .! @ : >

. ) + & .6

> J + ' ! . > ' 9 0 F P C 5$ > J < + ' +2

E "

. ) ! .) ( 01 $E T; ! 0 . B . ' C 1 9 " G @ . . 4$E S > 9 < N Q > + ' ! ! K/ F ' 5$ ( +. ./B 6 / A # . 9 " + & .6) N' # .) > 6 F 2 C& F @ 6 ) 1 > . ! . ' < U J NK

149

5$ + ' ) J G P ) 0 ! .) G < ! F! / +/0 .2 2 C !1 " + < M < 0 ( 1925 ) + $!

D: EK @ / > A # 0 ! ! > Z . ( 1925 / 7 / 27 ) ? K# ? . ! " D + ' 5 +2 6 @ "(" .) 5@ > " . ' K @ ! / $ . ' . ' 5$ )/ . 0 ? K ( 1940 ) ! 0 " D . 6)' . .) < ! .

)/ ! . 5 6 2 4 .2 ( 1945 ) + 0 ! ; ' " D . ( 1968 ) + K 0 0 ) " / 0 0 " D ( 01 ' .2 + ' 3 ! @ " !

;

! + ' 0 / 1 / " K 1 5$ > ! ! /0 6 $ . 6 21 &!) ' C

F

. ) + ' $E ) .2 ' )

150

151

: # &C

# ! 1 & G . & 90(

152

: # &C # " # : G K K P @ 6 ) > N !

1 N ( 0 0 ) ' 0 &Q > !

G v 6 & J +J > . C ! 9 0 @ . C > / !

9 0 G 1 . ) > ) + 6 & + .) > ) " F 0 " @ # @ 6 F 1 5$ > ) S 0 @ )' A. < . 9 )

' !

G $ . 0 @

G 9 . .0 F > ' ) ) & 0 E > P ) & ) .0/ &) +.'@ $! ! / # N.0 j / ! . / N &C! > / . 6 2E ( N & N )

> +( F V ! + +( < ! ( ) + ' E@ .!/ 6 /0 > ! . / M ./ G '( + ' $6 / >

) T #

) 9 F 0 @ .)

! .

. / ) E 6 @ / . . 8 ) ( I C < 0 : C 6 0 .!/ .2 . . # F / ) ` ' +/0

! / @ .) ) +/0

@ .) ) .; P # .! ( 537 ) !

6 $ ; ' 1 0 &@ > : C

. 4$E < 0 1 > & 1 ) +/0 + ' .6 > # 20 6 ) 2 ) (1258) ! . < )

153

> F & K 0 $# 5$ ) ) V( . 0 6 @ ) ) . + ' . ) . 4$E $ > + ; # 3 EK . 4$E +/0 .' ? +6 K . < ( 1724 ) + )/ . +/0 + ' +" > C ! ") $ C! A $ > ( 1925 ) + = = = . 4$E +/0 .' > . 0 & ! . K# ? E @ .) ! ' 6 ( 0 5$ ! ( 01 7 7 / / + ' ) Z .'

! < 6! ..) . @ +J > 9 0 @ +6 0 > ! / > ) > . / > / $ : " . . ' '@ > : C ' '@ ) Z ) @ 2' "@ Q $E > > 0 !. 9 0 / ! . I! 0 ..) . . . 9 N 4$E 3 ! ' 4$E I! +6 ;( 3 $ #

8 $ S cF :! < ! ( 1936 ) + F 5$ . + 1 N @ 3. 6 > 6' 0 . : .( < . ! / $ > C F! .0! 5$ 5 M 0 6 .& X 0 ..) . / 9

. ! P

F! 8 $ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 8 J . 6 21 ' U 2# 6 &# ) F 0 + 7! . G2 # 90 ) I! 2 5$ & 90 # . G G' ./B > D F0 & F .E@ 9 0 N ;( 4 5$ /

J

> J . 6 2 F .! &C!1

N ; .

J ' @ <

+ 9 )& / .' > . & '1 #

154

..) . / < 6 P) +/0 .' > .0 . 2 N) 6 ) C # < "/ .E & ) + ) ! > N'( 9 0 & J 6!@ ( J / ".0 . ) (# 8 $ > F & 5@ $E 0& ! > &

E > C # 6 # +2 ! /

. 0 1

( / / ) 6 8 !E > / . > ! > ! . >8 6 ' +2 ` ' 4$E > 8 8 6 < &C!( . +" > / .!6 < 1 N @ ! .!6 > ! ! & 8 & 5. / ) 2' ) > ; ' / / K > / ! &C! 70 5@ C!1 ..6 E 9 ) / / 2 0 . / ) 6! ! > 9 ) ..) . / 9 ! / A. )C G' < ! 7!

