Presentation 6 - History of Interior Design

Evolution of Residence Typology L6 | From Industrial to Post Modern 1700s to 2020

IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University

Types of Residences Ephemeral or transient dwellings the dwellings of nomadic band-type societies whose existence depends on a simple hunting/ food gathering economy.

Episodic or irregular temporary dwellings The dwellings of nomadic band type societies whose existence depends on either advanced hunting or advanced food gathering practices; the former is a stepping-stone to pastoralism and the latter to rudimentary agriculture.

Periodic or regular temporary dwellings The dwellings of nomadic tribal societies with a pastoral economy.

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Types of Residences Seasonal dwellings the dwellings of tribal societies with a semi nomadic way of life based on both pastoral and marginal agricultural pursuits.

Semi permanent dwellings the dwellings of sedentary folk societies or hoe peasants practicing subsistence agriculture.

Permanent dwellings the dwellings of sedentary agricultural societies that have a political social organization as a nation and a surplus agricultural economy. Only at the sixth stage of socioeconomic development are the basic prerequisites provided to foster urban settlement.

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Types of Residences Simple societies are found in the least desirable regions, and more complex societies claim the more favourable regions.

Temporary and episodic dwellings, for example, are indigenous to arid tropical deserts, humid equatorial jungles, or arctic and subarctic barrens.

Periodic and seasonal dwellings are predominantly found in arid marginal areas of the subtropical and temperate zones.

Subtropical and temperate regions that have adequate water for cultivation contain semi permanent or permanent dwellings.

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Types of Residences Circular dwellings are primordial, and predate the rectangular shape of indigenous shelters.

Moreover, gradual increase in dwelling size or even complexity does not necessarily signify socioeconomic development; indeed, several very large collective dwellings are built by members of simple social organizations.

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Transient Dwellings BaMbuti Pygmy Hut The women construct the shelter. In a squatting position, they drive young saplings into the ground with sharp thrusts, each time in exactly the same place, until the saplings are ďŹ rm in the ground. When a circle of straight saplings surrounds them, the women stand up and skilfully bend the saplings over their heads, twisting and BaMbuti hut twining smaller saplings across until a lattice framework is formed.

After the framework is completed, the women gather the large, heart-shaped leaves collected by the men and slit the stalks toward the end (like clothespins), then hook two or three of them together and hang them on the framework like roof tiles, overlapping each other to form a waterproof covering.

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Irregular Temporary Dwellings Plains Indian Tents The skeletal structure of the Plains Indian tepee was made by tying the top ends of the supporting poles (either three or four poles) together and standing them up; then additional poles, up to about twenty, were placed against the tripod or tetrapod.

A tailored buffalo -hide cover was placed Comp on the on the pole skeleton and was staked or weighted down with stones all around the bottom edge. A hole was left at the crossing of the poles to allow smoke from the interior ďŹ re to escape.

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Temporary Dwellings Yurts of Mongolia Many nomads are so accustomed to the temporary nature of their dwellings that they feel uncomfortable in solid buildings and often suffer claustrophobia; moreover, they dread to enter multi-storeyed buildings.

This fear, in the past, was exploited in the building forms developed by sedentary peoples subjected to frequent incursions by tent-living nomads.

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Temporary Dwellings Yurts of Mongolia The pastoral nomads’ dwelling is generically a portable tent consisting of a tensile felt or skin membrane stretched over a wooden framework.

The materials are lightweight so that they are easily transported from one periodic settlement to another.

Periodic dwellings are indigenous to continental steppes and deserts.

Climatic forces and the nomadic life of tribal societies are the predominant forces determining the shape, structure, and construction method of the dwellings.

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Semi permanent Dwellings Mesakin Quisar The Mesakin Quisar, a Nuba people of the Sudan, live in round -hut clusters that typify the multi unit semi permanent dwelling pattern. The chief activity of the Mesakin is the cultivation of fields for their staple food, durra, a variety of millet resembling maize. Sowing commences in April, when the rainy season begins, and is completed by the end of May. The fields are tended during the long growing season until November when the harvest starts. The harvest is a community endeavour. Neighbours and relatives join in reaping a man's crop and then move on to another’s.

