From Laser Survey to MR Experience
High School Students’ Digital Archiving of the Saijō Kofun Cluster
ProjectSupervisingTeacher:HironoriOhtoshi
Project Overview
This project is a collaborative effort with the KakogawaCityCultural Heritage Research Centre and local construction companies to digitally archive the Saijō Kofun Cluster (Yamate, Kakogawa City) using advanced digital constructiontechnologies.Thefollowing activities werecarriedout:
1. Mastering 3D Laser Surveying Techniques – Practical Training with Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), UAVs, andLiDAR-EquippedTablets.
2. DataAnalysis – Volume Calculation and ContourGenerationwithPointCloudData.
3. Digital Model Production – Creating Reconstruction Models with CNC Routers and3DPrinters.
4. Utilisation of MR Technology –Developing Interactive Exhibitions Using DigitalArchiveData.
Through this project, students contribute to the documentation and preservation of cultural heritageusingconstructionDXtechnologieswhile fostering an awareness of cultural heritage conservationwithinthecommunity.
1. Mastering 3D Laser Surveying Techniques
Six third-year students from the Architecture Department’s FabLab Studio (3D Laser Surveying Technology Utilisation Team) conducted a 3D laser surveyingexercise atthe AmatsukaKofunin the Saijō Kofun Cluster as part of an event
celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Saijō Kofun Cluster’s designation as aNationalHistoric Site.Theeventwascarriedoutwiththesupportof the Kakogawa City Cultural Heritage Research Centre. With the assistance of four local construction companies, the students received instruction in the latest surveying technologies (Figures1–4)
2. Data Analysis
The data obtained through the use of 3D laser surveying techniques (Figures 5–11) were evaluated as archaeologically significant by the Institute of Historical Studies at Otemae University. Additionally, thanks to the generosity of Tatsuro Chiba from Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd., whoconceived the method for creating Red Relief Image Maps, a topographic map highlighting the terrain variations of Amatsuka Kofun, based on DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data surveyed by thestudentswascreated(Figure12).
Visit to Construction ICT Worksite
To learn how to utilise point cloud data, a visit to a Construction ICT site was organised. During the visit, students had the opportunity to explore real-world examples of construction work using advanced technologies, including machine control (MC) machinery (Figures 13, 14).
Visit to an Archaeological Excavation Site
Additionally, the students visited the archaeological excavation site of the Minami-Otsuka Kofun, located within the redevelopment project at Hioka Park (Ono, Kakogawa City), which further deepened their interestinarchaeology(Figures15,16).
Participation in Events and Media OutreachEfforts(1)
At the Open High School event, we had the opportunity to introduce this project through a panel display to middle school students and their parents. Additionally, during a children’s workshop and the Architecture Department’s exhibition held at a local commercial facility, theprojectwasalsopresentedtolocalresidents (Figures 17, 18). Furthermore, the project was covered bymajormedia outlets (Figures19–21), raising widespread awareness of the importance of cultural heritage preservation anddigital constructiontechnologieswithin the community. In particular, the efforts of young generations using advanced technologies to preserve local history and cultural heritage werehighlypraisedbythelocalcommunityand stakeholders.
Figure 19: BAN-BAN TV News Meets, Broadcast on June 14, 2024 (Friday)
https://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/touban/202406/0017719153.shtml
Figure 20: Kobe Shimbun, June 1, 2024 (Saturday), Page 23
Figure 21: The Daily Engineering & Construction News, June 13, 2024 (Thursday), Page 8
Evaluation of Learning in 3D Laser Surveying and Data Analysis
Figure 22: Overall Satisfaction with the 3D Laser Surveying Practice
The satisfaction survey on the overall 3D laser surveying practice (Figure 22) indicated very high levels of satisfaction, with most participating students considering the project a success. This suggests that the planning and execution were effective and that the students gainedameaningfullearningexperience.
The satisfaction survey for each activity (Figure 23) also indicated generally high ratings, with particularly strong praise for the TLS and UAV surveying. These technologies were perceived as innovative and engaging by the students. Additionally, both the ICT construction site visit and the archaeological excavation site visit receivedhighratings,underscoringthesignificant impact of hands-on experiences on students' learning.
Intheself-assessmentsurveyontheacquisition of advanced technologies (Figure 24), students rated their proficiency in TLS and UAV surveying particularly highly. As these technologies were central to the project, the results indicate that students significantly enhanced their understandingandskillsinthesefields.
The survey on technologies and tasks that sparked interest (Figure 25) highlights UAV surveying and tablet-based surveying as areas of particular interest. However, interest in construction ICT site practices and archaeological excavationsurveyswassomewhatlower.