) 8 S + + @ 8 $ > 9; 0 F ) > + ' 4 + '( 3 ! @ > ) ' + 7! . G . +/0

) 6! / +.6 ' > 0 . " < : ! . + ' + ' )

G' &C >

. 8 $ S > 1 . & '1 # + .)! < 4 . "@ 5$ . $6 N ) N. . / 5$ ) ! N N /) ; E / . / C! 5. & '1 ! `# @ < 21 > + ' ^ # K/ G! & J @ 1 > ! )

0&@ +E : C I &@ $ > + ' $E ) 0 < : C I! 2 @

155

N . & ' + ' ^ ! .# 1 / < : B $E > + '

k X C )2 / 0 &@ ) @ 0 > N

8 !E > & ) 90 P' ! ' ..) . / G P ) ( #

( #1 ) > /C 4$E 9 ) A #@ 9; 0 8 G /

8 $ $E / > .E I & ( N 2 "

I2 5 &!) K . . G . 0 . 6 21 + 5$

!

> 4 & F 0 + ' ) /! > ) 0 1 < ) C0& > N ! ! / 0 & ! . @ P ) . & > + /0 @ + . +E & / N J /! .

. ! J ! +6 @ ( 01 )

! ) "/ < 9 . 4$E ' c+. 9 <

` # & 90 . C 1 ! / < ' > ! 1 D: M 0 ! @ .) > ! ( 1 < &0 ( 01 $E 0& " > 6 . ) 3 1 %0 (# . !/ .1 = ( =0 = . <) = ! Q : ) 6'.& 6 2

) G! . 6 21 G ; U (# += ( 5 6 +/0 + 7! $ > & F 0 $= = ) G 6 ) / +/0 + 7! #

) = &= +/0 = .' 0 ) 6! ) 7! Z !

4 = +/0 @ U / + 5 6 + 7! > F

156

= = "/ + .= > )= 1 ( 0 + A. .) @ < A. + = E1 +.= G= > +6 ! ) !

1M 6 !

= +6 0 +6' 0 < +6 &0 P " ) 0& +6 2 Q = = ) G! + 4$E / > ! . 6 . 6 < 8 P F' 0 . ( 01 ` # @ D: H E < K/ 6 . ; . @ .2 = = G' 9 ) B . .2 > = # $= > +=6 = G' G 6! / G ! = K = ! > ; E ) . < .! & &# $ = (# + ) . < E .& + > ! 0 = 3 ( 01 A N) ) > ! / E@ . =) U =! = ) 4 ! &# P @ F K 6 @ % 0 E 8 . K 5$ > K C! 6! "

= 8 > + ' P @ < 3( 1 ) ) 1 A U & 6 =2 2 ' . I & / > ) 4$E G' + 2 Q ! ? $E $! > ( 1925) + 6 0 N ' < . ! ) ? = I= ( K Q= 9 ) ! " B 6 . ! : =C +=/0 .= > (1925) + =6 ( 0 = '

.

157

@ ="(" = . K 1 ! K 0 N N /0 ! = = /0 ) ! / > . ' C ' ) @ +" > # 0 $ K N! ' "(" 6 C!

) 6!/ N2 @ ! / +6 C!@ : C > C +/0 .6 =! / > S= F &= "/@ ) K 9 ) & > = ) .= 6 "/ N .E +6 /0

> ( + 638 ) + = $=! ) 0 ( I C E3 +" > K <= 0 N! ' ) @ 8 $/ 7 > & # ) & 6 & ^ = 0 1 = ! G >( + 1925 ) + ! ( 01 U ' + K= < . C; K ! 3 .1 . / E > M < 0 . . # : C ! / +/0 + 7! ) 9 ) % " B . E @ / . >( 1979 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925) C 6 ( 0 . ) @ .) 5 6 2 . . 4 E$# 8 3 ) C& C! K # < + ' + " < 3 = 0 A = . 3 @ ! ' +" > + ' .& . 1 F!@ +J . . 3 @ 6; G' 6! +/0 + 7! 6 6 ! C 3 9 ! 8 G / !

= = ) .( 1925 ) + = 6 ( 0 .) 5 6 2 4 ! @ > 6 2 @ N3K + ' 5 6 2 4 .6 !

.^

158

5 / ) +/0 ! @ > 8 $!H ! 1 ) 1 / F!Q = . = ) +=/0 B G @ > += 'O . = ; 2 + =7! = ) 9 ) G B 6 . !

..