Men wield knives or iron spearheads to cut the grain bearing ears from the stalks and flail the ears of millet with flat clubs to thresh out the grain.

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Permanent Dwellings Italian Trullo The trullo is the traditional permanent building form of the inhabitants of the Murgia in the region of Apulia in south eastern Italy.

Adaptations of this form of dwelling are found in both villages and towns of this region of italy.

Farming is still the main occupation in the rural districts of Apulia. Grapes and olives are the primary crops, and wheat, beans, tomatoes, and other small crops are planted among the olive trees. The ďŹ elds are usually small and enclosed with thick, dry stone walls.

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Urban Houses The Urban House In Mesopotamia The typical urban house in Ur consisted of several rooms around a central court. A staircase, usually near the entrance, led either to the roof or to the upper oor. A reception room, kitchen, and other ancillary household rooms faced the courtyard at ground level.

In two-story structures bedrooms and private family rooms were located on the upper oor, also facing the courtyard. The roof of single story houses was often used as a sleeping platform, but in humbler dwellings the reception room had to serve also as a bedroom.

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Urban Houses Indus Valley The Indus civilization possessed a very advanced building technology. The builders of Mohenjo Daro used burnt brick for their massive battered walls, with the inner face invariably vertical and finished in clay plaster.

The exterior surface of the walls appears to have been unfinished, and only larger buildings appear to have been battered. The foundations were carried to a considerable depth and were built with great care.

Floors were usually paved with brick, laid flat in most rooms but on edge in areas of excessive wear, such as bathrooms.

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Islamic Houses The medieval Islamic urban house had its roots in the ancient urban dwellings of Mesopotamia. There was indeed an afďŹ nity between the ancient and Islamic concepts of the urban house. Both cultures believed in maximum privacy, in protection from strangers, and in the humble appearance of the exterior of the home; moreover, climatic conditions being virtually the same throughout the world of Islam.

They elicited similar physical responses in dwellings. These conditions were best met by the courtyard concept. Of course, in many respects the Islamic house is more sophisticated than its precursor.

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Islamic Houses To enhance the privacy and security of the family, the Islamic urban house (as indeed was the case with most large rural homes) was frequently divided into two sections: the salamlik and the haramlik. The former served as the public part of the house, where male visitors and friends were received, while the latter was a private and secluded sanctuary reserved for the family.

In larger homes these two parts were separate and their respective rooms grouped around their own separate courtyards.

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The Traditional Urban House In India The courtyard or court-garden house is the indigenous urban dwelling of the Indian subcontinent. If stone is unavailable or economically out of reach, urban dwellings are built of brick and the upper stories of timber frame with adobe or brick infill panels.

The roof is either flat and covered with mud or sloping and tiled, depending on the region.

In humble dwellings floors are beaten earth at ground level and paved only in the open court, passages, and washrooms. The toilet is frequently located next to the entrance and consists of no more than a hole in the paved floor with a basket below, which is emptied at night by the official sweeper, an arrangement that resembles the ancient sanitation practices of the Mohenjo-Daro dwellers.

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The Traditional Urban House In India In Hindu homes, where the preparation of food is a religious ritual, the kitchen is placed next to the family shrine. It is a chimneyless room with one or more earthen fireplaces raised above the floor.

Otherwise, most Indian homes have multifunctional interior spaces with little furniture: mats are used for sitting, quilts for sleeping, and chests for storage.

Unlike those of the historical examples discussed earlier, the facades of many urban dwellings are frequently austere and anonymous; they rarely reflect the class distinction of the occupants. Colour is reserved for religious buildings.

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The Traditional Urban House In India Dwellings bordering on major streets, or bazaars, traditionally have shops on the ground oor that open out into the street during the day, but the privacy of the home behind or above the shops is inviolate.

