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U RBAN PLAN N I N G A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF OUR CITY
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:
u r b a n p l a n n i n g , Copyright © 2010 by Lehu Zhang. Manufactured in the United
State. All rights reserved.No other part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any eectronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. For more excellent books and resources for designers, vist www.moko.cc/zhanglehu
Distributed in the USA by Academy of Art University
Zhang, Lehu.
79 New Montgomery Street
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ISBN 978 - 1 - 60016 - 321 - 0
Tel : (415) 274-2208, Fax : (415) 618 - 6278
201006040
:
u r b a n p l a n n i n g / Lehu Zhang. –– 1st ed.
To C h e n Wa n g , m y e x - g i r l , for helping me understand what the love is.
To m y g r a n d f a t h e r, S h e n l i e Wa n g , for helping me understand what the morality is. May you rest in peace.
TABLE of CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
01
DAY 1 : OUR CURRENT CITY
05
DAY 2 : NEW CITY PERSPECTIVE
19
DAY 3 : FUTURE SKY CITY
39
COLOPHON
45
PAGE 01
SKY CITY?
INTRODUCTION
SKY? SKY? FOR WHAT? BUILDING
ARCHITECTES
THIS BOOK WILL INTRODUCE A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF OUR CURRENT URBAN PLANNING. CITY CONSTURCTURE
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 1
PAGE 02
CAN WE LIVE IN SKY? CURRENTLY, SOME COUNTRIES ARE STRUGGLING WITH THE LARGE AMOUNT POPULATION AND THE LACK OF THE LAND SPACE. CITY PLANNERS ARE KEEP EXPANDING THE CITY “HORIZONTAL”. BASED ON THIS SITUATION, SOME ARCHIETECTES ARGUE THAT WHY WE CAN’T BUILD OUR CITY VERITICAL. BY THAT WAY WE CAN SHARE MORE SKY SPACE, NOT LAND SPACE. THAT’S THE MAIN CONCEPT OF THIS BOOK, THIS CONCERT, AND OUR FUTURE LIFE.
PAGE 03
UP : URBAN PLANNING
INTRO
LET’S GO TO SKY
PAGE 04
DAY 1
BEIJING, CHINA
OUR CURRENT CITY
SAN FRANCISCO, USA BUILDING
ARCHITECTES
Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally. CITY CONSTURCTURE
PAGE 07
OUR CITY LANDSCAPE This take on the decaying quality of life in major U.S. cities makes it all so simple - overpopulation is the root cause, because the carrying capacity is being exceeded. Please look at a table of the world’s countries listing population density versus quality of life defined by UN criteria: No correlation. For example, the Netherlands has more than ten times as many people per square kilometer than the U.S. yet the Netherlands has a higher quality of life, less pollution and far less poverty. Our carrying capacity is determined by an unsustainable mode of production and consumption, consumerism run amok, under the protective watch of the greatest machinery of mass murder the world has ever known, itself a colossal waste of energy and resources. Unless this American way of living is changed radically, we and the rest of the world will all face global warming ecocatastrophe by 2050 if not sooner. Blaming our unsustainable way of life on too many people is an explanation so user friendly to the ruling elites of global corporate capitalism especially our own military industrial complex. This born-again Mathusianism is simply a service to antiimmigrant racism and to a revival of fascist eugenics, offering no solutions to creating more livable U.S. cities.
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 1
PAGE 08
Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.
PAGE 09 As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging population Agnit aut quid moluptatur,
BEIJING CHINA
consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of
CURRENT SITUATION
elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
BEIJING, CHINA
OVER POPULATION
The dramatic fertility decline and improved longevity over the past two decades are causing China’s population to age at one of the fastest rates ever recorded, accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of chronic disease and disability in the population. Meeting the health and long-term care needs of this growing elderly population will result in soaring health care costs—and with a shrinking working-age population to help pay the bill. Indeed, the challenge of paying for health care in China is immense, especially since the Chinese health care system has already experienced large increases in overall costs and greater private expenditure since shifting to a market-oriented system in the early 1980s. But while China is not prepared to meet the health needs of its growing elderly population, its government has recognized these challenges and is starting to develop a comprehensive response. As a first step, Chinese health officials have implemented various chronic-disease prevention programs at the national level. They are also starting to set up long-term care delivery systems for the elderly. But while China’s economy continues to grow rapidly, whether it will be able to allocate enough income to meet these rising health care costs remains as a major concern.
