History of Interior Design - Presentation 1

History of Interior Design L1 | Part 1: The Brief Introduction

IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University

WHAT IS HISTORY?

LEGENDS: Politics and Society Economy and Industry Science and Technology Culture Sports

About 70,000 years ago, organisms belonging to the species Homo Sapiens started to form even more elaborate structures called cultures. The subsequent development of these human cultures in history.

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WHAT IS HISTORY?

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WHAT IS HISTORICAL THINKING?

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) German art historian and archaeologist. father of the discipline of art history Posed a question- a huge 18th century debate “IS TASTE INNATE OR CAN TASTE BE LEARNED” “CAN DESIGN BE LEARNED?” YES !!!

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Historical Precedents Historical precedents are architectural works of the past that can be used to provide inspiration for a new project.

Historic precedents are not to be simply copied for a new design, as this would rarely (if ever) be practical.

Nor would it make for an authentic outcome. Instead, a historical precedent can help inspire the designer to think of new and innovative ideas.

The elements of design provide an essential framework for analysing a historical precedent.

When studying a work of historical architecture that you admire, ask yourself how the elements of the design have been applied to make the design successful.

On an abstract level, you may think of many ways that the same fundamental design principles can be used to your work—only perhaps on a smaller scale—and translated to a modern language of construction and materials.

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Historical Precedents The Pantheon is an essay on the elements of design. It obviously would be impossible to replicate the majesty of a building as grand as the Pantheon in a typical interiors project.

However, a designer with a keen eye for the elements of design, and a creative approach, could pull many design ideas from the building.

Inspirational precedents can serve as a launching point for creative ideas in the brainstorming process for any project.

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Historical Precedents ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Could patterns be designed to create rhythmic textures of light and shadow?

Are there ideas for geometrical patterns that can be applied as a flooring material, or a decorative pattern that could provide emphasis to an important area?

Could an alternating rhythm of walls and openings be used to provide drama in a specific space?

Could a series of lines be used to accentuate the proportions of a space?

Could a skylight be used to provide particular emphasis to a room's centre?

Could a variety of textures be used to provide visual emphasis to certain areas, and less to others?

Could an entry sequence be designed with a low vestibule, which masks an element of surprise in the space beyond?

Could geometry be used to organise a room's proportions?

Could there be a series of small intimate spaces gathered around a central public space?

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?

Crown Hall,Chicago Mies Van Der Rohe 1950-1956

MIES VAN DER ROHE in front of Model of Crown Hall, Chicago MIES VAN DER ROHE Epidaurous, 1959

CROWN HALL AND PANTHEON 9

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- MIES VAN DER ROHE

MIES VAN DER ROHE Barcelona Pavilion, 1929 Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona Mies Van Der Rohe 1929

PARTHENON BARCELONA PAVILION AND PANTHEON

Cult Statue of Barcelona v/s Parthenon 10

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- MIES VAN DER ROHE

Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona Mies Van Der Rohe 1929

BARCELONA PAVILION AND PARTHENON 11

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- MIES VAN DER ROHE

Right: MIES VAN DER ROHE Barcelona Pavilion, 1929 Right: THEO VAN DOESBURG Rhythm of Russian Dance (flipped), (1883-1931)

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- MIES VAN DER ROHE

Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona Mies Van Der Rohe 1929

FARNSWORTH HOUSE AND PARTHENON 13

HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS

I.M. Pei’s 1989 design for the Pyramide du Louvre at the historic Louvre Palace in Paris France starts with architecture’s most significant symbol: the pyramid. A tunnel descends into structure like the ancient pyramids of Egypt.

The museum spans the entire history of mankind, and so the pyramid itself assumes a futuristic character. Its transparent materials achieve this futurism while opening views to the building surrounding it, and opening natural sunlight into the front lobby.

Pyramide du Louvre, Vicenza I.M.Pei, Paris 1989 14

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- LE CORBUSIER

VILLA ROTUNDA

Villa Rotunda, Vicenza Andrea Palladio, Vincenzo Scamozzi 16th Century

Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of his original concepts.

Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective, and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as "Palladianism" 15

LE CORBUSIER

Villa Savoye, Poissy Le Corbusier 1930

Master Plan for City of Chandigarh Le Corbusier 1950 16

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- LE CORBUSIER

PURE FORMS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE

VILLA ROTUNDA

Villa Rotunda, Vicenza Andrea Palladio, Vincenzo Scamozzi 16th Century 17

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- LE CORBUSIER

Villa Schwob, Vicenza La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland 1917 18

WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- LE CORBUSIER

THE CAPITOL BY MICHELANGELO PUBLISHED IN ‘TOWARDS A NEW ARCHITECTURE’

LE CORBUSIER, VILLA SCHWOB LA-CHAUX-DE-FONDS, 1917

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- DIALECTICAL SYNTHESIS

Baroque, the classicism of Palladio, and Renaissance architecture blended together.

Philosophy of Escole Des Beaux Arts School

Palais Garnier Charles Garnier, Paris 1861-1875

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- DIALECTICAL SYNTHESIS

Crown Hall is considered architecturally significant because Mies van der Rohe refined the basic steel and glass construction style, beautifully capturing simplicity and openness for endless new uses.

Crown Hall,Chicago Mies Van Der Rohe 1950-1956

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- DIALECTICAL SYNTHESIS

Goetz Foundation | Herzog and De Meuron

Goetz Foundation,Munich Herzog and De Meuron 1992

Follows the Meis-ian box of structural honesty- A simpliďŹ ed Mies-an box + Heavy Traventino (the stone of Ancient Rome and the Paris Opera House)Floating between two planes of glass- an anti-gravity building

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WHY SHOULD DESIGNERS STUDY HISTORY?- DIALECTICAL SYNTHESIS

Eberswalde Library | Herzog and De Meuron

Eberswalde Library,Eberswalde Herzog and De Meuron 1997

Follows the Meis-ian box of structural honesty- A simpliďŹ ed Mies-an box + Ornamentation like Paris Opera House (from classical art + Otto Wagner + Pop art like Andy Warhol + Sigmar Polke

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HOW ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES MOVE FORWARD?

Temple of Solomon

La Villa capra

New Haven Master Plan

Philips Exeter Academy Library

Villa Savoye

Tres grande Bibliotheque

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Stone Age

Egyptian

Neolithic European

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Ancient Greek

Ancient Roman

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Byzantine

Dark Ages

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Gothic

Renaissance

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Baroque

Rococo

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Traditional American

Industrial Revolution

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Neoclassical

Tropical

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Aesthetic Movement

Victorian

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Tuscan

Arts and Crafts Movement

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Rustic

Art Nouveau

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Colonial Revival

Modern

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Country

Art-Deco

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY TYPE

Mediterranean

Mid-Century Modern

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES - BY TYPE

Transitional

Contemporary

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY CHRONOLOGY

Industrial Revolution 1700-1850

Post Industrial Revolution 1850-1920

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ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN STYLES- BY CHRONOLOGY

Post First World War 1920-1950

Modernisation 1950-1980

Post Modernisation 1980-2020

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History of Interior Design L1 | Part 2: Learning History through Chronology

IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University

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History through Chronology

Three Historic Time Periods

3600 BC

Ancient

500 AD

Renaissance (Middle Age)

1500

Modern

Present

Modern Periods 1500

Early Modern

1750

Late Modern

1975

Contemporary

Present

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Chronological Approach - Five Time Frames To study History, we are taking an Chronological approach which will look at five different time periods starting from 1750 to the present i.e. 2020.

Industrial Period

Post - Industrial Period

1750

1920

Result

Change

1850 Agriculture and Handicraft

Post World War I

Modernisation

1950

Post Modernisation 1980

2020

Increased Manufacturing

Large-scale Industries Also colonisation

Increased Economy

The Industrial Revolution transformed economies from agriculture and handicrafts into large-scale industry

Increased Advancement

Relative importance of manufacturing as well as services, information, and research increased

Post war period governed by advances in the automobile and media fields.

It

is known for digital inventions that influenced technological advances.