Knowledge and Experience Gained Through 3D Laser Surveying
Student A: "There are various types of 3D laser surveying equipment, including ground laser scanners, drones, and tablets with LiDAR scanners,and Ilearned how to choose and use the right equipment depending on the location and thepurpose."
Student B: "Thanks to the collaboration with local companies, I was able to deepen my understanding of the latest construction technologies through the various surveying techniques used at Amatsuka Kofun and visits to constructionsitesusingICTmachinery."
Student C: "I was surprised to learn that our region is home to the Saijō Kofun Cluster and the Hiokayama Kofun Cluster. It made me want to learnmoreaboutourlocalculturalheritage."
Student D: "I understood that in modern construction sites, the increasing use of autonomous machinery is helping to address labourshortagesandimproveworkefficiency."
Student E: "I noticed the differences between the total station (TS) we used at school and the one used on-site, which helped deepen my understandingofsurveyingequipment."
Student F: "Learning how to collect and process point cloud data using TLS and UAV surveying, while also engaging with the local culture, was an invaluableexperience."
Survey Results and Analysis of Free Responses on the Laser Surveying Practice
The survey results clearly demonstrate that the project was highly successful, providing students with an exceptionally effective and enriching learning experience. In particular, the TLS and UAV surveying were highly regarded, fostering a deeper appreciation for local cultural heritage amongthestudents.
Looking ahead, it is recommended to provide additional opportunities that allow students to take a more proactive role in their learning, thereby further developing their technical expertise. Furthermore, initiatives to cultivate
greater interest in construction ICT and archaeological excavation surveys would be valuable, encouraging students to engage with these fields in a more immersive, hands-on manner.
3. DigitalModelCreation
Building on the digital data collected from AmatsukaKofuninthefirsthalfoftheproject,the 3D Laser Surveying Technology Utilisation Group created a comprehensive digital model of the entire Saijō Kofun Cluster in the latter half. The processisoutlinedasfollows
(1) Creation of a Kofun Shape Model Using a CNCRouter
Using point cloud data from the Amatsuka Kofun, a CNC router was used to machine a urethane board model of its current shape. The estimated original shape at the time of construction was also reconstructed for comparisonandanalysis(Figures26–28).
(2) Creation of Kofun Cluster Shape Models Using a 3D Printer
In addition to the Amatsuka Kofun, 3D data wasgeneratedtoreconstructtheestimatedshapes of two other tumuli in the Saijō Kofun Cluster. These models, including the Amatsuka Kofun, were 3D-printed with the cooperation of the Institute of Historical Studies at Otemae University, based on historical research perspectives(Figures29–31).
Figure 29: 3D Printing Simulation
Furthermore, these models were also exhibited attheKakogawaGeneralCulturalCenterMuseum (Figure32).
4. Utilisation of MR Technology
Five first-year students joined the FabLab Studio in the Architecture Department and worked on acquiring MR (Mixed Reality) technology skills as part of the MR Technology Utilisation Team. They used MR technology to create exhibition spaces and tested its effectiveness through interactive activities (Figure 33).Additionally,usingthisdigitaldata,theyheld experience sessions at the school cultural festival (Figure 34), the Hyogo Prefecture High School Research Activity Conference at the Kobe City MikagePublicHall(Figure35),andtheKakogawa GeneralCulturalCenterMuseum(Figures36,37).
Through these efforts, they promoted the documentation and public display of archaeological sites using digital technologies, with the aim of preserving the region’s cultural heritage.
Media Outreach Efforts (2)
A digital model was created based on the 3D laser scanner surveying results of the Amatsuka Kofun, and an interactive exhibition space was developed within avirtual environmentusing MR technology. Visitors were able to intuitively understand the value of cultural heritage through hands-on experiences with the reconstructed burial mound and haniwa This initiative was featured in local media and received recognition as an innovative approach to cultural heritage preservation using cutting-edge technology. It was highly praised by local residents and cultural heritageexperts(Figures38,39).
Survey Results on Digital Model Creation and the Use of MR Technology
In the satisfaction survey on the digital archiving of the kofun (Figure 40), all students who participated in the project rated it as 'satisfied' or higher, reflecting the project's high social significance. In particular, the use of digital records of the Saijō Kofun Cluster and MR technology for the preservation and utilisation of cultural heritage was highly praised. Additionally, by visualising the kofun restoration through MR, the students likelygained a deeper understanding of its historical value and the importance of preserving cultural heritage. Furthermore, the project made a significant educational impact, contributing tothe enhancementof ICTskills and supportingcareerdevelopment.
