Evaluation of the traditional buildings of Shibam.

University of Westminster Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design Department of Architecture MSc Architecture and Environmental Design 2016/17 Sem 2&3 Thesis Evaluation of the traditional buildings of Shibam.

Hussam Alnahdi 09/01/2018

COURSEWORK COVERSHEET FORM CA1

UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER MARYLEBONE CAMPUS

I confirm that I understand what plagiarism is and have read and understood the section on Assessment Offences in the Essential Information for Students. The work that I have submitted is entirely my own (unless authorised group work). Any work from other authors is duly referenced and acknowledged.

STUDENTS MUST COMPLETE THIS SECTION ONLY IN FULL AND IN CAPITALS Surname ALNAHDI Forename HUSSAM Registration No: Module Title

W 1

6

2

5

Thesis Project

1

3

2

Course Module Code

Assignment No:

CW 2

Date Submitted

Marker:

Rosa Schiano-Phan

Word Count

MSc Architecture and Environmental Design.

7 A E V D0 05 15

01

2018

Joint Assignments:

Tutor’s summary comments and feedback to student(s):

Date stamp

24 hrs late/Over 24 hrs late:

Please be are warned thattothe University employs methods for detecting assessment All marks subject confirmation by the relevant Subject Board breaches of theMARK: regulations, including the use of electronic plagiarism detection software where appropriate.

W.2

III

Figure 0.2 . (Lewcock,1986)&(Weber,2009).

ABSTRACT The early people of Shibam deal with their hot and dry climate condition in many different way by using their architectural thinking and the local available martials. To develop an eco skyscrapers made only from mud bricks, which made Shibam also known as the Manhattam of the desert due to its building height, which reach above 10 stories height, The use of passive strategies to arrive at thermally comfortable spaces.

After the Yemenis revolution in 1962 the new government came to control. The country was with less than the minimal infrastructures, therefore the demand of buildings has increased as hospital, schools, houses and offices need to be built. Therefor the new government introduce the modern method of construction, which use cement blocks and reinforced concrete as structure.

The new methods of building require less amount of maintenance, much faster to build allow more indoor space. The housing demand became higher as the population in Yemen has an increase of 5% in 1990s and that result in doubling the population in 2010 which is mean double in the housing demand.

Nowadays, the advanced technology made our lives more convenient. Heating and cooling systems are easily installed in order to provide thermal comfort for the occupants. However, all this convenience has a high cost: the energy consumption. Therefore the main aim of the thesis is to show the value traditional building, and learn how the early people of Shibam has achieve thermal comfort with adequate daylighting level at the same time. Also to measure the effect of each strategies that used by the early people of Shibam to achieve better thermal and visual environment.

The aim will be achieved by using analytical desk study and Computational dynamic simulations which allow any alter that lead to find a particular goals. The outcome of the search will be and full understanding of how each elements in the shibam building contributed to reach the current indoor environment.

IV

Figure 0.2 . (Musallam, 2004)

V

Figure 0.2 . (Javarman ,2015)

VI

Figure 0.2 . (Robert, 2017)

VII

Figure 0.2 . (GTZ, 2004)

VIII

Figure 0.2 . (GTZ, 2004)

Figure 0.2 . (Flood Damage Assessment Report on the Cultural Heritage in Hadramawt, Yemen,2010)

IX

Figure 0.2 . (GTZ, 2004)

X

Figure 0.2 . (GTZ, 2004)

XI

Table Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Research Questions And Hypothesis.

5 1.2 Objectives 5 1.3 Thesis Methdology.

7 1.4 Results Expectation 7 1.5 Structure 9 2.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

11 2.1 Daylight 13 2.1.1 Daylight evaluation methods 14 2.1.1.1 Daylight Factor DF 14 2.1.1.2 Daylight Autonomy DA 15 2.2 Glare

2.2.1 Visual Discomfort Asessment Methods 2.2.1.1 Daylight Glare probability 2.2.1.2 Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) method

2.2 Thermal Comfort

15 16 16 16 17

2.2.1 Environmental factors 2.2.1.1 Air temperature 2.2.1.2 Mean radiant temperature MRT 2.2.1.3 Humidity 2.2.1.4 Air velocity 2.2.2 Personal factors 2.2.2.1 The activity level 2.2.2.2 The activity level

17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18

2.3 Adaptive Thermal Comfort.

19

2.4 Thermal mass.

21

3.CONTEXT OF SHIBAM 23 3.1 Urban Over View 25 3.2 Building elements 27 3.3 Site Summary.

29 3.3 Shibam claimte 31 Shibam claimte Data 35

XII

4.Case study

37 Case study location 39 Ground floor 40 Frist floor 41 Second floor 42 Third floor

43 Fourth floor

44 5. BUILDING MATRIALS STUDY

48 6. DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

51 6.1 Daylight introduction and methodology 6.1.1Glare assement methodology 6.1.2 Digital simulator 6.1.3 Methdology Limitations and advantages.

6.1.4 Conclusion.

53 55 55 57

REFERENCES FIGURES Appendex

97

57 6.2 Analysis parameters 59

59 6.3 Daylight factor 61 6.4 Daylight autonomy 63 6.5 Annual Sunlight exposure 65 6.6Illuminance 67 6.7Direct sunlight avaliblity test 69 6.8 Daylight glare probability 69 6.9 Annual radation access 71 6.10Conclusion

73 7. THERMAL ANALYSIS 75 7.1 Methodology thermal analysis 77 7.1.1The Limitations and Advantages 77 7.1.2Peremetres for thermal Simulation 79 7.1.3 Thermal comfort tempreture in shibam 79 7.1.4 Conculsion 79 7.2Indoor tempreture analysis 81 7.2.1 Solar radiation on the building surfaces 83 7.2.2The adjacent road thermal condtion 85 7.2.3Night ventlation preformance 87 7.3Conculsion

88 8. COMPARESSION IN TERM OF ENERGY SAVINGS

91 9. CONClUSION 93 Acknowledgements 95

XIII

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 0.1 . (Lewcock,1986)&(Weber,2009).

Figure 0.2 . (Musallam, 2004) Figure 0.3. (Javarman ,2015) Figure 0.4 . (Robert, 2017) Figure 0.5 . (GTZ, 2004) Figure 0.6 . (GTZ, 2004) Figure 0.7 . (Flood Damage Assessment Report on the Cultural Heritage in Hadramawt, Yemen,2010) Figure 0.8 . (GTZ, 2004) Figure 0.9 . (GTZ, 2004) Figure 1.1 . (Khan,2017) Figure 1.2 .Shibam lucation . source: (Lewcock, 1986) Figure 1.3 .Evaluation method Digram.

Figure 1.5.builders. Source: (Lewcock,1986) Figure 1.4 .thesis out line.

Figure 2.1 .The Music Lesson. Sources:(Baker & Steemers., 2002) Figure 2.2 .melatonin and crotisol production. Sources: (Andersen, 2014) Figure 2.3. natural light componants. Sources: (Andersen, 2014) Equation xx. Daylight factorformula Sources: (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013).

Figure2.4 .Disablity galre typical example. Source : (CIBSE, 2002) Figure 2.5. veiling reflected glare example. Source : (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013) Figure 2.6 .Shibam. Interior of a mqh in Bayt Jarhum.Sources: (Lewcock,1986) Figure 2.7 Calculating Daylight Glare Portability Source:(Reinhart & Jakubiec, 2011).

Figure 2.8.DGP anlaysis componant. Sources: (Diva4Rino) Figure 2.9.ASE anlaysis. Sources: (Diva4Rino) Figure 2.10. humen body heat transefare: (Baker & Steemers ,2000) Figure 2.11. Humphreys comparsion between PMV & AMV the open circules show the AMV & the filled circules show the PMV. source (Nicol, et al., 2016) Figure 2.12. source: (Schroeder, 2015) Figure 2.13. At work. source: (Al Sukhni, 2017) Figure 2.14. The acual mean vote in packistan in relation to the out door tempreture. source (Nicol, et al., 2016) Figure 2.15. adaption unconciously. source (Nicol, et al., 2012) Figure 2.16.Thermal mass effect on indoor tempretrue ty. Source: (De Saulles, 2009).

Figure 2.17.Thermal mass during summer. Source:(De Saulles, 2009).

Figure 2.18.Thermal mass during winter. Source:(De Saulles, 2009).

Figure 3.(Weber, 2009) Figure 3.1. Shibam . source (James, 2008) Figure 3.2. Shibam . source (GTZ, 2004) Figure 3.3. Shibam building type the data collexted by Aziz Alhalaj Figure 3.4. Shibam building hight the data collexted by Aziz Alhalaj Figure 3.5.mud brick frame and window shade. Source: (Lewcock,1986) Figure 3.6.Freya Stark. Source:(Freya Stark, Dame Freya Stark, Travel Writer, Is Dead at 100, 2018) Figure 3.7.Wall detail . Source: (C, Eugenio.2015).

Figure 3.8.Wall detail . Source: (national geogrphics).

Figure 3.9. Shibam roof. source (GTZ, 2004).

Figure 3.10. Shibam windows and shadings. source (Corradi, 2015).

Figure 3.11. Shibam living room. source (GTZ, 2004).

Figure 3.12. Shibam coluoms. source (Corradi, 2015).

Figure 3.18. Shibam rain fall. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.16. Shibam humdity . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.14. Dry bulb tempreture . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.19. London rain fall. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.17. London humdity . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.15. Dry bulb tempreture London climate. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.20. Shibam sun path diagram. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino) Figure 3.22. Shibam Vertical solar radiation. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.24. Shibam Horizantal solar radation . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.21. London sun path diagram. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino)

Figure 3.23. London Vertical solar radiation. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino) Figure 3.25. London Horizantal solar radation. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.30. Shibam average Wind Speed . source (generated by Metinum) Figure 3.32. Shibam sky illuminance . source (Gtz, 2004) Figure 3.31. London Wind Speed. source (generated by Metinum) Figure 3.26. Shibam sky condtion . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.27. Shibam sky illuminance . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.28. Shibam Wind Rose . source (Grasshopper4Rhino) Figure 3.25. London sky condtion . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.26. London sky illuminance . source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.29. London Wind Rose . source (Grasshopper4Rhino) Figure 4.1. Shibam Figure 4.1. Shibam Site map, Source: Aziz Alhalaj

XIV

III V VI VII VIII IX IX X XI 3 4 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 24 25 25 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 32 32 32 32 32 32 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 38 39

Figure 4.2. Ground Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 40 Figure 4.3. Building enterance (Gtz,2004) 40 Figure 4.4. Frist Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 41 Figure 4.5. Building Hallway(Gtz,2004) 41 Figure 4.6. Second Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 42 Figure 4.7. Living room (Gtz,2004) 42 Figure 4.8. Third Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 43 Figure 4.9. bedroom (Gtz,2004) 43 Figure 4.10. Fourth Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 44 Figure 4.10. peak of the tower . source (Gtz,2004) 44 Figure 4.10. Section B-B Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 45 Figure 4.11. white roof (Gtz,2004) 45 Figure 4.12. Section A-A Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj 46 Figure 4.13. Building intrior (Gtz,2004) 46 Figure 4.12. elevation devolped from the building plans & section 47 Figure 5.1. Iranian mud brick compresion with concorete. (Van Beek,2000) 49 Figure 5.2. (Bakhlahand , 2012) 50 Figure 6. Environmental Shaper.

52 Figure 6.1. Daylight mathodology.

54 Figure 6.3. Digital Simulation process. source:(snapshot from Diva4Rhino).

55 Figure 6.2. Glare assesment process.

56 Figure 6.4. Site hight model.

59 Figure 6.5.. Daylight Scenario steps.

59 Figure 6.6. Daylight Scenario.

60 Figure 6.8. Daylight Factor Floors Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

61 Figure 6.7. Daylight Factor Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

61 Figure 6.9. Daylight Factor Comparing senarios (Diva4Rhino).

62 Figure 6.10. Daylight Autonomy, Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

63 Figure 611. Daylight Autonomy, floors Comparesion Chart (Diva4Rhino).

63 Figure 6.12. Daylight Autonomy comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

64 Figure 6.14. Annual Sunlight exposure, floors Comparesion chart (Diva4Rhino).

65 Figure 6.13. Annual Sunlight Expousure, Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

65 Figure 6.15. Annual Sunlight exposure, comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

66 Figure 6.13. Illuminance comparing all scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

67 Figure 6.16. Illuminance comparing scenarios in the second floor (Diva4Rhino).

67 Figure 6.17. Illuminance comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

68 Figure 6.14. Sunlight Avaliblity Study

69 Figure 6.18. DGP comparing scenarios 8-9AM. 69 Figure 6.19. Annual daylight glare probability 70 Figure 6.17. Solar acess scenarioes comparsion chart 71 Figure 6.20. Electrcity for lighting to achive the target illumnacity.

71 Figure 6.21. Annual SED. 73 Figure 6.22 the percentage of reduction in daylight factor 74 Figure 6.23 the percentage of reduction in annual daylight exposure.

74 Figure 7. (Beth, 2008).

78 Figure 7.1. Thermal analaysis methodology diagram.

78 Figure 7.2 .compare Shibam climate to Pakistan.

80 Figure 7.3 .Thermal comfort range in shibam.

80 Figure 7.7 .Frequncy analysis for hot and cold days frequncy.

81 Figure 7.5 .Indoor temprture of all the scenarios during the hottest day in the year 14 of july (TAS).

82 Figure 7.6 .Indoor temprture of all the scenarios during the coldest day in the year 24 of jan (TAS).

82 Figure 7.8 .The average Solar Radation on the building surfaces during typical summer day without obstractions 83 Figure 7.9 .The average Solar Radation during typical summer day with obstractions 83 Figure 7.10.The Solar Radation during typical summer day with out obstractions 84 Figure 7.11.The Solar Radation on the building surfaces during typical summer day with obstractions.

84 Figure 7.14 . the avrage solar radationduring in the hottest day in the summer with foucasing on the adjcent street solar Figure 7.13.Sky expusre from the adjacent steet .

85 Figure 7.12.out door from the adjacent street temprture (TAS) and the tempreture from the weather data (metinum).

Figure 7.15. solar radiation reduction for different urban height (TAS).

86 Figure 7.16. reduction of sky view for different urban height.

86 Figure 7.20. Wind rose during a typical summer day (generated by grasshopper).

87 Figure 7.17. Comapre the ventlation preformance in typical summer day (TAS).

87 Figure 7.18. Ventlation preformance for the current scenario (generated by Obtivent).

87 Figure 7.17. Comapre the ventlation preformance in typical summer day(TAS).

87 Figure 8. (Gtz,2004) 91 Figure 8.1. Electricity savings done by each strategy.

92

XV

XVI

XVII

1. INTRODUCTION The introduction shows an overview about the subject and provide an outline of the thesis structure and Methodology.

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Research Questions And Hypothesis.

1.2 Objectives 1.3 Thesis Methdology.

1.4 Results Expectation 1.5 Structure

1

3 5 5 7 7

2

1. INTRODUCTION Shibam town is the center of a famous valley called Wadi Hadhramout which located in the south of the Arabian Penin-

In Shibam, the traditional buildings, made of mud, provide

sula. Historically, Hadhramout claimed to be one of the oldest

naturally a comfortable environment for the subjects. While

regions has been occupied by a human. In the old testament

the modern buildings, made of concrete, yield an unaccept-

of the Holy Bible in the book of Genesis 10:26 it refers to the

able thermal performance, resulting in the necessity of air

area with its Hebrew name ‘Hazarmaveth’ (Lewcock, 1986).

conditioning systems.

Hadhramout is believed to be one of the seven kingdoms of

Therefore, this study aims to analyze the benefits of the tradi-

Sheba that ruled by the queen Balqas, who had her famous

tional buildings in Shibam, considering the thermal and visual

story with King and profit Salomon/Suleiman, that men-

comfort. Moreover, the outcome of this research consists in

tioned in both holy books the Quraan and the Bible. Another

a guideline presenting the advantages and the disadvantages

religious mastery that claimed the name of the area came

of using the traditional materials, methods, and techniques of

from the profit Hude, when a major flood attacked the valley

Shibam buildings, and demonstrate the environmental quality

of Hadhramaut he said his last word ‘’Hadr al mout” which is

of the indoor space of the building in Shibam. Also, to reveal

mean ( the death has arrived) (Lewcock, 1986).

the effect of each design strategies that contribute to the current indoor space quality.

Despite the ancient mysteries, the history of Hadhramaut played a substantial role to form our modern world, in relation to Islamic religion, Arabian tales, Arabian and Islamic cultural identity spatially in architectural design. One factual evidence, that the early people of Shibam were able to live with their harsh local climate by incorporating environmental and bioclimatic design parameters in the urban and building design process. The climate in Shibam is categorized as a desert climate (hot during the summer and cold during the winter); the air temperature during the summer season is between 22 to 43oC and during the winter season is between 25°C to reach below 9°C at night. The traditional architects of Shibam focused the thought to reach the most possible quality spaces from visual and comfort perspectives. Creating one of the first eco skyscrapers made of mud brick only as structure, which is also known as The Manhattan of the desert due to the vertical building’s shape (Bakhlah and Hassan, 2012).

The early architects used to approach thermal comfort by designing buildings that shape the outdoor environment to make a space with a more comfortable environment. Until the industrial revolution and the invention of HVAC systems, to achieving thermally comfortable space became easier as by installing an air cooling or heating systems thermal comfort could be achieved effortlessly. However, this choice is costly as it consumes a lot of energy, which usually provided by non-hydro renewable energy. Which resulting in increasing the production of greenhouse gases.

3

Figure 1.1 . (Khan,2017)

Figure 1.2 .Shibam lucation . source: (Lewcock, 1986)

4

1.1 Research Questions And Hypothesis.

This study aims to investigate the thermal performance and daylight levels of buildings in Shibam, considering the traditional construction materials and techniques and also the surrounding tall buildings.

Essentially, the research attempts to answer the following questions: • How can Shibam traditional buildings achieve thermal comfort, considering the harsh climate they are inserted in?

• What is the importance of each environmental strategy used in Hadramis buildings and to which extent does it affect the building environment?

• How can Shibam buildings achieve a satisfactory daylight level considering the tall surrounding buildings and shading devices on their façade?

• Considering openings in the majority of the façades and the clear sky conditions, resulting in the risk of glare, how Hadramis buildings achieve visual comfort and minimise the glare?

The hypothesis elaborated in order to answer the questions above were: • The influence of the thermal mass in Shibam buildings to achieve thermal comfort, considering the mud bricks and the concrete, as well the thickness of the walls.

• Every building element and its function, such as mud bricks, windows on the top of the building, white roof, internal layout configuration and dense external context, play essential

5

and distinctive roles in the building environment.

• Windows in the majority of the façades and the internal layout configuration enable Shibam buildings to achieve satisfactory daylight levels.

• Shading devices, dense external context, and various windows to uniform the level of light contribute to the visual comfort of buildings in Shibam.

1.2 Objectives This research intends to value the traditional buildings environment in Shibam. The analysis consists of thermal evaluation performance and daylight environmental quality. As Shibam architecture is composed essentially by multi stories buildings made of thick mud brick, various types of windows and surrounded with compact urban site, this thesis analyses the impact of these elements in providing thermal comfort and daylight environment.Which results in, detailed understanding of the insight of the traditional building and enhance the value of the traditional building.

Considering the studies based on existing literature, precedents and computational simulations of buildings in Yemen and in the Middle East, this research aims to create a guideline stating the advantages of the traditional Shibam buildings, by demonstrating the thermal performance and comparing with the modern buildings, made of concrete.

6

1.3 Thesis Methdology. the methodology aims to descipes the process of devel-

For the daylight analysis the building will module Rhinocer-

oping the thesis, from starting with liture review which

os 05 3D, then using program extension that called Diva4R-

provide kownlage and tools to deliver thesis, fallowing with

hino to run the lighting analysis- the daylight analysis is

analatical study of previous work that realting to the thesis

explained in detail in the “daylight analysis methodology”

to reach the potioal of the study, develop analatical amoth-

chapter-. Whereas, for thermal modeling and analysis will

dology to approach the thesis aims.

be conducted using TAS Modelling program and dynamic thermal Simulation - the thermal analysis is explained in

In order to assess the thermal and visual comfort, this study

detail in the “thermal analysis methodology” chapter-. the

was developed based on an extensive literature review of

daylight and thermal analysis results will evaluate and com-

the existing precedents, proving the advantages of shibam

prehend the effect of each element that have been used by

buildings techniques.

the early people of Shibam to reach the current environmental indoor quality.

In addition to that, computational simulations were also conducted to simulate different situations and the impact of each environmental strategy. For both thermal and visual studies, a base case scenario was developed, and variations were added to it, such as adding wooden shading screen, small windows at the top of the rooms, occupancy heat gains, and thermal mass. The context in which the building was also inserted varied: from total exposure of the building to the presence of obstructions.

Following the thermal and visual analysis, a guideline was developed highlighting the advantages of each environmental strategy and quantifying them, to demonstrate the benefits of traditional Harames buildings over the modern construction techniques.

The Figure 1.3 provided with information about the processes of evaluating the indoor vernacular buildings of Shibam from two central perspectives; thermal comfort and indoor daylight environment.

The process started with defining the main strategies of that has been used to deliver the current indoor environmental quality. Then, finding a case study of building that located in residential area of Shibam, have those strategies are defined in the earlier step. Subsequently, design scenarios to reveal the effect of the defined strategies. For example, to see the effect of the top windows, two scenarios must be designed to reveal the effect before and after the top windows added.

Subsequently, using digital software to module the building and its altered scenarios in the computer.

7

1.4 Results Expectation The outcome obtained from the analytic studies will be a classification of each environmental strategy and its advantages regarding the thermal and visual comfort, benefiting the traditional buildings in Shibam.