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1979 ) C ) 4 F/ ! 5 6 +/0

) 2' 4 ! +/0 + 7! A. ' . > ( 2013 = ! . / @ 4. 5$ T6! 1 ) ! E = .; ! / . M :C! < +; ( 1979 ) " & ! .) + ' G 6 ) > 9 / 0 C 1( . 6 D1980) = ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; = ' ) =0 U1.! 8 $ < 6)= > > =0 8= 9 ) . B ) ) ' (1988 / > ) . P) ; ' ! / '() =" .& ! # + K ! + 7! ^ 6 ! @ = . K .=' > 6! . ) ) . < ` &# F <

) 2' < N "@ > ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ) '() . ) 4$=E )= 4 = U 1 ( 6 +/0 + 7! G . . 0 = ! ! / 9 ) : # B 6 . K/ 4$=E K . > & 90 < &0 ) 2' = 9=0 G= + ' ) 0@ A. > /

.=E

159

> + ' $E ( 0 + ' 3 + 'O ! ! G2 .) > & =0 P) G > !) F &# ! ! C& 3 +2= . 2 ' . +E ) / %.0 . +E J / ) . / Z : C / + ' . .0 ! ! : / $E K / ( 1847 / 5 / 31 )

. & ! " (+ 2 @) .E ) 6 ..0

G ' +. $ > ( 1913 > 1911 ) > . .0

6

1 /

! ! : 1 N B " .' .E ) 4$E < )/ .

. > + ' < .E ) 4$E . . A. I 2 !E 2 / 20 > ! " 6 6 ! ") /0 @ . 8( @

) ! > ! <

< +2 + .E ) 4$E @ < 7! > 6 ! ")

+ )

G2 < "B +

6 >

8 . ! )/ . ) + > ! /0 )C 0 !

9 ) & # > 6 < . + ' ; P 3 > .E ) $#Q .E ) 9 .& < & + ! @ / > )

/ < < 60 G J E.) 6 )

. 3 < 9 ) ) + 9 " 0 5$ P / + ' ) P ) / +E :

M I2

1B .. . G ! .0

160

W + ' ) @. $E E W & @.

0&@ 6 5$ F C! 9 " < . ) . 1 / B $E O . . .)

/

) 4$E > .0 + ) 0! )

5 = ) = . & <!) Q (# 67 > .0 + 9 " 0 ) (/ > 6! 5Q . . .0 5@ . . ( ) ) + .# / $ > F ) . & 6 N) > C #

! )

0 4$E 2 0 &! ' 7! 6 N'( ! > ) 5@ > + F / ..0 `; &# 5 $ . : <!) >

! . .0 +6 > .

(# ) <

! + ' ) /

(# 1

. ) 3 ! @ G 6 0 / `; &#

161

! 1 D: M ! 1 < & + == G' G 6! / G ! G' .1 > = ; E ) . < .! & &# > # $ > +6 = (# + ) . < E .& + > ! 0 K !

K = 3 ( 01 A N) 6 ) > ! / E@ $ 6! " . ) U ! ) 4 ! &# P @ F . K C! . K 1 ! K 0 N N /0 /0 ! : C .2 > = C +=/0 .6 > . ' C ' ) @ @ "(" 9 ) = & > ) 6!/ N 2 @ ! / +6 C!@ : C "/ N .E +6 /0 ! / > S F & "/@ ) K (= I =C E3 +" > K ) . 6 7 > & # ) & 6 & > ( + 638 ) + $=! ) 0 G= >( + 1925 ) + ! ( 01 U ' < 0 N! ' ) @ 8 $/ = ! 3 .1 . / E > M < 0 . ^ 0 1 ! . # : C + K < . C; K . 3 .. < . ) & # ! / +/0 + 7! G .3 + ' + + ' . >( 1979 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925) C 6 ( 0 A = .= 3 = @ = > + ' ) C& C! ( K #) <

162

) > . . 3 @ 6; G' 6! 3 0 F!Q ! @ > 6 2 @ N3K + ' 5 6 2 4 .6 !

5 / ) +/0 ! @ > 8 $!H ! 1 ) 1 / == . = = = ) +==/0 = B G= @ > += 'O . = ; 2 6 C! . M < ( 1979 ) " & ! .) ! . / @ . .4

> 9 / 0 C 1( . 6 .; ! / = ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ' ) 0 U1.! 8 $ < 6)= > + ' G 6 ) .

0 8 9 ) . B ) ) ' (1988D1980) = = ! ! C&= @ + ' ! ! G2 ' .5 . = +E ) / %.0 3 H V @. > !) F &# . =/ Z = : C / +2 . 2 ' . +E J / )

163

&

+ ' < 7 0 @ > ! 1 3 (# D: M & . S > ! ( 1 < F &0 0 . . 1 + 9 ! 6! % 0 " 1 0 / 1 .1 . 4 0 + ' ) H 9 0 + ' + .E I2 5 E + 7!

J " @ + ' / 1 .2 . .0 2! 9

) . @ / F

# / > ) 3 ! @ '

6#

+ 7! .E@ 9 ) .3

. ( 1 & ! < 0 F 1 V C/ ' %) ! N! K) F'( ! . 0

) . C . .0

< 3 2 .4

. $ /! + 7! ) 1 @ ( 01 F 4. & . @ ) + . + . .5 (# . 0

) 2' K < ) >

!