Post modernism transformed everyday activities

by Automation and machineries 44

Time Periods - Brief History

1

1750 - 1850

2

Industrial Period Steam Engine

1850 - 1920 Post Industrial Period

Producing & Providing goods

Shift Powered

Offering Services

Steam boats

Railway

Factories

Manufacturing sector

Shift

Gave rise to

Industrialization

Industrial Revolution started with the invention of steam engine which symbolized the transition from human power in homes to machine power in factories

Service Sector

Application of the Industrial period where the after -effects can be seen. The Industrial period gave rise to many services & technology.

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Time Periods - Brief History

3

1920 - 1950

4

Post World War I

1950 - 1980

5

Digital Age

1980 - 2020 Postmodernism

Digital Computer

Mass Production

Laptop | World Wide Web

Gave rise to Infrastructure Development

Factories

Cell phones, Social media

Internet Affordable Housing

Gave rise to

Technological Advances

Transistor Colour T.V

Post World War-I period saw an increase in Mass production, Automobile production and usage as well as laid framework for digital revolution due to invention of transistor.

Advertising media

Exposure Interconnectivity

GraphicsDigital, Print media

This period was known as the Digital age because of the invention of Digital Computers, Internet which shaped all aspects from the way people lived to how they worked.

This period saw digital revolution with introduction of World Wide Web, cell phones, laptop and scientiďŹ c, technological advances like Automation, machineries etc.

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History of Interior Design L1 | Part 2: Learning History through Chronology Industrial and Post Industrial 1750 - 1850 | 1850 - 1920

IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University 47

Industrial Period - Events: SigniďŹ cant Events that happened in the Industrial Period that the world on a global Level in various ďŹ elds and areas such as Arts, Science, Technology, Infrastructure and Lifestyle.

Industrial Period 1769

1784

Around 1800

1807

1844 1850

1750 Steam Engine invented /improved by James Watt whose iron foundries engendered an appropriate type of building.

First successful Wrought Iron was produced through Puddling process by Henry Cort

Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron

Steamboat invented with engine that would burn coal to turn water into steam and power the boat.

Samuel Morse invents the Telegraph, which allows messages to be sent quickly over a wire.

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Post Industrial Period - Events: Significant Events that happened in the Industrial Period that the world on a global Level in various fields and areas such as Arts, Science, Technology, Infrastructure and Lifestyle.

Post Industrial Period 1866

1876

1879

1889

1903 1920

1850 Alfred Nobel invented Dynamite, an explosive device called a blasting cap, which inaugurated the modern use of high explosives.

Alexander Graham Bell successfully demonstrated the telephone, which transmitted sound, including that of the human voice, by means of an electric current.

Thomas Edison created a light bulb that lasted longer than other designs and showed it off by lighting a lamp.

Eiffel Tower, world’s tallest structure for four decades was made from Wrought iron

The Wright brothers invented the first successful airplane and took First Airplane flight

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Architecture:

Crystal Palace was a glass and iron exhibition hall in Berlin - a revolutionary iron and glass construction at that time

Many Architectural styles like Neoclassical architecture, characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, dramatic use of columns, became popular

One of the masterpieces of the Second Empire style, Paris Opera was made in the start of the Post Industrial period.

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Significant Evolution of Architecture:

A classic Renaissance Revival Architecture example of Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II - Italy’s oldest market place

The world's first skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in addition to being the first of a new generation of steel-framed skyscrapers

An architectural landmark of international significance Wainwright Building, marked the beginning of modern skyscraper design.

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Significant Evolution of Infrastructure (Bridges, Railway Stations, Markets):

The Invention of Wrought Iron made the construction of Bridges much easier and hence bridge construction became significant - Tower Bridge & Brooklyn Bridge

Many first and important Railway stations and Railroads were built due to advancement in RailwaysSt. Pancras Station

Many covered markets were seen in these eras especially in Europe due to the cultural significance of market systems which were made of Glass and Iron 52

Significant Evolution of Material:

Wrought Iron, can be form and molded into any shape. Many structures and buildings could be easily made with it

Coal was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity

Glass could be manufactured in larger sizes and volumes making designing and constructing buildings easier

Bakelite, the first real synthetic, mass-produced plastic.