More importantly, the analysis will show the internal environmental quality of the Shibam buildings in term of thermal comfort and daylight environment.

These results correspond to the existing examples and precedents from the literature reviewed. Thus the studies conducted were a confirmation of the theoretical publications analyzed.

The case study Evaluation

The effect of the building elements on the building thermal performance

Defining the main elements that’s effect the thermal performance

Design Scenarios that able to distinguish the effect of each elements that effect the building thermal performance

The effect of the building elements on the building daylight performance

Defining the main elements that’s effect the daylight performance

Design Scenarios that able to distinguish the effect of each elements that effect the daylight performance in the building

3D digital Building Modelling

3D digital Building Modelling

Using TAS Modelling program for dynamic thermal Simulation

Using Rhinoceros 05 3D Modelling for running daylight simulation

Run dynamic Building thermal Simulation Using TAS dynamic thermal Simulation

Compare all scenarios thermal performance results

Run daylight simulation using extension program Grasshopper and DIVA 4 Grasshopper

Compare all daylight performance of the Scenarios

Compare the effect of building element In term of day lighting and thermal performance Figure 1.3 .Evaluation method Digram.

8

1.5 Structure The thesis is structured into seven chapters. Each chapter is interconnected, and they are in a progressive order, demonstrating the development of the previous chapter.

• The introduction: outlines the whole thesis, since the early studies to the results obtained.

• Theoretical Background: reviews the relevant literature to support the thesis hypothesis.

• Site context: analyze the Shibam climate, expline the site and existing buildings details, and present relevent study to the site and buildings.

• Analytic Work: assesses the thermal and visual comfort by computational simulations, presenting the findings in an informative manner, thus informing the main recommendations.

• The conclusion: summarises the entire thesis, highlighting the main findings.

• References: acknowledge the sources used in the thesis.

Figure 1.5.builders. Source: (Lewcock,1986)

• Appendices: present the extra work conducted, but not essential to the thesis.

9

Figure 1.4 .thesis out line.

10

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This part of the study aims to provide an explanation of the concepts, theories, and tools that are used to deliver this paper. Also, it shows the importance of the study from factual perspectives. As far as, the understanding of natural light, visual comfort, thermal comfort, and materials thermal mass is the prime tools to conduct the whole thesis.

11

2.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

11 2.1 Daylight 13 2.1.1 Daylight evaluation methods 14 2.1.1.1 Daylight Factor DF 14 2.1.1.2 Daylight Autonomy DA 15 2.2 Glare

2.2.1 Visual Discomfort Asessment Methods 2.2.1.1 Daylight Glare probability 2.2.1.2 Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) method

2.2 Thermal Comfort

15 16 16 16 17

2.2.1 Environmental factors 2.2.1.1 Air temperature 2.2.1.2 Mean radiant temperature MRT 2.2.1.3 Humidity 2.2.1.4 Air velocity 2.2.2 Personal factors 2.2.2.1 The activity level 2.2.2.2 The activity level

17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18

2.3 Adaptive Thermal Comfort.

19

2.4 Thermal mass.

21

12

2.1 Daylight

Since the beginning of architecture history, shaping of natural light is the prime tool to describe the architectural internal envelops and figure the occupancies experiences inside a building, the dominant role of natural light in building is to reveal the building architecture and to form a particular internal environment, also to offer the building users with visual ability to function and comfort (Baker & Steemers., 2002).

the occupant as light have a direct relation to the human circadian system (Hauge B, 2015) (Andersen, 2014). Daylight plays a very significant part in building’s atmosphere as daylight offer the building users with more than just visual ability, Daylight influences our life in daylily bases by improving our mood, tension and workability (Andersen, 2014) (Hauge B, 2015) (Beute,2014). Table Xx provided with levels of tasks can be carried in different levels illuminance (50-1000 lx) also it gives examples of room suitable for the specific level of illuminance. Table 2.1 illustrates the minimum requirement of daylight intensity in domestic building.

Figure 2.2 .melatonin and crotisol production. Sources: (Andersen, 2014) Figure 2.1 .The Music Lesson. Sources:(Baker & Steemers., 2002)

Furthermore, daylight has a direct relationship with people psychological and physiological behaviours, many of

Illuminance level ( lx )

Illuminance criteria

Room examples

50

Give an overview about surroundings, a person in such room cannot recognize minor details. general awareness of people movement, recognize objects for short time.

Storage corridors

the human’s hormones and enzymes production is linked to the amount of light received during the day, which is mean a lack in the amount of light received by the human

100

body result in a shortage or irregular production of those enzyme and hormones (Hauge B, 2015)(Baker & Steemers., 2002) (Brainard, et al., 2001). For example, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Caused by human body realising

150

Melatonin enzyme at the wrong time due to the low intensity of light received by the eye over period of time, a person suffering from SAD disorder experiencing depres-

200

sion, indolence, stress, sleeping disorder/disruption and many other symptoms (Hauge B, 2015) (Hauge B, 2015) (Baker & Steemers., 2002). Also increasing the amount of Melatonin enzyme during the bright days of the year

300

result in enhancement of feeling in love(Hauge B, 2015).

In average, people exposed to more than 1000 lx in only 4% of their time daily (130 minutes per day), the people with less amount of time under 1000lx per day usually suffer from low mood or depression (Baker & Steemers., 2002)(Brainard, et al., 2001) (Andersen, 2014). Hence, to perform a task, whether it is a visual or non-visual task, an adequate amount of daylight has to supplied to

13

500 700 1000

Identify general details for short time in a space where wrong movement might be fatal.

Able to perform easy task for long period. Able to do tasks that require details but for short period.

Able to perform long tasks require a reasonable contrast such as writing and reading.

Preform task that require identify moderate details Preform task that require identify small details.

Performing tasks that required working with very small details.

Hallway, domestic storage contains large goods, bedroom Residential bathrooms, services room Lobbies, general lighting level in restaurant.

Library, classroom, kitchen, large objects workshops.

Laboratory work, offices.

Drawing offices.

Electronic fixing.

Table 2.1. Illuminance criteria. Sources: (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013).

Room type

Bedroom Stairs Corridors Bath room toilets Kitchen Meeting, breakout, lounges or living rooms TV lounge Dining hall Games rooms Entrance Art studio

Illuminance requirement ( lx ) 100-150 100 100 100-150 150

Location of measurement

150-300

On floor level On floor level On floor level On floor level On Table and cooker level On floor level

50 150 300 200 500

On floor level On table level At task level On floor level On floor level

Table 2.2. Indoor Illuminance requirement. Sources: (Boyce, 2009) & (Craig, 2013).

Daylight entering a building is consist of two types, one is

Figure 2.3. natural light componants. Sources: (Andersen, 2014)

2.1.1 Daylight evaluation methods 2.1.1.1 Daylight Factor DF Daylight factor its percentage represents the ratio

of daylight entered a building from an overcast sky . reflected daylight from the surrounding context, another one For example, if a room has average 5% DF under an is direct daylight comes from the sky as shown in figure 2.3. overcast sky have illuminance 2000 lx, that means the Thus, the material reflectance of the surrounding plays an

essential role in supplying daylight to the building, Table 2.3 show arrange of materials reflectance (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013) (Andersen, 2014).

Material type

Reflectance source %

Aluminised glass

94

White paint N9.5 Pale cream Snow White plaster Whitepaper Light color brick Light grey Strong yellow

85 81 80 80 80 70 68 64

Portland stone

60

concrete Limestone medium Light brown

40 40 26

Earth

20

water Stainless steel

15 60

room is receiving an average of 100 lx (Tregenza and Loe, 1998),(Baker & Steemers., 2002).

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 100 X

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Equation xx. Daylight factorformula Sources: (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013).

In reality, the sky condition is not constantly overcast, (Baker and Steemers, 2014) (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013)

but it varies from time to another. Hence daylight

(Fontoynony, 1999)

a general recommendation of daylight factors for var-

(Tregenza & Wilson, 2013)

factor method of evaluation gives only an overview of the internal daylight condition. Table 2.4 provided with ious type of indoor spaces, however, daylight factor is

Commented [G1]: Delete

diverse from location to another for example in Greece require 1.5% and 3.5 % DF for kitchen and living room

(Baker and Steemers, 2014) (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013)

respectively. Whereas , in the UK 1.5% DF for the living

(Fontoynony, 1999) (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013) (Baker and Steemers, 2014)

factors levels in urban with temperate climate zone

room and 2% for the kitchen. Furthermore, Table xx describe the visual experience of different daylight (Santamouris, 2006).

Table 2.3. Materials reflectance . Sources: (Baker and Steemers, 2014) (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013) & (Fontoynony, 1999).

14

Room type

Classrooms Assembly room Kitchens Living rooms Bedrooms offices

Minimum requirement DF (%)

Recommended average DF (%)

2 2

5 5

0.6 0.5 0.3 2.0

2 1.5 1 0.6

One of the primary source of visual discomfort is glare, which is uncomfortable feeling or visual noise caused by a bright source of light in the visual field, such as very reflective material causing a high contrast of brightness in a room, a small window in the room with high contrast in brightness between the indoor and outdoor or any type of luminaire that cause a large variation in visual light intensity (CIBSE, 2002) & (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013).

Along to that, glare is a reason for eyestrain, feeling of discomfort, reduction in productivity, headache or even eyesight damage if it been affecting for a long time (Architectural Energy

Table 2.4. General Daylight factor guidance. Source (Santamouris, 2006).

Corporation, 2008). Moreover, glare usually appear in three

2.1.1.2 Daylight Autonomy DA

reflection (CIBSE, 2002) & (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013)

Another essential method to interpret daylight level in

Firstly, disability glare which is defined as task visibility reduction

building interior through daylight autonomy method, which

due to an inhibition of light source in the background of a task

is defined as a percentage of occupied time where the

field (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013) & (CIBSE, 2002). Figure 2.4 illus-

daylight illuminance level reaches satisfactory target during

trate typical disability glare example in which a person is trying

the year (Moreno & Labarca, 2015) (Costanzo, et al., 2013).

to use a computer located in front of a bright window, resulting

Unlike Daylight factor, Daylight autonomy takes into consid-

in difficulty for eye adaption to the under-exposed screen(CIBSE,

eration the variation in the sky condition for the whole test

2002).

main types of glare; disability glare, discomfort glare and veiling

period (Vangeloglou & Rasmussen, 2015). Likewise, in order to perform DA teste required to have the file containing information about the sky condition for each hour in the test period. The outcome of the test is a percentage of the occupied hour than average lighting level in a room reach a set target of illuminance(Costanzo, et al., 2013). Table 2.5 showing levels of the satisfactory in different ranges of daylight autonomy.

DA satisfaction level preferred Acceptable Poor

DA range DA > 75% 75% > DA > 55% 55% > DA

Figure2.4 .Disablity galre typical example. Source : (CIBSE, 2002)

Secondary, Discomfort glare is a higher level of discomfort caused by high luminance object such as a sunlight beam is located in the visual field of the user that cause visual or/and

Table 2.5 . Daylight Autonomy classification . Source (Costanzo, et al., 2013).

physical discomfort if it been affecting for long time(Tregenza

Level of visual DGP range 2.2 Glare discomfort imperceptible < 35% To offer building occupants with an efficient daylight space, perceptible 35% ≤ DGP ≤ 40% the building designers have to keep in mind, interior of the disturbing 40% < DGP ≤ 45% building have to be supplied adequate light level and avoid intolerable DGP > 45% the sources of visual discomfort (Raynham, Boyce, and Fitz-

reflected glare is light reflected from the task surface itself and

patrick, 2012). Hence, light for indoor space should not be neither restrained for the eyes nor impede our visual ability (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013). ASE range ASE satisfaction

level preferred Acceptable Sufficient for 15 heating High

ASE < 3% 7% > ASE > 3% 10% > ASE> 7% ASE > 10%

& Wilson, 2013) & (CIBSE, 2002).Thirdly, the reason for veiling cover the task details which result in reduction of the task visibility. Figure 2.5 showing how the light cover some text due to the high reflectance of the paper(Tregenza & Wilson, 2013).

Figure 2.5. veiling reflected glare example.

Source : (Tregenza & Wilson, 2013)

Ev Ls

Figure 2.6 .Shibam. Interior of a mqh in Bayt Jarhum.Sources: (Lewcock,1986)

2.2.1 Visual Discomfort Asessment Methods

Figure 2.8.DGP anlaysis componant. Sources: (Diva4Rino)

2.2.1.1 Daylight Glare probability There are many types of glare assessment and evaluation methods, such as Daylight Gare Index (DGI), Visual Comfort Probability (VGP), Unified Glare Rating (UGR) and Daylight Glare probability (DGP) (Reinhart & Jakubiec, 2011). However, From many studies in compare between the metrics, it found that DGP gives the most accurate interpretation of the level of visual discomfort (Reinhart & Jakubiec, 2011) (Costanzo, et al., 2013), as DGP based in finding the constant in human view using the human sight solid angle and take in consideration the total vertical luminance that acting on focused view of human eye as shown in the formula XX for DGP (Reinhart & Jakubiec, 2011) (Costanzo, et al., 2013). After that, the result could be classified into four main levels of visual discomfort, which can be seen in Table 2.6.

Level of visual discomfort imperceptible perceptible disturbing intolerable

ASE satisfaction level preferred Acceptable Sufficient for heating High

DGP range < 35% 35% ≤ DGP ≤ 40% 40% < DGP ≤ 45% DGP > 45%

Table 2.6. DGP level of visual discomfort classification. Source (Costanzo, et al., 2013).

−5

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 5.87 × 10 Ev + 9.18 × 10

−5

𝑛𝑛

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙10 2 (1 + ∑ 𝑖𝑖=1

2.2.1.2 Annual Sunlight Exposure DA satisfaction level DA range (ASE) method preferred DA > 75% TheAcceptable main and the most known glare is di75%source > DA >of 55% rectPoor sunlight beam that appears the human view 55% >inDA range because of its high luminance intensity which typically results in high visual discomfort (Tregenza, 2013)&(Ander, G.D. ,1995). Therefore, the ASE Level was of visual DGPcan range method introduced which find the perdiscomfort centage of the occupied time that a room inhabited imperceptible < 35%during the year, ASE with direct exposure to sunlight process is very similar to DA, the≤only is perceptible 35% DGPdifference ≤ 40% ASEdisturbing detect the sunlight high40% intensity reached a < DGPthat ≤ 45% room (usually over 1000 lx) (Costanzo, et al., 2013). intolerable DGP > 45% Table 27 showing a classification for each level of ASE.

𝐿𝐿2𝑠𝑠 ωs

𝐸𝐸𝑣𝑣1.87 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2

ASE range ASE < 3% 7% > ASE > 3% 10% > ASE> 7% ASE > 10%

Table 2.7. ASE level of visual discomfort classification. Source (Costanzo, et al., 2013).

)

Where Ev = total vertical eye illuminance (lux) Ls = luminance of the glare source (cd/m2 ) ωs = solid angle of the glare source (sr) P = weighting factor based on position in a viewing hemisphere Figure 2.7 Calculating Daylight Glare Portability Source:(Reinhart & Jakubiec, 2011).

Figure 2.9.ASE anlaysis. Sources: (Diva4Rino)

16

2.2 Thermal Comfort

2.2.1 Environmental factors

ASHRAE defines the thermal comfort as ‘that condition of

2.2.1.1 Air temperature

mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment’ (Heidari, 2000:59). However, a more detailed definition is not easy to state because of the varied and several factors related to thermal comfort that are not easily measured objectively. Thus, a wide number of thermal comfort definition is available, depending on the perspective. Also, the notion of comfort changes from person to person. (Heidari, 2000) (Nicol, et al., 2012)The thermal comfort is also composed by the thermal sensation, which is the perception of warm sensation or the lack of it. The thermal sensation is often assessed by a seven-point numerical scale, thus is also affected by the psychological condition. (Nicol, et al., 2012) Hensel (1981) affirms that while the thermal sensation is a rational experience described regarding cold and warm, the thermal comfort constitutes an emotional experience. (Hensel,1981)Characterise thermal comfort as the

Air temperature is one of the main factors that affect the thermal comfort as it usually has immediate contact with the human body as it surrounding the body. Which determined the heat transfer between the air and the body back and forth depending on the heat difference between the body and air and that heat transfer could convectional heat transfer(Parsons, 2002 ) (Nicol, et al., 2012). Balance is set up whereby the body will lose heat if the surroundings are colder and gain heat if they are hotter. Surfaces within a space can be at different temperatures but can be combined to the Mean Radiant Temperature (TAREB, 2004). (Parsons, 2002 ) (Nicol, et al., 2012)

2.2.1.2 Mean radiant temperature MRT: Anybody tend to exchange heat with the surrounding surfaces through radiation, surfaces with in a space can be varied in

condition in which the human being minimises the use of

temperature and that can be combined to the mean radiant

energy on the attempt of adjusting the body temperature

temperature. Likewise, the mean radiant temperature is

to the environment. Givoni describes the thermal comfort

the weighted average radiated flux of the heat comes from

as the acceptable climatic conditions considered comforta-

surrounding surfaces such as walls, ceiling, windows, floor

ble inside buildings.

and doors. In addition gaining or losing heat through radiation called radiate heat transfer. Furthermore, the weighted

Baker (1996) states that thermal comfort is related to

average heat radiate between two objects depends on the

psychological factors, hence the need of including social

temperature difference, the ability to absorb radiated heat

and architectural parameters to characterize it, rather than

(emissivity) and the angle between the objects (TAREB,

only engineering formulas.

Fanger supports the thermal neutrality theory, in which the neutral point is defined by the absence of thermal discomfort sensation (Fanger,1990) (Givoni,1998) & (Baker, 1996).

Overlooking the challenging task of trying to define thermal comfort from the psychological perspective and analysing the physical parameters, one ha to understand each condition that constitutes the thermal sensation, which are categorized in two different organizations: environmental and personal parameters. The environmental includes the air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity and air movement; while the personal parameters include the metabolic rate and clothing (insulation) level.

(Nicol, et al., 2012)

17

2004)&(Nicol, et al., 2012).

2.2.1.3 Humidity: Humidity is a percentage representing the volume of water vapour in the air. Humidity is a very important factor as humidity is the factor which determined how much sweat would evaporate. The higher humidity it gets the more difficult to cool using the evaporation of sweat. Therefore, if all the environmental factors are constant, the more humid it gets the hotter people feel. Moreover, humidity is a very significant factor for evaporative cooling systems as the humidity of air would detriment systems efficiency as cooling using evaporation depends on how dry is air to feed it with more moisture. The process of changing from liquid state to gas state needs some heat energy.

Air temperature is one of the main factors that affect the

Equally, the metabolic rate is defined by ASHRAE as the heat

thermal comfort as it usually has immediate contact with

energy rate production by a person due to an activity. High

the human body as it surrounding the body. Which deter-

humidity has a higher effect on a person at a higher meta-

mined the heat transfer between the air and the body back

bolic rate as the need of the sweat evaporation greater to

and forth depending on the heat difference between the

cool down the skin(Parsons, 2002 ). Moreover, when the

body and air and that heat transfer could convectional heat

temperature drops the body react to keep the body temper-

transfer(Parsons, 2002 ) (Nicol, et al., 2012). Balance is set up

ature at 37oC, by reducing the heat losses from the blood to

whereby the body will lose heat if the surroundings are cold-

the external air as the blood start moving around the central

er and gain heat if they are hotter. Surfaces within a space

part of the body in order to keep the organs at its average

can be at different temperatures but can be combined to the

temperature, resulting in making limbs feel cold in order to

Mean Radiant Temperature (TAREB, 2004). (Parsons, 2002 )

increase it metabolic heat the limps stat to shivering(Nicol, et

(Nicol, et al., 2012)

al., 2016).

2.2.1.4 Air velocity:

2.2.2.2 The activity level:

The effect of air movement is depending on the other envi-

The state of comfort easily affected by cloth as it reduces the interaction of the body to the surrounding environment and creating a smaller environment that set in between the cloth and the body. The higher cloth level, the less heat exchange would be and minimise the heat losses from the body the surrounding atmosphere. In a cold environment higher cloth level is needed to keep the heat generated by the body –but sometimes the thermal comfort needs are not the matter-.

In a hot climate, people be likely to wear lose thin cloths to have more interaction with the surrounding environment and lose more heat. The clothing level symbolized in “clo unit,” one clo is required to keep a person thermally comfortable at 21 Co, which is an office ware (Nicol, et al., 2016).Never the less, other factors could affect thermal comfort from a persona to another such as the age, body configuration, diet, and gender (Ruppa, et al., 2015).

ronmental factors such as air temperature and humidity if the air temperature higher than the skin surface temperature would heat the body as it increase the frequency convectional heat transfer. However, there is other psychological effect as the air increase it speed over the skin it enhance people perception of the thermal comfort level the chart xx showing how much the psychological feeling of air temperature reduction. Meanly, air velocity is effective when air temperature is low as the temperature between the skin and the air is lager. In short, air velocity is the factor that enhance the frequency of convectional heat transfer weather is gaining or losing heat as it remove the air that surrounding a body and replace it with fresh air. All the environmental factors are meanly depending on the perception of the people for example if people use to dry climate to vest mild humid climate the might suffer from high humidity, same for other factors.

(Nicol, et al., 2012) (Baker & Steemers ,2000)

2.2.2 Personal factors 2.2.2.1 The activity level: The effect of the activity is very noticeable when athletes are doing a sport they would feel hotter than the oduon as the human body generate heat differently according to the level activity. Another good example, in football matches usually goalkeeper ware longer cloth as his level of activity is less than the other players so he/she would feel colder. The heat generated by the body due to an activity is measured by a unit called metabolic rate (met), one met equivalent to

Figure 2.10. humen body heat transefare:

58.2w/m2 which is the energy produced from a person at

(Baker & Steemers ,2000)

rest.

