We are thrilled to present the 4th edition of Hubble!
I am so proud of the hard work and creativity put into every single page of the magazine by the Hubble Team. From the though-provoking articles to the fun interactive pages, every aspect of this magazine was crafted with detail.
This edition features a range of new and exciting pages (a cookbook with crystal recipes and sticker pages!) with an innovative format, to bring more excitement, entertainment, inspiration and interest in the magazine. This magazine aims wholly provide fresh and engaging perspectives on STEM subjects!
I would also like to thank everyone from the team, who dedicated their time and passion to work for this magazine to be published. Without their creativity, passion, and expertise, this magazine would not be possible. I would also like to thank writers outside of the team who contributed to giving information through this magazine and the founder, who is always ready to support us in any way we need it!
Kritvi Kalani EDITOR IN CHIEF
As the future Editor-in-Chief of the magazine, I am thrilled to see the level of excellence that we have achieved in this edition. The content is engaging, informative, and inspiring - a true reflection of our commitment to showcasing the best of STEM.
I want to thank each and every one of the team members for your contributions, whether it was writing, editing, designing, or promoting the magazine. It is through your collective effort that we have been able to create a publication that is not only informative but also visually appealing and engaging.
I look forward to continuing this tradition of excellence in the future editions of our magazine as we strive to inspire the next generation of STEM enthusiasts.
Arav Srivastava FUTURE EDITOR IN CHIEF
Fun Fact: Hubble the STEM Magazine is actually based off of Hubble the Space Telescope. We already know that the magazine is the best but let’s see how impactful and great Hubble really was? Hubble the Space Telescope is one of the most iconic and important scientific instruments ever created. Launched in 1990, Hubble has revolutionised our understanding of the universe and transformed our view of the cosmos.
The Hubble Space Telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, the astronomer who first discovered that the universe is expanding. The idea for a space-based telescope was first proposed in the 1940s, but it was not until the 1970s that the project gained momentum. In 1977, NASA announced ambitious plans to build a large space telescope that would be able to observe the universe in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light and on April 24, 1990, The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery.
The Hubble Space Telescope has been a transformative scientific instrument, enabling us to observe and study the universe in ways that were previously impossible. One of the key advantages of the Hubble is its position above the Earth's atmosphere, which allows it to observe the cosmos with unparalleled clarity. The Hubble has also been able to capture images of deep space that are simply breathtaking,
by Arav Srivastavaincluding the famous Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, which shows thousands of galaxies that are billions of light-years away from Earth.
The Hubble has also been instrumental in our understanding of black holes, which are some of the most enigmatic and mysterious objects in the universe. By observing the behavior of stars and gas around black holes, Hubble has been able to study their properties and help us understand their effects on the surrounding space. The
Hubble has also played a key role in the study of the form observe galaxies at various stages of development and stu
The Hubble has also had to contend with the challenges o extreme temperatures and radiation The Hubble is equip including cameras, spectrographs, and other detectors, w properly. In addition, the Hubble is constantly bombarde damage to its sensitive electronics.
In spite of these challenges, the Hubble Space Telescope h providing us with a wealth of scientific data and captivati Hubble has undergone several servicing missions, during repair and upgrade its instruments The last servicing mi planned to send another mission to service the telescope.
mation and evolution of galaxies, allowing us to udy their properties in detail.
of operating in space, including exposure to pped with a number of advanced instruments, which must be kept cool in order to function ed by high-energy particles, which can cause
has continued to operate for over 30 years, ng images of the universe. Over the years, the g which astronauts have visited the telescope to ssion was in 2009, and it is not currently .
Looking to the future, the Hubble Space Telescope will continue to play a critical role in our understanding of the universe, but it is also approaching the end of its operational life With The James Webb Telescope initialisation in late 2021, Hubble is now dethroned as the largest and most powerful telescope in the world.
Despite the emergence of new technologies and instruments, the Hubble Space Telescope will always hold a special place in the history of space exploration. Over the past three decades, the Hubble has captured the imagination of people around the world, inspiring countless scientists and non-scientists alike to wonder about the mysteries of the universe. Hubble has also helped to cement the importance of spacebased observatories in the scientific community, and it has paved the way for future missions that will continue to push the boundaries of what we can learn about the cosmos.
In conclusion, the Hubble Space Telescope has been a remarkable scientific instrument, revolutionizing our understanding of the universe and transforming our view of the cosmos. Despite the challenges it has faced over the years, the Hubble has continued to operate for over 30 years, providing us with a wealth of scientific data and captivating images of the universe. As the Hubble approaches the end of its operational life, it will continue to play a critical role in our understanding of the cosmos, and it will always hold a special place in the history of space exploration.
The Exploration of Mathematics Application by Kritvi
You know how exasperating it is to be stuck in traffic when you have to reach your workplace, school or an important meeting! The perturbation of stopping and then moving slowly repetitively in a single lane road is inconvenient and tiresome. Can this traffic problem be solved, Mathematically?
