Presentation 5 - History of Interior Design

Introduction to Typologies L5 | Evolution of Rooms

IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University

Taxonomy of Spaces in a Home Parlor Utility Spaces Functional use and area Function and Style

Dining Area Living Spaces

Time Period

Taxonomy ( a scheme of classiďŹ cation) of Spaces in a home

Verandah

Occupancy

Private

Privacy

Semi- Private

Social Structure

Visual or Physical Connection

Public

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Evolution of Living Room

The Salon d'Hercule, one of the many elaborate and extremely formal rooms within Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles.

The Louis XV style combined formality with a new level of comfort.

The art of creating an inspiring space to live really took off in the west with the French Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1691, when Louis XIV was in his pomp, the Parisian architect Augustin-Charles d’Aviler published his Cours d’architecture (Lessons in architecture) in which he spelt out the difference between apartments de parade, or formal rooms like the king’s, and newly desirable appartements de commodité, rooms in which homeowners could relax and be themselves.

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Evolution of Living Room

In the English-speaking world of the 18th and 19th century, having a parlour room was evidence of social status.

It was proof that one had risen above those who lived in one or two rooms.

As the parlour was the room in which the larger world encountered the private sphere of middle-class life, it was invariably the best room in the home. The parlour frequently displayed a family's best furnishings, works of art and other status symbols. The parlour was used for receptions around formal family occasions such as weddings, births and funerals.

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Evolution of Living Room

The secondary functions of the parlour for entertaining and display were taken up by various kinds of sitting rooms, such as the living room (chiey in North American usage), or the drawing room (chiey in British usage). 5

Evolution of Living Room

Some tradespeople used the parlour of their houses in the service of their businesses. Hence, funeral parlours, beauty parlours, and the like. In the 20th century, the widespread use of the telephone and automobiles, and the increasing casualness of society led to the decline of formal reception rooms in domestic architecture in 6 English-speaking countries.

Evolution of Living Room

Before the introduction of TV to centre the furniture around, ďŹ replace, radio became the anchor of the living room.

In 1950s with rise in use of Televisions in houses, the living room became a centric space in the house and the focus shifted more on comfort and less on formality.

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Evolution of Living Room

In the 1960s, the living room became a place to display artistic taste and cultural nous, with many items of furniture of the time considered works of art.

There was an increased rise in experimenting with the decor. Couches, carpets were used more bright colour and materials.

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Evolution of Living Room

By the 1980s, a television wasn't just for watching — video games were just arriving on the scene.

The 1990s saw more technological invention, and a focus on mixing bold colors and patterns in the living room. The TVs were thin enough to ďŹ t on the walls. Hence there was more open space.

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Evolution of Living Room

Eventually with the modernist approach, the living room started disintegrating into different areas where the lounge become a different space and TV room became a different space

In 2000s with increase in space constraints and rise in rates, the boundaries of living rooms started blurring into an open plan where the dining space merged with the living area along with other spaces.

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Evolution of Living Room

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Evolution of Kitchen

Kitchen utensils of Ancient Greece

Upper class family kitchen in 1700s

By the turn of the 18th century, Among the upper classes, it was common for dinner parties to be held for around 75 guests or more. As a result, a large kitchen was needed.

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Evolution of Kitchen

A Hearth and Fireplace in 1700s

This 1700s house has a hearth and ďŹ replace, in which food was cooked over the open ďŹ re, hung in pots, roasted on spits, or family bakedkitchen in theinashes.

Upper class 1700s Dishes and containers of water or other drink were stored nearby in freestanding hutches, or on shelves.

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Evolution of Kitchen

Larger kitchens in early 1800s

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Evolution of Kitchen

Larger kitchens in early 1800s

Gradually during the late 1700s, the kitchen wing started separating from the public rooms emerging as the space of its own and evolved into the domain of housewives for common people and slaves and servants for riches.