The house itself is a private shelter for home life, but it represents only one aspect of city life.

Another aspect, namely the street life within the community, is an important corollary to home life in India.

In general, the traditional cities of the Indian subcontinent have a cellular structure composed of residential neighbourhoods or precincts.

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The Traditional Urban House In India Jaisalmer The Jaisalmer region is arid with only sparse vegetation and saline ground water.

The city's site has an irregular polygon shape within which is a hill surrounded by a second fortiďŹ cation wall. This city within a city is triangular in shape and contains the royal palace in addition to numerous common dwellings.

A winding path leads from the lower city to the only gateway of the upper city.

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The Traditional Urban House In India Jaisalmer

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The Traditional Urban House In India Jaisalmer

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The Traditional Urban House In India: Jaisalmer

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The Traditional Urban House In India: Jaisalmer

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Medieval European Houses Of course, fortification walls were used in antiquity, but the medieval burghers perfected city defence and enriched the oriental and Greco Roman vocabulary of defensive building forms and their constituent elements.

Moreover, they developed an organization that delegated the responsibility of building, maintaining, and manning specific sections of the fortifications to particular guilds. The walls were usually fortified and built with a covered walk, behind the parapet. Numerous loopholes and embrasures enabled the defenders to shoot at attackers in relative safety.

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Medieval European Houses Rothenberg in Germany stopped growing and thereby retained its medieval form and size. Thus today it is a picturesque reminder of the scale, cohesion, and beauty that were once the hallmarks of medieval cities. Not only did the churches, fortiďŹ cations. And general city plan of Rothenberg survive, but so did many medieval homes.

The plan of a large house reveals the three construction phases of its development, the earliest phase a dwelling tower dating from the thirteenth century. The tower, three stories high, was built of ďŹ eldstone, while the corners and window and door frames were of dressed stone.

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Medieval European Houses Each oor was a single room; the basement and ground oor had vaulted ceilings while the upper oors were of timber with the two lateral supporting beams resting on stone brackets.

The second phase of construction added a large hall-type dwelling to the tower structure. The middle supporting beam of the hall was itself supported in the centre by a large oak column.

A staircase led to the upper stories, which contained more private accommodations and presumably also storage rooms. The third stage of development consisted of a two-story household building with stables at ground level.

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Renaissance Residential Squares And Crescents At the beginning of the seventeenth century Henri VI of France planned the earliest of the residential squares in France, the Place Royale (now Place des Vosges). This enterprise was an effort to join the homes of the aristocracy with that of the king, and to recreate the great spectacle of the court in the heart of Paris.

38 three-storied buildings united at the ground level by an arcade, but articulated at the top by steeply hipped roofs, surrounded the square.

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Renaissance Residential Squares And Crescents This circular "square" surrounded by thirty three attached townhouses has three regularly placed entrances with a view towards a concave facade. The facades of the three-storied townhouses deďŹ ning the circus were articulated by three rows of classical columns, one above the other.

King's Circus has a diameter of about 320 ft (97 m) and its facade "resembles the facade of a Roman amphitheatre which has been turned outside in and made concave instead of convex" 33

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The Nineteenth Century Industrialism And Urbanism Workers' urban houses were very similar to those of the earlier agricultural society. Workers lived in small cottages not unlike those of farm workers, while their employers occupied so-called villas that imitated (on a smaller scale) the manors of the landed gentry.

In one respect, however, the working man experienced a considerable change in his domestic setting during the Industrial Revolution with his removal from the countryside to the city, the worker no longer had a garden to provide him with food, which meant that he was entirely dependent upon his wages for subsistence.

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The Nineteenth Century Industrialism And Urbanism During the middle of the nineteenth century multi-storeyed model tenements for worker families first appeared in the city of London.

The building, completed in 1850, consisted of a series of flats accessible from an open gallery in the rear. The five story high building was U-shaped and enclosed a large courtyard, or drying ground.