Mathematical modelling can help deal with physical real-life problems using some variables and conditions. Mathematical modelling is a step by step process.
To create the model, it is essential to look at factors affecting the problem. From the perspective of a driver, acceleration and braking is what they can control. Some of the many factors include changing the speed of the car according to:
The speed of the car in front
3.
4.
The conditions of the road. The call to stop from the police. The distance between the car and the car in front.
with The problem here is the function of single lane roads. In these roads, if the car in front slows down or stops, there will be an oscillation in the cars behind as they start slowing down and then gaining speed again The oscillation can gradually increase, breaking the flow of the traffic and increasing the chances of accidents.
To create a pragmatic and reasonable model, we can reflect on the 1st and the 4th factor from the ones listed above. A model cannot include all factors because incorporating each factor mathematically is extremely complicated and somewhat unrealistic.
Imagine a road with cars. Now, to be accurate and to focus on the variables we have chosen, we need to make assumptions about things that have to be the same on the road. For example, we can assume that the length and mass of all cars is the same, the cars do not pass or overtake, the response time for each car is the same and the car behind is more than the length of one car away from the car in front.
With all the knowledge and information, we can start by forming the first microscopic model. To do so, we have to focus on the breaking force of each car. Newton's second law of motion states that force = mass x acceleration. From this law, we know that the breaking force is equal to mass (m) x acceleration of the car To derive what this formula is equal to, we need to incorporate the 2 variables we are focusing on: the distance between the cars and the relative velocity. As the relative velocity of the car ahead increases, the acceleration will increase and as the distance from the car ahead decreases, the acceleration will increase. Let’s take xn as any specific car in the sequence of cars on the road Using the breaking force as the difference between the velocities of 2 cars (xn and xn-1) divided by the difference between the distances of 2 cars (xn and xn-1) shows that the velocity and the acceleration are directly proportional while the distance and acceleration are inversely proportional to each other. This also means that if the distance between the 2 cars is high, the car’s braking force could be lower but if the cars are extremely close to each other, the car behind would have to press the brake faster It is also important to have a constant for the equation, let’s take that as A.
As for now, we have this model:
m x a = A[(xn - xn-1)/(xn - xn-1)]
Where m is the mass, a is the acceleration, A is the constant, xn as the car position on the single lane.
This microscopic model for one car is not complete yet. This is because other factors like the reaction/ response time of a driver comes into play. The driver cannot brake the car instantly after the car in front starts slowing down or brakes. This is why, we need to add another variable for reaction time in the equation (t).
This is what the revised model would look like:
m x (a + t) = A[(xn - xn-1)/(xn - xn-1)]
Step 5:
Evaluate the model.
The model can be assessed by focusing on cars and their displacements with time graphically. Assessing these displacements, we can find intersecting points that can help present the reason for accidents and even predict accidents.
ScienceArtificial gravity is a theory which has the potential to boost astronomy to new heights. Imagine living in a hotel, but no ordinary one. Imagine a hotel in space, where you look outside and see celestial bodies more astonishing than anything you have ever witnessed. That is the idea of space tourism, and it can become a booming industry with artificial gravity Moreover, the space exploration field will have benefits too. Currently, astronauts face a lot of health issues due to microgravity (or almost zero gravity). For example, they can lose up to 20% of their muscle mass in a week, and lose 1.5% of their bone mass in a month. They can suffer from heart problems, like atrophy, which would further cause a lack of oxygen to their brains All of this can be stopped with artificial gravity; the astronauts will be able to do their jobs for longer, with a more improved health. Moreover, more people would consider becoming an astronaut as a viable career option, with fewer and fewer risks to their health and lives. gravity.
Traffic modelling can help in advancements for a better traffic flow and safer traffic conditions. More mathematical models like this help model behavior of physical situations to understand implications, make more predictions and come up with solutions for real-life problems.
So, artificial gravity has large-scale implications; we know generate artificial gravity? In this article, I will share thre absurd) that are or were in consideration, to create artific
Using linear acceleration is a way to simulate a force, cannot be differentiated, according to Albert Einstein’s spacecraft has an acceleration the same as that on Earth 9.81 m/s^2), then the objects and astronauts inside the s thing happens in elevators. When you go inside an eleva force towards the bottom of the elevator. When the elevat a pull towards the elevator’s ceiling The same happen acceleration creates a constant force towards the botto gravity, because that is also just a force.
However, there are multiple problems in creating a pro need another source of energy to power rockets, becaus We could use electromagnetic thrusters, but with our cur energy required by that either. Secondly, if the rocket speed of light, which is the limit of acceleration. Right scenario, will gravity stop after that?