18

2.3 Adaptive Thermal Comfort.

With the revolution in cooling and heating system, the indoor environment became a controllable factor. Therefore, scientists tried to understand what is the most comfortable temperature for human by using a method called the test of climate chamber (a space where all the environmental variables are controlled). by applying variety of environmental condition on humans subjects while the undesirable environmental factors are constant, also the subject to ware certain cloth as well as do certain activity in order to keep the personal factors remain constant, during the experiment the subjects were a enquired to show their satisfaction/dissatisfaction by using ASHRAE or Bedford .

(Ruppa, et al., 2015).

In 1970 Fanger stablished The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) method to predict the ratio of people who would report that they are thermally uncomfortable, by using a data generated by the people experience in the climate chamber under steady state conditions (Ruppa, et al., 2015).

In the year 2002 Fanger state that from many field study curried in various part of the world, in buildings where type HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) unit were installed, the results complied with the PMV method of thermal comfort prediction (Ruppa, et al., 2015).

Figure 2.12. source: (Schroeder, 2015)

Typically, people tend to go to their work not to act as an environmental instrument or measuring their comfort level, but people would go to work to achieve other things (Nico,1993).

However, In climatic chamber experiment, people are giving less choices of certain clothing level and metabolic rate. Hence, other factors such as psychological and cultural factors are neglected. Unlike climate chamber experiment, in reality, people have more control to their state of thermal comfort through various methods of adaption such as changing their clothing level, controlling room openings (Nicol, et al., 2016).

Moreover, table XX illustrate the comfort temperature from the climate chamber experiment in various location in the world, Humphreys state the table is an evidence that people have

Humphreys compared a result of the actual mean vote (AMV of thermal comfort from a field study with a calculation predicted mean vote (PMV) as it shown in Figure XX. He found that the range of human thermal comfort trumpeter is wider than the PMV method of prediction (Nicol, et al., 2012). Nicol noted that there is a variation among the results from PMV method results and field studies of the actual mean vote of comfort temperature (Nicol, 1993). Humphreys state that the over-all of using PMV is unsuitable for measuring thermal comfort as it can create random errors and it is continually underestimate the people adaptivity, PMV method has an average inaccuracy of 3o C from the actual thermal comfort temperature (Humphreys,1992).

Figure 2.11. Humphreys comparsion between PMV & AMV the open circules show the AMV & the filled circules show the PMV. source (Nicol, et al., 2016)

19

a different standard of comfortable temperature in different parts of the world , and that apparently contradicts with the concept which state that the comfort temperature is the same in the whole world and that is the base of PMV method of thermal prediction (Heidari, 2000).

Table 2.8. Climate chamber comfort tempreture in various location in the world.

Sources: (Heidari, 2000).

In year 2000 Haidari investigated the comfortable thermal temperature in Iranian naturally ventilated courtyard buildings, the main aim was to create a new method of calculating the acceptable thermally comfortable temperature for the occupants. Haidari found that the mean comfortable temperature range is in between 24 o C to 32 o C during the whole summer months (May to August) and 17 o C to 24 o C during the winter (November to February) (Heidari, 2000). He also calculates how to predict the thermal comfort temperature in Iran by equation bellow.

Figure 2.13. At work. source: (Al Sukhni, 2017)

Also, from field studies in some hot countries, Nicole found; 90%

Comfort Temperature = 17 + 0.38 *mean out door.

of the people were thermally comfortable at 31Co indoor temperature during the summer (Nicol, et al., 2016). For example,

Furthermore, in Thailand Bangkok, the natural temperature

in Bagdad, the capital of Iraq found the comfort temperature is

(comfortable temperature) found to be set in between 25 and

at 32 o C and only 20% of the people showed their discomfort

27.5 for the whole year (Busch, 1990). In Indonesia, the natu-

when the temperature rose above 36 Co(Nicol, et al., 2016).

ral temperature is in the range from 24 to 29.5 for all the year

Humphrey believes that the indoor comfort temperature is

seasons (Karyono, 1995). In Bangladesh, during the hot summer

always linked to the outdoor temperature and intensive field

and the high humidity (95%), unexpectedly it found that people

studies in various part of the world needed to be carried out in

accepted the temperature between 24 up to 32 o C. While in

order to understand thermal comfort temperature(Nicol, et al.,

colder region such as London, from a field study for a whole

2016).

year involved 808 subjects, the most comfortable temperature

In Pakistan 1993 Nicole and his team organized intensive field

found to be just around 18 o C (Mallick, 1996).

study to investigate thermal comfort during the summer and winter, the primary objective was to propose a new standard

To conclude, this clear evidence that people experience ther-

for the indoor thermal comfortable temperature that related to

mal comfort differently as local climate varied. For example,

hot climate such as Pakistan. The main findings was a method of

in colder climate regions people would tolerate with a lower

calculating the mean comfortable temperature with the relation

temperature than people in hotter climate regions (Nicol, et

of the outdoor temperature which expressed in the formula

al., 2016). Brager, et al. (1993) conclude with an overview in

bellow (Nicol, et al., 2016).

which, laboratory experiment of climate chamber is beneficial to understand the important basics human physiology and how

Comfort Temperature = 17 + 0.38 *mean out door. the fourmila was generated from the FigureXx which show comfort temperture in relation to the outdoor tempreture.

Figure 2.14. The acual mean vote in packistan in relation to the out door tempreture. source (Nicol, et al., 2016)

the insight of the human body interact with the environment, Whiles field studies are alsovery important as it show whow people interact with their building environment and how people adapted to reach their comfort zone (Brager, et al., 1993).

Figure 2.15. adaption unconciously. source (Nicol, et al., 2012)

20

2.4 Thermal mass.

In summer, during the warm period massive walls absorb

Thermal mass is defined as the capability of material for

heat without immediately transmitting it to the interior spac-

absorbing and store for a time. Figure XX illustrate the effect

es which therefore remain relatively cold. At night when the

of thermal mass in the indoor temperature with fluctuated

external air temperature drops down the absorbed heat will

outdoor temperature. The diagram shows the time lag effect

be re-radiated gradually to warm the interior space making

caused by thermal mass as the external temperature reach its

walls ready to absorb heat on the following day. Therefore,

peak during the mid-day the internal temperature peaked far

can help to maintain thermal comfort for the occupants for

after the external temperature dropping, as a thermal mass

more extended periods of time (depends on time load factor)

material absorb the heat from the air around it surfaces and

(De Saulles, 2009). Secondly, according to storing heat in the

releasing the heat after the air temperature become cooler.

walls, the demand for cooling can either be cut or reduced.

That is resulting in stabilizing the interior air temperature fluctuation (De Saulles, 2009).

Figure 2.16.Thermal mass effect on indoor tempretrue ty. Source: (De Saulles, 2009).

Materials

Density Heat Heat Thermal (kg/m3) conductivity capacity mass (W/m.k) (J/kg.k) performance

Timber steel Precast concrete Brick Mud brick Sandstone

500 7800 2300

0.13 50 1.75

1600 450 1000

Low Low High

1750

0.77

1000

2300

1.8

1000

High High/medium High

1700

0.57

Table 2.9.Thermal mass martials ability. Source: (Reardon, et al., 2013)& (De Saulles, 2009).

Summer The high thermal mass material is in which required a lot of heat energy and time to raise its temperature, which found in dense and high heat capacity materials such as concrete, stone and adobe bricks. To increase the time of releasing and absorbing the heat from/to the material, a moderate thermal conductivity is required. For instance, steel is very dense and have a very high heat capacity, but its thermal mass performance is poor as it conducts the heat in and out of the material very quickly due to its high thermal conductivity. In contrast to steel, the thermal conductivity should not be too low as that reduces the ability to absorb heat (Reardon, et al., 2013)& (De Saulles, 2009).

Figure 2.17.Thermal mass during summer. Source: (De Saulles, 2009).

Winter

The advantages of using high thermal mass construction distribute for both summer and winter seasons and provide occupants with abetter internal comfort than light construction.

During winter, heat (can be solar energy, occupants or any equipment gains) is stored during the day, and when released it helps to keep the building warm. Also, the inside temperature will not raise or decrease immediately due to the time lag factor so the cooling of the space will be slower (Baggs, et al., 1991) & (De Saulles, 2009).

21

840

Figure 2.18.Thermal mass during winter. Source: (De Saulles, 2009).

22

3. CONTEXT OF SHIBAM This part describes of the context of Shibam; climate, location, the urban design, the architectural design and the building materials. Moreover, demonstrate relevant studies of the building materials that were used traditionally. After that, a case study is describing the building configuration and space planning.

3.CONTEXT OF SHIBAM 3.1 Urban Over View 3.2 Building elements 3.3 Site Summary.

3.3 Shibam claimte

23

25 27 29 31

Figure 3.(Weber, 2009)

24

3.1 Urban Over View

Figure 3.1. Shibam . source (James, 2008)

Hadramout is a valley located in the East part of Yemen, on

buildings built compactly to shades each other and reduced

the southeast of Arabian Peninsula, the latitude of 15.9 and

the solar gains striking the exterior of the buildings, there

longitude 48.6. The area is historically known for its floods,

are no other sites in Hadramout built as compact as Shibam

being referred as ‘Hadar al maowt’, which means ‘the Death

(Baeissa, 2014). Moreover, the compact urban layout formed

has come’, once the valley used to suffer from sudden floods,

narrow zigzag/random roads which help to reduce the num-

and people used to sink and die, the rainwater guided by the

ber of sunlight hours to reach to the ground which creates a

mountains to the valley of Hadramout (Lewcock, 1986). The

microenvironment so different from the environment outside

town of Shibam is in the middle of Hadhramout valley in the

the town. Shibam formed some vast public squires locating

desert region of the valley.

in between the buildings, acting as air supply for the narrow roads to cool during the night also is believed that the squires

Shibam is also known for its architecture and construction

trap the relatively cold air of the night as and cool the first

techniques, dating from the first millennium before Christ

morning hours (Baeissa, 2014). Additionally, The whole site is

(Firley and Stahl, 2009). Using indigenous materials, methods,

surrounded by tall wall to protect from outside weather. The

and techniques, Shibam’s natives were able to build tall load

site contains five historical mosques, a school, hospital, well

bearing walls made of mud bricks.

known traditional market and modern market. The site lied between plantation grounds surrounding the site from the

These buildings attracted visitors from all over the world, in-

east north and west sides, while the valley water passes the

cluding Freya Stark, a British explorer, who visited Hadramout

front of the south side of town(Lewcock, 1986).

valley in 1930 (Walsh, 2007). In 1982, Hadramout achieved the status of UNESCO World Heritage site (Derek, 1984).

The town of Shibam is consist of more than 500 houses, some of those houses reach up to 36.5 meters above the valley ground(Lewcock, 1986). There are many buildings reached above eight stories, but most of the building in that site is around five stories high(Figure is illustrating full details about the building height in Shibam (Lewcock, 1986). Some of the houses claimed to be sustained over 400-500 years old under continuous maintenance (Figure XX provided with the formation of some of the building ages) (Lewcock, 1986). The

25

Figure 3.2. Shibam . source (GTZ, 2004)

Figure 3.3. Shibam building type the data collexted by Aziz Alhalaj

≥ 8 Stories 7 Stories 5 Stories 4 Stories 3 Stories ≤ 2 Stories

Figure 3.4. Shibam building hight the data collexted by Aziz Alhalaj

26

3.2 Building elements it is believed that the walls significantly contribute towards the thermal support in the entire building as thick mud brick wall is very high thermal mass which gives the ability for the building to stabilize its indoor temperature (Al-Kahtan and Al-Darzi, 2007).

Figure 3.5.mud brick frame and window shade. Source: (Lewcock,1986)

After her visit to Shibam, Freya Stark referenced the region as ‘the Manhattan of the desert,’ comparing the tall buildings in the middle of the desert with the skyscrapers of New York.

Even though Shibam tall buildings consists of mud brick walls, supported by strong stone foundation and covered by mud roofs.

Figure 3.6.Freya Stark. Source: (Freya Stark, Dame Freya Stark, Travel Writer, Is Dead at 100, 2018).

Essentially, the tall buildings in Shibam are composed of the foundation, walls, floors, and roof. The load-bearing walls are made of sun-dried mud bricks. These bricks consists of a

0

0.2

0.5

1m

Figure 3.7.Wall detail . Source: (C, Eugenio.2015).

mixture of mud and straw (agriculture waste), a layer of mud/

Furthermore, The floors are built with a series of wood joints,

lime works as a finish for internal walls, and lime is also used

lightweight sun-dried mud bricks and a mud mix that works as

externally for waterproof properties, resulting in a total wall

the finish material for the top (level) and the bottom (ceiling)

thickness of about around a one mater at the ground floor

of each floor. The roof is built in the same way of the floors,

decreases to 300mm at the top (Peter, 2002). The walls at the

but with an additional lime layer over the structure to provide

base of the building are thick, and its thickness is gradually

waterproof properties to the top level of the construction.

reduced at the top of the building, to reduce the dead load

The roof is also built in a sloped shape to avoid the water to

weight.

be stuck within the roof structure. The foundation is com-

Consequently, The thick walls work efficiently as thermal

posed of thick and heavy stone, thicker than the walls at the

insulation due to the mud’s high thermal mass capacity,

bottom of the building to provide stability to the building.The

protecting the indoor environment from the excessive heat,

internal walls of Shibam buildings are made of mud brick too,

hence providing thermal comfort for occupants. Considering

hence having acoustic, thermal and fire-resistant properties.

the temperature variation along the typical days of Shibam,

27

Moreover, Shibam constructions present a white roof covered by lime layer, due to the potential of reducing the building’s internal air temperature. Dr Ahmad Sasuni Hassan and Mohammed Saled state that the white roof is able to reduce the building’s internal air temperature as the bright colour helps in reducing the absorbance of solar radiated heat, especially in the region, which is exposed to a high sun angle (will be discussed further in the ‘related previous study chapter’). Additionally, the roof whitewash might extend to cover 5 meters from external wall from the top or the whole building in some cases(Lewcock, 1986).

Figure 3.9. Shibam roof. source (GTZ, 2004).

Figure 3.10. Shibam windows and shadings. source (Corradi, 2015).

Figure 3.8.Wall detail . Source: (national geogrphics).

Never the less, the main rooms of Shibam buildings contain two types windows one located in the top and another is in the bottom. The bottom window is provided with wooden shading element which made in many various shapes. Also, the bottom windows are provided with a wooden shutter to give the user the ability to control view, natural light and privacy. Some of the shading used as Meshrabia, where ceramic porous earthenware pot placed by the windows,

Figure 3.11. Shibam living room. source (GTZ, 2004).

which help to cool down the water and the internal air, using the evaporative cooling method, which is more applicable in hot, dry climate. The top windows are small deep windows covered with glass, is used to enlighten a room in the daytime and provide the streets with light during the nights and it keeps the indoor privacy as it located in the top of the wall.

Figure 3.12. Shibam coluoms. source (Corradi, 2015).

28

3.3 Site Summary.

Summarise the main elements of Shibam architect. strategies Site Dense layout and urban plan. layout and Well shaded roads urban design Number public esquires Narrow zigzagged irregular roads.

Vertical high building reaches up to 10 stories.

Protection from the out the town environment such as hot wind.

White and brown colors as the theme for the whole town.

White reduces the thermal mass.

Moreover, the whole theme show a sense of unity.

To be used when the outdoor air condition is comfortable.

Building Thick stone foundation. elements

Help to stabilize the building.

Mud brick wall 1000mm-300mm covered with lime/mud finish.

Thermal insulation, High thermal mass material.

Ceiling and floors made of wood joins covered with mud mixture and lime finish Internal wall made of mud brick

Enhance the internal thermal mass

Roof made have similar structure as floors with adding a layer of seashells in the middle covered with mud from and then topped with white lime finish Minimize the size of the opening.

Reduce the solar heat energy absorption.

Provide the windows with shading devices.

To reduce the solar gain and enhance the visual environment as will be discussed later in the analysis chapter.

Enhance the building ventilation also uniform daylight level in the building. as will be discussed later in the analysis chapter.

To stabilize and reduce the extreme outdoor temperature. to reduce the passage of heat to indoor areas.

To reduce solar heat absorbance for the building.

Small windows located in a top part of the wall.

Material selection

To offer communal and relaxing areas.

To trap the night air and supply it to the building.

To reduce the direct sun hours

Accessible roof space could use.

Building windows

Reasons To minimalize the solar exposure and reduce exposed surfaces.

The use of thermal mass External insulation or thick walls could be used.

Light colors materials or paints can be used.

High thermal mass material with better location not exposed to the Solar radiation

To reduce the solar access as well as minimise the access to outdoor air.

Table 3.1. Shibam buildings elements and stratgies . source ( summery of chapter CONTEXT OF SHIBAM )

29

30

3.3 Shibam claimte From the general overlook at the weather data of Shibam

the climate of Shibam can explain the use of high thermal

it easy to understand, that Shibam had hot, dry climate

mass materials in the eco skyscrapers of Shibam.

during the summer and moderated cold wither during the winter. This part of the thesis is focusing on understanding

The humidity is another factor that determined the level

the climate data of Shibam and boosting the understanding

of thermal comfort, which is the content of vapor water

with a comparison to an example from temperate climate

in the air. Its determined the evaporative cooling perfor-

zone – which is London-.

mance either from the skin sweat or evaporative cooling technology as it has been explained earlier in chapter xx.

The data has been generated by using computer software

The humidity level is moderately low for all over the year in

(Meteonorm Software), that interpreted the weather data

Shibam; around 40% in the winter and 25% in the summer.

of Shibam considering the location and the geological cri-

While in London it reaches some time above 80 %. Moreo-

teria of the location (which is a valley). Then, the weather

ver, one of the main reasons of high humidity levels is the

data of London has been collected from Heathrow airport

amount of rain, in Shibam it seems to be dry for the whole

weather station which can be easily found by Meteonorm

year with a small number of rainy days, where in London it

Software database, the data of London is cumulative aver-

rain in an average of 17 days every month.

age data that of 17 years period 1998-2015.

Firstly, Figure 3.14&3.15 showing average data of the dry bulb temperature (Air temperature ) in Shibam and London. The top end of the red region is the mean maximum of air temperature, and the bottom end is the mean minimum of the air temperature, while as the red line is indicating the average temperature.

The air temperature is the most effective environmental factor that influences the level of thermal comfort as meanly the heat transfer to/from the human body through convection heat transfer. The air temperature in Shibam peaks in July as the mean maximum reach above 42oC and the mean minimum is 28 oC (14 oC difference).