. 0 8 ) . 6 2

164

. & G . &

.1

+ / H .@ 9; " .

.1966 ! / 16 . & 2200 +' .0 + R ) ) '

D

.1970 + ) 2625 +' .0 + R ) ) '

D

. 1945 + ) .0 + 9 " "

D

= ) =' = = = !. 9 0 ` # . .6) "

D

? (1966 ./ ! / 16 ) d B (21D.) ( 2200) .0 + R ) .(49) . + /0 N >(1976 : / $H 23) :$ C! 3.

N . ) . '() ` # . ! ]. ( "

D

. 1970 + ) .0 + 7! 9 " = $= ! = " 1 . & '1 9 0 ` # . .6) "

D

. (1976 ! " ! / 3) ) G ) /

.2

.@

. " K > . . > .!6 9 < . ( 1991 ) V C . > + E

D

+ /0 # K 0 . ( 1975 ) ) # B . 0 1 ) !

D

. %. 0 ) > . . >

165

=) . > = > 29 ^ > ) = = @ . ( 1998 ) 0 > D .

. ) . > > +7! . ( 1998 ) ! . > !

D

=C) > > 9 ) ? & . ( 1949 ) : >

D

. # " K > . . > ) T # < U & . ( 1966 ) F + > /

D

. . . ) 6 ! > 9 . > . ( 1966 ) # >

D

6 ! > 9 . > ) V C/ . ( 1966 ) # >

D

. 0 > 2 . 0@ > E > + ) . ! . ( 1972 ) 5 . ^ > /!

D

. / & ; 6 =! =/ . > > ) ? . ( 2007 ) #H > 0

D

.

. ) ) > . & > A / ' ) " . ( 1952 ) 9 K . > ! 0

D

. ) ) > . & > N" .0 N .' 9 ) . ( 1958 ) 9 K . > ! 0

D

B = . >. . > 1^ > ' ) K ? .(1988)9 K . > ! 0

D

. " > N= $ ! = ! 2 & 90 . ( 1998 ) . !. > 0 . ! . K/ >

D

166

.= > = > 2 > = /C . ( 2009 ) . !. > 0

D

. G K ! . ) B =7 + ' ! ! G2 . ( 1974 ) . . > 0

D

. !. ) > E > . .

K > . .= > .= # ) ! . K 0 . ( 1970 ) )! > 0

D

. ( 4 ) ( > +( +( K > . . > ! . 0 . ( 1970 ) )! > 0

D

. .=0 1 ' F F 6C > . ! . ( 1990 ) Z > . #

D

. . . > / > 1^ > / . > >5^ > / ? . ( 1970 ) ? # 0 > K#

D

. (6 / >. . > > 2 0 > 2 K 0 . ( 1990 ) . 0@ &! > K#

D

.

9 ! ' C . > > +7! ]. . ( 1978 ) . 0@ )! >

#

D

. G K ! . 26! . > ! ! . +7! . ( 1979 ) 0 > #

D

G = > = 0 > +7! K . ( 1989 ) !J . 0 > 5 #

D

. 0 ) . ) (6 . > E > . 7! . ( 1968 ) ; >

D

167

%=0 > E > & ) 3K . ( 1967 ) 9 C > .

D

. . 0@ !@ 4. ) > > ) 0 . 0 1 G B +. > = ) T = # . ) : T # @ .( 1999 ) . 0 > 0

D

5. =0 = < ) T # . ) : < .' ' = @ > ( 1998 ! =/ 9D7 ) C (# 7 @ ' @ > ) .. % 0 . K/ > 7 . . = > ) 5.; ) . ( 1974 ) . 0 \ . > 5

D

. /C / . > : > 6 ^ > 3 K @ = = = +.='@ ) ) . ( 1983 ) 0 . 0 > 5. K

D

.

0 . > . . > . ( + ) . > E > 7 > +( . ( 1986 ) . # > / K

D

> =" .0 = 2=6! 5 6 4 2 . ( 1939 ) . 0 . 0 > .

D

. ! ! / . E = ( =0 K# ? +/0 . ( 2006 ) . " + > 8!

D

. ) . > ! . > > = ) B > > . '() ! ' . ( 1993 ) . 0@ > 0

D

. G K ! . . . / > E > +6 . 8 . ( 1999 ) . 0 @ > . )

D

> . .= > K =0 K# ? +/0 . ( . . ) 5.6 + )!@ >

D

. 5.!/ . /

168

> = > = = U & . ( 1980 ) E / > (

D

. ) % 0 B > K K C : . ) 9 M . > E > ? . ( 2003 ) : / > E

D

) > ! > +6 ( @ + ) ) ? . ( 1965 ) 0 + >

D

. .M = = F @ ) ) . : B . ( 1972 ) 0 + >

D

. .M / > ! > 6 # . ! 6 . / > . . > 9 . ( 1965 ) + E >

D

> = > 2 > 5 . ! +7! . ( 2005 ) & > 5 !