Therefore, although linear acceleration is a viable idea, it take huge advancements in our current technology to ove
Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets, to attract and repel certain objects. It turns out that living tissues are diamagnetic, which means that they can be magnetised in the presence of a magnetic field, the way iron gets magnetised in a magnetic field. Moreover, in the past, magnets have been used to levitate smaller organisms, like frogs. So, although it would require immensely strong magnets, using magnets to simulate artificial gravity may be possible. Other than the obvious drawback of costs, it also comes with multiple health risks, like severely affecting our blood flow. However, if used in controlled conditions, it has the potential to provide us with lunar/Martian gravity without many healthrelated consequences. So, although it may seem impractical, it is a potential theory that could be used.
w that. The question is, what are the possible ways to ee proposed methods (one of them may sound cial like the gravitational force. Acceleration and gravity s ‘Theory of Special Relativity’ written in 1905 If a (we are constantly accelerating towards our planet at spacecraft will feel as if they are on Earth. The same tor, and it starts to move upwards, you feel a sudden tor changes direction and moves downwards, you feel s in roller coasters This shows that constant linear om of the vehicle, and this can be used to simulate
Centrifugal force is a force that is applied in a rotating body. It pushes the objects away from the centre, creating a force towards the circumference of the torus. Multiple experiments have been done on the Earth to demonstrate this as well For example, NASA created a torus with a man standing on the circumference of it, and when it rotated, the man could walk normally. There are two designs that may be used to incorporate centrifugal force in a spacecraft:
1.
2.
oduct out of this idea. Firstly, to accomplish this, we e too much rocket fuel will be required to do the job rrent technology, we are nowhere near the amount of accelerates continuously, one day, it will reach the now, that is impossible to do, but in a hypothetical
t has multiple limitations attached to it, and these will ercome.
O’Neill Cylinder - Two cylinders parallel to each other, rotating in opposite directions to stay focused on one aim
So, centrifugal force could be used to create artificial gravity, and it is arguably the most plausible one yet However, it has many problems.
Firstly, the required size of the structure will be massive, and it is not possible for us to construct it with our current resources. We will need the torus to have a huge radius, because to change the magnitude of the centrifugal force to match that of the Earth’s gravity, we can either increase the rotations per minute (RPM) of the torus and keep its radius small, or increase its radius and keep the RPM low. However, a low radius will be extremely damaging for the bodies of the astronauts, because it will affect the gravitational gradient; it will lead to your head and your feet feeling gravitational forces of varying magnitudes, which will affect your blood flow dramatically. Therefore, this structure will need to be massive, and it is impossible for us to build something like this with our current resources.
Secondly, the cost will be very high, and will make it very difficult for us to construct this structure. According to some calculations done by Real Engineering, for a settlement like this for half a million people, each of the people will have to pay approximately $10 million to be able to go on the settlement.
Although there are multiple challenges, companies are planning the construction of the Voyager Space Station (a space station which uses centrifugal force to create artificial gravity) planned to open in 2027, which will have a capacity to hold 400 residents on Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
So, the number of ways to create artificial gravity will keep on increasing as more research and experiments are conducted. For example, if the graviton (the predicted quantum particle that transmits gravity) is detected, then that can boost multiple new ideas of creating artificial gravity Artificial gravity, therefore, is a very realistic possibility which can be obtained in the near future, and it holds the power to boost space science and space tourism exponentially.
The four male and four female rats soon started breeding, and by day 560, the population reached 2,200, which was its peak.
In the 1960s a scientist by the name of John Calhoun started an experiment with mice, aiming to measure population density, but later realized that his experiment gave birth to numerous other studies on how population can affect animal behavior. He gave the mice limitless food and started off with only 8 mice. John had experimented with mice before, and this was his 25th try on the subject. This also gave the experiment its name “Universe 25” He built them a closed environment “Divided into "main squares" and then subdivided into levels, with ramps going up to "apartments," the place looked great, and was always kept stocked with food, but its inhabitants were doomed from the get-go. (Arkell)”.
A slow decline started to happen afterwards Many of the mice started displaying signs of homosexuality. Calhoun even gave a name to some of the male mice, calling them “the beautiful ones” who just used to eat, groom or sleep. These male mice were different from the rest of the population, as they didn’t care to find a mate, nor did they exhibit what one would call “typical mouse behaviors” such as fighting or caring for their young. At the peak of their population, many of the mice would stay in the main square of the community waiting to get fed. Many females also lost touch with their young, giving birth and likely disregarding their children after. Their population slowly died after their peak, never growing again.
Though the sense of dread we feel is the same as what many felt when the experiment first came out, many people point out that Calhoun's experiment might have been flawed. They say that the isolation caused by the closed space caused aggression and eventually led to the extinction of the mice.
Though the sense of dread we feel is the same as what many felt when the experiment first came out, many people point out that Calhoun's experiment might have been flawed. They say that the isolation caused by the closed space caused aggression and eventually led to the extinction of the mice.
In recent years, the study has been looked at as an eerie parallel to our modern society, and what some would say is “a warning about our future”. As the human population increases, many people are worried that the decline afterwards might lead to a population extinction like the mice. This experiment has fueled our doomsday fears and has given us reason to rethink how our world works. Some are going as far as to say that we are headed in the same direction as the mice. Though our parallels with Universe 25 seem to lead us in the same direction, the rat experiment will remain one of the few experiments that have really shaken humanity into rethinking how society works.