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Evolution of Kitchen

Larger kitchens in early 1800s

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Evolution of Kitchen

Larger kitchens in early 1800s

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Evolution of Kitchen

Larger kitchens in early 1800s

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Evolution of Kitchen

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Evolution of Kitchen

A kitchen stove, often called simply a stove or a cooker, is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven, used for baking. A stove with multiple cooking surfaces is also called a range. In the industrialized world, as stoves replaced open ďŹ res as a source of more efďŹ cient and reliable heating.

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Evolution of Kitchen

Upper class Victorian kitchen with cast-iron stove in 1800s

Before the stove cooking was done over an open ďŹ re, the temperature and speed of cooking controlled by raising the pot higher or lower above the ames. The Oberlin Stove, a cast-iron cooking stove that could burn coal or wood, was patented in 1834.

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Evolution of Kitchen

Kitchen in 19th century

Kitchen in 19th century

The industrialization that took off in the 19th century was a boon to the kitchen. It was during Victorian era that stoves, kitchen sinks with hand-operated pumps, hot water heaters, and gas lighting appeared in the kitchen. Women started working, which increased of advancements and easier facilities in the kitchens 22

Evolution of Kitchen

Kitchen in 1900s

Kitchen in 1900s

Ever since the 1920s, kitchens had been trending down in size, and growing more efďŹ cient in terms of space planning. Refrigerators, now minus the exposed motors on the top, could also be ďŹ tted into the cabinetry, creating a smooth and effortless work station.

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Evolution of Kitchen

PATTERNED WALLPAPER There was no color too bright and no pattern too funky for wallpaper in this era.

1960s

OPEN LAYOUT The beginning of a trend with staying power, homeowners knocked down walls in favor of open layouts.

BOLD ACCENT COLORS Kitchens are more functional than ever, but there’s still room for fun bold accents in contemporary design.

1980s

1970s

L- & U-SHAPED LAYOUT Kitchens designed in these shapes were cozy without being claustrophobic.

1990s

INTEGRATED PRO STYLE APPLIANCES Home dishwashers, became reminiscent of restaurant grade appliances

2000s

WOOD-PANELED REFRIGERATION SUITES Appliances that seamlessly blended in with wood cabinets, became available.

2010s

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Evolution of Kitchen

“Kitchen of Tomorrow” The kitchen was profiled in a 1943 issue of Life magazine. With sliding cabinet doors, plentiful glass and working-height counters.

Evolution of Kitchen

Evolution of Bedroom

In early 1920s, the immigrants and poor lived in tenements where the entire apartment was just a cramped bedroom..

In early 1920s for the wealthier, bedrooms were equipped with sinks. It was used for two purpose: to groom or wash up and sleep.

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Evolution of Bedroom

By the 1930s, privacy became an important need in bedroom and plumbing became advanced which led to washroom which was planned next to bedroom.

The mid 20th century introduced the mid-century modern design movement, which started reflecting in the bedrooms.

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Evolution of Bedroom

In 1970s, technological advancements saw a boom and bedrooms evolved such that they now accomodated the devices in nearest proximity.

In 1957, Bedroom took on a second function as playroom for the kids. So, further on bunk beds became popular in 1990s.

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Evolution of Bedroom

In 2000s, the bedrooms began to be sleekers and were ďŹ lled with modern amenities as well as lounge area started getting incorporated near the bed space.

The bedroom and the elements then started becoming multipurpose use due to space constraints and it showcased the user’s identity.

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Evolution of Bathroom

In the ancient era, bathrooms were not planned within the house, instead there were community/ public baths which catered to the need.

In the 19th century the house became organised around the usefulness of the rooms, and at a time when fears concerning germs and hygiene were rife, bathroom rose to prominence.

In 20th century, the bathroom became more sophisticated as the attitude towards cleanliness and privacy changed. Community is now out. Poor people still had to share facilities 31

Evolution of Bathroom

Flush toilets received a huge advancement in technology when in 1775 Alexander Cummings, a Scotsman, invented the S-trap. This device, still in use today, allowed for water to be trapped within the plumbing, preventing the escape of the stench from the sewers below.

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Evolution of Bathroom

It wasn’t long before folks discovered that wood, water, and other stuff didn’t mix. By the late 1880s, “open plumbing” was coming into vogue, with porcelain fixtures in full view.