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The Nineteenth Century Industrialism And Urbanism Since the late 18th century is a style of housing where (generally) identical individual houses are conjoined into rows a line of houses which about directly onto each other built with shared party walls between dwellings whose uniform fronts and uniform height created an entity.

In architecture and city planning, a terraced or terrace house (UK) or townhouse (US) exhibits a style of medium-density housing that originated in Europe in the 16th century, where a row of identical or mirror-image houses share side walls. They are also known in some areas as row houses in US and India.

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The Nineteenth Century Industrialism And Urbanism Since the late 18th century is a style of housing where (generally) identical individual houses are conjoined into rows a line of houses which about directly onto each other built with shared party walls between dwellings whose uniform fronts and uniform height created an entity.

In architecture and city planning, a terraced or terrace house (UK) or townhouse (US) exhibits a style of medium-density housing that originated in Europe in the 16th century, where a row of identical or mirror-image houses share side walls. They are also known in some areas as row houses in US and India.

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The Nineteenth Century Industrialism And Urbanism In the past hundred or so years, the purpose-built apartment has emerged as a kind of consumer home product tailored to the housing needs of urban families at different social and income levels. This quest to design model apartments that provide a framework for basic human needs has generated progressive visions of how we can live that have more universal relevance.

Usually lacking either the scale of the loft or the possibility to separate activities by level that is characteristic of the house, the densely structured and served spaces of the apartment have been especially fruitful in propagating new ideas of how we can inhabit our living spaces.

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The 20th Century Among the most inuential Modern Movement apartments was the domestic cell designed by Le Corbusier for the Unite d'Habitation in Marseilles, 1949-52, which the architect hoped would become a prototype for low-cost housing.

Drawing on ideas that had existed as early as the 1920s, the Unite apartment combined a double-height living room with a glazed wall on one side and a single-height bedroom zone on the other. The dual orientation maximise natural light and allowed for cross-ventilation.

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Evolution of Residences in Industrial Period (1700s to 1850s):

Toilet

There was an increased need for cheap housing near the factories. In the rush to build houses, many were constructed too quickly in terraced rows. Some of these houses had just a small yard at the rear where an outside toilet was placed. Others were 'back to back' with communal toilets.

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Industrial Period - Space Planning of Residences: Back-to-Back houses for Industrial workers

Typical Houses of the Riches and Industry Owners

Bath/ Toilet Kitchen

Single unit

Bath/ Toilet

Living Bed

Common Unit

Ground Floor

Kitchen

Living Bath/ Toilet

Bed 2

Bath/ Toilet

Bed 3

Bed 3

First Floor

Dinning

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Industrial Period - Furniture in Residences: 1700s

Queen Anne

1850s

Windsor

Colonial

18th century classic house with Windsor and Colonial

Chippendale

Rococo

Country house with Rococo furniture

Louis XVI

Revival

Parlor with Louis XVI furniture 47

Industrial Period - Entertainment and Means of communication in Residences:

Dedicated space for Art

Garden Parties of the Country people

Women gatherings / Tea party

Weekly Fairs in common streets

Assemblies of Aristocrats

Board games in the Living Room 48

Industrial Period - Styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences: Neoclassicism

Federal style Houses

Villa La Rotonda,

Symmetrical balance, An even number of tall classical columns Symmetry, Fanlights, Wood or Brick that support a full-height front porch, Elaborate doorways with Construction, Side-Gable Roofs or Hipped Roofs, triangular pediments, Flat roofs with a center dome Double-Hung Sash Windows, Simple shape 49

Industrial Period - Styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences: Romanticism

Louis XVI style

Gothic Revival

Greek Villa LaRevival Rotonda,

Italianate

Pedimented Gable covering entry supported by columns, Pinnacles, Battlements, and shaped Parapets, Quatrefoil and Clover Shaped Windows, Bold and Simple Moldings

Featured mythical animals, such as sphinxes and griffons, horns of plenty, and vases of owers mounted on tripods. In the later years of the Louis XVI style, the decorative panels were divided into often geometric divisions, either circles or octagons 50