Recipe 1
4 cups boiling water
6 tablespoons borax pipe cleaners food coloring (optional)
Instructions
Boil 4 cups of water in a medium saucepan. While the water is boiling, mix 6 tablespoons of borax into the water until it is fully dissolved. Remove from heat and let the mixture cool for a minute or two. Add food coloring if desired.
Bend a pipe cleaner into the shape of a snowflake and place it in the mixture. Let the snowflake sit in the mixture overnight. The next day, you will find borax crystals have formed on your snowflake
Carefully remove the snowflake and enjoy your shimmering borax snowflake.
I Scream, You Scream, We all Scream Ice-Cream!
Ice cream has been a staple of people's diets for more than a century, but there have never before been so many flavours to choose from. Scientific breakthroughs are to blame for this. You may be wondering how science fits into a discussion about ice cream. This is because ice cream is simply just chemistry
Ice cream is a ‘complex colloidal system;’ this means it's a heterogeneous combination of a liquid and finely dispersed particulates. Each component of this 'system' serves a crucial purpose.
A scoop of ice cream contains 30 to 50 per cent air bubbles by volume. These bubbles provide suppleness and reduce the feeling of cold. The ice cream hardens if the air concentration is too low On the other hand, if there is too much air in the treat, it will become frothy and tasteless.
Ice cream is creamy because of fat droplets In order to separate the droplets and stabilize the mixture, milk proteins cluster around the fat droplets.
Surrounding the insoluble particles are liquid sugars They control the ice cream's sweetness and creaminess. This sweetness is recorded in food science using the scale of "potere dolcificante" or POD. Sugar's contribution to ice cream is apparent and evident but what isn't widely known is that sugar decreases water's freezing point, which reduces the quantity of ice that develops in the combination. As a result, it possesses what is known as an "anti freezing power," typically referred to as "potere anticongelante" or PAC The measurement of PAC, which reflects how much the freezing point is lowered, is established by the sugar sucrose. Many different kinds of sugars are used by ice cream producers. The more sugar required for creamy ice cream, the lower the serving temperature. The ideal serving temperature for professionally made ice cream is 12.2 degrees Fahrenheit, translating to a 270 PAC value. However, the serving temperature in gastronomy drops to 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit, so a higher PAC value (400-420) is required to achieve the ideal softness which again affects sugar quantity.
by Jaikrit Saraf
Everyone here has probably heard of the Northern lights or Aurora Borealis. If you haven't, then this is an incredibly beautiful phenomenon that has existed for longer than the dinosaurs These lights are a display of dancing colors in the sky. Northern lights are a very beautiful sight seen towards the poles (arctic circle and antarctica). They aren’t limited to the poles but are much more prominent in the poles. The alluring lights are some of the most interesting and magnificent natural occurrences we know of The lights have been a part of human culture forever In some cultures it is rooted in spirits and even gods. Their significance in today's world is very interesting, and so is their scientific origins.
The lights are caused by electrically charged particles moving at absurd speeds into our earth’s atmosphere. These electrically charged particles come from our sun and are known as solar winds. These particles are moving at 300-500 km per second in any given direction! You might be asking how is it possible that the earth lets in any particles at all? However, in reality maybe 2% of solar winds that earth intercepts during its orbit around the sun, actually get by the earth’s magnetic field. It just happens that this penetration occurs at the magnetic poles. However, it is not the actual electrically charged particles which are glowing in the sky, but instead the molecules that are hit by these particles which get excited and create 2 glowing rings around the 2 poles. These rings are called the auroral ovals, then finally as these rings decay back to their original state. There is a distinct emission of light, which is what ‘we’ can see.
There is also a reason that this so-called light has different colors These colors are attributed to the different particles that get hit. Oxygen in the atmosphere is often hit and is responsible for the familiar green color of the Northern lights. However, there are instances where a red hue can be seen, and this is also when oxygen atoms get excited however this is higher up and therefore there is a red color produced The justification for the rarity of this red color is actually quite simple, in the sense that it is our eyes which just cannot see red very well, 5 times less than green in fact. These radiant events are some of the most fascinating phenomenons ever discovered. I remember sitting as a child reading about them, and always being envious of people who had seen them, for I never had This is what drove me to write this article, so that somebody else who was curious about pretty lights in the sky can seek answers for their own questions.
Where do we get the ideas for designs? What makes something unique and different, and does different mean good? Look around, everything you see is basically magic. Have you ever wondered how on Earth have we turned trees and rocks into internet connections that you can use to watch YouTube videos about STEM (go watch STEM videos). There is an idea of uniqueness and it simply isn’t there My philosophy at least says that everything in our world is a copy of a copy of a copy. But that doesn’t mean we are not innovating and becoming better, we’re simply developing and learning something new.