In the survey on the understanding of the 3D data acquisition and processing process (Figure 41), all participants demonstrated a basic understanding of digital fabrication equipment. However, the high number of responses indicating "somewhat understood" suggests that factors such as insufficient practice time, lack of support systems, and task variability contributed to different levels of understanding. Time constraints, particularly in CNC router operation anddataediting,hadasignificantimpact.Moving forward, it will be important to ensure a more
balanced distribution of tasks and strengthen supportsystems.
learning opportunities. Moving forward, the challenge will be to further strengthen interactivity and incorporate mechanisms that allowstudentstoengagemoreactively.
Had Not Learned at All
In the survey on proficiency in CNC machining and 3D printing technologies (Figure 42), many students demonstrated a certain level of skill, althoughtherewereindividualdifferencesintheir understanding. The lack of time for equipment operation is considered a contributing factor. Future challenges will include reviewing time allocation, streamlining practical sessions, and enhancingindividualsupport.
Figure 44: Deepening Interest in Local Cultural Heritage
In the survey on the deepening interest in local cultural heritage (Figure 44), 83% of respondents selected "greatly deepened" or "deepened," indicatinganincreasedawarenessoflocalcultural contributions and the importance of preserving andpassingonculturalheritage.
Experiential Exhibit of Cultural Heritage Using MR Technology:
StudentG: "Iwas deeply moved to see the actual haniwafromtheKofunperiod,excavatedfromthe Saijō Kofun Cluster, which we had recreated and viewed using MR, right in front of me at the Kakogawa General Cultural Center Museum. I am also incredibly proud that we were able to hold an MR experience event with these at the same museum. "
Figure 43: Interest in
Using MR Technology
In the survey on interest in exhibits using MR technology (Figure 43), the results from 11 students, including five first-year students, revealed a very high level of interest. Experiential exhibits that engage sight and touch enhance students'motivationtolearnandprovideeffective
Student H: "After seeing the exhibition at the museum in person, I could feel the texture in a way that was different from what MR showed. Through the actual objects, I was able to truly appreciate the fine details and presence that digital technology cannot fully reproduce. Throughthis project,Ilearnedaboutthe potential of usingMR for the preservation and utilisation of cultural heritage, while also reflecting on the emotions and depth of understanding that come from seeing real objects up close. I want to continue exploring ways to present exhibits that make the most of both digital and real-world qualities"
Learning from Digital Archiving and its Future Application:
Student A: "I learned how digitisation can improve work efficiency and how to combine data with fabrication equipment to make things.Ihope to apply this experience when I start working in themanufacturingindustry."
Students C and D: "I used to think that the role ofa'constructiondirector'wasdifficultforwomen, as I had the strong impression that construction sites involved physical labour and strength. However, I was pleased to learn that the introduction of digital technology and improvements in the workplace environment are making it easier for women to work in this field. I now feel that the role of construction director, which involves coordination and management, is one where anyone, regardless of gender, can thrive. I would like to pursue this career in the future. By honing my expertise and digital skills, I aim to contribute to the development of the industrythroughflexibleadaptation."
StudentE: "IbelievetheadvancedtechnologiesI have learned will contribute to improving work efficiency and addressing labour shortages in the construction industry. Additionally, by utilising 3D topographic data obtained from UAV surveying, I think it can have a significant impact on disaster risk reduction, such as enabling the pre-planning of evacuation routes during natural disasters."
Survey Results and Free Description Analysis on Digital Model Production and the Use of MR Technology
According to the survey results, all participants rated the digital archiving project of the Saijō Kofun Cluster as "satisfied" or higher, confirming its social significance and educational impact. In particular, the visualisation of the restored shape using MR technology not only deepened students' historical understanding but also raised their awareness of cultural heritage preservation. Additionally, the project contributed to the enhancement of ICT skills and career development, demonstrating its value tostudents' learninginvariousways.
Looking ahead, it will be important not only to adjust the allocation of practice time and
strengthen support systems but also to design exhibits with enhanced interactivity. This will create an environment where more students can acquire advanced technical skills and apply them totheirfuturecareers
Survey and Results from the Project
A survey was conducted before and after the project to assess the understanding of advanced technologies in the construction industry among six third-year students from the FabLab Studio. Theresultsarepresentedandanalysedbelow.
Q1: Do you understand the need for advanced technologiesintheconstructionindustry？
Before the project: 4 students answered YES,and2answeredNO.
o At the start of the project, about one-third of the students did not fully understand the necessity of advanced technologies.
At the end of the project: 6 students answeredYES,andnoneansweredNO.
o By the end of the project, all students recognised the importance of advanced technologies. A key outcome was that they learned how these technologies are directly connected to solving challenges withintheindustry
Q2:Do youunderstandthe advancedtechnologies beingusedintheconstructionindustry?