While, during the winter it hit bottom during January reaching 13 oC mean minimum temperature, whereas the mean maximum during January usually above 26 oC (13 oC difference). Contrast, London does not have much of temperature difference between the mean maximum and minimum temperature for all months of a year, the average air temperature during the winter is around 7 oC, while in the summer it reaches 19. The temperature difference in

31

Figure 3.13. Shibam . source (GTZ, 2004)

Shibam climate data

London climate data

Monthly Average Dry Bulb Temperature Daily Average Horizontal Radiation

Monthly Average Dry Bulb Temperature 45.00

45.00

40.00

40.00 35.00

Monthly Average Dry Bulb Temperature

35.00 Average Dry Bulb Temperature 35.00

10.00

oC

Jan

20.00

Apr

May

Jun

mean max

Jul

mean max mean min Jan

mean Aug SepminOct

Nov

Mar

Apr

50.00

%

Feb

May

mean average

mean Feb average Mar Apr

0.00

0.00

Jan

ASHRAE-55 AdpativeJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov JulDec Aug Comfort - 80% acceptability ASHRAE-55 Adpative Comfort - 90% acceptability

ASHRAE-55 Adpative Comfort - 80% acceptability

Figure 3.15. Dry bulb tempreture London climate. source (generat-

Comfort May Jun- 80% Julacceptability Aug Comfort Sep -Oct Nov Deced by metinum) 90% acceptability

Jun

Monthly Average Relative Humidity 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00

mean max mean max

50.00

mean min mean min

50.00

40.00

40.00

30.00

30.00

20.00

20.00

20.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

0.00

40.00

mean average mean average

30.00

0.00 Jan Feb Jan Mar FebAprMarMay Apr Jun May Jul Jun Aug Jul Aug Sep SepOctOctNov Nov Dec Dec

0.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 3.17. London humdity . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.16. Shibam humdity . source (generated by metinum)

CumulativeRainfall Rainfall Cumulative

Cumulative Rainfall

90 90

90

30 30

30

27 27

80

70 70

24 24

70

24

60 60

21 21

60

21

50 50

18 18

50

18

15 15

40 40

12 12

30 30

15 12

30

6

6

3

3

10

0 Jul Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep OctOctNovNovDecDec

0

0

Figure 3.18. Shibam rain fall. source (generated by metinum)

27

40

9

10 10

0 Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jan JanFebFebMar

Days Days

9

20 20

0

RainfallRainfall mm

mm

days

80 80

mm

3.00

ASHRAE-55 Adpative 1.00 mean average 5.00 acceptability Comfort - 90%

mean average Dec

mean average ASHRAE-55 Adpative - 90% acceptability Jul ASHRAE-55 Aug SepAdpative Oct Comfort Nov Dec Comfort -Humidity 80% acceptability Monthly Monthly AverageAverage Relative Relative Humidity ASHRAE-55 Adpative ASHRAE-55 Adpative Comfort - 80% acceptability Apr May Jun 100.00Jul Aug 100.00 Sep Oct Nov Dec Comfort - 90% acceptability ASHRAE-55 Adpative 90.00 90.00 Comfort - 90% acceptability 80.00 80.00Dec Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 70.00 70.00Dec Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 60.00 60.00 Jan

%

Jun

Feb15.00 Mar

mean min

mean min . source Figure 3.14. 0.00 Dry bulb tempreture (generated by metinum) ASHRAE-55 Adpative ASHRAE-55 Adpative

5.00

Jun

20.00

5.00

10.00

Mar

mean max

10.00

15.00

0.00

25.00

days

C

0.00

25.00

ASHRAE-55 Adpative

15.00 mean min mean max Comfort - 80% acceptability 2.00 10.00

30.00

ulb Temperature 5.00 30.00 ulb Temperature

mean max 4.00

20.00

9

20

6 3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

Figure 3.19. London rain fall. source (generated by metinum)

32

days

15.00

5.00

25.00

mean average oC

oC

40.00

kW/m2

45.00

Monthly25.00 Average Dry Bulb Temperature 20.00

6.00

mean min30.00

%

30.00

40.00

7.00

mean max

35.00

45.00

8.00

Solar radiation is the dominant factor that controls the

amount of solar radiation generally around three kwh/m2

weather as far as it is the primary cause of all atmosphere

w for the whole year. A north oriented façade could suffer

phenomena happening in the environment, spatially in

from low solar radiation during the winter and moder-

an environment that has low cloud coverage such Shibam

ate-high solarisation during the summer.

as shown in Figure3.26 (Heidari, 2000). Likewise, Solar radiation variations between the regions of the world are

On another hand, most of the radiation is acting on hori-

the main reason in a variety of climates in the earth, as sun

zontal surfaces in Shibam due to its low latitude which has

supplies the atmosphere with almost all of its atmospheric

a high vertical sun angle (>50o) for around five hours each

energy. The intensity of solar radiation is varied from an

day all over the year as well as the overall sunny sky con-

area to another as the earth globe has different distances

dition of Shibam for the whole year. The amount of solar

between the sun and earth from different regions as well

radiation coming directly from the sun (Global radiation)

as some of the solar energy is reflected by the clouds and

tend to be the during April (in an average of 7.2 kW/m2)

atmospheric particles. Also, the direction of the solar radi-

as the sky tends to be sunny (sunny 80% of the April time,

ation is varied depending on the location of the sun in the

refer to Figure 3.26). Although, July tends to be the second

sky. Therefore, the sun path diagram and cloud coverage

cloudiest month of a year in Shibam (partly/fully cloudy

information’s is essential to understand the effect solar

30% of July time), is receiving the second highest diffused

radiation activity.

solar radiation on horizontal surfaces (2.5 kW/m2 ). The horizontal solar radiation is high all over the year which is

In London, the sun reaches its maximum high angle in the south during both summer and winter, and that is the case in the most area of located in latitude higher than 23.5o therefore easy to understand which direction the PV panels should be facing. However, In Shibam the sun path is found in the south region for the most of the year, but during the coldest days in the winter, the sun switches to start moving in the northern side. Furthermore, the effect of the sun path diagram can be observed in the monthly average vertical radiation diagram( Figure 3.22 ). Solar radiation acting on south-facing surfaces is the highest for all the winter time (from January to February and from November to December) and switch as the sun switch to be the lowest solar energy receivers during the summer ( from May to August ). Therefore, it is very understandable that the south orientated building is the most effective building in terms of thermal comfort, as the during the coldest days in the winter the solar energy could heat the building as it’s the highest orientation receiving solar radiation and the during the summer the south facade receiving the lowest amount of solar radiation from all other vertical orientation. East and west vertical surfaces receiving a high

33

around 6.2 kW/m2.

Solstices Summer 18

Solstices Summer

6

17 16

15

9

19

7

8

5

18 6

17 16

Equinox Equinox

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

Figure 3.20. Shibam sun path diagram. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino)

Monthly Average Global Vertical Radiation

6.00

5.00

5.00

North

3.00

East South

2.00

West

0.00

7.00

7.00

6.00

6.00

5.00

5.00

4.00

Global

3.00

Diffuse

kW/m2

8.00

G

3.00

D

Dec

Nov

0.00 Oct

0.00

Sep

1.00 Aug

1.00

Jul

2.00

Jun

9

4.00

2.00

May

10

Daily Average Horizontal Radiation

8.00

Apr

11

North East Westby GrassFigure 3.23. London Vertical solar radiation. South source (generated hopper4Rhino)

Daily Average Horizontal Radiation

Mar

12

2.00

0.00

Feb

13

3.00

1.00

Jan

14

4.00

1.00

Figure 3.22. Shibam Vertical solar radiation. source (generated by metinum)

15

Figure 3.21. London sun path diagram. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino)

6.00

4.00

kWh/m 2

9

8

Solstices Winter

7

Solstices Winter

kW/m2

7 15

Figure 3.24. Shibam Horizantal solar radation . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.25. London Horizantal solar radation. source (generated by metinum)

34

Shibam claimte Data Moreover, figure xx showing the sky condition for both

average speed of 2.8m/s for the whole year. In contrast,

Shibam and London. In Shibam the cloud coverage is

London has high seed wind (above 3.5 for the most of the

minimal with 79% sunny sky for a whole year. Whereas

year). Also, it comes from various direction mainly from the

London tended to be fully/partly cloudy for the whole. The

south-west.

cloud coverage has an important role that changes in the local environment for example in the tropical climate even though typically receiving high solar radiation; the cloud

To conclude, Shibam has desert climate hot summer, cold

coverage minimizes the solar radiation effect. Another

winter and is dry all over the years sun has a significant

significant impact of cloud coverage reduces the sky lumi-

effect in both solar radiation intensity and the sky illumi-

nosity. Figure xx is showing the average sky illuminance for

nance because of the low clouds coverage and high sun

each hour in a typical day of each month in the year. Gen-

angles in the daytime. There are major variations between

erally, there are tiny variation in sky luminosity between

the day and night temperature as the primary influence

months in Shibam, still April and may receive the highest

factor in that region is the sun.

amount of sky illuminance due to the sunny conditions at these months, the highest amount of illuminance tend to take place between 12:00 and 13:00 which is in average 93 k lux, while the design sky illuminance is 12934. In contrast, London relatively have a low luminance level for all over the year because of the sky is cloudy most of the year, the highest amount of sky illuminance usually received in June by 57 K lux only, the design sky illuminance 5868 lux which less than the half the sky illuminance in Shibam.

The wind is variable factor determined by its speed, direction, and frequency. Wind can work with or against the thermal comfort approach depending on the air temperature that carried by the wind. In hot countries usually, the wind is essential during the summer night as it improves the nigh ventilation. Likewise, the wind is in hachement for convection heat transfer.

In Shibam thegenerally, constant wind direction which is mainly from the northeast direction (Figure 3.28 with an

Figure 3.32. Shibam sky illuminance . source (Gtz, 2004)

Monthly Average Climate Data 6.00

5.00

5.00

4.00

4.00

3.00

3.00

m/s

m/s

Monthly Average Climate Data 6.00

2.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Figure 3.30. Shibam average Wind Speed . source (generated by Metinum)

35

Wind V

Wind Velocity

2.00

0.00

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 3.31. London Wind Speed. source (generated by Metinum)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Frequency of Sky Types (8am - 6pm)

Frequency Types (8am - 6pm) Frequency of of SkySky Types (8am - 6pm) 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0

100 90 80 70 60

%

% % 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 25 50 71 86 93 93 86 70 49 24 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jan

Feb

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Sunny

Feb Apr

May Mar

Jun Apr

May Jul

Aug Jun

Sep Jul

Aug Oct

Sep Nov

Dec Oct

Nov

Dec

0 0 0 0 0 0 81 32 22 56 46 77 65 90 79 94 86 94 84 89 76 76 62 56 41 29 18 41 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 42 25 67 50 86 71 97 86 101 93 100 93 91 86 76 70 56 49 31 24 42 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 10 20 8 44 32 66 56 85 77 97 90 102 94 100 94 91 89 74 76 54 56 30 29 94 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 10 20 16 42 63 67 82 86 93 97 101 95 100 93 85 91 72 76 53 56 30 31 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 17 20 38 44 59 66 75 85 86 97 102 89 100 87 82 91 69 74 50 54 30 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 01 14 20 35 42 56 63 75 82 87 93 92 95 92 93 84 85 70 72 50 53 28 30 10 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 01 15 17 39 38 63 59 83 75 95 86 97 89 93 87 82 68 69 48 50 24 30 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 15 14 40 35 63 56 81 75 92 87 96 92 93 92 82 84 64 70 41 50 16 28 08 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 11 15 35 39 58 63 75 83 86 95 88 97 84 93 73 82 55 68 33 48 11 24 02 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 27 40 50 63 69 81 81 92 87 96 85 93 82 74 58 64 36 41 13 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 11 7 35 8 58 9 75 10 86 11 88 12 84 13 73 14 55 15 33 16 11 17 0 18 0 19 0 20 0 21 0 22 0 23 0 24

0 0 0 0 0 0 3 27 50 69 81 87 85 74 58 36 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mar Jan

Feb Apr

May Mar

Jun Apr

May Jul

Aug Jun

Sep Jul

Aug Oct

Sep Nov

Dec Oct

Nov

Dec

Design sky lluminance: 12934 Figure 3.27. Shibam sky illuminance . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.28. Shibam Wind Rose . source (Grasshopper4Rhino)

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Jan

Mar Jan

Feb

Nov Dec Dec

Sep Oct Oct Nov

AugJul Aug Sep

Mar Apr Apr May

May Jun Jun Jul

0

Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar

Feb

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 22 46 65 79 86 84 76 62 41 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Partly C

10

Figure 3.25. London sky condtion . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.26. Shibam sky condtion . source (generated by metinum) Jan

Cloudy

Cloudy 50 Cloudy Partly Cloudy 40 Partly Cloudy 30 Sunny Sunny 20

Jan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 11 13 13 14 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jan

Mar Jan 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 18 79 13 10 18 11 20 12 21 13 23 14 18 15 10 16 174 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Feb

Apr Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 161 246 30 11 33 13 35 13 33 14 27 10 194 110 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mar Jan

May Mar 0 0 0 0 0 10 90 191 297 36 13 43 18 48 20 50 21 46 23 38 18 30 10 204 100 20 0 0 0 0 0

Apr Feb

Jun Apr 0 0 0 0 10 80 190 318 41 16 51 24 56 30 54 33 54 35 50 33 47 27 39 19 28 11 173 70 10 0 0 0 0

May Mar

Jul May 0 0 0 0 30 111 219 31 19 43 29 53 36 56 43 57 48 54 50 52 46 46 38 37 30 29 20 19 10 102 30 0 0 0 0

Jun Apr

Aug Jun 0 0 0 0 1 98 19 30 31 40 41 50 51 57 56 53 54 55 54 52 50 46 47 40 39 31 28 20 17 107 21 0 0 0 0

Jul May

Sep Jul 0 0 0 0 03 114 14 21 25 31 36 43 46 53 52 56 54 57 54 50 52 45 46 37 27 29 15 19 106 03 0 0 0 0

Aug Jun

Oct Aug 0 0 0 0 01 09 196 15 30 24 40 35 50 41 57 41 53 40 55 41 52 35 46 24 40 14 31 204 100 02 0 0 0 0

Sep Jul

Nov Sep 0 0 0 0 0 04 140 257 15 36 21 46 25 52 27 54 27 54 29 50 23 45 13 37 274 150 06 0 0 0 0 0

Oct Aug

Dec Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 151 246 11 35 15 41 17 41 16 40 16 41 11 35 244 140 04 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nov Sep

Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 07 151 215 10 25 11 27 11 27 11 29 237 131 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dec Oct

Dec 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 81 96 10 11 11 15 12 17 13 16 14 16 15 11 164 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Nov

Design sky lluminance: 5868

Figure 3.26. London sky illuminance . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.29. London Wind Rose . source (Grasshopper4Rhino)

36

1

1

Dec

4.Case study In this part, a case study is explained in detail, showing the primary configuration and the type of activity carried in the building, demonstrating the room location within the building by presenting the floor plans section and elevation. Also, a location map is describing the site context and the location building with the site. The building plans have been regenerated to be more clear and understandable from the original floor plans that provided by Aziz Alhalaj who contributed to refurbishing the building in an urban development project carried in Shibam 2009. The site age map and the building heights and the building information also is provided by him.

37

Figure 4.1. Shibam

38

Case study location The site age map and the building heights and the building information also is provided by him.

The building located west part of the town where the average height of the buildings is around five stories, the age of the building is more than 200 years old. The building has south and east elevation, while the west and north elevations are mainly attached to the neighboring buildings. Front of the house there are two small squares then narrow roads, one is in the direction of mainly east, and another one is in the direction of mainly south. The site is located near the historical mosque of Shibam near the central mosque. ≥ 8 Stories 7 Stories 5 Stories 4 Stories 3 Stories ≤ 2 Stories

Figure 4.1. Shibam Site map, Source: Aziz Alhalaj

39

Ground floor The ground floor has two main entrance, one lead to the staircase directly and another one to enter the shop and the east storages. There are only eight openings; two doors and six windows the primary use for ground floor is for storing goods; there are six storages spaces and a shop.

1.87

Figure 4.3. Building enterance (Gtz,2004)

5.06

Storage

0.91 Storage

6.03

Storage

Enterance

0.97

A

Storage/shop

Storage

1.28

B

Hallway

1.65

Storage

Storage

1.33

2.58

11.72

1.17

2.49

1.11

5.39

8.06

0.89 2.49

2.81

3.36

11.36

Ground Level

Figure 4.2. Ground Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

40

Frist floor The whole first floor used for storing goods only, there are seven storages on the first floor. Four storages have bottom windows and upper window which in light those storages. Also, there are windows in the frequently used part of the hallway, which shows the architecture consideration of providing the primary accesses with light.

Figure 4.5. Building Hallway(Gtz,2004)

3.36

Storage

A

2.49

Storage Storage

2.78 9.78

First floor

Figure 4.4. Frist Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

41

3.36

0.98

4.66

Storage

Storage

Hallway

1.61

0.97

Storage

1.28

B

Storage

1.33

2.60

10.17

1.17

2.49

2.68

4.22

1.87

7.44

Second floor The second floor is the beginning of the residential area. The is the central part of the building as it contains the family living room where the family gathering used during the afternoon time and when everyday guests are welcomed such as the neighbors. The second floor consists of; one bedroom with its small storage, the main living room with storage, toilets and a hallway connect between the rooms. The architect understood the importance of this floor which easily can be seen from the amounts of windows located in all façades the living room only have six bottom windows and six top windows. Moreover, the high number of windows might be to overcome the potential of having a dark room.

4.20 1.96

ST ST

3.38

1.69

0.83

ST

Hallway

3.06

Living Room 1

4.66

2.52 1.31 0.99

10.23

B

Toilet

4.42

1.90

Figure 4.7. Living room (Gtz,2004)

Bed Room 1

A 2.49

2.81

3.36

9.78

Second floor

Figure 4.6. Second Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

42

Third floor The third floor contains two bedrooms; one is the mean bedroom (Bedroom 3) has the similar size as the main living room, and it contains two storage spaces, is the important room is located in the east part of the building. Moreover, the less important located near the adjacent buildings in the west. To provide the user with the east road view. The kitchen located near the sleeping area. The reason is to provide the ability to ventilate in the higher part of the building (Steemers, 2000) & (Firley and Stahl, 2009).

Figure 4.9. bedroom (Gtz,2004)

0.61

3.16

1.62

Kitchen

ST

2.70

10.29

2.56

1.97

4.19

1.87

1.12

3.15

B

A

ST Bed Room 2

2.63

2.86 9.93

Third floor

Figure 4.8. Third Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

43

Bed Room 3

3.38

4.74

Hallway

Fourth floor The peak of the building is the location of the Mefraj which is a living room used for male gatherings after work, provided with a wonderful view of the whole town of Shibam, from top of the five-story building. The room has access to the roof spaces as it can be used during the nights (Firley and Stahl, 2009).

Figure 4.10. peak of the tower . source (Gtz,2004)

4.19

1.86

1.12

1.97

0.90

3.15

5.58

B

1.41

1.17 Hallway

0.83

ST

Living Room 2

6.14

3.00

1.31

ST

A

3.46

1.57

10.27

3.49

1.33

3.84

Fourth floor

Figure 4.10. Fourth Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

44

Sections From looking the at the section A-A & B-B, it is easy to view how carefully the rooms have been located within the building, starting from the ground and first floors where the storage and shop are located as it located in the darkest levels of the houses, deep under 9m buildings heights. Moving up to the living area where the central living area. Then on the third floor is the bedrooms.

Moreover, the kitchen as easier to ventilate top floors. The peak of the tower contains the guest living room where usually it used after work; the visitors enjoy the top view of the city of Shibam after a long day to have coffee and relax (Steemers, Figure 4.11. white roof (Gtz,2004)

2000) (Firley and Stahl, 2009).

0.6 0.6 0.4 1.3

1.5

3.1

Fifth Floor (16m)

0.6 0.6 0.2

Fourth Floor (12.7m)

1.3

2.8

Living Room 2

Bed Room 2

0.6 0.6 0.4

Third Floor (9.5m)

1.3

3.0

Bed room 3

Second Floor (6.4m)

0.8 0.5

Storage

Storage

Frist Floor (3.2m)

Storage

Ground Level (0m)

Stairs & Hallway

1.4

3.0

Bed Room1 Stairs & Hallway

0.9

3.1

0.5 0.7

Living Room 1

1.1

Storage / Shop

3.36

2.80

2.49

Figure 4.10. Section B-B Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

0

45

2

4

6

10

Figure 4.13. Building intrior (Gtz,2004) 7.0

3.8

3.4

0.6 0.6 0.4

Living Room

1.3

1.5

3.1

Fifth Floor (16m)

1.3

2.8

0.6 0.6 0.2

Fourth Floor (12.7m)

Bed room

Bed Room

Third Floor (9.5m)

1.3

3.0

0.6 0.6 0.4

Stairs & Hallway

Living Room

Bed Room Stairs & Hallway

Storage

Stairs & Hallway

Storage

Frist Floor (3.2m)

92

0.7

6.6

1.1

3.0

1.4

0.5

0.9

0.8

3.1

0.5 0.7

Second Floor (6.4m)

Storage / Shop

Enterance

Storage

Ground Level (0m)

2.6

3.36

2.80

2.49

Figure 4.12. Section A-A Floor plan, regenreted from a pixulated map provied by Aziz Alhalaj

0

2

4

6

10

46

7.0

3.8

3.4

Fifth Floor (16m)

Fourth Floor (12.7m)

Third Floor (9.5m)

Second Floor (6.4m)

Frist Floor (3.2m)

92

Ground Level (0m)

4.0

0.7

6.6

2.6

Figure 4.12. elevation devolped from the building plans & section 0

47

2

6

8

12

5. BUILDING MATRIALS STUDY This part illustrates scientific reports summaries that related to the buildings of Shibam and its building Matrielas.

48

Thermal mass consists in a material’s capacity of absorbing

Moreover, ‘The Architecture of Mud,’ a documentary about

and storing heat, resulting in a time lag of thermal transfer

the architecture in Hadramout mud buildings in the region.

to the building, depending on the material’s properties

All the people views state that the mud constructions are

(Reardon, et al., 2013). This property contributes signifi-

more efficient than the concrete ones, considering that the

cantly to the building’s performance as the thermal mass

mud buildings provide thermal comfort.

allows the building to absorb heat from outdoors in the morning and releases the heat indoors at night, providing thermally comfortable environments. In addition, this property also helps in maintaining the temperature constant within the building in the daytime. The most effective thermal mass capacity is found in mud. As a result, traditional Shibam constructions benefit from the use of mud bricks as they yield efficient thermal mass.

However, modern constructions in Hadramout are built with different materials nowadays, rather than mud bricks as the traditional buildings. In modern constructions, reinforced concrete for the structure, cement blocks, and plaster are being used for the walls and finish, respec-

Figure 5.1. Iranian mud brick compresion with concorete. (Van Beek,2000)

tively. However, these materials do not provide the same

Supporting this statement, research conducted analyzed

thermal properties as thick mud bricks. Van Beek (2000)

the thermal performance of both concrete and mud build-

demonstrate the thermal property of mud brick by com-

ings. The results indicate that the traditional constructions

paring the outdoor temperature, indoor temperature in

are cooler than modern ones. Surveys were also conducted,

a concrete building and the indoor temperature in a mud

and the feedback from the subjects confirmed the thermal

building in the Iranian desert. It indicates that the concrete

performance analysis. The occupants reported no variation

construction follows the pattern of the outdoor temper-

in temperature throughout the day in mud buildings, but

ature, while the temperature in the mud construction is

reported excessive warmth in concrete buildings, needing

entirely different, in a constant pattern. At the noontime,

air conditioning system during the summer as shown in the

peak outdoor temperature is about 40°C, in the concrete

table 5.1. (Al-Shibami and Ward, 2001).

and mud buildings, around 32.5°C and 25°C, respectively.

The graph even shows the ability of the mud construction to maintain the temperature constant within comfort zone threshold, from 20°C to 25°C, while the temperature in the concrete building is maintained out of the comfort zone in the majority of the time.

