Chandana Lakshmi MVV, et al., J Biotech Res Biochem 2019, 1: 003
HSOA Journal of Biotech Research & Biochemistry Research Article
Removal of Fluoride Using Pseudomonas Putida
MVV Chandana Lakshmi*, D Poornima, NS Karishma, Y Vardhan and PS Jyothi Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
Abstract In the present investigation, a defluoridation study was carried out using the bacteria Pseudomonas putida. Growth of the bacterial cells and their acclimatization in a fluoride media has been investigated. Optimization of physical parameters for the removal of fluoride was investigated. Optimum pH, temperature, contact time and initial concentration were found 7, 37ºC, 25 hrs and 5 mg/L, respectively. Maximum removal of 93.4% was achieved. Results suggested that Pseudomonas putida could be a potential bacteria in fluoride removal. Keywords: Pseudomonas putida; Fluoride; Nutrient Broth; Bacterial cells; Optimum Parameters
Introduction Water is an essential resource for sustaining life. Over the past few decades, the ever growing population, urbanization, industrialization and unskilled utilization of water resources have led to degradation of water quality in various developing countries. Presence of various hazardous contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, and sulfate and other heavy metals, etc. in underground water has been reported from different parts of world including India. Fluoride uptake of up to mg/L has beneficial effects on plants, animals, and human beings. In human, fluoride exhibits bone formation, remineralization and protects against demineralization of teeth. Fluoride is extremely effective in protecting cavities and making teeth stronger. However, excessive fluoride intake over a long duration of time may result in a serious health problem called fluorosis. The starting phase is known to be dental fluorosis, which results in dental deformities with the development of a yellow colour affecting children in the age range of 6-8 years. The next phase is skeletal fluorosis, which brings the fluoride
*Corresponding author: Chandana Lakshmi MVV, Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India, Tel: +91 9885361749; E-Mail: mahantilakshmi@gmail.com Citation: Chandana Lakshmi MVV, Poornima D, Karishma NS, Vardhan Y, Jyothi PS (2019) Removal of Fluoride Using Pseudomonas Putida. J Biotech Res Biochem 2: 003. Received: August 19, 2019; Accepted: September 13, 2019; Published: September 20, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Chandana Lakshmi MVV, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
deposition in skeletal muscles in children as well as adults. The most alarming stage of fluorosis is crippling fluorosis, which can have life threatening effects. Considering the health impacts of fluoride, World Health Organization (WHO) has set a fluoride concentration limit of 1.5 mg/L for drinking water where the limit of fluoride concentration set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is 2.0 mg/L for inland surface water [1]. Fluoride enters a groundwater stream through natural as well as anthropogenic sources such as deep percolation from intensively cultivated fields, disposal of hazardous wastes from industry, liquid solid wastes from industries, sewage disposal, surface impoundments, etc. Some important industries that releases fluoride into a water stream are steel, aluminium, copper, and nickel production, phosphate ore processing, phosphate fertilizer production, glass, brick, and ceramic manufacturing, etc [2]. Fluoride concentrations in different industrial effluents may vary; in the effluent of some industries like phosphatic fertilizer; the fluoride concentration is normally around 20 mg/L. In many cases, the concentration of other ions associated with fluoride-containing effluents is below their permissible limits. To reduce the chance of contamination of groundwater by these industries’ effluents, the removal fluoride from the wastewater stream is essential before it enters the surface water stream and pollutes groundwater. Important methods used for fluoride removal are distillation, membrane separation processes, precipitation, ion exchange, and adsorption [3]. The adsorption method entails the use of physical or the biological adsorbents. The biological treatment method involving living microbial cells evolved as an emerging field for the removal of pollutants from water due to its low cost and eco-friendly nature. Further, in biological removal methods, microorganisms may be used in either a bulk phase or immobilized phase [4,5]. Immobilization can improve the microbial process’s efficiency. Some microbial strains have been used to remove fluoride from water in the bulk phase as well as immobilized phase. Many microbial strains have also been found to have fluoride-resistance capacity; however, there hardly any literature discusses the removal of fluoride from water using living bacterial cells. Pseudomonas putida (Figure 1) microbial type culture collection has been found to have fluoride-resistant properties; however, detailed studies on acclimatization, growth under stress, and fluoride removal under bulk or immobilized phases are not discussed. In the present study, the growth of Pseudomonas putida MTCC 8104 in N.B. media, its acclimatization in a fluoride environment and under substrate stress, and removal of fluoride in the bulk phase has been conducted [6].
Materials and Methods Microorganisms The bacteria used for the study is Pseudomonas putida obtained from our laboratory.