I am currently writing this article from an airplane and this is what I’ve been thinking for a couple of minutes Why are airplanes the way they are? I mean there are obvious aerodynamic properties, but how did we come up with these shapes? Once you start thinking about it long enough the answer is really simple, we looked at things that can fly and we added those properties to the design. Airplanes literally look like birds and we mimicked that. This sort of engineering and designing is known as biomimicry, which is a term that defines plagiarism from the environment. Over several millions of years, birds have been evolving to form a species that is efficient for flight. An aerodynamic beak that cuts through air easily, hollow bones to reduce density, wings with efficient surface area to glide and a cylindrical shape as the body to perfect the center of mass. This description is basically the same as an airplane, and engineers over the years have copied a bird’s design to create a machine that lets me travel from Pune to Dehradun for school. Now does this mean that the creation of an aircraft is bad because we plagiarized it? Not at all, in fact it is genius.
The best type of learning is education from your environment. The Earth has had capabilities of producing life for millions of years and the existence of the world itself is millions more. Although our world isn’t perfect, we have done a good job learning and developing. Think about it this way, the definition of life like when it started was just one single living cell. We have developed literal bodies of cells that can somehow think?? Information is literally everywhere and a lot of it is already programmed into your brain. It is how you use the information using your intelligence to “develop” something into a better version is what life is really about.
Architecture is a creative medium with several constraints which makes the topic incredibly beautiful and interesting. But did you know most architects get inspiration for their designs just by looking around.
One example is the Eastgate Centre in Zimbabwe is a revolutionary architectural marvel that uses biomimicry to create a sustainable and energy-efficient building.
Designed by architect Mick Pearce, the building was inspired by the termites' mounds in the African savannah, which maintain a stable temperature despite the extreme heat outside. The Eastgate Centre is designed to use natural ventilation to keep the interior cool, without relying on air conditioning, which makes it energyefficient and cost-effective. The building's distinctive chimneylike towers draw in hot air from the interior, which then rises and is released through the vents, creating a natural flow of air. The Eastgate Centre is a perfect example of how architects can draw inspiration from nature to create sustainable and eco-friendly buildings. Genius isn’t it?
As cliché as it may sound, globalization and sustainability are important values that every student (I’m using the term student because at the end of the day, everyone is learning something or the other, take a moment to think about something new you learned today) should care about as it is the solution for a better future. A lot of people think that the golden age of invention and innovation is over and today’s world is all about maintaining our ideas but that is wrong As one of my favorite songs say, “There are stars that we know nothing about” (Still a Friend, Backseat Lovers), we have the ability to explore and develop, creating new ideas by looking around, much like how architects did to create the termite mound mall, or how engineers thought of a mechanical bird
Exploration is the state of the world so I strongly encourage all reading this article to finish the magazine and go outside and question the design of an everyday item. Here are some starters:
Why are traffic signals shaped like that? Why can’t it look better instead of more annoying?
Why are chairs so basic?
What is the engineering behind a LED strip light?
Why are cars black or white and why are pink cars not so common?
Why is Hubble the Magazine such a good magazine and why am I not sharing it with everyone I know?
You might learn something new and maybe create something better. Applying your knowledge and failure is impossible.
What are a few of the weird similarities you can think of, that are facts of the universe? I am sure you can think of patterns like the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio These are two extremely intriguing topics, but in this article I want to address something, at least to me, even more interesting, something we don’t know a lot about. Imagine your clone, who looks like you but doesn’t behave like you. Would it feel weird, or interesting? Today, I want to discuss two such things, of similarities in structure of two extremely different objects that dictate our lives.
Did you know that the structure and form of our brain and the projected dark matter distribution in the universe is not that different? On the contrary, it is actually strikingly similar.
But before that, let me tell you how they are different, in terms of their impact on our lives. Our brain, as you must know, dictates our lives. It consists of over 120 billion neurons that work together, developing connections that dictate our habits, how we act and move, how we react to any external stimuli (like a fire, a paper cut, a heartbreak), etc. On the other hand, dark matter, by what we know of it, has an immense gravitational force, and is essential in keeping celestial structures (like galaxies, solar systems, etc.) together. It may even have had a huge role to play in the existence of the universe, and hence in the existence of life. The brain’s function and dark matter’s function aren’t related, and yet, these two structures have similarities.