49

table 5.1. (Al-Shibami and Ward, 2001)

Baggs, et al. (1991) classified the type of construction walls

Natives from Hadramout, changed notably the way of con-

materials depending on their time lag effect as it demon-

struction in the past three decades, from traditional to mod-

strated in table 5.2, Which Show the mud brick wall as one of

ern style due to the excessive housing demand (Sultan, 2008).

the most efficient walls that causes a time lag to stabilize the

Moreover, the weather of the region played an important role

internal temperature (Reardon, et al., 2013).

in refining Shibam building techniques considering the desert weather. Noor Fadakiya, a person who lived and won mud-

Wall materials Brick Concrete wall Autoclaved concrete wall Mud brick wall Rammed earth wall Compressed earth wall

Wall Thickness (mm) 220 250 200 250 250 250

Time (hours)

lag

6.2 6.9 7 9.2 10.3 10.5

table 5.2.(Reardon, et al., 2013)

brick building and then moved modern concrete structured buildings believe, that usually, people tend to flow the new trend, and concrete building gives more striate symmetrical shapes faster processed to build, even though, the traditional building relatively cooler under free running condition people were not aware of environmental issues of Air conditioning during trend concrete construction period, for the people it is simply like buying a new smartphone rather than an old

In 2012 Bakhlahand Hassan experimented to investigate the

generation phone.

effect of the white painted roof on the roof internal surface temperature. Using an existing building mud brick building had brown roof located in Hadhramaut, the internal and the external surface temperature of the roof had been measured for a week after that roof is painted in white and measured for another week. They found that the white roof causes a temperature reduction of 22oc, the Figure 5.2 shows the change internal and external surface temperature before and after it has painted.

Figure 5.2. (Bakhlah & Hassan, 2012)

Although mud buildings demonstrate an efficient thermal performance, cement blocks are thinner than mud bricks, 200mm, and 500mm, respectively. As a result, modern Hadramis buildings allow more interior space and faster construction, hence supplying the high demand for housing, due to the recent growth in population (Al-Kahtan and Al-Darzi, 2007).

50

6. DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS Daylight analysis chapter is focused on analyse the building from light perspective.

The main aims to illustrate the light environment inside the Shibam buildings and quantified the effect of each strategies that enhanced the indoor daylight level and prevent the visual dis comfort.

6. DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

6.1 Daylight introduction and methodology 6.1.1Glare assement methodology 6.1.2 Digital simulator 6.1.3 Methdology Limitations and advantages.

6.1.4 Conclusion.

6.2 Analysis parameters

6.3 Daylight factor 6.4 Daylight autonomy 6.5 Annual Sunlight exposure 6.6Illuminance 6.7Direct sunlight avaliblity test 6.8 Daylight glare probability 6.9 Annual radation access 6.10Conclusion

51

51

53 55 55 57

57 59 59 61 63 65 67 69 69 71

Figure 6. Environmental Shaper.

52

6.1 Daylight introduction and methodology In this chapter is describe the steps of the process for analysing the daylight performance and visual comfort. That

Fourthly, illustrating the illuminance value for the building

would be conduct by running serious of digital simulation

will show the distribution of light with in the space the

over 4 different scenarios, which has been designed to reveal the effect of each element that lead to the current case scenario.

The main elements that are believed to be the most effective; the bottom windows shading device, the windows located in the higher part of the wall and the outdoor obstruction from the urban design of the town. Therefore, four different scenarios have been designed to demonstrate the effect of each strategies.

spatial thing about illuminance it shows actual illuminance levels in lux. in contrast to daylight factor, illuminance can be compared with any space in part of the world.

Consequently, incorporating the daylight factor and illuminance study to produce a criteria or description of the daylight factor in Shiba. More over in this step able to understand the consequence of minor changes so it will reveal more details about he effect of the changes in between the scenarios.

Never the less, illustrate the effect of each strategy in term of electricity consumption, which will give an overview

Scenario 1: windows at the bottom + total exposure.

Scenario 2: as above and adding the bottom shading devices.

Scenario 3: same as Scenario 2 windows at the top.

Scenario 4: same as Scenario 3 and adding surrounding buildings.

First forum of results is in daylight factor (DF) terms the will show an indication for the magnitude of the effect of each strategy and it will indicate the light distribution with in the indoor space. More importantly, the daylight factor result will describe how much of light are able achieved with precise percentage of daylight factor, which aim to describe the daylight factor characteristic in Shibam.

Secondly, Daylight autonomy (DA) illustrate a percentage, that show the proportion of occupied time when a room reaches a specific lighting target level. In this point enable to check the occupancy satisfactory level for each scenario and how many time the building reaches its illuminance targets.

Thirdly, Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) is show the percentage of sunlight access the building during daytime in the year. consequently, ASE shows the location of the spaces that most likely to be affected by glare and direct sunlight.

Furthermore, this step it shows the effect of each strategies in term of reducing the amount excessive direct sunlight.

53

about the negative or positive impact for each element. moreover, the excessive solar radiation which come with natural light will be taken shown lastly an that only will give an indication of how much solar heating energy be provided by each strategy.

Daylight evaluation of the existing building

Scenario 1:

Scenario 2:

3: Scenario 4:

Scenario 4: 5:

Bottom windows without shading device

Adding the shading device

Adding the top windows

Adding the site context

Compare effect of the changes in each Scenarios in term

Accessed solar radiation

Daylight factor

SE

DF

The effect of electric Lighting energy

Illuminance

LE

Ev

Suggest a standard of daylight factor for the region

Daylight Autonomy

Annual sunlight exposure

DA

ASE

Allocate the glare Location

Figure 6.1. Daylight mathodology.

54

6.1.1Glare assement methodology The method to assess discomfort level of glare, is conduct of three phases; finding the glare location in the building, finding the direction of the source of glare and finding the time of the year when it will be the most glary.

Primly, using ASE map the is generated in the earlier step to locate where is the most likely location of glare. Using the sunlight availability analysis to know when and in which direction is the glare. Sunlight availability it simply overlapping the sun path over the view sky view dome, which clearly illustrate the location of sun and when it will be available from the view.

Subsequently, set the viewport in Diva 4 Rhino to wards the glariest view. Then, run the Daylight Probability Glare (DPG) and Annual Daylight Probability Glare simulations for the four-different scenario.

Finally, the outcome will be a set of percentage of annual glare

• Model the case study and the surrounding site digitally by using Rhinoceros 5®.

• Using the Rhinoceros 5® extension called Diva4Rhino in order calculate all the daylight matrices such as DA and DF. • Set the analysis reading sensors (nodes).

• Upload weather file of the location of building that would be in simulation.

• Set the colors and reflectivity of the building’s materials that would be in the test.

• For illuminance study, the time or range of time is required in the stetting for the tests For DA, each zone must have target of illuminance to reach.

• For DGP, a view port must define the direction of the view also the time of the simulation if its DGP.

probability and maximum daylight glare probability for each scenario. Then, by measuring the effect of strategies, it will be more comprehensible to value each strategy. The over all aim of the process evaluate the vernacular daylight quality in the Shibam buildings and also evaluate the strategies of that has been used to reach the current visual indoor environment.

6.1.2 Digital simulator: Rhinoceros 5® is normal digital 3d model creator program, use normally in the design process used in many creative filed. To integrate a daylight simulation program as extension (Diva4Rhino) is new step forward in the word of daylight simulation.

Unlike to older simulation programs, it is very flexible as far as its been used mainly for designing. Diva4Rhino use another software engine called Radiance which is very accurate in term of simulating the light futon movement within a species. Also, it consider all environmental factor that can affect the light performance such as the cloud coverage, vertical sky component, and sun locations, hence a weather file is needed. However, it takes a lot of time in term of calculating DA, ASE and Annual DGP level as it run simulation for each hour in a year to contain the get the final results.

55

Figure 6.3. Digital Simulation process. source:(snapshot from Diva4Rhino).

Sunlight availability test (Overlapping the sun path diagram on the sky view mask) In order to understand the most glary time of the year

Finding: Most glary room

Annual sunlight exposure Test for the whole building

Finding: Most glary direction time

ASE

The existing room

Scenario 1:

Scenario 2:

Scenario 3:

Scenario 4:

Bottom windows without shading device

Adding the shading device

Adding the top windows

Adding the site context

Daylight glare portability & Annual Daylight glare portability Figure 6.2. Glare assesment process.

56

6.1.3 Methdology Limitations and advantages.

• Materials properties such as reflectivity were taken from literature not an actual field study in Shibam.

• The design accuracy is not as same as the real-life building as specially the vernacular buildings are usually have not vertical surfaces.

• The amount of dust can change the reflectivity of materials; however, in the simulation, the dirt factor is fixed for all the surfaces.

• The main advantages, digital simulation gives the ability to alter and delete the elements that have unwanted effect as it is been done in this daylight analysis.

6.1.4 Conclusion.

This part of the thesis is explained the process the conducting to evaluate the building strategies lead to the current daylight environment in the vernacular building of Shibam. Considering as mean elements that effect daylight performance; wood shading device, the top window and urban design of the town. The method is divided to three main steps; design the scenarios to fit the need of evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies, evaluate scenarios in terms of the level of daylight supply and to evaluate the excessive amount of natural light which result in visual discomfort. The then evaluating criteria will be measured by effect on the amount of daylight autonomy satisfaction, the amount of the reduction in term ASE, the effect in a level of illuminance and daylight factor.

Moreover, the methodology explains the process of evaluating the amount of visual discomfort which starts with locating the discomfort in the building using ASE results.

Then, measure the amount of discomfort for each scenario to count the effect of each technique which leads to the current daylight indoor quality. Finally, the digital process of the simulation and the limitations of the method in order to understand the accuracy has been reviewed.

57

58

6.2 Analysis parameters Context heights:

≥ 8 Stories 7 Stories 5 Stories 4 Stories Figure 6.4. Site hight model.

3 Stories ≤ 2 Stories

Materials Reflectivty:

Surface type internal walls internal ceilings

Daylight Scenario steps:

Reflectivity% 65 41

internal floors

54

Window shades Window frame Doors

20 20 20

External walls External floor External roof

26 26 65

Table 6.1. Materials reflectance . Sources:(Fontoynony, 1999).

Daylight Autonomy Tagets Room type Living rooms Bedroom Kitchen Hallway Toilet Shop Storages Stairs

illuminance targets

Table 6.2. DA Targets . Sources:(Boyce, 2009).

59

300 300 500 100 100 400 50 100 Figure 6.5.. Daylight Scenario steps.

SCENARIOES SCENARIO 4

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 1

Figure 6.6. Daylight Scenario.

60

6.3 Daylight factor

%

Figure 6.7. Daylight Factor Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

compare the Senarios in trem of daylight Factor

4th floor

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 4

Hallway Living room 2 Stairs 3rd floor

3rd floor

Hallway Kitchen Bedroom 3 Bedroom 2 Toilet

2nd floor

Hallway Living room 1 Bedroom 1 Stairs 2nd floor

1st floor

West Storages East Storages Stairs 1st floor

Ground floor

The daylight factor indicates the distribution of luminosity inside the building spaces, as well as it shows the effect of changes that happened between the scenarios as DF is not limited to an illuminance target such as in DA. The first floor and ground floor are recording the lowest amount of DF, and that is explainable as the first two floors used for storages which doesn’t need much light, apart from the Shop which achieves on of comparatively high of daylight factor. The residential areas achieving 0.75% DF in the current case scenario (Scenario 4) when the surrounding context is removed the DF level increases by 0.6%. However, the most significant effect is when the shedding device of the bottom windows is removed, the average of daylight factor increased from below 1.3% to 2.7% almost double.

The most important part building in term of daylight is family living room one as it the most occupied during the daytime. The living room1 is one of the most affected spaces by the compact context as it decreased from 1.10 to 0.5% (more than the half). The living room 2 in the top floor used by men when they come from work in the evening, even it achieves a relatively high level of daylight factor it usually not is used during the daytime. The daylight factor levels in the current case scenario, its very noticeable that the daylight level in gradually increase as the users move upwards as the obstruction becomes less, also the type of windows changes in the residential area.

Also, the daylight factor indicates that as the spaces in the building have been placed to fit its requirement need depending on the activity criteria. For example, the storages archive the lowest amount of daylight factor, while in the living room it achieves a relatively reasonable amount of daylight factor level.

Looking at scenario four daylight factor map, then imagining a person getting from the outdoor to the high daylight level in the south building entrance (2.3%), getting up by using the relatively darker stirs (1% to 0.2% DF) passing through darker hallway (0.1%) to reach the living room has 0.5%. The building shows a gradual decrease of light level which helps a human eye to adapt to the low light intensity and then the higher amount of light in the living room shows the importance of the space.

West Storages East Storages & shop Stairs Ground floor 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0%

DA

compare the Senarios in trem of daylight factor 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

The residential area

0.568327

0.27759

0.052422

0.016

0.7

1.392662

1.120801

0.297414

0.424

1.4

1.474016

1.289087

1.064639

0.300246

0.44

1.3

3.005802

2.484144

2.524568

0.288957

0.436

2.7

4th floor

3rd floor

Scenario 4

1.387235

Scenario 3

1.582846

Scenario 2 Scenario 1

Scenario 4

Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Figure 6.8. Daylight Factor Floors Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

61

SCENARIO 4

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 1

Figure 6.9. Daylight Factor Comparing senarios (Diva4Rhino).

62

Nevertheless, the kitchen shows the lowest DF in the residential space in the current case scenario by 0.1% as It affected by adding the neighboring buildings.

Figure 6.10. Daylight Autonomy, Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

compare the Senarios in trem of daylight autonomy

Overall, the daylight factor generally reduced the most

Scenario 1

by adding the wooden shading device in the lower compact context, and it affects impact increases as the user move downward.

Stairs 3rd floor

targets during the daytime. Therefore, if the room has

Hallway 3rd floor

many time that space archives specific illuminance

Kitchen Bedroom 3

a target of 500 lx and another room have a target of 100 lx, and both rooms never achieved their targets,

Bedroom 2

is not true to say both rooms have the same daylight-

Toilet

ing levels, even Though both rooms have same DA levels. Table 6.2 shows the tagets levels that for each autonomy percentages for the building spaces, and it also shows the effect of each scenario regarding day-

Hallway 2nd floor

room type in the test. Figure 6.7 illustrate the daylight

Living room 1 Bedroom 1

light autonomy. Table xx shows the classification for

Stairs 2nd floor

each daylight autonomy level.

The most reduction of daylight autonomy level for all added (from scenario 3 to 4). Moreover, the average

West Storages 1st floor

the spaces happens when the context of the site is

East Storages

daylight autonomy for the domestic area has reduced

Stairs 1st floor

ferred” to only “acceptable.” On another hand, the ground and the first floor show poor DA by 25% and

Ground floor

from over 85% to 60% (25% reduction of DA level), which change the overall classification from “pre-

21%, respectively. The third floor also indicates a weak

West Storages East Storages & shop Stairs Ground floor 0%

performance specialty in the kitchen area; the kitchen

80%

100%

90% 80%

ment in the whole daylight autonomy level in the res-

70%

idential area of the building, as it improves the entire

60%

Daylight autonomy

of satisfaction in the current case scenario.

60%

100%

The top window has an effect of almost 10% improve-

living rooms and bedroom achieve an acceptable level

40%

compare the Senarios in trem of daylight autonomy

year.

77% to 86.7%. The main rooms in the building such as

20%

DA

reaches its target of 500lx in 9% of occupied of the

DA level in the residential part of the building from

Scenario 4

Living room 2

6.4 Daylight autonomy Daylight autonomy shows the percentage of how

Scenario 3

Hallway

4th floor

windows, the second major effect was by adding the

Scenario 2

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

To sum up, the building has a high amount of daylight

4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

The residential area

autonomy reduction due to the compact urban design

Scenario 4

70.0

54.3

60.7

21.0

25.0

61.7

of the city but the daylighting level for the main rooms

Scenario 3

75.6

85.1

99.6

32.1

31.9

86.7

Scenario 2

70.9

62.7

97.4

32.1

31.9

77.0

Scenario 1

80.0

76.9

99.8

49.8

65.8

85.6

in the residential still acceptable, apart from the kitchen archives poor level of satisfaction. Adding the top has improved the daylight level substantially.

63

Scenario 4

Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Figure 611. Daylight Autonomy, floors Comparesion Chart (Diva4Rhino).

SCENARIO 4

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 1

DA satisfaction level preferred Acceptable Poor

DA range DA > 75% 75% > DA > 55% 55% > DA

Level of visual DGP range discomfort Figure 6.12. Daylight Autonomy comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino). imperceptible < 35% perceptible 35% ≤ DGP ≤ 40% disturbing 40% < DGP ≤ 45%

64

Figure 6.13. Annual Sunlight Expousure, Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

compare the Senarios in trem of Annual Sun Exposure (ASE)

6.5 Annual Sunlight exposure Annual sunlight exposure metrics is similar to DA but with targeting the high illuminance value of the direct sunlight. Also, ASE percentage is a high indication of intolerable glare availability in space as direct sunlight beam is the strongest source of glare.

Adding the wooden shading device is very effective strategy it reduces the total amount direct sunlight by 7.7%. while the urban design of Shibam has the total effect of 8.2%. The living room1 recorded the highest amount of direct sunlight in scenario 1,2&3 (around 31%), and it reduced in the current case scenario to reach only 5%. However, the effect of the context reduces when moving towards the top floor. In the top floor, the effect of the urban context is almost neglected, and the wooden shadings have the major effect in ASE reduction.

Generally, in the current case scenario, all the floors apart from the top floor achieve below 4% of ASE, while on the top floor reach 18% which classified as the high percentage of ASE. Overall, the compact urban context has a major role in the reduction of direct sunlight, the living room 1 shows the high amount of direct sunlight reduction as it located in the second floor where the urban context still dances. Also, the wood shading is playing a major role in reducing the ASE specially when the site context becom minore at the top floors.

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 4

4th floor

Hallway Living room 2 Stairs 3rd floor

3rd floor

Hallway Kitchen Bedroom 3 Bedroom 2 Toilet

2nd floor

Hallway Living room 1 Bedroom 1 Stairs 2nd floor

1st floor

West Storages East Storages

Ground floor

Stairs 1st floor West Storages East Storages & shop Stairs Ground floor 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

ASE 30%

compare the Senarios in trem of Annual Sun Exposure (ASE)

25%

ASE

20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 4th floor

3rd floor

Scenario 4

18.2

4.08

Scenario 3

19.55

14.4

Scenario 2

17.25

12.56

Scenario 1

26.8

19.54 Scenario 4

2nd floor

Ground floor

2.2

0.4

3.966666667

8.2

15.14

3.766666667

10.5

16.4

14.58

3.766666667

10.5

14.8

21.3

3.766666667

10.5

22.5

Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Figure 6.14. Annual Sunlight exposure, floors Comparesion chart (Diva4Rhino).

65

The residential area

1st floor

SCENARIO 4

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 1

Figure 6.15. Annual Sunlight exposure, comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

66

SCENARIO 4

6.6Illuminance AIllumination study is snapshot illumination distribution in of a specific time. The data of illumination studies in figure 6.13 ,6.16 & 6.17 incorporate the average of illumination during the occupied hours (8am-5pm) in April (Equinox) during clear sky days. Also, it shows the result of the four different scenarios. Unlike daylight factor, The unique thing about illuminance study is showing the detail illuminance level of a space in Lux value which easily can understand the natural lighting level ina space and compare with any space in any part of the world.

By studying the illuminance, the effect of adding a top window to the spaces can be easily seen in the transaction between scenario 2 to 3 in figure 6.11, the living room 1 in scenario 2 have a high variation in illuminance level between the back and the front by more than 1100 Lux, when the top windows add the variation become much less (424 lx), and the whole illuminance level of the room become 53% higher.

In general, the residential area in average receiving an adequate amount of light around 700 lx in during clear sky days of April in the current case scenario, living room reach around 350 lx which is mean in the living room the user able to read and write for a long time comfortably.

Most, of the bedrooms, reach above 350 there for each bedroom can be used as a study room. The kitchen is only achieving an average 150 lx which is very low in term of working with sharp objects. The top floor achieving the very high amount of natural light more than 1600 lx, in clear sky condtion which could result in glare in the morning, but the rooms on the top floor it tend to be used in the evening after work.

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 2

compare the Senarios in trem of avrage illuminance (EV) during Equinox 3,000.00 2,500.00

SCENARIO 1

Lux

2,000.00 1,500.00 1,000.00 500.00 0.00 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

The residential area

Scenario 4

1590.5

288.3

280.9

148.8

600.2

719.9

Scenario 3

2335.0

2148.7

1866.0

634.8

2818.1

2116.6

Scenario 2

2010.3

1831.4

1586.6

589.9

2976.6

1809.4

Scenario 1

3643.8

3458.9

3419.0

599.8

2867.6

3507.2

Scenario 4

Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Figure 6.13. Illuminance comparing all scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

67

Figure 6.16. Illuminance comparing scenarios in the second floor (Diva4Rhino).

SCENARIO 4

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 1

Figure 6.17. Illuminance comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

68

6.7Direct sunlight avaliblity test Figure 6.14. Sunlight Avaliblity Study

SCENARIO 1

The worst case of dirct sunlight 8:00 am - 9:00 am 04 Aprile

SCENARIO 2

6.8 Daylight glare probability From the Annual sunlight exposure, it is understandable that the family living room one on the second floor is affected by a substantial amount of direct sunlight acceding the room in 2518

the. Also, Figure 6.14 shows the direct sun availability in the view from the living room. Which illustrate that during April between 9-8 am is the most likely to suffer from glare as the sun is located in the vertical view range in the east of the building.

From the annual glare, analysis graph shows that the maximum amount of glare is more likely to happen in April. Also, from the

SCENARIO 3

weather analysis, April has the least cloud coverage probability, hence the direct sunlight most likely not to be reflected by clouds.

In scenario 1 figure 6.18 it shows an intolerable amount of glare by 55% of daylight glare probability (GDP), this amount reduced to reach 38% (perceptible glare) by only adding the

2518

shading device in the bottom windows. Additionally, it reduces the annual glare probability to 32% from 49%.

Adding a top window it reduces the probability for glare to happened by 6% all over a year. As figure6.15 shows by adding the top window, it increases the overall room luminosity, and that results in a reduction of the overall contrast with the

SCENARIO 4

extreme brightness. In the worst case scenario where the window is facing directly to the sun, it records perceptible level of DGP and it reduced by 3%.