Industrial Period - Factors inuencing lifestyle: Gender Parity

Joint to Nuclear families

Women-oriented activities Men-oriented activities

Women were associated with household chores and man with outdoor activities, which was highly reected in Art

The increasing demand of workforce and labour force in Industries led to migration of workers towards the cities and Industry area resulting into forming nuclear families 51

Post Industrial Period (1850s to 1920s) - Housing and Space Planning: Kitchen Dinning Bath/ Toilet

Parlour

Living

Level 1 Bath/ Toilet Bed 1 Office

Bath/ Toilet

Family Room

Level 2 Bed 4 Bed 3

Bath/ Toilet Bed 2

Level 3

Small row houses went up in great numbers in the ďŹ rst half of the century. Virtually some of them had Living rooms or parlours.

Functions of the house were compartmentalized into separate areas. Public and private rooms were kept apart. Bedroom was an invention of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Post Industrial Period - Furniture in Residences: 1850s

Revival

1920s

Victorian

19th century Victorian furniture

Art Nouveau

19th century Art Nouveau furniture

Bauhaus

Art Deco

Early 20th century Parlor Art with DecoLouis furniture XVI furniture 53

Post Industrial Period - Entertainment and Means of communication:

House concerts

From the mid-19th century until the mid-20th century, many wealthy individuals had pipe organs installed in their homes.

Most people's only experience of music was house concerts

Beginning of Radio 54

Post Industrial Period - Styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences: Victorian style

Romanesque Revival

Expressionism

Villa La Rotonda,

A distortion of form for an Towers, turrets, dormers, and wide Round towers with cone-shaped roofs. emotional effect.

A wrap-around porches. Decorative railings Columns and pilasters with spirals and subordination of realism to leaf designs, Patterned masonry and turned posts, porch on two sides symbolic or stylistic expression 55

Post Industrial Period - Factors inuencing lifestyle: Unsanitary Living conditions

Urbanization

The most serious disease in the poor quarters was tuberculosis, until the 1860s cholera, as well as rickets, scarlet fever, and typhoid.

Unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the 19th century, both through continued migration from the countryside and due to the tremendous demographic giving rise to Mass housing like Row houses, tenements and Apartments in the later era.

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Interwar Period (1920 to 1950) - Housing Suburbia houses

Terraced Semi-detached house

As railways, trams and cars enabled workers to commute, larger houses in the suburbs developed with larger ground plan.

The 1939 house tended to be terraced which were used in worker’s housing in industrial district due to rapid urbanization

Inter-war housing

Single storey detached houses were common during this period.

Economic stringency and the move towards modernism were both reected in this style.

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Interwar Period - Space planning

Kitchen

Living

Wash area

Bath/ Toilet Dinning

Ground Floor

Bed 2

Bath/ Toilet

Bed 3

Bed 3

Terraced House(Row house)

Interwar house(Individual house)

Kitchen evolution: New style of kitchen in which cooking and washing were both done. They had gas or electric cookers and free standing water boilers.

First Floor

Bathroom evolution: The houses now featured a bathroom inside a toilet and a third bedroom.

Advancement in plumbing drove the change.

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Interwar Period - Furniture

Art Deco style furniture

Bauhaus style furniture 59

Interwar Period - Styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences: Art Deco

Art Deco was a very popular international design movement that was accepted world over and spans the period from 1920 until the 1940s. It was inspired by the advances in modern technology of the 1920s, which can be seen in the smooth lines, geometric shapes and streamlines forms that are characteristic of the movement. Deco has an inherent luxuriousness, which is accentuated by the use of silver, crystal, ivory, jade and lacquer. The style is typically elegant, glamorous and functional.

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Interwar Period - Styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences: Movements

De Stijl

Bauhaus

Art Nouveau movement had significant influence on the interiors. Stained glass was widely used along with curves and clear geometry.

This "style", or rather a school of thought, is called Neoplasticism - the new plastic art, which aimed to develop a universal language that gradually gave rise to Modernism.