To start off, let’s look at the similarities between the components that make up these systems. Firstly, brains are made up of neurons, and have over 120 billion of them. Similarly the universe is made up of galaxies, and has over a 100 billion of them These numbers, as you can see, aren’t the same, but are extremely similar, and this is the first similarity between the two about the number of components it has. Moreover, both of these complex systems are connected via nodes/filaments, as there are neural connections in the form of nodes, and intergalactic connections in the form of filaments. This is another similar property, on how the parts that make up these complex systems are connected. To continue the list of similarities between the components of these systems, the neurons and galaxies have a scale radius, which is a fraction of these nodes and filaments respectively. So, the ratio of the sizes in these two systems are also similar. Another similarity about the components of these elements is what they are made up of. Our brains are made of 77% water and the universe is about 72% dark energy, and these two components are both ‘passive objects that control their respective systems indirectly ’ To conclude the similarities between the components of these complex structures, let me share with you the fact that the human cortex (the outer layer of the brain) is made up of 1800 to 2000 nodes with an average of 4.6-5.4 connections per node. The cosmic web, identically, has an average of 3.8 to 4.1 connections per filament (looking at a relatively small sample 3,800 to 4,700 filaments). So, the two systems are identical in their component percentage, in the quantity of their components, and in the sizes and connections between these components
Now, looking at the similarities between these same two systems from the aspect of their properties, we see multiple distinctions again. The first similarity is that they both have a fractal quantity, or “almost equal amounts of power on a different scale”. Another similarity is the strength of the systems, in terms of memory capacity. The memory of a brain is 2.5 petabytes, while the memory of the universe is 4.3 petabytes, and although they may seem different on face value, they are very similar considering the different scales of the two systems. Hence, they are alike in terms of memory capacity as well. The flow of information between the nodes and filaments, in both systems, is about 25% of their respective energy and mass content. This shows a similarity on the manner of the flow of information taking place in the respective systems. These two systems also have a tendency to cluster around central nodes. You see an example of this in the image below, with the image of the neural connections on the right, and the filaments in superclusters of galaxies on the left:
Lastly, another major similarity is the matter density fluctuations of the two systems. When researchers calculated the spectral density (the density of matter across the span of the respective system plotted on a color spectrum), it showed that the fluctuations in the brain and in the universe follow the same progress, although in widely different scales On the scale of the brain, the fluctuation of 1 micrometer to 0.1 millimeter is at the same progression of 5 million light years to 500 million light years.
So, there are unique similarities in unrelated systems in our world, and the two systems talked about in this article are just one example Another example, gone over extremely briefly, are the similarities between a black hole and a cell nucleus (especially in a eukaryotic cell), especially in terms of their structure: They both contain a singularity that controls the entire system. A black hole has an extremely dense singularity, resulting in its high gravitation attraction, and a nucleus has a nucleolus They both have two borders, or event horizons. The cell nucleus has a double membrane in eukaryotic cells, and a black hole has two event horizons, an outer and an inner one. And the least intriguing one is that black holes and cell nuclei are, more or less, spherical in shape
Another example that we see in everyday life are the caustic patterns that are formed in the pool due to light, and its similar mathematical properties to the way matter is distributed in the universe. So, the world is a very intriguing place, and with these connections coming into light, we might be on the verge of building a relationship between such seemingly separate systems of the universe
Recipe 2
In a medium saucepan, combine the sugar and water. Stir until the sugar has dissolved.
Turn up the heat and bring the mixture to a boil. Let the mixture boil until it reaches 478 Kelvin (300°F or 148°C) on the thermometer. This will take about 10 minutes.
Remove from heat and let the mixture cool for a minute or two. Add food coloring if desired.
Pour the mixture into a jar and insert a skewer into the center. Make sure the skewer is suspended above the bottom of the jar. Let the mixture cool completely, then place the jar in a cool and dark place.
Wait for several days, and you will see sugar crystals begin to form on the skewer.
Once the crystals have formed, gently remove the skewer and enjoy your rock candy crystals!
2 cups granulated sugar
1 cup water
food coloring (optional)
Skewer
thermometer
1. “Bulls are enraged by the color red.”
by Kritvi Kalani2. “Humans use only about 10 percent of their brains.”
3. “The blood in our bodies is blue.” Here are some myths that most of us believe to be true. Myths are present all around the world of science and technology, challenging the reality of the systems and processes of the world. They can be about our bodies, our history, our universe, our health Considering health, we can go to one of the most dreaded diseases in the world, cancer. To be specific, skin cancer. To be more specific, melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer. Although this is a serious malignant illness and has been thoroughly researched upon, there are still misconceptions and myths about the impacts of modern technology (such as indoor tanning) on skin cancer that need to be busted.
Indoor tanning is an alternative to tanning from the sun. Indoor tanning includes tanning booths, tanning beds and/or sun lamps Statistics show that in the United States, around 35% of American adults, 59% of college students and 17% of teens use indoor tanning. Let’s bust some myths about the technologies and technique used in indoor tanning!
Myth 1: “Skin cancer cannot be a consequence of indoor tanning; it is safer compared to outdoor tanning (the sun).”