Urban design has the most effect in all previous study regarding lighting; also, it is a very effective strategy to reduce the

707

visual discomfort. The Annual daylight glare probability has reduced by 14% to become 12% in the current case scenario. Moreover, it reduces the level of DGP form perceptible to imperceptible glare.

69

Figure 6.18. DGP comparing scenarios 8-9AM.

Jan

Feb Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

SCENARIO 1

49%

SCENARIO 2

32%

SCENARIO 3

26%

SCENARIO 4

12% Figure 6.19. Annual daylight glare probability

70

compare the Senarios in trem of solar radation access (SED)

Whereas the top windows also are very efficient strat-

160.00

egy enhance the overall daylight performance which

140.00

results in a reduction in glare possibility.

100.00

Wh/m2

6.9 Annual radation access

120.00 80.00 60.00 40.00

Natural light means solar gain; hence, it is essential to

20.00 0.00

combine both in the analysis. Also, that would show the negative/positive effect for each strategy in term

4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

The residential area

of solar gain. Also figure6.18 show the electric energy

Scenario 4

66.633703

26.695589

15.733203

5.031691

23.340686

27.5

needed for each space to reach its illuminance target

Scenario 3

78.820989

70.685323

62.616366

23.395197

82.734019

63.7

Scenario 2

67.120484

60.844449

53.874137

22.209278

82.6928

57.3

Scenario 1

135.460242

118.643536

118.572527

22.237192

82.233905

95.4

(that of daylight autonomy targets) using an average electric light bulb of 50w.

Scenario 4

Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Figure 6.17. Solar acess scenarioes comparsion chart

Along with annual solar radiation accessing through the building openings, the top window has a substantial adverse effect it raising the amount of gain

compare the Senarios in trem of Lighting energy

by 10 Wh/m2 for the residential part of the building.

Whereas, the shading device result in average solar

2,000.00

access reduction over 45 Wh/m2. Additionally, the 1,500.00

of solar radiation access by 36 Wh/m2.

kWh

compact urban design of the site results in a reduction

1,000.00

However, the compact urban design also has the greatest effect on raising the need for electric lighting to achieve the set target illuminance by 1400 kwh.

While other strategies seem to have negligible effect

500.00

0.00 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

The residential area

in term of increasing the electric need for lighting.

Scenario 4

647.8

1022

1065.2

374.4

1724.2

2735

Scenario 3

609.5

424

345.4

107.5

1017.6

1378.9

Never the less, both strategies of evolution only give

Scenario 2

634.8

433.1

442

113

1024.3

1509.9

Scenario 1

465.7

520.6

309

106.2

995

1295.3

a general indication, as far as the room will not need to achieve the illuminance targets at all time as it will not be occupied for the whole day. Also for the annual access of solar radiation study, the windows will not be opened all the daytime as the accounts would not leave the windows to shatter open when the room is empty.

71

Scenario 4

Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Figure 6.20. Electrcity for lighting to achive the target illumnacity.

SCENARIO 4

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

SCENARIO 1

Annual SED W

Figure 6.21. Annual SED

72

6.10Conclusion The daylight Level for the most of the residential area is acceptable according to the DA and ASE classification (in chapter 2), expect in the kitchen and the fourth-floor spaces.

The kitchen target was too high to be achieved (500lux), the main reason for that is the neighboring building from the west side is too close to the kitchen from the exterior.

The fourth floor has a large amount of day light access to

However, the first two floors in the residtial area is the mainly use by the users there for its more important during the day time. Therefore Urban design comes in the priority order list of the strategies effectiveness which is: 1- 2- 3-

Compact urban design.

Traditional Shading device.

The top windows.

it which could heat the area and cause glare; however, all the windows is provided with wooden chatter that can be adjust and blook the direct sun light.

The building shows a great distribution for the space de-

Finally, by combining the data of the daylight factor and illuminance analysis with the literature from chapter 2 table 2.1. A new criteria of daylight factor can be seen in table 6.3.

pending the light level, all the bedrooms archive adequate living room is the most convenient for resting, socialize,

DF %

reading and writing. As It achieve very low glare probability

0.1

amount for not only resting but studying as well. The family

also achieving convent illuminance level can be done very easily by using the room opening. The area for storages are places deep in first and ground floors where no much natural light is available.

There are three type of strategies lead to the substantial result; the urban design of Shibam, the wooden traditional shading devices, the small windows that located in the top.

Firstly, the top window shows a great affect in term of upgrading the illuminance level in the back of the room resulting in unifying the level of contrast in the indoor area, and also it have indirect effect to reduce the amount of the glare by increasing the average luminosity in the range view resulting in decreasing the amount of contrast between the total luminosity and luminance coming from the glare source.

Secondly, the urban design of the site is the most effective strategy that reduce the amount of ASE in second and third floors respectively, while the effect on the fourth floor become much less affective as the surrounding buildings are in the same high or shorter than the case study building.

In figures 6.22 & 6.23 it demonstrates the difference in the percentage effectiveness of both strategies; urban design strategies and the shading elements. Its clearly indicate that in second and third floors the most effective strategies is the compact urban configuration. Where in the top floor the shading device effect the most.

73

Daylight factor criteria in Shibam

Give an overview of surroundings, a person in such room cannot recognize minor details.

0.15 General awareness of people movement, recognize objects for short time.

0.17 Identify general details for a short time in a space where wrong movement might be fatal.

0.2 Able to perform easy task for long period. Able to do tasks that require details but for a short period.

0.5 Able to perform long tasks require a reasonable contrast such as writing and reading.

0.7 Preform task that require identify moderate details 0.8 Preform task that require identify small details.

1 Performing tasks that required working with very small details.

Room examples Storage corridors

Hallway, domestic storage contains large goods, bedroom Residential bathrooms, services room Lobbies, general lighting level in restaurant.

Library, classroom, kitchen, large objects workshops.

Laboratory work, offices.

Drawing offices.

Electronic fixing.

Table 6.1. New daylight factor criteria for Shibam.

Figure 6.22 the percentage of reduction in daylight factor

the precentage of reduction in DF 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Urban design

Shading devices

Figure 6.23 the percentage of reduction in annual daylight exposure.

the precentage of reduction in ASE 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Urban design

Shading devices

Table 62. Summery of the Evaluation for daylight indoor.

74

7. THERMAL ANALYSIS This chapter shows the indoor thermal performance in extreme climate. Also illustrate the effect of each strategy that lead to the current thermal condition such as night ventilation and reduction of solar radiation.

7. THERMAL ANALYSIS 75 7.1 Methodology thermal analysis 77 7.1.1The Limitations and Advantages 77 7.1.2Peremetres for thermal Simulation 79 7.1.3 Thermal comfort tempreture in shibam 79 7.1.4 Conculsion 79 7.2Indoor tempreture analysis 81 7.2.1 Solar radiation on the building surfaces 7.2.2The adjacent road thermal condtion 7.2.3Night ventlation preformance 7.3Conculsion

75

83 85 87

Figure 7. (Beth, 2008).

76

7.1 Methodology thermal analysis In this chapter, an analytical study is curried to understand the thermal comfort performance of the traditional building of Shibam. There are three main elements that believed to be the most effective elements that result in the indoor thermal performance of the building; • The shading from the compact urban design.

• Top windows.

• Choice of the materials.

Therefore, to find out which the most effective strategies, six scenarios have been design, by changing and neglecting the effective elements in the current case study, enable to measure the effect of that elements, in each transition between scenarios will consider to measure one the above effective strategies; •Scenario 1: no windows + total exposure •Scenario 2: windows at the bottom + total exposure •Scenario 3: windows at the bottom + windows at the top + total exposure •Scenario 4: as scenario four + the surrounding obstructions.

•Scenario 5 (current scenario): as scenario 4 + occupancy heat gains. (occupancy gain further explained in the same chapter) •Scenario 6: as the current scenario + changing the traditional building materials to modern building (material, prefabricated concrete cement block for the walls). (Scenario 6 further explained in the same chapter) The transition from scenario 2 to scenario 3 shows the effect of the adding a top window. The transition from scenario 3 to 4 shows the effect of the surrounding building obstruction. Then, adding the internal heat gain, it show the building actual performance. After that, changing the traditional material to those material which use to build nowadays as shown in table 7.1, will demonstrate the quality of the building materials choices. After the results, the effect of each strategy can be compared to each other in term of its effect on the indoor thermal performance and the ability to ventilate. Moreover, understand the effect on outdoor performance and understand to which height of the surrounding context would become less efficient.

The main aims are to find how the building will perform under the extreme condition and to value each strategy that has been used traditionally. Additionally, see the effect on the night ventilation by adding the top windows and then surrounding obstruction of the site. Also, understand to which limit the height of the surrounding buildings would be effective.

77

Using dynamic building thermal analysis software (TAS) enable to find the results of internal thermal condition also it shows the effect of the external heat gain such as the solarisation and the internal heat gain such as the occupancy level. Also, it demonstrates the ventilation performance considering the actual wind profile and directions. It requires to module the building digitally and the surrounding obstruction. Also, it considers all environmental aspect such as Humidity, air temperature, solar radiation, and wind. Hence it requires to be provided with weather file. Moreover, it requires to set the material of each building elements as it consider each material chiastic. The output is net of result showing the temperature of each zone in the module and demonstrate the other building performance that related to zone thermal performance such as surface temperature.

7.1.1The Limitations and Advantages The main advantages are that the digital modeling give the ability to alter or delete some building elements to understand its values. Moreover, it gives the ability to control the un wanted variables that might affect the digital test like the occupancy heat gain or external heat gain heat form outdoor changing variables such as cars or many people passing outside the building specially in such a compact urban site, hence the gives a full control over the variables that need to be added.

However, there are not much of literature Shibam building performance, such as infiltration, materials reflectance.

Therefore, in this method some of the variables has been assumed from the literatures, for instance, the infiltration is assumed to be as same as Australian vernacular mud building.

Also, the life style in side building is more dynamic and changeable than what not as same as the test. Anther advantages the dynamic thermal test rounds not set in one zone, therefore, is not able to get the average of the whole city road resultant temperature which give a greater understanding over full image about the site positive impacts.

The existing building Scenario 6: Changing the building material to modern materials

Scenario 1: Without openings

Scenario 2:

Scenario 3:

Scenario 4:

Scenario 5:

Adding the bottom windows and doors

Adding the top windows

Adding the site context

Adding the internal heat gain

Compare effect of the changes in each Scenarios in the thermal performance

Invastigate thethe effect in Investigate effect in solar in solar radation reduction

radiation

Invastigate the effect in Investigate the effect in ventlation preformance

Invastigate thethe effect in in Investigate effect the internal temperture

internal daylight performance

ability to ventilate

Figure 7.1. Thermal analaysis methodology diagram.

78

7.1.2Peremetres for thermal Simulation Mohamad Al Shizari, is a person who lived in Hadhramaut, in a traditional house made of mud, the house has similar

Shop

3 people

standing or walking slowly

Room type

Occupancy morning 12:0006:0017:00 12:00

Degree of activity

Living room1 Kitchen Bedrooms

3 people

seated

1 people

Kitchen

1 people

standing or walking slowly standing or walking slowly standing or walking slowly standing or walking slowly Degree activity Type of of activity

configuration as the case study residential area, he and his

Shop

3 people

Shop

3 people

family used to live there for 15 years. The house is only two

Room type

stories and a living room in the roof, there were two bed

Room type

rooms, one family living room and anther one living room

Living room1 Living Living Bedrooms room1 room2 Kitchen Room type

Occupancy morning 12:0017:00Occupancy 17:00 21:00 morning 06:003 people 12:00

for visitors.

He had five members living with him, his wife, two children and a baby. Through skype meeting he described his and his family lifestyle which result in forming the residential part of the maximum occupancy heat gain in table7.2. The shop

7.1also it show the modern building construction element.

The infiltration has been assumed to be 1 ACH for the traditional building as this assumption similar to the common assumption for rammed earth building in Australia (Soebarto, 2009). Also Table XX is provided with information about the transformation from traditional building materials to modern building materials.

Traditional Building elements Ground & first floor walls Second & third walls Fourth floor walls Separation floors Roof Modern Building elements (Scenario 6) Walls

Separation floors Roof

Layer mm

Layer mm

Layer mm

Lime plaster 15 Mud finish 15 Lime plaster 15 Wood 70

Mud brick 745

Lime render 15

Mud brick 512 Mud brick 350

Mud plaster 15 Lime render 15

442

Mud finish 50 Seashells muds mix 150 Layer one mm

Lime render 15 Lime render 15

120

Layer one mm

Total thickness mm

Cement blocks 120

Wet 150 Plaster and paint 15

Concrete 200

Screed and finishing 80

295

Concrete 250

Screed and And finishing 80

345

Wood 120 Layer one mm Wet Plaster and paint 15 Wet Plaster and paint 15 Wet Plaster and paint 15

Total thickness mm 775

380

270

Table 7.1. modren & tradtional building elements (Sultan, 2008).

79

seated

34 people 1 people

seated seated

1Occupancy people morning 21:0006:00 3 people 2 people

standing or Type of activity walking slowly

Room type

Occupancy 17:00morning 06:0021:00 12:00

Type of of activity Degree activity

Living room1 Living Kitchen room2 Room type

3 people

seated

4 people 1

seated or standing walking slowly Type of activity

Shop Bedrooms

occupancy heat gain is estimated.

The traditional building element is explained in table

Degree of activity

Shop

Occupancy morning 3 people 21:0006:00

Bedrooms Room type

standing or sleeping walking slowly

standing or walking slowly sleeping Type of activity

2 people Occupancy morning 17:0021:00 Table 7.2. accoupancy hours & level of activity.

Living room1 Living room2 Room type

3 people

seated

4 people

seated

Bedrooms

2 people

sleeping

7.1.3 ThermalOccupancy comfort tempreture in Type of activity morning 21:00shibam 06:00 Using the same furmala which developed by Nicole to calculate the thermal comfort in Pakistan ,as far as Pakistan has semilar out door tempreture to Shibam as shown in Figure 7.2.

Figure XX demonstrate the maximum and minimum thermal comfort reange for each moth using Nicole formula to calculate thermal comfort in Pakistan.

7.1.4 Conculsion This part illustrated the plan for thermal analysis, which is conduct from digital analysis for the actual building and run series of simulation to investigate the effect of each strategy effect used by the early builders in Shibam. The first part describes the main effective strategies that the research focused on and show the design for each scenario in that reveled the effect of the strategies that has been used traditionally. Then compare between the results in terms of its affect for the indoor and outdoor thermal performance and the ability to ventilate.

Shibam

Pakistan

Monthly Average Climate Data 45.00

kW/m2

m/s

40.00

DBT mean max

35.00

DBT mean min

30.00 25.00

Global Horizontal Radiation

20.00

Wind Velocity

oC

15.00

DBT mean average

10.00 5.00 0.00

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Figure 7.2 .compare Shibam climate to Pakistan.

Oct

Nov

Dec

ASHRAE-55 Adpative Comfort - 80% acceptability ASHRAE-55 Adpative Comfort - 90% acceptability

The annual comfort temperatures for the city of shibam.

42.50 40.00 37.50 35.00 32.50 30.00 27.50 25.00 22.50 20.00 17.50 15.00 12.50 10.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr Out door temprture mean max °C

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Out door temprture mean min °C

Nicol thermal comfort mean max °C

Nicol thermal comfort mean min °C

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 7.3 .Thermal comfort range in shibam.

80

Indoor tempreture analysis The mean internal resultant temperature is dominant factor

still the temperature is 6 oC lower than the outside town air

that describe the level of thermal comfort. As fare as it

temperature.

considers all type of heat transfer to human body. The two

Thirdly, during the coldest night in the winter the six scenar-

Figure 7.5&7.6 compare the internal resultant temperature

ios fall under the comfort zone in the early morning. Still the

of the building in six different scenarios during the hottest

modern building shows the maximum sensitivity to the out-

and coldest days. Also, it show the adjacent road resultant

door temperature as it has almost the same temperature as

temperature for scenario 4,5&6 and the external temper-

the adjacent street, the impact of the compact in the winter

ature from the weather file. For referencing, it show the

reduces the internal temperature by 0.2 oC during the cold

adaptive thermal comfort band in purple. During the hottest

night. The top window constant cooling effect. The current

day (14th of july) The external temperature reaches 44 oC

scenario (5) with internal heat gain is the most comfortable

at its peak (15:00 pm), then it decreases to reach 28 oC at

scenario during the coldest nigh with less than 1 oC below

5:00 am (around 16 oC difference). Whereas, during the

the comfort band during the coldest night, by only going un-

coldest day (24th of January) the external air temperature

der the blanket it cold possibility reach the comfort temper-

goes below 9 oC in early morning and it reach around 25 in

atures. However, from the frequency study figure, 7.7 show

afternoon(around 16 oC difference).

the probability percentage of having very cold night reach below 10 oC and hot day that reach above 40 oC. The graphs

Firstly, Scenario 4 is the same as the current condition but

show that the possibility of having very hot days are vast

with out the internal heat gain, showing the best perfor-

more than the possibility of having cold night. Therefore, is

mance during summer as it set with the comfort zone at all

true to say the major problem in Shibam is the hot weather.

time, and it is the coolest during the day time. With maximum temperature difference between the internal and

Overall, the scenario 4 is the best-case scenario during the

the external temperature 12 C. However, in real life, the

hottest time but the high level of internal heat gain had in-

building won be empty, once the internall heat gain is added

crease the temperature to reach above the thermal comfort

the in internal results temperature increased to be out of the

band. Furthermore, the surrounding context change the

comfort zone for six hours in the afternoon with a maximum

external temperature by 5 oC and have reduction for the

temperature difference 8.7 oC.

indoor maximum resultant temperature of 2 oC. While the

o

choice of the building materials has the maximum effect of 4 Secondly, during the summer time, removing the impact of

oC for the indoor temperature.

the compact building’s surroundings increase the temper-

Frequency of Occupancy Hours (9-18) when Dry Bulb Temperature is Higher or Equal than 40°C and Lower or Equal than 50°C

ature by 2 oC with less maximum temperature difference

100

of just below 10 oC (from scenario 4-3). Additionally, the

90

external temperature reduces its peak temperature by 5

70

oC due to the compact site. Moreover, the effect of the top

50

80

%

60 40

windows can be seen clearly, in the early morning by 0.4 oC

30

different form the scenario that does not have a top win-

10

20 0

dows. As the building enhanced its ventilation, the building abled to cool itself down during the night, the scenario with

one degree difference between the two peaks by increase in the maximum temperature of 4 C from scenario five to six, o

81

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

90 80

high thermal mass of the building. Moreover, could be seen

adjacent street temperature follow the same pattern, only

Mar

100

er to the comfort temperature during day time due to the

six, in scenario six the building be came very sensitive to the

Feb

Frequency of Occupancy Hours (18-9) when Dry Bulb Temperature is Higher or Equal than 6°C and Lower or Equal than 10°C

cooler indoor temperature during the night, able to be near-

70 60

%

clearly thermal mass in the transition from scenario five to

Jan

50 40 30 20 10 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 7.7 .Frequncy analysis for hot and cold days frequncy.

18 18

Temperature Temperature(°C) (°C)

18 18

Temperature Temperature(°C) (°C)

Temperature Temperature(°C) (°C)

18 18

Compare the Scenarios internal Temperature (°C) during the hottest day

44 43

15.5 15.5

42

15.5 15.5

15.5 15.5

41 40 39

13 13

Temperature (°C)

38

13 13

3713

13

36 35 34

10.5 10.5

10.5 10.5

33

10.5 10.5 32 31

88

30 29

88

28

External Temperature Temperature (°C) (°C) External

8 801:00

Scenario 11 Scenario

02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 Scenario 3

Scenario 3

Scenario 44 Scenario

Scenario adjacentScenario street to to Scenario Scenario 4&52 Scenario 22 adjacent street 4&5 Scenario 2

Nicol therma therm Nicol

12-Jul Figure 7.5 .Indoor temprture of all the scenarios during the hottest day in the year 14 of july (TAS).

nal Temperature (°C) (°C) External External Temperature Temperature Scenario (°C) External Temperature al Temperature Scenario (°C) 11(°C) External Temperature (°C) External Temperature (°C)

rio 33 rio

Scenario Scenario Scenario 44 3 Scenario Scenario 33 Scenario 3

Scenario Scenario Scenario 22 1 Scenario Scenario 11 Scenario 1

Scenario 1 Scenario 4

Scenario 2

Scenario 66 Scenario Scenario 5

5 Scenario Scenario Scenario 4 Scenario Scenario 44 Scenario 55 Scenario 4

5 Scenario Scenario 5 Scenario 5

Compare the Scenarios internal Temperature (°C) during the coldest day

ent street to to Scenario Scenario adjacent adjacent 4&5 street to to street Scenario Nicol thermal 4&5 comfort comfort max Nicol Nicol thermal thermal comfort Nicol max thermal comfort min min Nicol Nicol thermal thermal comfort min adjacent tothermal Scenario 4&5 max Nicolcomfort thermal comfort maxcomfort Nicolcomfort thermalmin comfort min 25.5 nt street 4&5 street Scenario Nicol 4&5 Nicol max thermal adjacent street to Scenario 4&5 Nicol thermal comfort max Nicol thermal comfort min

rio 66 rio

Scenario Scenario 6 Scenario 66 Scenario 6 23

Temperature (°C)

20.5

18

15.5

13

10.5

8

01:00

02:00

External Temperature (°C)

03:00

04:00 Scenario 1

05:00

06:00

Scenario 2

07:00

08:00

Scenario 3

09:00

10:00 Scenario 5

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

Jan-24 adjacent street to Scenario 4&5

15:00

16:00

17:00

Nicol thermal comfort max

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

Nicol thermal comfort min

22:00

23:00

00:00

Scenario 6

Figure 7.6 .Indoor temprture of all the scenarios during the coldest day in the year 24 of jan (TAS).