D

. ; . > & ) . ! 2' . ( 1996 ) \ . 0 I > ?

D

. ! . . K/ > E 9 =) . .0 .E ) . '() . ( 1966 ) & / > 2

D

. 5 & . > . . > .= K=! > " .=0 : > ! ) )/ . ( 1981 ) I & > . )

D

# B ) > # . ) ' . .0 > #H

. 9 ) "M + = = =# EK! E . ) . ( 1928 ) 0 > ) . . K ) > 9 . > # ;

D

169

T = # = ! = ! / 0 . ( 2012 ) . > \ .

D

. 8 . . > . / > 2 > ) K > . .= > P @ K 0 . ( 1980 ) # + E > 5. )

D

. +( " . . . > > . ( 1980 ) <C & > + )

D

9 = 0 ]. . ! 3 2 K 0 / . ( 1982 ) . # > 5K)

D

. 9 ) 3 ! + ) . 0 1 % 0 . ! @ > . . > ! > ) .. . .. : K 0 2 . ( 2006 ) : > /

D

. /0 . > .! > . . ! ! ' 6 & ) 90 . ( 1997 ) . > 5 /

D

. B > / >4^ > 3^ > = ( 0 9 ) ?= . ( 2004 ) : > 5 K)

D

. ) . . > 5^ . +( . / > 9 . > & 90 . ( 1982 ) . # > <

D

=) > E = > 4 > + =) . ! ]. . ( 1967 ) 7 0 > +! J

D

. & 26! / < 7! . ( 2008 ) ( )! . 0 + . 0 > +

D

0 K/ > ! > : # / > . ) ! 0 . % 0 . . ) Q ! > .!/ > +( ! ' . ( 1993 ) ) . 0 > !

D

170

G ! 9 ( 9 0 ) > . . > " ? . ( 1975 ) \ I \ . > "

D

. .) @ ) > ! . 0 + ) ! > : > C ) U & . ( 1981 ) 1 ! > K C

D

. ) =0 9= 0 > > ! ") ) . ? . ( 1981 ) . 0 > .

D

. :; C! . > 0 !

C ) ) 90 . ( 1983 ) . 0 >

D

. ! . > > & / = > > 2 > 0 ) T # . ( 1992 ) 5 .' > ) '

D

. ! G K

> . .= > . . ? . K C . ( 1911 ) 5 : !@ > /

D

. .! 6 )

. # . ) . & > & . . ( 1954 ) @ > C

D

.)= @ = > = > . 6 . ( 1972 ) #H + E > . @

D

= 0 = 7! = % =0 K/ > ( 37 ) !

/ > 9 K . !

C

/ > 0 . > 7 ^ > ) T # . . ( 1976 ) ^ . ^ >

D

. ' . @ . > %== .0 9 ) ? ' ) @ . ( 2004 ) E C > 8 /! . ! . . > # C) 9 0 >

D

171

. > > ( /0 . ) 7! . ( 1969 ) / . 0 >

D

. 26! > &= ) 6 '( / . ( 1971 ) . 0 K K) . > &!

D

. !. ) > E ) ) ? . ( 1971 ) . . <C & > !

D

. & ) . > E . ( 1925D1897 K > . .= > . ( 1981 ) . B 5 . . <C & > !

D

. +( " )/ K# ? +/0 (# . ( 2009 ) . . <C & > !

D

. ) . > .( 1925D1897) / <C & 5K > & 8 : "(" . ( 1937 ) . 0 > 6 .

D

. . > 4 2 5 6 >

. / . > > 20 . ( 1971 ) + > + /

D

> = >1^ >% .0 9 ) ? 0 .(2007) >5.

D

. . .0 ! 9 . . > . .= > =&@ = ' . ( 1972 ) ' ) +( K

D

. ) T # B ; . > +( K > 0 = . K/ > > ) ' . ( 1987 ) @ >

D

. ) .0 ) .

.

172

> 7 @ > + .' @. V & 90 . ( 2002 ) +.H +. ' > 2

D

% =0 = . = K=/ > ( 78 ) ..=) > . . = > E = > & 90 . ( 1956 ) / 0 > 0

D

. . ! & ) > ( 11 ) ..) > . ! & = / > =6 > ! B : . ( 1987 )5 . ! >

D

. ( &= !

C ) 90 . ( 1991 ) . 0 . 0@ + 0 > 5 .!E

D

..=) > . ! & > E > . . ) + 7! 3 2 . . ! & ) > ( 47 ) ) ;

..

= &= . .0 5@. . ( 2003 ) > 5.

D

) ) > ! J > > .0 + 9 " . 9 0 / > 0& = ! / 0 3 ! 5 /C % .0 . ( 2002 ) ! ) 9 . D > 170 ..) > 0 . 0 !. K 0 . . 0@ =! = 2' >

0 0 > 2012 / 5 / 5 + ) . D .5598 : ..) > > N.