There are 2 types of UV radiation from the sun, UVA radiation and UVB radiation. Both types of radiation have a negative impact on our skin. The deeper layers of the epidermis, the upper layers of the skin, are exposed to UVA radiation. This is where the cells called melanocytes, which produce a brown pigment that causes tanning called melanin, are triggered. One of the signs of melanoma is the spread of melanin. UVB radiation causes sunburns by burning the epidermis. Both of the radiations cause changes to the cells’ DNA, which can also cause mutations. The amount of UVA radiation emitted in indoor tanning booths, tanning beds or sun lamps is similar to, or more than the UVA radiation emitted by the sun depending on how many times indoor tanning has been used and for how long. Research says that in certain situations, indoor tanning can create UV radiation that is around 15 times stronger than sun. Even UVB radiation is emitted by some sun lamps. Research explains how the immune system's ability to fight cancer can be suppressed by just 10 indoor tanning sessions over the course of two weeks. Statistics show how more people develop skin cancer from using indoor tanning devices than lung cancer from smoking. Along with an increased risk of skin cancer, it also leads to significant skin aging, which is a person getting sun spots or wrinkled.
Myth 2: “Indoor tanning is an effective source to obtain Vitamin D.”
UVB rays are the rays that interact with 7-dehydrocholesterol (a protein in the skin) and convert it into previtamin D3, further turning into Vitamin D The sun provides enough vitamin D to most people everyday. Indoor tanning devices mostly emit UVA radiation, not UVB radiation, which is why indoor tanning is not a source for the vitamin.
Myth 3: “A sunburn from going out in sunny weather or to the beach can be prevented by having a base tan.”
When the UV rays penetrate into the skin and cause the cells’ pigment to leak, a tan or a sunburn is formed. So, a tan is a sign of skin damage itself. The damage in the DNA of the skin cells or the melanocytes, from a tan or a sunburn, can cause mutations, which can slowly result in cancer. A base tan can provide a 1 to 3 rating of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) out of a 100, which is not of any value. An SPF rating is also only concerned with UVB rays, not UVA rays, when UVA rays penetrate deeper into the epidermis This is why a base tan is not a protection but an indication of harm.
Indoor tanning has become popular, especially for girls and women in the United States, who aren't aware of the myths relating to the process or are just ignorant of the risks associated with it. So many more technologies and sciences are surrounded by ‘facts’ that aren’t true and knowing about their benefits and the dangers they entail is necessary for a healthy, safe and prosperous planet.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices that can communicate with each other and share data. The idea behind it is to make everyday objects smart, by connecting them to the internet and enabling them to gather and share data. This has the potential to change the way we live and interact with technology
The IoT consists of three main components: sensors, devices, and the cloud. Sensors are embedded in everyday objects and collect data about their environment. Devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and smart home devices, are connected to the internet and can receive and send data from the sensors The cloud is a network of servers that store and process data from the IoT devices
The rise of the IoT has brought about a number of new technologies and services that have the potential to transform our lives. For example, smart homes can be controlled through a smartphone or tablet, allowing us to control our lights, thermostats, and security systems from anywhere This not only makes our homes more convenient, but it can also help us save money on energy bills.
Another example is the development of wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers. These devices can track our activity levels, monitor our sleep patterns, and even provide us with realtime health data This information can help us make more informed decisions about our health, and can also be used by doctors and healthcare providers to diagnose and treat illnesses.
The IoT is also having a significant impact on the way we work. For example, IoT devices can be used to monitor the productivity and efficiency of employees, as well as track inventory levels and supply chain data This information can help businesses make better decisions, increase productivity, and reduce costs.
by Aslesha Goyal
Microbial factories are increasing the levels of raw materials. But what are they? Microbial factories function to engineer microorganisms that are designed and optimized to produce chemicals of interest from renewable resources such as nonedible biomass or even carbon dioxide A broad variety of chemicals can now be generated utilizing microbial cell factories due to an expanded worldwide effort of research groups and companies. We can make material for our world through microorganisms. Insane technology isn’t it?
The great majority of the goods we purchase and use on a daily basis from plastics and textiles to cosmetics and fuels are created using materials that originated from underground. Most factories that produce items for modern society do so using various types of chemicals Those chemicals originate from factories that are predominantly fueled by fossil fuels and that convert feedstocks, which consist of primarily petrochemicals, into an extensive range of other compounds.
Making many of the chemical inputs to industry from organisms rather than from oil, gas, and coal would be significantly better for the environment and undoubtedly better for the global economy as well. Of course, we already do this as we live in wood structures and wear cotton attire. However, plants are not the sole supply of ingredients. In the long run, microbes may even provide a greater opportunity to produce cheap materials with the vast array of properties that we nowadays take for granted. We may "brew" the crucial elements that make up modern existence in enormous bioreactors that are inhabited by living microbes rather than harvesting them from the soil.
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C: Clustered
R: Regularly
I: Interspaced
S: Short
P: Palindromic
R: Repeats
CRISPR is composed of DNA segments that range in length from 20 to 40 letters and are palindromes A palindrome is a letter sequence that is identical from left to right, such as "never odd or even." As a result, these palindrome letters appear. When DNA is transcribed into RNA, it produces little hairpin bends that cause these repeats. They're all the same, one after the other, but they're separated.