82

Solar radiation on the building surfaces

More detail about the effect of the surrounding context to the building in term of solar radiation. The Figure 7.10 shows the amount of solar radiation on each vertical and horizontal surfaces of the buildings during the hottest day of the summer and Figure7.11 show the solarisation effect on the building surfaces with the shading created by the urban context of the site.

With out urban context the solar radiation is high in the east during the sunrise, and in the west during sunset., the sun affects the horizontal surfaces the most during the summer from 9am-15:30 pm. The south surfaces of the building is the is the lease affected.

The urban context has a high reduction on solar radiation effect on the building. The maximum solar radiation from the east and the west has decreased by around 200 w/m2 to become less than south. Moreover, The solar radiation effecting south side has slightly increased due to the reflective solar radiation from the surroundings. From the sun path diagram, the sun passes from the north side during July. However,

Figure 7.8 .The average Solar Radation on the building surfaces during typical summer day without obstractions

because of the urban context, the northern façade receive the least amount of solar radiation. The horizontal solar radiation major redaction during the sunset and sunrise. Also, the peak of the solar energy recived by horizontal surfaces of the building reduced by 50w/ m2. The net of solar radiation reduction has result in 2 o

C less in the maximum indoor temperature.

Figure 7.9 .The average Solar Radation with obstractions

83

during typical summer day

July solar radation acting on the building surfaces with out the srounding context 450 400 350

w/m2

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

19:00

18:00

17:00

west

16:00

South

15:00

14:00

East

13:00

North

12:00

11:00

horizintal surfaces

10:00

09:00

08:00

07:00

06:00

Figure 7.10.The Solar Radation during typical summer day with out obstractions

avrage of the external surfaces

July solar radation acting on the building surfaces after adding July solar radation acting the building surfaces after adding July solar radation acting on the building surfaces after adding July solar radation acting onon the building surfaces after adding the srounding context the context srounding context 450 thethe srounding context

450 450 450

400 400 400 400 350 350 350 350 300 300 300 300

w/m2

w/m2 w/m2

250 250 250 250 200 200 200 200 150 150 150 150 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 50

18:00 18:00 18:00

west

18:00 17:00 17:00 17:00

South

17:00 16:00 16:00 16:00

west westwest

16:00 15:00 15:00 15:00

horizintal surfaces

horizintal surfaces Figure 7.11.The Solar Radation on the building surfaces horizintal surfaces East North East East during typical summer day with obstractions.

East

15:00 14:00 14:00 14:00

14:00 13:00 13:00 13:00

13:00 12:00 12:00 12:00

12:00 11:00 11:00 11:00

11:00 10:00 10:00 10:00

10:00 09:00 09:00 09:00

08:00

09:00 08:00 08:00

07:00

06:00

08:00 07:00 07:00

0 0

07:00 06:00 06:00

0

06:00

0

North North North South avrage of external surfaces South South avrage of external surfaces avrage of external surfaces avrage of external surfaces

84

Compare the Scenarios internal Temperature (°C) during the hottest day

The adjacent road have temperature difference to external temperature in the weather data, during the hottest time of hottest day in the year is round 5 oC, the height of the build-

External Temperature (°C)

Scenario 2

of 56 mints of direct sunlight.

In addition, Figure 7.15 assume other solar radiation reduction for different urban height. Also, show the amounts of sky exposure if the height increased or decreased.

The maximum difference in reduction of solar radiation estimated to be when the site risen up from the ground to 4 stories height as it reduced by 227 w/m2 from peak to peak.

Also, the reduction mainly happened during the early and

height by 2.80%. Hence the effect of building height shows the most in first four floors.

Note the full solar radiation analysis is in the appendix

Figure 7.14 . the avrage solar radationduring in the hottest day in the summer with foucasing on the adjcent street solar access.

85

Figure 7.13.Sky expusre from the adjacent steet .

00:00

23:00

22:00

21:00

Figure 7.12.out door from the adjacent street temprture (TAS) and the tempreture from the weather data (metinum).

w/ m2, with sky exposure 6.03%, which results in an average

when the height increased from three stories to 4 stories

20:00

12-Jul

ings shades solar radiation and reduced by from 400 to 170

late hours of the day. The sky exposure reduced the most

19:00

18:00

17:00

16:00

15:00

14:00

13:00

12:00

11:00

10:00

09:00

08:00

07:00

06:00

05:00

04:00

there for it important to have general over view about it.

03:00

the building which effect the internal temperature directly,

02:00

building, as the roads of Shiba is the main source of air for

44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28

01:00

The adjacent road temperature has great impact on the

Temperature (°C)

The adjacent road thermal condtion

adjacent street solar radation july

Site with an avrage hight of 3 stories

450.0 400.0 350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0

5 floors (the case study )

6floors

7floors

19:00

3 floors

4 floors

18:00

17:00

16:00

15:00

14:00

13:00

12:00

11:00

10:00

09:00

08:00

07:00

06:00

open fild

Figure 7.15. solar radiation reduction for different urban height (TAS).

Site with an avrage

Site with an avrage hight

hight of 4 stories

of 5 stories

Site with an avrage hight

Site with an avrage hight

of 6 stories

of 7 stories

Figure 7.16. reduction of sky view for different urban height.

86

Night ventlation preformance

Kg/s

Kg/s

Kg/s

The night ventilation is an important technique to remove the heat load from the internal air and building materials. When the external temperature cools down Night ventlation preformance Night ventlation preformance during the night, allowing the cool air in will increase Night ventlation preformance 0.8 the frequency convectional heat transfer, 0.8 which reduces 0.8 0.7 the amount heat that have been absorbed0.7by building 0.7 0.6 0.6 materials during the day time, which results in relative0.6 0.5 0.5 ly colder building in next day. The graph 16 compare 0.5 0.4 0.4 between the building ability of night ventilation in four 0.4 0.3 0.3 different scenarios ( scenarios 2,3,4 & 5).

0.3 0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0

0

01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 01:00 09:00 02:00 10:00 03:00 04:00 11:00 05:00 12:00 06:00 13:00 01:00 07:00 14:00 02:00 08:00 15:00 03:00 09:00 16:00 04:00 10:00 17:00 05:00 11:00 18:00 06:00 12:00 19:00 07:00 13:00 20:00 08:00 14:00 09:00 21:00 15:00 16:00 10:00 22:00 17:00 11:00 23:00 18:00 12:00 00:00 19:00 13:00 20:00 14:00 21:00 15:00 22:00 16:00 23:00 17:00 00:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00

Firstly, by adding the top windows , the building abled 0 to preform night ventilation 1.5 time better as the graph show that the building with a top windows wear able to reach an average of 0.67 Kg/s air supply during the cool Scenario 2 hours where in scenario 2 the average air supply 0.25 kg/s during the cool hours.

Scenario 3 2 Scenario

Scenario Scenario Scenario243

Scenario Scenario345 Scenario

Scenario5 4 Scenario

Figure 7.17. Comapre the ventlation preformance in typical summer day (TAS).

Secondly, by adding the urban context to the molding program, the building reduces its ability to exchange air by almost the half during the night and early morning time, as the urban context result in blocking the wind drive force to ventilate.

Although the night ventilation ability has reduced due to the obstruction, the building still achieving the much cooler temperature when the surrounding obstruction is added. Hence, the to abstract the radiant heat from the sun is more important than night ventilation strategies

Figure 7.18. Ventlation preformance for the current scenario (generated

by Obtivent).

in that region.

Kg/s

Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario 2 3 4 5

Avrage air supply

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.3

Maximum air supply

0.3

0.8

0.5

0.5

Figure 7.17. Comapre the ventlation preformance in typical summer day(TAS).

Figure 7.20. Wind rose during a typical summer day (generated by grasshopper).

87

Scenar

Conculsion In this chapter, an analytical study is curried to under-

Using dynamic building thermal analysis software (TAS)

stand the thermal comfort performance of the traditional

enable to find the results of the internal thermal con-

building of Shibam. There are three main elements that

dition also it shows the effect of the external heat gain

believed to be the most effective elements that result in

such as the solarisation and the internal heat gain such

the indoor thermal performance of the building;

as the occupancy level. Also, it demonstrates the venti-

1-

The shading from the compact urban design.

lation performance considering the actual wind profile

2-

Top windows.

and directions. It requires to module the building digitally

3-

Choice of the materials.

and the surrounding obstruction. Also, it considers all environmental aspect such as Humidity, air temperature,

Therefore, to find out which the most effective strate-

solar radiation, and wind. Hence it requires to be provid-

gies, six scenarios have been design, by changing and ne-

ed with weather file. Moreover, it requires setting the

glecting the effective elements in the current case study,

material of each building elements as it considers each

enable to measure the effect of that elements, in each

material chiastic. The output is net of result showing the

transition between scenarios will consider to measure

temperature of each zone in the module and demon-

one the above effective strategies;

strates the other building performance that related to zone thermal performance such as surface temperature.

•Scenario 1: no windows + total exposure •Scenario 2: windows at the bottom + total exposure.

•Scenario 3: windows at the bottom + windows at the

The main aims are to find how the building will perform

top + total exposure.

under the extreme condition and to value each strategy

•Scenario 4: windows at the bottom + windows at the

that has been used traditionally. Additionally, see the

top + obstructions (surrounding buildings)

effect on the night ventilation by adding the top win-

•Scenario 5 (current scenario): as scenario 4 + occupan-

dows and then surrounding obstruction of the site. Also,

cy heat gains. (occupancy gain further explained in the

understand to which limit the height of the surrounding

same chapter)

buildings would be effective.

•Scenario 6: as the current scenario + changing the traditional building materials to modern building (material, prefabricated concrete cement block for the walls).

Overall, this chapter showed analytical studies of thermal

(Scenario 6 further explained in the same chapter)

comfort for the indoor of the traditional buildings of Shibam. The analytical work conducts by creating six differ-

The transition from scenario 2 to scenario 3 shows the

ent scenarios to understand the effect of three primary

effect of the adding a top window. The transition from

strategies on thermal comfort; the choices of the mate-

scenario 3 to 4 shows the effect of the surrounding build-

rials, the compact urban design and the effect of the top

ing obstruction. Then, adding the internal heat gain, it

window internal temperature. The study focused on ana-

show the building actual performance. After that, chang-

lyzing the hottest day of the year as far as it happened

ing the traditional material to those materials which use

much more frequent than the cold nights, therefore, it is

to build nowadays as shown in table XX, will demonstrate

a leading problem for the region. Moreover, during the

the quality of the building materials choices.

hottest day (14th of July) The external dry bulb reaches

The main aims are to find how the building will perform

44 oC at its maximum (at 15:00 pm), then it decreases to

under the extreme condition and to value each strategy

reach 28 oC at 5:00 am (around 16 oC difference).

that has been used traditionally. Additionally, see the effect on the night ventilation by adding the top windows and then surrounding obstruction of the site. Also un

88

The building shows a tremendous thermal performance during summer when is empty, once the internal heat gain is adding the internal temperature increased to be thermally uncomfortable for six hours in the according to Nicole thermal comfort formula of Pakistan. Similarly, during the coldest night in winter the internal building temperature went below comfort band by 1 oC for four hours reaching 15.5 oC. The choice of building materials in the traditional show the most significant effect in the traditional building as changing the types of the building material to the modern materials it shows an increase in the resultant internal temperature of 4 oC difference between the two peaks. While the compact urban strategies come in the second effective strategy as it reduces the maximum internal temperature by 2oC. The top window has an excellent effect on the increasing the ventilation but and that only record 0.4 oC decrease in the maximum internal temperature. Additionally, from the ventilation is clearly show how important is the reduction of solar radiation. Although The surrounding building an adverse effect in term of ventilation, still it improves the indoor internal temperature by 2 oC. Finally, the classification of order for the most effective element in thermal comfort in the building interior in Shibam; 1- Choice of the materials.

1- The shading from the compact urban design.

1- Top windows.

89

90

8. COMPARESSION IN TERM OF ENERGY SAVINGS

Figure 8. (Gtz,2004)

91

From daylight and thermal analysis, indicates that the main

The chart below shows the energy savings that caused due the

effects on the traditional building environment are due to

three main effective elements; building materials selection,

the urban context and the materials selection of traditional

urban context and top windows.

buildings.

Most electricity saving happed due to the martials properties

However, the analyses were not able to identify which is the

of the traditional buildings. By reducing the cooling load by 21

most effective element that effect the building atmosphere

Kwh/m2 y.

from both perspective.

Similarly, the urban context reduces the cooling load by To combine the result and find the most effective strategy

around 19.5 Kwh/m2 y. however the need for electric lighting

can be curried by using two methods. Frist method is from

has increased the demand by 7.5 Kwh/m2 per year. Which

the user perspective, which could be done by conducting an

result in reduced the total energy saving to 12 Kwh/m2 per

intensive study to analyse which more desirable in hot region;

year. The top window is one of the least costly method and still

a room with low thermal comfort performance and adequate

archives 3.5 12 Kwh/m2 per year energy savings.

amount of light, or dark room has better thermal performance.

Overall, the traditional materials properties is the most ef-

The second method, from environmental perspective, the

fective elements in term of total energy savings. However it

main aspect which able to combine both daylighting perfor-

has no effect in term of lighting, where the urban context has

mance and thermal performance is the electricity energy

contributed also reducing the direct sunlight and glare in the

consumed to overcome both problems. Hence, the electricity

indoor environment. May be the thermal mass has contributed

consumed to bridge the need of light and the need to reach

more in reduction of the energy need, however the indoor

thermal comfort can be combined and figure which traditional

environment is about the quality of space which depend on

building element is more effective in both terms (lighting and

other factors such visual comfort.

thermal comfort).

Kwh/m2 y

Energy of savings in residtial part for each strategy 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10

Building matrials

Urban context

Top windows

Lighting saving load

0.0000

-7.5470

1.8254

cooling saving load

21.3255

19.5448

1.5751

total saving load

21.3255

11.9978

3.4005

Lighting saving load

cooling saving load

total saving load

Figure 8. Electricity savings done by each strategy.

92

9. CONClUSION

Figure 9. (Gtz,2004)

93

The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate a tradition building

To find a meeting point that compare the effect of the build-

in Shibam by exploring the thermal comfort and the daylight

ing strategies from both daylight and thermal comforts views.

performance. Also investigate the effect of each strategies

As far as electricity has been used to overcome the both

that used by early Shibam builders, which lead to the indoor

problems, it can be use as main parameter to evaluate the

daylight environmental quality and thermal comfort level.

building’s elements affect in term of electric saving.

In term of visual comfort, the main effective strategy is block-

The urban context reduce the cooling load by 19.5 Kwh/m2

ing the direct sunlight by using a compact urban plan , which

per year. On another hand, it rise the artificial lighting electric

result in enhance the visual comfort high satisfaction level,

consumption by 7.5 which reduce the total saving to 12 Kwh/

however that lead to have dark areas such as the kitchen,

m2 per year.

which result in electric light replacement in the dark areas.

The total saving due to the building materials reaches 21

However, the effect of the context reduces as in the higher

Kwh/m2 y which is the most effective element on the energy

floors. The top windows has an effect in uniform the daylight

conception.

level in the interior of the building and result in annual glare

Never the less the top windows reduced the total energy

portability reduction

conception by 3.5 as it contributed in both enhancing the

The residential area of the building show an acceptable

daylight level and the thermal comfort level.

amount of daylight according to the daylight autonomy tests.

More importantly main rooms such as the living rooms and bedrooms, show a great daylighting level by achieving their illuminance targets over 80% of the year occupied time.

The main findings was that the urban context is the most effective element that effect the daylight environment in the Shibam building. Additionally, a relation between the daylight factor and level of illuminance has been established to give an overview of DF criteria in Shibam climate (Which illustrated in table xx).

The Main influential element that effect the thermal performance is the building materials, as the building materials change to modern building martials, the indoor temperature raised by 4oC during the hottest time in Shibam climate.

Still the urban context has a major influence in the indoor temperature, as the result show that the building reduces it’s the indoor tempreture by 2oC as it reduce the solar radiation acting on the building surfaces. However the urban context reduces the average ventilation ability as the buildings blocking the wind but still archive better performance.

The top window improve the thermal comfort inside the building as it help the building to exhaust the heat load during the night.

94

Acknowledgements At first, I am grateful to the God for the welling, the health and wellbeing that were essential to complete the thesis.

Completing the thesis was only possible with the Support, help, care, time, guide and enormous amount knowledge that provided by Dr. Rosa Schiano-Phan, I like to express my sincere thanks to her. Without her nothing could be achieved in this year.

I would like to express my very great thanks to my parents;

Ali Alnahdi and Buthina Shihab for their caring, love, Support financially and emotionally. As far as I am being away for long time, I would like thanks them for their patient.

I would like to thank my family for their support; Hassan, Muttassem, Maha, Reem ,Khaled , Ftoon, Tameem , Shahad.

Spicily Muttassem for his time and financial support that he provided to complete my study. Also, I would like to thanks my future wife for her patient, I wish you were around.

I would like to express my appreciation to every one provided knowledge and involved in the research process; Mr alshizari, Noor Fadakiya , etc. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Omer Abdulaziz AL Hallaj for his help as he provided all the important information about the site.

Also, I like to express my deep gratitude to Joana Goncalves, Juan Vallejo, Nasser, Benson Lau and spicily Zhenzhou Weng for their knowledge and technical guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques.

I would like to show my appreciation for Lacey Bentley for being supportive and patient during my study journey.

Finally, I would like to thanks my all friends; Abdurahman Ruzi, Abdullah Alim, Denial Park, Uola, Deependra and Sanjog for all their support.

95

96

REFERENCES

97

98

REFERENCES 1. Baeissa, A. A., 2014. Mud-Brick High-Rise Buildings Architectural Linkages for Thermal Comfort in Hadhramout Valley, Yemen. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,, 10 3.pp. 167-182.

2. Baggs, S., Baggs, J. & Baggs, D., . Australian earth-covered buildings. Kensington: NSW. 3. Baggs, S., Baggs, J. & Baggs, D., 1991. Australian earth-covered buildings.

Kensington: NSW. 4. Brager, G. S. et al., 1993. A Comparison of Methods for Assessing Thermal Sensation and Acceptability in the Field.. Watford, University of California, pp. 17-39.

5. Busch, J., 1990. Thermal Response to the Thai Office Environment ASHRAE Transactions.. s.l., naturally ventilated offices Standards for Thermal Comfort., pp.

860-872.

6. Corradi, 1., n.d. Il colore dell’architettura di terra: Shibam..

7. De Saulles, T., 2009. Thermal Mass Explained. 1st ed. Surrey: The Concrete Centre.

8. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

9. Heidari, S., 2000. Thermal Comfort in Iranian Courtyard Housing, Sheffield: s.n.

10. Karyono, T. H., 1995. Thermal Comfort for the Indonesian Workers in. s.l., Building Research and Information, pp. 317 - 323.

11. Mallick, F. H., 1996. Thermal comfort and building design in the tropical climates.

ELSEVIER, pp. 161-167.

12. Nicol, F., Humphreys, M. & Roaf, S., 2016.Adaptive thermal comfort : foundations and analysis. Oxon & New York : Routledge.

13. Nicol, F., Humphreys, M. & Roaf, S., 2012. Adaptive Thermal Comfort. Oxon & New York : Routledge.

14. Nicol, J. F. (1993) Thermal Com/Art - A Handbook /A Field Studies toward an Adaptive Model. School of Architecture, University of East.

15. Parsons, K., 2002 . The Human Thermal Environment : The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environmnrt on Human Health, Comfort and Performance. 3 ed. s.l.:Taylor & Francis group.

16. Reardon, C., Milne, G. & McGee, C., 2013. Passive design: Thermal mass. Your Home, pp. 178-187.

17. Ruppa, R. F., Vásquez, N. G. & Lamberts, R., 2015. A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment. Elsevier, pp. 178-205.

18. Soebarto, V., 2009. ANALYSIS OF INDOOR PERFORMANCE OF HOUSES. Building Simulation, 27 30.pp. 1530-1537.

19. TAREB, 2004. Human Comfort. In: Energy Comfort & Buldings. EU: LEARN, Low Energy Architecture Research Unit, pp. 1-27.

20. Andersen, P. A., 2014. Daylight, Energy and Indoor Climate Basic Book. 3 ed. s.l.:VELUX Knowledge Centre for Daylight, Energy and Indoor Climate (DEIC).

21. ArchitecturalEnergyCorporation, 2008. UNDERSTANDING DAYLIGHT METRICS. Courtesy of Coscia Moos Architecture, Issue energy design resources.

22. AuthorityGreaterLondon, 2013. Daylight and sunlight assessment tests. representation hearing report D&P/3067/03 – Appendix 1, 18 11.

23. Baker, N. & Steemers, K., 2002. DAYLIGHT DESIGN OF BUILDING. 1 ed. London: James & James.

99

100

101

102

FIGURES Figure 0.1 . Weber, W. (2009). IMG_0956.jpg. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwolfgang/14714619031/in/photolist-4mW7Rd-jaD2e-5ateoP-NocL8-4u3gsF-7Af9fh-7Af5Ch-uN4uX-4u3hht-KiuXr-7Acgbk4Rit4o-oowBrE-4Rit6y-7AbqQa-4Rita7-KxGzG-Mi3sW-5bSG8v-2TX7e-6ogCtH-voose-4u3hxX-7Afgo7-xfDkQ-9UsvuPe7eNV-63FSww-aHtBUe-o94Urx-3bqZjC-oqhgA8-aHtBJn-3bmxsr-37d7X9-o9h1NV-3br4Td-3bqZxy-3br2wU-NoeAB-NpM1T-66gKnN-TXpVU-o94JWm-2TVAE-6ohEGs-6ohE3Q-5bWTgJ-TG2hg-NocLe [Accessed 6 Sep. 2017].

