خلاصة علم النحو للإعلاميين by Hussein Abusamra

‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺮﹸﺃﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳝ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﹾﳐ ‪‬‬ ‫ﳐﻀ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺡ ﺑـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺩﻗﹶﻘـﺖ‬ ‫ﺴﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺃﻭﺩﻋﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻧ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﲏ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﰒ ﺩﻗﹼﻘﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﲢ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1700‬ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻢ ﻣﺬﻳﻊ ﻓﺼﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﱂ ﺃ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺳﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺩﺋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗـﺮﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﻴ‪‬ﺮﺕ ﻟﻚ ﺃﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﻓﺎﺣﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﰐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺃﻟ ﹾﻔ ‪‬‬ ‫ﳓﹾﻮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺒﺬﺕ ﻣﺎ ﲤﺤ‪‬ﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳ‪‬ﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻯ ﻣـﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻳﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻔﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‪‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻟﺴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﲢﻮ‪‬ﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﻮﻱ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﱟﻞ ﻳﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍ ﹼﺫ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﲢﻔﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺎﻫﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﺟ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﰲ ﺿﺤﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﻇﻬﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﺴﻦ ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱄ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻐﻴ‪‬ﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻜﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ ﲨﻬﺮﺓ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻛﺴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻧﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﻨ‪‬ﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺘﻘ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻃﻮﻳ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺪﻯ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻟﻐﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ‪‬ﻣﻌ‪‬ﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻧﻀﻊ ﳓﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻨﲏ ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻂ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻬ ‪‬ﻤ ﹾﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺑ ْ‪‬ﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﺪ‪‬ﻯ ﳍﺎ ﳓﺎ ﹾﺓ‬ ‫ﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﺴﻴ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺏﻻﳝ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹾﻞ ﺳﺘﻜﻮ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻘﻌﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﹾﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﲨﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﻋﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻬﺠ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﺼﺒ ‪‬ﺢ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋ ‪‬ﻖ ﳛﻮ ﹾﻝ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻟﺴﺖ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺬﻳ ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﳚﺎﻫﺪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻌـﲎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳـﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻕ ﻳﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺸﻴﻬﺎﺕ؟ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪ ‪‬ﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻛ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮ ﹾﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻒ ﺫﻫﻨ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ – ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﺍ ﻳﻄﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻋـﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻜ ‪‬ﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻳﺸﻌ ‪‬ﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺼ ‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