Spacer DNA is unique because it is not similar to other DNA. Each spacer DNA segment is distinct. When scientists discovered it in the 1980s and 1990s, they were perplexed. But in the 2000s, they discovered that the spacer DNA, which is the important DNA, matched up exactly with viral, particularly bacteriophage, DNA. They also discovered a slew of genes associated with CRISPR. These CRISPR-associated genes, or Cas, produce Cas proteins. Cas proteins are generally helicases, which are proteins that unwind DNA. There are also nucleases, which are enzymes that cut DNA. This could be a bacterial immune system, a defense mechanism against their old foe, the bacteriophage If we had a picture of E coli, this would be the cell membrane and cell wall, and the genome of the bacteria. If there is no immune system, when the bacteriophage injects its DNA, the DNA generally hijacks the cell. It has the potential to integrate into the genome. However, it would also produce a large number of these bacteriophages, eventually killing the cell. But with the CRISPR system, it will transcribe and translate proteins, resulting in the Cas complex It will also transcribe the DNA to produce CRISPR RNA, which will perfectly fit into this protein. It's a technique for combating viral DNA, disintegrating it, and effectively ending the infection before it starts.
The spacers are essentially the histories of previous illnesses that prevent us from getting infected again. This is exactly how our immune system functions, but on a much larger scale. Antibodies are produced, and white blood cells envelop the intruder. However, scientists believed that if we could hijack this CRISPR mechanism, we could use it Because this is a live cell, it has the ability to activate genes or even incorporate new genes. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is the most talked about. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier's labs discovered it. They were working on Streptococcus pyogenes and its Cas-CRISPR system. Cas9 contains only one protein, yet its primary structure reveals a nuclease. It has this part right here where it can cut DNA, and it can also cut DNA here In s pyogenes, they are also producing two lengthy strips of RNA. We now have CRISPR RNA. CRISPR RNA fits into the Cas. However, they also carry what is known as "tracer RNA." So, based on what we see in this bacteria, the spacer segment will be the section that lines up with the appropriate virus DNA. The tracer RNA is what keeps the CRISPR RNA in place. All of this comes together to make this complex where we can break DNA. But the lab thought, "Wouldn't it be wonderful if we could tweak the entire system?" Use only one Cas9 protein, but insert our DNA sequence right here. If we could connect these two, we'd have an easy system. They developed a chimera of tracer RNA and CRISPR RNA.
It's an ancient mythological beast that combines diverse species. As a result, they generate a new sort of RNA, and they have a straightforward system divided into two parts: the Cas9 protein and the RNA, collectively referred to as "RNA." These two components make up the CRISPRCas9 system, specifically the CRISPR portion. The RNA carries information about where we wish to cut, and the protein conducts the throttling, resulting in the desired cut. If we have a small piece of DNA that we want to cut, we can build a guide RNA with a comparable piece of RNA that the DNA feeds into, allowing us to cut the DNA at the desired location and break the gene. This produces an inactivated gene, which the cell will attempt to repair, resulting in mutations through insertions and deletions. We can often inactivate that gene, much like what germs do We can cut the DNA wherever we choose by incorporating the desired DNA sequence into the guide RNA. If we want to insert a new gene system in addition to disrupting a gene, we can use the three-component system comprising Cas9, guide RNA, and the host RNA we want to insert. The CRISPR-Cas9 system works in living cells and can cut DNA in many places, making it an exciting technology.
In a medium saucepan, combine the sugar and water. Stir until the sugar has dissolved. Turn up the heat and bring the mixture to a boil. Let the mixture boil until it reaches 478 Kelvin (300°F or 148°C) on the thermometer. This will take about 10 minutes.
Remove from heat and let the mixture cool for a minute or two. Add food coloring if desired. Pour the mixture into a jar and insert a skewer into the center. Make sure the skewer is suspended above the bottom of the jar. Let the mixture cool completely, then place the jar in a cool and dark place.
Wait for several days, and you will see sugar crystals begin to form on the skewer.
Once the crystals have formed, gently remove the skewer and enjoy your rock candy crystals!
Ingredients
2 cups granulated sugar
1 cup water
food coloring
(optional)
Skewer
thermometer
FOUNDER / ADITI GAUR
EDITOR IN CHIEF / KRITVI KALANI
ASSOCIATE EDITOR / JASLEEN KATHURIA, ARAV SRIVASTAVA
DESIGNER / ARAV SRIVASTAVA, RIJUL KALRA, KRITVI KALANI
TEACHER SUPERVISOR / MR. HARSH BAJAJ
CONTRIBUTORS / ARAV SRIVASTAVA
KRITIN KALANI
ANAHAT TUNG
GIA KUMAR
SAKSHI KANORIA
RIJUL KALRA
NAVYA SUREKA
JASLEEN KATHURIA
JAIKRIT SARAF
VIR SARAWGI
YASH KEJRIWAL
ASLESHA GOYAL