.^

173

! G

.3

- Bell , G . ( 1917 ) . The Letters of Gertrude Bell , London .

- Curzon, George N. (1992) . Persia and the Persian Question , London, vol .II .

- Eagleton, C. ( 1950 ) . The Case of Hyderabad Before The Security, American Journal of International Law (AJIL) no.44 . P 277 .

- Edwyn , Pevan ( 1917 ) . The Land of the two Rivers, London.

- George, Curzon (1892). Persia and the Persia: Question, London.

- Greig, D.W ( 1976 ) . International Law , 2nd Edition , Butterwoths, London .

- Hans , Kohn ( 1929 ) . A History of Nationalism in the East , London .

- Ijalaye , D.A. ( 1971 ) . Was Biafra At Any Time a State in International Law ?

American Journal of International Law, no.

65, P 551 .

- Jonhn , Marlowe ( 1962 ) . The Persian Gulf in the 20th Century, London .

- Le Strange . G ( 1912 ) . Description of Fars in Persia at the Beginning of the 14th Century , London .

- Moberly , F.J. ( 1927 ) . The Campaign in Mesopotamia , London .

- Mohammed , Reza shah ( 1961 ). Mission for my country , New York .

- Mvhan , A.P ( Undated) . The righ problem in the present day international Law , Moscow .

- Kodjoe, W.Ofuatey ( 1978 ) . The Principle of Self-Determination in International law, New York ,Nellen Publishing Company .

174

- Percy , Sykes ( 1922 ) . A History of Persia , London .

- Shukri, M.A ( 1965 ) . The Concept of Self- Determination in the United Nation, Damascus, Al-Jadidah Press.

- Pomerance , M. ( 1967 ) . The United States and SelfDetermination: Perspectives on the Wilsonian Conception , American Journal of International Law ( AJIL) no.7, P 1 .

- Strange , G . ( 1912 ) . Description of Fars in Persia at the Beginning of the 14th. Century , London .

- Stephen H. Longringg ( 1959 ) . Oil in the Middle East , London.

- Syton , Loyd ( 1943 ) . Twin Rivers , London .

- Tamuschat, Christian ( 1993 ) . Modern Law of SelfDetermination, Developments in International Law vol. 16 (Federal Republic of Germany Martinus Nijhoff) .

-

Temperly , H.W.V. ( 1924 ) . History of the Peace Conference of Paris , London .

/!) ) /

.4

: ! / G' > ( 01 + 6C . ( 2009 ) E C

D

.http://www.dd-sunnah.net/forum/showthread.php?t=81562 : ! / G' > 5 / ) ( 01 . ( 2010 )

> \ P

D

.http://www.alokab.com/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t51601.html : ! / G' > 0 & P) V . ( 2012 ) > .)

D

http://www.t3leme.net/vb/archive/index.php/t-3168.html : ! / G' > & 90 @. 7! . ( 2007 ) . 0 >

D

.http://ogaden.maktoobblog.com/679875/%D8%B1 : ! / G' .(2010)W . ! E @ E : & 90

D

175

http://ar.mnlamov.net/index.php/constants/37-s-n/53-mna.html . =! / G=' > ! 2 .... . ( 2012 ) + E > . 0

D

http://e.s.m66678.3abber.com/post/78425 : ! / G' > 6 > . ? . ( 2010 ) 0 > . D http://azharfarsy.nojoumarab.net/t195-topic :K 0 A. !

D

http://www.grenc.com/sfiles/alahwaz/Arabistan1.htm A. ! > N ; . < K 0 . ( 2011 ) . 0@ # > 0

D

: ! / G' > K 0 !

http://www.ahwazna.org/details.php?recordID=668 6 " ? : ) . ( 2012 ) > 5K K

D

: ====! / G====' > (==== A.==== ! > . . ==== 1 http://www.elaph.com/Web/opinion/2012/10/769981.html = = . .. K 0 . ( 2009 ) @ +E. > 5. ! : ! / G' > 6 ' A. ! > ! .. http://www.otaibah.net/m/showthread.php?t=101653

D

176

90( ( 1 ) +' 90 1921 ! D .E ) G= & 6 . ' C 1 / @ . ( .E ) " = . ='() 'S .E ) 2' S N 2 90 @ 6! A #@ .