Figure 0.2 . Musallam, N. (2004). SHIBAM, HADHRAMAUT. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75075663@N00/325848811/in/dateposted/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2017].

Figure 0.3. javarman (2015). 10 ancient walled cities still standing today. [image] Available at: https://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/photos/10-ancient-walled-cities-still-standing-today/shibam-yemen [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017].

Figure 0.4. Robert, J (2017). THIS ANCIENT MUD SKYSCRAPER CITY IS THE ‘MANHATTAN OF THE DESERT. [image] Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/asia/yemen/shibam-mud skyscraper-yemen/#/ streets-shibam-yemen.jpg [Accessed 13 Jul. 2017].

Figure 0.5. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 0.6 . GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 0.7. OKAMURA, T., FUKAMI, N., & ARIMURA, M. (2010). Flood Damage Assessment Report on the Cultural Heritage in Hadramawt, Yemen. Tokyo: Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage.

Figure 0.8. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle Figure 0.9. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle Figure 1.1. Khan, G. (2017). THIS ANCIENT MUD SKYSCRAPER CITY IS THE ‘MANHATTAN OF THE DESERT. [image] Available at: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/this-ancient-mud-skyscraper-city-is-the-manhattan-of-thedesert.aspx [Accessed 7 Sep. 2017].

Figure 1.2 . Lewcock, R. (1986) di Hadramawt the walled city of Shibam. Edited by Monika Jolt. 7th edn.Paris: the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization.

Figure 1.3 .Evaluation method Digram.

Figure 1.5.Lewcock, R. (1986) di Hadramawt the walled city of Shibam. Edited by Monika Jolt. 7th edn.Paris: the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization.

Figure 1.4 .thesis out line.

Figure 2.1. Baker, N. & Steemers, K., 2002. DAYLIGHT DESIGN OF BUILDING. 1 ed. London: James & James.

Figure 2.2 Andersen, P. A., 2014. Daylight, Energy and Indoor Climate Basic Book. 3 ed. s.l.:VELUX Knowledge Centre for Daylight, Energy and Indoor Climate (DEIC).

Figure 2.3. Andersen, P. A., 2014. Daylight, Energy and Indoor Climate Basic Book. 3 ed. s.l.:VELUX Knowledge Centre for Daylight, Energy and Indoor Climate (DEIC).

Figure2.4. CIBSE, 2002. Code for Lighting. 1 Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann.12-30 Figure 2.5. 38. Peter Tregenza, 2013. Daylighting: Architecture and Lighting Design. 1 Edition. Routledge.5-27.

Figure 2.6 .Shibam. Interior of a mqh in Bayt Jarhum.Sources: ewcock, R. (1986) di Hadramawt the walled city of Shibam. Edited by Monika Jolt. 7th edn.Paris: the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization.

Figure 2.8.DGP anlaysis componant. Sources: (Diva4Rino)

Figure 2.9.ASE anlaysis. Sources: (Diva4Rino) Figure 2.10. humen body heat transefare: (Baker & Steemers ,2000) Figure 2.11. Nicol, F., Humphreys, M. & Roaf, S., 2016.Adaptive thermal comfort : foundations and analysis. Oxon & New York : Routledge.

Figure 2.12. Schroeder, D. (2015). NREL seeks to optimize individual comfort in buildings. [image] Available at: https:// phys.org/news/2015-10-nrel-optimize-individual-comfort.html [Accessed 14 Aug. 2017].

Figure 2.13. Al Sukhn.2017. The ILO in Jordan. http://www.ilo.org/beirut/countries/jordan/lang--en/index.htm Accessed 14 Aug. 2017].

Figure 2.14. Nicol, F., Humphreys, M. & Roaf, S., 2012. Adaptive Thermal Comfort. Oxon & New York : Routledge.Figure

103

Figure 2.15. Nicol, F., Humphreys, M. & Roaf, S., 2012. Adaptive Thermal Comfort. Oxon & New York : Routledge.

Figure 2.16.De Saulles, T., 2009. Thermal Mass Explained. 1st ed. Surrey: The Concrete Centre.

Figure 2.17.De Saulles, T., 2009. Thermal Mass Explained. 1st ed. Surrey: The Concrete Centre.

Figure 2.18. De Saulles, T., 2009. Thermal Mass Explained. 1st ed. Surrey: The Concrete Centre.21 Figure 3.

Weber, W. (2009). IMG_0956.jpg. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwolfgang/14714619031/in/photolist-4mW7Rd-jaD2e-5ateoP-NocL8-4u3gsF-7Af9fh-7Af5Ch-uN4uX-4u3hht-KiuXr-7Acgbk4Rit4o-oowBrE-4Rit6y-7AbqQa-4Rita7-KxGzG-Mi3sW-5bSG8v-2TX7e-6ogCtH-voose-4u3hxX-7Afgo7-xfDkQ-9UsvuPe7eNV-63FSww-aHtBUe-o94Urx-3bqZjC-oqhgA8-aHtBJn-3bmxsr-37d7X9-o9h1NV-3br4Td-3bqZxy-3br2wU-NoeAB-NpM1T-66gKnN-TXpVU-o94JWm-2TVAE-6ohEGs-6ohE3Q-5bWTgJ-TG2hg-NocLe [Accessed 6 Sep. 2017].

Figure 3.1. James. (2008). DSCN3797 [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/the_tenant/2526986662/in/ photolist-4u3d6M-7Abfdk-4mW7Rd-jaD2e-5ateoP-NocL8-7Af9fh-7Af5Ch-uN4uX-4u3hht-KiuXr-7Acgbk-4Rit4o-oowBrE-o9h1NV-4Rit6y-3bmwje-7AbqQa-4Rita7-KxGzG-Mi3sW-5bSG8v-2TX7e-7Afgo7-xfDkQ-9UsvuP-e7eNV-63FSwwaHtBUe-o94Urx-oqhgA8-3bqZjC-3br3Rj-aHtBJn-66gKnN-3br2qy-37d7X9-TXpVU-3bmwC6-o94JWm-3br2wU-2TVAENpM1T-voose-6ogCtH-6ohEGs-6ohE3Q-5bWTgJ-TG2hg-NocLe [Accessed 10 Jul. 2017].

Figure 3.2. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 3.3. Shibam building type the data collected by Aziz Alhalaj.

Figure 3.4. Shibam building hight the data collected by Aziz Alhalaj.

Figure 3.5.Lewcock, R. (1986) di Hadramawt the walled city of Shibam. Edited by Monika Jolt. 7th edn.Paris: the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization.

Figure 3.6.Bernstein R.(2018). Freya Stark. [image] Available at: http://static01.nyt.com/images/2008/02/27/timestopics/ freya.jpg [Accessed 4 Aug. 2017].

Figure 3.7C, Eugenio. (2017) Wall details. Available at: http://ariane-porter.squarespace.com/s/Booklet.pdf (Accessed: 06 January 2017).

Figure 3.8. Khan, G. (2017). THIS ANCIENT MUD SKYSCRAPER CITY IS THE ‘MANHATTAN OF THE DESERT. [image] Available at: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/this-ancient-mud-skyscraper-city-is-the-manhattan-of-thedesert.aspx [Accessed 7 Sep. 2017].

Figure 3.9. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 3.10. Shibam windows and shadings. source (Corradi, 2015).

Figure 3.11. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle. .

Figure 3.12. Corradi, M. (2015). Il colore dell’architettura di terra: Shibam. [image] Available at: https://www.slideshare. net/maxcorradi/il-colore-dellarchitettura-di-terra-shibam-48810076 [Accessed 7 Sep. 2017].

Figure 3.18. Shibam rain fall. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.16. Shibam humdity . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.14. Dry bulb tempreture . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.19. London rain fall. source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.17. London humdity . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.15. Dry bulb tempreture London climate. source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.20. Shibam sun path diagram. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino)

Figure 3.22. Shibam Vertical solar radiation. source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.24. Shibam Horizantal solar radation . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.21. London sun path diagram. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino)

Figure 3.23. London Vertical solar radiation. source (generated by Grasshopper4Rhino)

Figure 3.25. London Horizantal solar radation. source (generated by metinum) Figure 3.30. Shibam average Wind Speed . source (generated by Metinum)

Figure 3.32. Shibam sky illuminance . source (Gtz, 2004)

104

Figure 3.31. London Wind Speed. source (generated by Metinum)

Figure 3.26. Shibam sky condtion . source (generated by Metinum)

Figure 3.27. Shibam sky illuminance . source (generated by Metinum)

Figure 3.28. Shibam Wind Rose . source (Grasshopper4Rhino)

Figure 3.25. London sky condtion . source (generated by Metinum)

Figure 3.26. London sky illuminance . source (generated by metinum)

Figure 3.29. London Wind Rose . source (Grasshopper4Rhino)

Figure 4.1. Shibam

Figure 4.1. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.2. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle. j Figure 4.3. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.4. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.5. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.6.GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.7.GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.8. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.9. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.10. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.10.GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.10. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.11. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.12. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.13. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 4.12. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 5.1. Gus W. Van Beek, Ora Van Beek. 2013. Glorious Mud!: Ancient and Contemporary Earthen Design and Construction in North Africa,Western Europe, the Near East, and Southwest Asia. 1 ed. Smithsonian Institution.

Figure 5.2. Bakhlah, M.S. and Hassan, A.S. (2012) ‘Th e Effect of Roof Colour on Indoor House Temperature In Case of Hadhramout, Yemen’, American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences, 1(4), pp.365–378

Figure 6. Environmental Shaper.

Figure 6.1. Daylight mathodology.

Figure 6.3. Digital Simulation process. source:(snapshot from Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.2. Glare assesment process.

Figure 6.4. Site hight model.

Figure 6.5.. Daylight Scenario steps.

Figure 6.6. Daylight Scenario.

Figure 6.8. Daylight Factor Floors Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.7. Daylight Factor Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.9. Daylight Factor Comparing senarios (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.10. Daylight Autonomy, Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

105

Figure 611. Daylight Autonomy, floors Comparesion Chart (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.12. Daylight Autonomy comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.14. Annual Sunlight exposure, floors Comparesion chart (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.13. Annual Sunlight Expousure, Rooms Compression Chart (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.15. Annual Sunlight exposure, comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.13. Illuminance comparing all scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.16. Illuminance comparing scenarios in the second floor (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.17. Illuminance comparing scenarios (Diva4Rhino).

Figure 6.14. Sunlight Avaliblity Study

Figure 6.18. DGP comparing scenarios 8-9AM. Figure 6.19. Annual daylight glare probability Figure 6.17. Solar acess scenarioes comparsion chart Figure 6.20. Electrcity for lighting to achive the target illumnacity.

Figure 6.21. Annual SED. Figure 6.22 the percentage of reduction in daylight factor Figure 6.23 the percentage of reduction in annual daylight exposure.

Figure 7. (Beth, B. (2008). Hard work. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bethsahira/3533996540/ in/photolist-4mW7Rd-jaD2e-5ateoP-NocL8-4u3gsF-7Af9fh-7Af5Ch-uN4uX-4u3hht-KiuXr-7Acgbk-4Rit4o-oowBrE4Rit6y-7AbqQa-4Rita7-KxGzG-Mi3sW-5bSG8v-2TX7e-6ogCtH-voose-4u3hxX-7Afgo7-xfDkQ-9UsvuP-e7eNV63FSww-aHtBUe-o94Urx-3bqZjC-oqhgA8-aHtBJn-3bmxsr-37d7X9-o9h1NV-3br4Td-3bqZxy-3br2wU-NoeAB-NpM1T-66gKnN-TXpVU-o94JWm-2TVAE-6ohEGs-6ohE3Q-5bWTgJ-TG2hg-NocLe [Accessed 14 Oct. 2017].

Figure 7.1. Thermal analaysis methodology diagram.

Figure 7.2 .compare Shibam climate to Pakistan.

Figure 7.3 .Thermal comfort range in shibam.

Figure 7.7 .Frequncy analysis for hot and cold days frequncy.

Figure 7.5 .Indoor temprture of all the scenarios during the hottest day in the year 14 of july (TAS).

Figure 7.6 .Indoor temprture of all the scenarios during the coldest day in the year 24 of jan (TAS).

Figure 7.8 .The average Solar Radation on the building surfaces during typical summer day without obstractions Figure 7.9 .The average Solar Radation

during typical summer day with obstractions

Figure 7.10.The Solar Radation during typical summer day with out obstractions Figure 7.11.The Solar Radation on the building surfaces during typical summer day with obstractions.

Figure 7.14 . the avrage solar radationduring in the hottest day in the summer with foucasing on the adjcent street solar Figure 7.13.Sky expusre from the adjacent steet .

Figure 7.12.out door from the adjacent street temprture (TAS) and the tempreture from the weather data (metinum).

Figure 7.15. solar radiation reduction for different urban height (TAS).

Figure 7.16. reduction of sky view for different urban height.

Figure 7.20. Wind rose during a typical summer day (generated by grasshopper).

Figure 7.17. Comapre the ventlation preformance in typical summer day (TAS).

Figure 7.18. Ventlation preformance for the current scenario (generated by Obtivent).

Figure 7.17. Comapre the ventlation preformance in typical summer day(TAS).

Figure 8. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

Figure 8.1. Electricity savings done by each strategy.

Figure 9. GTZ, 2004. Urban Development Project. 1 ed. Shibam: 2007 Award Cycle.

106

APPENDIX

107

108

DF

109

DA

ASE

Scenario 1

SED

Ev Solstice Summer

Ev Equinox

Scenario 1

Ev Solstice winter

110

DF

111

DA

ASE

Scenario 2

SED

Ev Solstice Summer

Ev Equinox

Scenario 2

Ev Solstice winter

112

DF

113

DA

ASE

Scenario 3

SED

Ev Solstice Summer

Ev Equinox

Scenario 3

Ev Solstice winter

114

DF

115

DA

ASE

Scenario 4

SED

Ev Solstice Summer

Ev Equinox

Scenario 4

Ev Solstice winter

116

TEST 1 DGP 55%

DGP 38%

DGP 35%

DGP 35%

DGP 28%

117

TEST 2

TEST 3

TEST 4

Ev Solstice Summer 08:00

10:00

12:00

14:00

12:00

14:00

12:00

14:00

16:00

Ev Equinox 08:00

10:00

16:00

Ev Solstice winter 08:00

10:00

Current Scenario

16:00

118

ASE %

Level 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

Room Living room 2 Hallway Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Kitchen Hallway Stairs 3rd floor Stairs 2nd floor Bedroom 1 Living room 1 Hallway Toilet Stairs 1st floor East Storages West Storages Stairs Ground floor East Storages & shop West Storages

Scenario Scenario Scenario 4 3 2 Scenario 1 10.8 10.8 10.7 11.2 25.6 28.3 23.8 42.4 6.8 9.3 9.3 18.3 11.5 35.5 27.9 47.9 0.3 24.2 24.2 29.4 1.8 3 1.4 2.1 0 0 0 0 3.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 2.3 8.1 8.1 15.9 5 30 27.8 51.1 0 1.1 0.5 3 0 30.7 30.7 30.7 1.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 7.9 7.9 7.9 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 11.6 29.4 29.4 29.4 0.3 2.1 2.1 2.1

DA %

Level 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

119

Room Living room 2 Hallway Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Kitchen Hallway Stairs 3rd floor Stairs 2nd floor Bedroom 1 Living room 1 Hallway Toilet Stairs 1st floor East Storages West Storages Stairs Ground floor East Storages & shop West Storages

Scenario 4 87 56 86.3 90 8.3 87.1 0 100 42.4 87.7 62.8 10.5 46.4 92.6 2.4 37.1 36.3 22.5

Scenario 3 95 61 90 99 99.8 98.6 38 100 99.6 100 98.6 99.6 98.3 93.9 21.8 100 80.4 46.7

Scenario 2 95 55.9 80 90 78.4 53.9 11 100 98.7 100 88.5 99.6 98.3 93.9 21.6 100 81.4 47

Scenario 1 95 72.8 96 100 80.4 55.4 52.6 100 99.6 100 100 99.6 98.3 93.9 21.8 100 80.4 55.4

SED kWh m2

Level 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor Ground floor

LE

Room Living room 2 Hallway Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Kitchen Hallway Stairs 3rd floor Stairs 2nd floor Bedroom 1 Living room 1 Hallway Toilet Stairs 1st floor East Storages West Storages Stairs Ground floor East Storages & shop West Storages

Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario 3 2 1 4 72.54 95.4 71.46 209.32 55.65 58.49 57.32 63.11 31.78 61 49.19 135.65 53.71 113.44 91.09 219.51 6.53 73.02 73.21 76.06 15.67 31.76 23.9 51.92 0.97 3.02 1.94 3.81 17.806 41.732 39.166 46.228 18.48 49.65 44.25 122.44 31.26 99.16 78.8 227.34 7.9 23.41 17.96 37.5 3.36 85.81 83.97 85.35 7.01 32.008 31.034 33.956 10.02 51.09 47.35 47.48 2.9 9.71 9.62 9.65 3.508 24.528 24.712 24.396 47.98 170.11 170.4 169.25 6.09 21.56 21.25 21.2 21.84244 58.04989 52.03456 88.00944

(kWh)

Level 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

Room Living room 2 Hallway Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Kitchen Hallway Stairs 3rd floor Stairs 2nd floor Bedroom 1 Living room 1 Hallway Toilet Stairs 1st floor East Storages West Storages Stairs Ground floor East Storages & shop West Storages

Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario 4 3 2 1 542.4 499.3 526.4 360.3 105.4 110.2 108.4 105.4 80.3 49.1 44.7 48.8 117.3 117.7 104.7 99.6 525.7 90.4 79.8 105 173.9 52.6 70 842.4 124.8 123.3 124.8 124.8 168 49.4 55.9 47.5 80.3 52.9 48.4 47.2 117.3 114.5 137.2 105.1 525.7 76.4 151 64.6 173.9 52.2 49.5 44.6 124.8 93.7 96 97.4 168 107.4 112.9 106.1 206.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 211.2 46.3 49.2 47.6 501 126.9 131 105 1012 844.4 844.1 842.4

120

DF%

Level 4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor

Ground floor

121

Room Living room 2 Hallway Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Kitchen Hallway Stairs 3rd floor Stairs 2nd floor Bedroom 1 Living room 1 Hallway Toilet Stairs 1st floor East Storages West Storages Stairs Ground floor East Storages & shop West Storages

Scenario Scenario 3 Scenario 2 Scenario 1 4 1.48 1.82 1.58 1.15 1.19 1.22 0.78 1.26 1.16 1.18 2.43 2.22 0.09 1.21 1.21 0.3 0.6 0.51 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.252 0.75 0.676 0.47 1.09 1.05 0.52 1.77 1.65 0.15 0.44 0.39 0.04 1.43 1.43 0.072 0.616 0.588 0.09 0.58 0.59 0.05 0.16 0.15 0.016 0.424 0.44 0.84 3.78 3.74 0.1 0.45 0.44

4.74 1.26 3.52 4.65 1.25 1.03 0.02 0.754 3.15 4.85 0.76 1.44 0.754 0.57 0.15 0.436 3.74 0.43

compare the Senarios in trem of avrage illuminance (EV) summer Solstice Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

compare the Senarios in trem of avrage illuminance (EV) winter Solstice

Scenario 4

4th floor

4th floor

Scenario 1

Living room 2 Stairs 3rd floor

3rd floor

3rd floor

Bedroom 3

Hallway Living room 2

Kitchen Bedroom 3 Bedroom 2

Toilet

Toilet

Hallway

Hallway 2nd floor

2nd floor

Scenario 4

Hallway

Kitchen

Bedroom 2

Living room 1 Bedroom 1 Stairs 2nd floor

Living room 1 Bedroom 1 Stairs 2nd floor

West Storages

West Storages 1st floor

1st floor

Scenario 3

Stairs 3rd floor

Hallway

East Storages Stairs 1st floor West Storages

Ground floor

Ground floor

Scenario 2

Hallway

East Storages & shop Stairs Ground floor 0.0

1000.0

2000.0

3000.0

Lux

4000.0

5000.0

East Storages Stairs 1st floor West Storages East Storages & shop Stairs Ground floor 0.0

1000.0

2000.0

3000.0

4000.0

5000.0

Lux

122

Winter

Winter with context

123

Summer

Summer with context

124

Actual building height Actual building height Summer Summer

winter winter

Actual building height Summer 3 stories height

3 stories height

4 stories height

4 stories height

125

winter

Actual building height Summer Summer

winter winter

5 stories height Summer

winter

6 stories height

6 stories height

7 stories height

7 stories height

126

Actual building height Summer

winter

Actual building height Summer 3 stories height

3 stories height

4 stories height

4 stories height

127

winter

Actual building height Summer

winter

5 stories height Summer

winter

6 stories height

6 stories height

7 stories height

128

01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00

Temperature (°C) 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00

Temperature (°C)

Compare the Scenarios internal Temperature (°C) during the coldest week

44

42

40

38

129 36

34

32

30

28

External Temperature (°C)

External Temperature (°C) Scenario 1

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

Scenario 2 Scenario 3

Scenario 3 Scenario 4

Scenario 4 Scenario 5

Scenario 5

bbfsdss Resultant Temp (°C)

Compare the Scenarios internal Temperature (°C) during the coldest week

33

30.5

28

25.5

23

20.5

18

15.5

13

10.5

8

adjacent street to Scenario 4&5

130