It was called ‘a material for a thousand uses’ 53

SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Interior Design:

Those who were particularly well off could hire upholsterers to beautify their furniture or craftsmen to create beautiful works of art.

For the ďŹ rst time wallpapers, dishes, glass, textiles, and furniture were made in large quantities due to mass production at prices that many people could afford

Hence, they would hire craftsmen and artisans for the interior designs of their building. This gave rise to interior design as a profession.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Furniture:

The Neoclassical style, began in the 1750s - Tiring of the Rococo style

The Empire style began in Paris in 19th century and quickly spread throughout Europe.

Chippendale furniture designs Gothic, Rococo and Chinese

In the 1820s there was a revival of the Gothic style, heavy medieval motifs were profusely applied

Industrial furniture was simple, practical, easy to mass produce, and made to withstand harsh conditions.

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Significant Evolution of Art:

The Realism emerged from the Romanticism from 1840's to 1900's.

The first Art period of under the influence of Industrial revolution was the Neoclassical from the 1750's to 1820's.

The parallel period with Neoclassical was the Romanticism from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century.

The Industrial Revolution had a great effect on the Impressionists and PostImpressionists 56

SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Products: Many Precursors for the modern-day products were invented

Typographer - Precursor of Typewriter and Keyboard

Ice-machine - Precursor of Refrigerator

Because of Mass production,. Products were now easier to produce and was available at much affordable rates

Telegraph

Battery

First man-made plastic

Gramophone

Microphone

Vulcanized Rubber 57

SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Textile:

Spinning Jenny

With the invention of the spinning wheel and the loom, cotton was produced quicker and eventually replaced wool in the textile ďŹ eld.

Sewing Machine Many Sewing machines, looms and sewing techniques were invented and developed

Velvet and Silk was introduced in Interiors to be used in Upholstery and in various spatial and design elements 58

Socio-Cultural Evolution:

The Industrial Revolution marked a dramatic change for women as many of them entered the workforce for the ďŹ rst time. Women had to compete with men for jobs.

As in all productive revolutions, skill greatly determined the quality of life. Artisans had the easiest time transitioning to the new economic paradigm.

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Socio-Cultural Impacts:

Industrialization and capitalism greatly impacted class structure. It destroyed the old division of society from clergy, nobility and commoners into a new class - working class

It also threatened the joint family system, as it was difďŹ cult to carry all the Family members to Industrial towns and cities so the system of nuclear family emerged

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Socio-Cultural Impacts - Formation of Unions

The mechanization of labor created by technological innovation had made working in factories increasingly tedious (and sometimes dangerous), and many workers were forced to work long hours for pitifully low wages.

In the decades to come, outrage over substandard working and living conditions would fuel the formation of labor unions, aimed at improving life for working class and poor citizens who had been negatively impacted by industrialization.

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History of Interior Design L1 | Part 2: Learning History through Chronology Interwar, Modern and Post-Modern 1920 - 1950 | 1950 - 1980 | 1980 - 2020

IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University 62

Interwar Period (1920-1950) Events: The early 20th century laid the framework for modern era by producing host of technological advances, gadgets, and scientific discoveries. This not only influenced everyday life but changed the lifestyle of people at various degrees.

Early 1900s Initiation of First passenger Flight influenced business, communication and commerce.

1920 With production of automobiles, mass production started which influenced housing, shops as well as community culture.

1926 Colour Television was invented which influenced fashion industry culture.

1930 Invention of Analog Computer formed the basis of digital revolution and impacted office work.

1934

1950

Empire state buildingFirst skyscraper was constructed which reflected the evolutions from industrial revolution.

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Modernization- Digital Age (1950-1980) Events: The aftermath of World War II ushered in a humanist counter current that embraced natural materials, and it brought about a new culture of industrially influenced design fueled by the invention of mass-produced materials.

1950s Digital Computer, Telegraph was invented which helped in worldly exposure, influenced communication and laid framework for further advances.

1960 Introduction of Internet (ARPANET).

It was a major invention that shaped everything from lifestyle to offices.