1881 + ' C 6 . .0 1 < ! 9 . . )

)' 6!R 8 ) 1 ! 90 < .E ) &! . C .. .0 < /0 /$ . . & '1 0 '1 Q ' .E ) 2 .1919 + K0/ ! 26 # B . .( @ ( 2 . < 0 6!@ / . = . 0 K ! @ < .E ) ( .! ) # . &! @ = : = .( / 6 < .6 ` # @ 7! . @ . ! . 0 . 8 2' / . 6! / 2 @ C 0 . . 7! 4$E

; < )! Q / + K .E ) " " . 2' #M .' ) ! @ I & . .0 ..6 A #@ . 0 ' @ Z . 6 2 @ = = 1 =0 A =#@ . + ' 0 ": . . 2' = 6 . .=0 . .6 . < 3 . ( . ' : .( ) @ ( 01

177

C /0 K 0 6 C 0 . @ / 1 . C /0 90 /0 ' E $! .) # $E U. N= . K( / ) 3 $ # 1 : .( 2 @ < 6 ' #. ". $ = = < 2 6! @ 2 @ .0 2 . . 2' .: = .(

2 @ A #@ . ' ( 01 . 0 N K

# . & '1 6 K 1 / N /0 # / . & . A / . '() ? 6 " 1 .= = <= =6 ) 2 " ! .E ) 3 ": 1921 + K0 / ! 3 + / " !" / .9 ) 1 K = 1 = # 6! $ $ 3 .C " : .( N 0 ! = ; # N2 ) N

@ . + '@ 8 ! 9 . & '1 ". 6 . / = =6 ' 0 < !

0 . + . < N. ! !/ .1921 + C0 ! !

1919 + .E ) 3 6 2 @ = ; =!@ . 6 !& . .) . 0 1 +.' = / =6 U. 6 0 . . . 0 1 . += . !& B E J K ) ) . / 6 ! 0

= C = )

C 5 & : Q 1924 +

. C . 1 .& ) C ! )

178

.=) > = . 0 # . < ) 2! F ; .C " .) ( 1925 ) + Z < ! . 3 2' = )= / .' > ' 0 / ! ' E. # F C! + ) = ) = < / 1 N H 9 ) > 6;. 6 " + &) 7 0X 8 $!H > F 4. K ! + K K# ? ? /!@ . > ) .

V + & N.& ' . :@ < . J > Z < F) 6 P = G ) 2 !

1 > ! ( 01 .2 F . 6 4.( 2' = .=! & @ . / > F 2' ? ` # 6 .2

= = ' =' $ > N @ N 0 F "@ / +.)! < 0 &) < F

. ? $#@ > 6 < +6 @ ! . / !

=! 5@ F 0 N ! @ > 0 / F #.@ 9 \ = 6=2 J / 6 ) ( / ) / . > . ( 58 : 1967 > . ) + . 6

179

( 2 ) +' 90 2011 + + ' . !

1 ?

2011/01/05

! .

! .

! 3 ! B : ; /

. )

!

1 6 B &0 . ) &#

2 /E (160) <

350 1H # "/@ 3 ! > K !

2 ! !/ .0 A . 9 < .6 # . ) 2011/02/01

. /0

/ . : ; @

. !/ .0 (1250) 3 ! C . ! @ (25) 6! / .. . K 1

>: > > ! "( > . 0 > ) 0 K 0 .! /

2011/03/06

; ! @ C + + 3 !@ / ! @

> & ) K 0

K K 0 K 6 : ;

> .

I C (2011 7) 9 N.J C #

> 0

! .0 1H "/@ 6 (#

>( 6 6 ):

. K 0 .

2011/05/02 K 0 6 @ ! . 7 0 @ .0 @ . K /

!

U

. . ) ) K 0 . )

. < F 4K ! + !

.(2011)+ @ 6 6! < 0 : C 2011/05/12 ) ! .

5 / ) +/ 0

! . I & ) ! .

K 0

0! :( N ; ' C

! . 4$6 ( !

1 ) 6 N. K F !

G !

1 6 B "/@ @ +J

)

180

N / N& ! .6 ! . 1 > ) . & ' 6 6 / 2011/05/06

\ . 0 ! . 5 / ) +/ 0 @ .0 (600) C @ K 6 3 !

! 0

!

1 6 B ) !/ . G

0

G B 4$E 0 &@

/ I2 / K 0 / . 9

! / 5K 0 .3 ! &

2011/05/18

! .

! / O + ) . V &

6 @

@ 16)9 !" + K 0 6 @ .0 (800) @ (12)3 ! + F!Q (2011 . 6 0 2 ! . 4$E !/ 2011/05/20

& ) K 0 ! . 5 / ) +/ 0 /

& ) K 0

4$ C! + 5$ G +#2@ .0@ $ >" 6 " ! ( 01

!/ .0 (1350) 3 ! 3 6 !1 / ! !/ .0 (7200) 2 4$E EB ! + G +#2@ .) . !

2011/06/02

" < / B : ; V &

6 @

. @ (2011 @ 30) !" + ( .0 (700) 3 ! @.

C ( 01

6 @ 7 0 ) K !/ . K 0 2011/08/27

C) " . K 0R 5 / ) +/ 0 @

.! "= ) G F U "5K 0 + 5 + ) 6! < 0 F!@ "F C 1

K 0

181

!/ .0 @ 50 0

$E 2@ . / O 6 U ) K 0 / 7 C B

) / . 0

6! .