Before the project: 3 students answered YES,and3answeredNO.
o Halfofthe studentslacked knowledge about specific technologies and examplesoftheirapplications
At the end of the project: 6 students answeredYES,andnoneansweredNO
o Through practical exercises and site visits, all students gained an understanding of the technologies and their applications. In particular, the hands-on experience with UAV surveying and MC construction machinery significantly enhanced theirunderstanding.
Q3: Do you understand how advanced technologies are applied in the construction
industry?
Before the project: 3 students answered YES,and3answeredNO
o At the start of the project, half of the studentsdidnotfullyunderstandhow thesetechnologieswereapplied.
At the end of the project: 6 students answeredYES,andnoneansweredNO.
o By the end of the project, all students understood how these technologies are applied. Practical learning, such as acquiring and analyzing point cloud data and applying it on-site, played a key role in this understanding
OverallAnalysis
① ImprovementinUnderstanding
Throughout the project, all students' responses changed to "YES" in all three categories, indicating a high level of educationalimpact.
② Factors Contributing to the Improved Understanding
・Site Visits: Practical learning through visitstoconstructionICTsites.
・Hands-on Learning: Experiences with point cloud data, CNC routers, 3D printers, andMRtechnology.
・Teamwork: Collaborativeactivities,where students shared common goals, boosted their motivation and enhanced their learning.
Results and Challenges of the Research
In this research, digital archiving of the Saijō Kofun Cluster was advanced through the collection of point cloud data, the creation of model using digital fabrication tools, and the applicationofMRtechnology.Thisinitiativeletto thefollowingresultsandchallenges:
Results:
① Promotion of Digital Archiving of Local CulturalAssets
By utilizing point cloud data for model creation, we expanded the means of raising awareness about the cultural value andtheimportanceofpreservingtheSaijō Kofun Cluster. Efforts to provide information to local residents and educational stakeholders were further strengthened.
② EnhancedEducationalImpact
By actively engaging with technology, students deepened their interest in ICT skills and local cultural heritage. The MR exhibition played akeyrole in stimulating youngpeople'sinterestinarchaeology.
③ StrengtheningofRegionalCollaboration
Collaboration with local companies and cultural heritage research institutions resulted in the establishment of a model case for industry-academia-government cooperation, which contributed to reinforcing the foundation for regional culturalassetpreservation.
Challenges:
① ExpansionofICTTechnologyIntegration
There is a need to conduct workshops utilizing UAV surveying and the latest equipment to further integrate ICT technologies.
② ImprovementofMRExhibitions
It is necessary to simplify the operation process and enrich the content of the experience.
③ Strengthening the Impact on Local Residents
Promoting the dissemination of knowledge through outreach classes and workshops for local communities is a key challenge.
④ ContinuousEvaluationandImprovement
Establishing a system for regular surveys and feedback is essential to strengthen the communication of outcomes. Additionally, leveraging new technologies, such as the metaverse, will helpexpandinformationsharing.
Conclusion:
Thisstudyhasraisedawarenessaboutthevalue and importance of local cultural heritage and records, while also achieving educational outcomes by deepening students' understanding of ICT technologies. Moving forward, it is essential to expand opportunities for ICT integration, improve MR exhibitions, and diversifycommunicationmethods toachieveeven greater impact. To further promote the fusion of cultural heritage preservation and digital technologies,continuouseffortswillbemade.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have generously supported the 3D laser scanner surveying, digital model display, and MR experience event held at the Amatsuka Kofun and the Kakogawa General Cultural Center Museum, as part of the 50th anniversary of the
Saijō Kofun Cluster’s designation as a National HistoricSite.
Our deepest thanks go to the Kakogawa City Cultural Heritage Research Center, as well as to Kobe Seiko Co., Ltd., Harima Design Consultants Co., Ltd., Maekawa Construction Co., Ltd., and SpaceGrab Co., Ltd. for their cooperation in the 3Dlaserscannersurveyingon-site.
We also express our sincere appreciation to AsiaAirSurveyCo.,Ltd.fortheirassistanceinthe creationoftheRedReliefImageMap.
We would like to thank the Otemae University Institute of Historical Studies for overseeing the shape of the kofun models, and SRI Engineering Co., Ltd. for providing the chemical wood used in theCNCmachiningformodelproduction.
Furthermore, we are deeply grateful to the Todami Mirai Fund, General Incorporated Foundation and the JDC Corporation Future Research Foundation, General Incorporated Foundation for their generous support of this project.