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 1
OVER POPULATION
PAGE 10
PAGE 11
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
demographic trends endanger the chinese health care system
BEIJING CHINA The rate of increase in health care costs has already exceeded the growth of the national economy and individual earnings. Long-term care for the elderly, traditionally provided at home in China by adult children (especially by daughters-in-law), will become increasingly less feasible in coming decades when parents of the first generation of the one-child policy start reaching old age and retiring. These singletons will face the need to care for two parents and often four grandparents without siblings with whom to share the responsibility, a problem sometimes referred to in China as the “4-2-1 problem.” And the macro-level outlook for health care spending is no better. While the number of elderly in the population who require care is growing, the size of the working-age population (who pay much of the health care costs) is shrinking. The elderly-support ratio—the working-age adult (ages 15 to 64) per number of elderly (age 65 and above)—is projected to decline drastically, from 9 persons to 2.5 persons by 2050. This demographic shift is troublesome for a health care system that already faces a number of challenges—most important of which is the rapid increase in overall costs and in private health care spending. The health care system in China—once regarded as exemplary for low-income agrarian societies—has degenerated considerably in access since the early 1980s at the same time as its costs have soared. A system that relied heavily on public subsidies and provided egalitarian access to basic health care has shifted to a market-oriented system that relies heavily on private funding and is characterized by excessive usage fees.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Now, rising out-of-pocket costs prevent many Chinese from seeking early care and have resulted in wide disparities in health care access, particularly between urban and rural areas. These trends are of particular concern to the elderly, who likely have higher health care needs yet less means to afford that care, and who also make up larger proportion of the rural population than the younger population.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
DAY 1
PAGE 12
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
UP : URBAN PLANNING
1975
1985
2010
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
PAGE 13
The Chinese government has only recently acknowledged the consequences of rapid population aging and has started to address them in various policies and programs: Strategies for long-term care. Though public funding for the long-term care of the elderly in China is still limited, the Chinese government has started to allocate more funding in this area. At the same time, new opportunities for entrepreneurship in the health service industry have opened — a result of China’s social-welfare reform in the 1990s, which decentralized government-funded welfare institutions and significantly reduced their government financing. Today, an increasing number of private elder homes as well as the country ’s former government-sponsored elder homes
public health responses to population aging
(which used to be reserved exclusively for elderly with no children and no other means of support) are providing an alternative to familial elder care. However, these facilities are still small in number, of varying standards, and are often too expensive for many elderly and their families. Community-based long-term care services for the elderly in China—both informal and local government-supported—have also begun to emerge, especially in urban areas. These efforts are serving various needs of the elderly and their family caregivers, including daily care, home maintenance, and information and referral services. The lack of a trained workforce in caregiving to elderly is an important issue facing China’s long-term care delivery system. Some local government agencies (such as the labor union and the department of health) are training laid-off workers to work in long-term care—but these training programs are short and cover only limited basic caregiving skills. Some observers are calling for more knowledge-based training programs that offer a broader range of caregiving skills. Besides long-term care, the government has plans to develop geriatric medical training at an undergraduate level and to establish more geriatric units to increase the country ’s capacity to address the specific health care needs of the elderly. Strategies for primary and secondary prevention. China’s ministry of health has also been addressing chronic disease prevention and control. In 2002, for instance, it established the National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention to oversee efforts at the national level; the same year, it unveiled the Disease Surveillance Points System, a national resource for chronic disease surveillance.
[ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ]
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 1
PAGE 14
The ministry is also working to develop the first long-term (from 2005 to 2015) comprehensive national plan for chronic disease control and prevention in cooperation with relevant sectors and supported by the World Health Organization ( WHO). Reducing adult male smoking, hypertension, overweight and obesity, and building capacity for chronic disease control are among the plan’s highest priorities. Programs
targeted
toward
specific
diseases
have
also
increased. These efforts include a community-based intervention on management of hypertension and diabetes conducted in three cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Changsha) between 1991 and 2000; a national cancer control plan, the Program of Cancer Prevention and Control in China; and ratification of the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control. Furthermore, to prevent chronic disease at early ages, projects to improve nutrition and health status have been undertaken. These projects are focused mainly on primary schools and have achieved encouraging reductions ( by as much as 30 percent in one year in one example) in the prevalence of childhood obesity.
ARCHITECTES
CITY CONSTURCTURE
>>>>>>>>
Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.
PAGE 15
ARCHITECTES
Otae est faces exerion pa destem. Namusam dictate es ducipitatur aut quia nossit eum fugia peremolum dolor solupta speditamusam lab iscil eaquame niaecumquam es remporeror officimet asperup ienit, sim adignimi, cuptionet, sit ut facea del ipietur sinvelluptas accum fugitatur veliquam la ad ma dolessum audit vid quatempos archit, is illiquas modiaer umquiae caborentio. fugitiorem cus sum faceat omnis nis ipidign impore voluptae etum qui sequi ad
CITY CONSTURCTURE
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
4-2-1 PROBLEM
The challenges of population aging are daunting for any country, but especially so for China. Unlike developed countries where economic development preceded population aging, China faces the massive demands of population aging at one of the fastest rates ever and while its economy is still not fully developed—hence, without the funds necessary to address the demands. China’s dilemma is how to allocate resources among competing needs of various sectors while still continuing its economic growth. In addition to the 4-2-1 problem, trends in both the female labor-force participation and the sex ratio of young Chinese may well create additional issues for a society which traditionally has left elder care to its women, especially daughters-inlaw. The labor-force participation among young Chinese women is very high and could affect the informal provision of long-term care in the coming decades. The sex ratio at birth for the young cohorts born after China’s one-child policy is highly skewed toward boys, potentially creating a future deficit of daughters-in-law as elder caregivers.
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 1
PAGE 16
OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE
quae omnis uta dus, occulparum ni blab ipsa veni num illaboreBis doloreptatet plignis di cum intis acipsun tincto omnisque cusda nosam exeritiis e nis aboriti is alibus ari voluptatur? Liquis et liquias a con reperrupta accus perum vollabo. Et r imus exero modis sint, commolore con consero ipsus veriat. Ehenis ulparumquis molorrorem qui se odignat ionsero ent, quiae volo verio. Rit eosapit iiscimus. Occuptatur aut eiunt pos dolorem porrovit eum faccabo rescipi ciumqua spelest iustrum qui ut id ulparum labor maior alisimpernat dem sitas eatempos qui dolupti squaspi dusdantia as untion re nis poreius que consedi sinisit ilit ad magnamene nonseque molorum eos ea sentium
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated tility, stemming the epidemic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social
and
economic
development.
Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s continued social and economic development and stability.
>>>>
by further declines in mortality and fer-
PAGE 17
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 1
PAGE 18
As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging
moluptatur, consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Agnit aut quid
OUR CURRENT CITY BLUEPRINT
population
Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.
As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child� policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging population Agnit aut quid moluptatur, consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.s projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
VERTICAL ?
DAY 2
NEW CITY PERSPECTIVE
HORIZONTAL?
ARCHITECTES
HOW CAN WE EXPAND OUR CITY VERTICAL? SHARE MORE SKY SPACE? BUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
PAGE 21
UP : URBAN PLANNING
INTRO
PAGE 22
CITY
NEW CITY PERSPECTIVE While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated by further declines in mortality and fertility, stemming the epidemic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social and economic development. Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s continued social and economic development and stability.
PAGE 23
While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated by further declines in mortality and fertility, stemming the epidemic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social and economic development. Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s continued social and economic development and stability.