WWWWWWWWW P < 2011/09/08

! . ) + ( 3 !R : / !

!

; 6 3 2 @ G F U (# !

C . + K ! . 4$6 . : C !/ .0 (1700) "/@ + C

U

(2011) $@ 6! < 0 ) J

!

!

1

(.= .=E 1390 + 6!)

2011/09/13

A :

. ! . " V &

.

+ F!Q 2011 13 9 3 "(" + + . . ! . ) ! . . . C .

2011/10/07

G !" ! . . "5 . 0 . " V &

6 @

. ! . ) (Z# H) "3 = 1= 6) : # + 6 @ 7 0 .'

C ( 01 Q > (2011

4$E N !

N (14) 3 ! 6 ! . ! .

2011/10/17

3 ! + . "4. K . 6 . 0 " V &

A . /

( K #)K 0 7 0 / 6! / ..

3 ! 3. + C ' 0 Q @ 25 . A /

! .0 (544)

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

. @ (25) 6! / ..

2011/10/25

) B : ; " . . " V & +

7 0 /

7 0

182

1H (10) 3 ! 3 6 !1 + F!Q 2 .+ ) $E 6! < 0 ! .0 2011/10/27

. "5 6

; C& 2

/ 6 @ 0

" %.0

6 @

9

F!@ >(2011 1= 25) 3 "(" + 3 !R : " FE." < ! + ) $E + 8

! .0 1H (6) V . 7 0

2011/11/17

) > ) ; . : ; " 0 ^ " V &

/!/

+ F!Q 3 !R 6 / 1 3 !

2 . .

!

U G2

( /!/) /!/ ! . ! .0 (140) . 6 @ 7 0 K 0 2011/11/22

/! ! . 7 0 "U K . " %.0

6 @

3 ! +. " :( N ; ' 3 !R : / ) + E ! % " (85) < & 6 @ !

0

6 !

3 ! 3 6! G' ! $ > ; . . ( C )

2011/12/03

. ! .

5 / ) +/ 0 %.0

.

/ " . K ` # + 6 " . K 0 2011 ! 30 3 ) + 3 !R : 1H ) K !@ !

1 6 B @ +. K 0 . ! . !/ .0 . E K 6 / ! < 2011/12/16

": " ! . 7 0 "5. ) 2 . " %.0 @ / (2011 1: 14) 3 ) + 6 U ) !/ .0 (400) .+ ) $E 6! : ! . !

1

:

183

2011/12/19

@ 7 0 ) . ! / : ; " 3 !R : / V & K 0 6 6 K ! !

1 6 B !/ .0 (800 NC @12) 3 ! / 9 C

> 6 @ 7 0 ) . . ! @(25)= 6 !

6 @

184

( 3 ) +' 90 .0 + ; E 9 " 6;. ; 6 .& : &C 1 . : E .0 += .=& j)C / . ; 6 $# 4$6 N 0 > . + 7C0 .1 4 E J .) @ G > 6 K + ..6

G!

0 > . ! .) ]. N > ; Uj $ >+ (# . 6 @ + (# < 5.B .' . K !

2 5$ @. + 0 : @ < + . '() 3 ! .2

. $ # 8 $/ > E & 6! / / Q ) 9 0 .+ ) + K K) ;( A # 1 . & '1 & $ . ; 0 < . ) 9 0 .3 : ! 0 ! 9 0 + 0 K K) < ! ! " 9 C 1 . @ @ :!

K ( N'( 8 $ < G N) .3 !

4$E 8 . 0! 66 + @ 9 ! N ) ; 6 4$E ) .4 . / 2 . ]. N < .

/$ .& 3 6 )

EB 2 @ ; 6 ) : M

. 6; 2 @ G . @. < ; 6 + .1 2) C& < K 9 0 N) +6 C! ; 6 3 2 @ C/ / .2 .9 " $6 +6 C!@ < E $#@ K 1 ! 0

185

) 1 F < ; . +6 K ! ; 6 3 2 @ G PC .3 . # 2 . .) + @ ) . .6 . +6 '(

N) ; 6 3 2 @ G! .4

F 5@ < @ .

2 ( .2 6 .#

( 1 @

".. .0 + " .& 9C 1 #H 4$# 5@ " .0 + " < +6) / 3 2 G +j. .5 ( N E3 K .0 + $# . @ . )! / >9 " $E 9 .G @ G! @ F 2 . ]. 4$E < 6 3 2 J . @ < ; 6 ) .6 . . + 7C0 2 / B #. @ “ .0 + R ” u 9 " $E : .7 4$E " 2 ) @ 3 2 2 F : > . # . + & G . 9

y # 1 @. $E @ < >9 " $E +/0 0 ; .G &C .