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Evolution of Bathroom

In 1890 Clarence and Irvin Scott designed a perforated roll of paper for use in the water closet. Americans were slow to make this new product a success, and were embarrassed to be seen purchasing a product specifically for the toilet. It wasn’t until the 1930’s that toilet paper sales began to take off, thanks in part to ad campaigns directed at women.

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Evolution of Bathroom

The 20th Century: Bathrooms as places of luxury and privacy: After World War I and II, the glamour of Hollywood movies and the rise of the middle class demanded certain luxuries in the bathroom. Like the kitchen, the bathroom was becoming a source of pride, especially for the woman of the house. the bathroom was the scene for relaxing and taking care of one’s body.

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Evolution of Bathroom

Post WWII America saw new technologies enter the home space on a massive scale. Inventions like hairdryers, ventilation fans, new dental and toiletry products and an increase in the makeup and hair industries ooded the bathroom. The 1960’s saw the advent of the sexual revolution and Jacuzzis and sumptuous shaped tubs became commonplace.

Styles of the bathroom continued to mirror societal and economic changes that were taking place.

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Evolution of Bathroom

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Evolution of Bathroom Modern bathrooms are also gaining in square footage.

Today’s master bathrooms often include walk-in closets, dressing areas, his and her sinks, a shower and bathtub that can ďŹ t two people and a toilet.

Often these master bathrooms offer commanding views out the window, just like our living rooms and kitchens.

Homeowners also have the luxury of materials from all over the world, allowing us to truly personalize our bathroom space.

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Evolution of Spaces - Victorian Era (1750-1850)

Chambers

Toilets

Porch

Central Hall

Library/ Reading Area

Kitchen Pantry

Dining Space

Parlor Space Piazza

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Evolution of Spaces - Victorian Era (1750-1850)

Private

Public

Activity-centric Anchor

Higher Connectivity Lower Connectivity

Area-centric Anchor

Occupancy

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Evolution of Spaces- Art Nouveau Style (1850-1900)

Attic

Chambers Central Hall Toilets

Parlor Space

Pantry

Dining Space

Porch

Kitchen

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Evolution of Spaces- Art Nouveau Style (1850-1900)

Visual

Private

Activity-centric Anchor

Public Higher Connectivity Lower Connectivity

Occupancy

Area-centric Anchor

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Evolution of Spaces- 1850-1900

Bathrooms

Bedrooms Central Hall

Breakfast Room

Living Room

Pantry

Dining Space

Piazza

Kitchen Porch

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Evolution of Spaces- 1850-1900

Private

Public

Activity-centric Anchor Area-centric Anchor Higher Connectivity Visual

Lower Connectivity

Visual Occupancy

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Evolution of Spaces- 1920-1930 Bathrooms

Bedrooms Central Hall

Breakfast Room

Living Room

Pantry

Dining Space

Porch

Kitchen Porch

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Evolution of Spaces- 1920-1930

Private

Public

Activity-centric Anchor Area-centric Anchor Higher Connectivity Visual

Visual

Lower Connectivity

Occupancy

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Evolution of Spaces- 1940’s

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Evolution of Spaces-1960’s

Private

Public

Activity-centric Anchor

Higher Connectivity Lower Connectivity

Occupancy

Area-centric Anchor

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Evolution of Spaces-1960’s Bathrooms

Bedrooms

Central Hall

Living Room Pantry

Dining Space

Porch

Kitchen

Porch

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Evolution of Spaces- 1950’s

Private

Activity-centric Anchor

Public Higher Connectivity Lower Connectivity

Occupancy

Area-centric Anchor

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Evolution of Spaces- 21st Century Bathrooms

Bedrooms

Kitchen

Pantry

Living Room

Dining Space

Front Courtyard Central Hall

Porch

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Evolution of Spaces- 21st Century

Private

Public

Activity-centric Anchor

Higher Connectivity Lower Connectivity

Occupancy

Area-centric Anchor

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Thank you...