As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging population Agnit aut quid moluptatur, consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 2
THE SKY CITY The architects Xavier Pios and Maria Rosa Servera, a husband and a wife, had been looking for a suitable country to implement their project called “Virtual Bionic Tower City� - an urban development project to house 100,000 people. Finally, China expressed its interest in the unusual undertaking. The designers believe that a 300-storey building can be completed in some 15 years. The skyscraper will be erected in the center of an artificial island designed to absorb the underground vibrations. The tower will contain 12 vertical blocks; each block is supposed to have a lake surrounded by a garden. Aside from being an apartment complex, it also has a number of stores, kindergartens, beauty parlors, entertainment facilities, parks, ponds, and other facilities for the daily use of the city residents.Similar futuristic skyscrapers have been designed by a Japanese company Takenaka Corporation. Sky City 1000 is a thousand meters high, Holonic Tower is six hundred meters in height.
PAGE 24
REMAKES OF METROPOLIS
PAGE 25
The Chinese and Japanese
The model implies stratifica-
tend to pass over the major-
tion of all residents into the
ity of psychological aspects
usual three social groups. The
of living in tower cities be-
poor will belong to the bottom
cause the issues relating to
levels, the middle class will oc-
overpopulation are sensitive
cupy the middle part, and the
to the both countries. Mean-
rich will live up in the clouds.
while, the human being is an earthling which is more used to
horizontal
movements.
Some residents of the modern skyscrapers already feel a particular discomfort due to day-by-day life “high above the ground.� Engineers, artists and architects from various parts of the globe joined forces for the development of a city of the future. They set up a foundation called Dynamic City. Dynamic City is based in Beijing. Its goal is to try and come up with designs to alleviate the problems relating to his heavily populated city. Specialists build the mockups of a future Beijing comprising seven huge towers connected with bridges at the different levels.
However,
residents
of
the
cheap bottom levels will definitely feel the lack of plain sunshine while the rich might feel ill at ease due to their life in midair. Living in a super tall skyscraper can be pleasant. But there are some inconveniences as well. We should not forget that a psychological impact of a high-altitude life on the human being remains to be seen. The point is that the architects themselves are not so happy about their own concept of the future city. The mock-up of the city would perfectly meet the market requirements, the city would be a great place for the producers and consumers. However, it would hardly satisfy the harmonious and free.
As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging population Agnit aut quid moluptatur, consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
UP : URBAN PLANNING DAY 2 PAGE 26
While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated by further declines in mortality and fertility, stemming the epidemic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social and economic development. Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s continued social and economic development and stability.
PAGE 27
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 2
“As a former psychiatric nurse, now with two years’ experience inside city government, I am uniquely able to contribute to resolving some of the systemic dysfunctions that lead to tragic outcomes in our community, particularly for people of color and people experiencing mental illnesses.”
She seems to be touting the Office of Equity as her reason to continue as commissioner. The rationale of such an office is suspect, but commissioners ought to be representing Portland - not one segment. When she starts campaigning maybe we will see some substance - some reason that those who pay taxes can vote for her. One wonders about those who get to the point where they run for political office. She has already sacrificed her principles on seeking campaign funds. What will she give up in exchange for the financing?
PAGE 28
URBAN PLANNING
ARCHITECTES
BUILDING
The architects Xavier Pios and Maria Rosa Servera, a husband and a wife, had been looking for a suitable country to implement their project called “Virtual Bionic Tower City �.
CITY CONSTURCTURE
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PAGE 29
>>
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 2
PAGE 30
ARCHITECTES
BUILDING
MARIA ROSA SERVERA
XAVIER PLOS
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
CITY CONSTURCTURE
Urban, city, and town planning integrates land use planning and transportation
planning
to
improve the built, economic and social environments of communities. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level. Urban planning can include urban renewal, by adapting urban planning methods to existing
cities
suffering
from
decay and lack of investment. Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems. The density of an urban environment increases traffic, which can harm businesses and increase pollution unless properly managed. Parking space for private vehicles requires the construction of large parking garages in high density areas. This space could often be more valuable for other development. Good planning uses transit oriented development, which attempts to place higher densities of jobs or residents near high-volume transportation. dwellings and parks farther away.