The Bauhaus movement influenced the modernist designs of the house. The designs were streamlined without ornamentation.

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Interwar Period - Entertainment

Radio, ďŹ replace made living room the anchor of the house.

Television, movies inuenced lifestyle Cards, in-house dance parties, and culture. gatherings became the social culture.

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Interwar Period - Factors inuencing lifestyle: The birth of Mass culture

The New Woman

Automobile Age

The mass media gained popularity during 1920s which impacted the culture.

Machine technology like vacuum cleaner, washing machine eliminated the household work

Most important consumer product of the 1920s was the automobile.

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Modernization (1950-1980) - Housing Post-war Social Housing

Communal housing- Apartments

Unite d’ Habitation was the ďŹ rst of new housing project focused on communal living for all the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come together 64

Modernization - Spatial planning Post-war Housing

Vertical housing- Apartments Kitchen

Living

Wash area

Bath/ Toilet Dinning

Bed 1 Bath/ Toilet

Ground Floor Bath/ Toilet Bed 2

Balcony

Kitchen

Bed 1

Living Dinning

Wash area

Bath/ Toilet

Bed 3

Bed 3

Bath/ Toilet

First Floor

Bath/ Toilet Bed 2

Ground Floor 65

Modernization Period (1950-1980) - Furniture

Furniture of the 1950s varied, ranging from traditional upholstered furniture to space age, futuristic shaped pieces.

Vinyl dining chairs and chrome-legged tables with Formica tops were considered fashionable additions to kitchens and dining rooms. Laminated plywood furniture with clean lines dominated living rooms, and home bars became an important staple of the living space now that an emphasis was placed on entertaining.

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Modernization Period (1950-1980) - Entertainment

By the 1950's television became a simpler,cheaper, and more convenient family leisure activity. The availability of movie-related shows, reality shows, children's programming, daily soap operas and news programs made it the prime source of entertainment in every household.

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Modernization - styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences

Contemporary design movement

Modern, functionalist design

Pop Art references in interiors

Onset of Minimalism 68

Modernization - Aesthetic in Residences:

In the 1950s, there were three popular color trends; pastel, Scandinavian, and modern. Kitchens and bathrooms

were the two most notable room types for pastel color decoration. Further the colors were muted and there was a shift to bold, simple interiors.

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Evolution of Residences Post Modernization (1980s to 2010s):

When American architect Robert Venturi designed a home for his mother in the late 1950s, he reinterpreted the archetypal suburban house as a contemporary architectural statement. Its inuence was so great, it is now credited as the ďŹ rst Postmodern building.

A manifesto for Postmodern architecture, the Vanna Venturi house is a composition of rectangular, curvilinear, and diagonal elements coming together (or sometimes juxtaposing each other) in a way that inarguably creates complexity and contradiction.

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Evolution of Residences Post Modernization (1980s to 2010s):

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Post Modernization - Space Planning of Residences:

Frank Gehry’s Residence: UnďŹ nished Dutch colonial house with unusual materials and forms exploring sustainability.

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Post Modernization - Furniture Design of Residences:

Robert Venture proclaimed “Less IS Bore�

In the 1960s, artists and architects started rejecting modernism. Rather than focusing on serious, objective designs free of subject, they started breaking rules. Postmodernist art and architecture started celebrating color, texture, and subject, all with a hint of whimsy and irony. They also rejected the modernist devotion to high art, looking for inspiration in items of popular culture, like comic books, magazines, and fast food.

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Post Modernism- Entertainment and Means of communication in Residences:

Postmodernism Ideology: “TV is better than reality�

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Post Modernism - Styles, Isms, movements, aesthetic in Residences:

Memphis Art Movement

Pop Art Movement 75

Post Modernism - Pop Culture References in Residences:

Publicity still from 'Pee Wee's Playhouse,' CBS TV's comedy starring Paul Reubens and S Epatha Merkerson, 1986.

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Pop Culture References in Residences:

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