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PAGE 31
ARCHITECTES
MARIA ROSA SERVERA
XAVIER PLOS
ARCHITECTS
BUILDING
ARCHITECTES
>>>>>>>>>>>>
The architects Xavier Pios and Maria Rosa Servera,
a husband and a wife, had been looking for a suitable
country to implement their project called “ Virtual
Bionic Tower City ” -
CITY CONSTURCTURE
TADAO ANDO
ARCHITECTES
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 2
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Tadao Ando’s body of work is known for the creative use of natural light and for architectures that follow the natural forms of the landscape (rather than disturbing the landscape by making it conform to the constructed space of a building). The architect’s buildings are often characterized by complex three-dimensional circulation paths. These paths interweave between interior and exterior spaces formed both inside large-scale geometric shapes and in the spaces between them. Ando’s housing complex at Rokko, just outside Kobe, is a complex warren of terraces and balconies and atriums and shafts. The designs for Rokko Housing One (1983) and for Rokko Housing Two (1993) illustrate a range of issues in the traditional architectural vocabulary—the interplay of solid and void, the alternatives of open and closed, the contrasts of light and darkness. More significantly, Ando’s noteworthy achievement in these clustered buildings is site specific— the structures survived undamaged after the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger argues convincingly that “Ando is right in the Japanese tradition: spareness has always been a part of Japanese architecture, at least since the 16th century; [and] it is not without reason that Frank Lloyd Wright more freely admitted to the influences of Japanese architecture than of anything American.” Like, Wright’s Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, which did survive the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, site specific decision-making, anticipates seismic activity in Ando’s several Hyōgo-Awaji buildings.
PAGE 32
Sky City was a discount store
chain based in Asheville, North
there had previously been no com-
petition except for Rose’s Depart-
ment Store. In 1991 Interco, Inc.
sold Sky City Stores, Inc. to a
group of investors, headed by Har-
vey Yellen, Sky City Stores’ chief
executive officer, for an undis-
closed figure. The investment
group formed a new company, Sky
City Holding Corp.
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PAGE 33
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UP : URBAN PLANNING DAY 2 PAGE 36
,
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a
and
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PAGE 35
or
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if
Tokyo, which did survive the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, site
to
ture than of anything American.” Like, Wright’s Imperial Hotel in
pain,
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proposed
communion
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argues convincingly that “Ando is right in the Japanese tradition:
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belief
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concept
lary—the interplay of solid and void, the alternatives of open and
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illustrate a range of issues in the traditional architectural vocabu-
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depicted
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mind.
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crete house completed in 1976, is an early Ando work which began to
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SHARE MORE SKY SPACE
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VERTICAL !
DAYFUTURE3 SKY CITY DREAMMY CITY BUILDING
ARCHITECTES
WHAT DOES OUR FUTURE CITY LOOK LIKE? IN THE CLOUD?
CITY CONSTURCTURE
Pes, quam hortu verum alis, ciam in abemuni hilicien teme caessup plisse o et, no. Vivit, nihil utAlem ut cones? Ad adhum voctabe facessolutem istem tum sed inte ditus antrum orivirm issenit. Atilibus pulvilibus, deffrentem prebenti, desissoltus.Vala rem vis? que essendit; C. Oc, nondacide in tum in vis ori involus tentem simpotante aperitrum int, cupiceror in videm quod condete, or ant? ineque prortes auroximmo te pes! To con intem
DAY 2
PAGE 42
SKY
UP : URBAN PLANNING
and A proposed
the
Buddhist if
concept we Owen
that in
belief Robert
as communion
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PAGE 43
In
Hinduism
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or
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UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 2
PAGE 44
their a utopian
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attempt;
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
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them;
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The challenges of population
labor-force participation and the sex ratio of young Chinese may
well
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one-child skewed
policy
toward
is
boys,
potentially creating a future deficit of daughters-in-law as elder caregivers.
in
totake
of
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especially
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postulate
UP : URBAN PLANNING
DAY 2
PAGE 46
PAP E R
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Tungsten Semi Bold C h r o n i c a l Te x t G 1 R o m a n
P RI NTE R I NK B I NDI NG
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COLOPHON DES I GNE R I N STRUCTOR CLAS S P R OJE CT
Lehu Zhang A r i a l G r e y, A c a d e m y o f A r t U n i v e r s i t y, Graphic Design Department Typography 4, Spring 2011 Conference