1960-70

1968

Student protests, rise in new demands for women equality, consumerism influenced communication of design works.

“Form Follows Function” was widely used and it saw a rise of Modernist Buildings.

1976

1980

Rise in Television Advertising which increased demand for affordable fashion.

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Post Modernization (1980-2020) Events: This period saw a digital revolution which influenced every aspect of life. It saw great technological advances which affected people’s habitat, work as well as consumer experience. Automation was highly emphasized.

Early 1980s World trade Centre was built. It reflected technological and engineering advances in architecture.

1981 Personal Desktop was introduced which gave greater mobility and influenced spatial planning and work.

1989 World Wide Web was introduced in digital revolution which led to greater exposure and interconnectivity.

1990 Wall street fall and recession led to need for optimization and effective use of space

2005

2020

Web 2.0, Social media and smartphones.

Digital revolution radically changed the way individuals and companies interact.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Architecture

Steel frame structure buildings replaced traditional masonry and gave rise to skyscrapers.

The modernist approach was rational use of materials, elimination of ornamentation and openness to structural innovation.

Postmodern architecture moved away from rigid formalities of modernism. It incorporated stylistic references that were playful, symbolic.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Materials

The 1920s saw shift from traditional practices and steel, metal, glass were majorly used.

In the modernization era, concrete, steel, metal and glass were largely used From structural members to interiors.

This era saw increased use of technology with modern materials, wood which gave the freedom of form.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Interior Language

In 1920s the interior spaces were streamlined & symmetric with mirrors, contrasting colors, patterns

The modernist language was towards minimalism. The focus was on clear lines, shapes, simplistic open spaces.

In this era, use of hybrid materials grew. Due to space constraints, multi use elements were used.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Furniture

In the early 20th century, furniture was made from wood, leather, lacquer and metal. ¡ In 1930 standardization and factionalism came in design with mass production and growing population and space constraints. It led to an increasing use of the materials the machine is capable of producing, as well as various forms in furniture based on comfort postures. Later in 1990s, minimalist as well as stackable furniture was introduced which catered multipurpose needs as well as addressed space constraints.

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Implication of Art:

Art imitating life or life imitating art?

Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of organic line and was applied in architecture, interior design, illustration.

Cubism inuenced architecture.

Le Corbusier incorporated its proportions in his works.

Mondrian’s style inuenced abstract paintings design, architecture & fashion.

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Evolution of Products with materials

After world war, there was a humane approach taken due to which natural materials, techniques became of prime importance like ceramics.

Invention of Nylon was revolutionary for fashion and textile industry. Sheet metal played main role in developing automobile, industry.

Amongst various products resultant of hybridism and polymerization, PVC pipes played a major role in services of buildings and products.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Infrastructure

Mass Production played a vital role in infrastructure development of 1920s.

As people started migrating for work.

The digital revolution changed the way people business, work and communicate.

Technological revolution led to machinery development and rise in automation, gadget controls.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Shops

The local corner stores dominated the market in 1920s. Television also inuenced visual merchandising.

Supermarkets were introduced as a result of technological advances and mass production.

Due to Technological implications, in buying there has been a rise in E-Commerce, Augmented reality.

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Significance of Technological Advances in Offices In Offices, technology majorly changes the way people communicate, connectivity, data storage and data processing.

In 1920s, people needed to sit next to each other or in a cluster for them to communicate and coordinate better since most of it was type based paper/ filing work.

After invention of analog computers, communication became easier and efficient as well as the productivity increased.

Now, with laptops and other mobile devices, work is possible from anywhere. This allows more exposure, freedom to choose work setting, better coordination resulting in effective work outputs.

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Impact of Technological Advances on Lifestyle

Micro Apartments

In 1920s, kitchen formed the core.

Planning was based on notions of women as domestic workers.

After the invention of TV, the living room became the most social space.

Post 1990s with internet, wireless connectivity, space constraints, nuclear families the social spaces disintegrated.

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Socio-Cultural Evolution

¡

1920s saw a great change in women, they got freedom in type of clothes to wear, move freely, practice sports, got jobs. However there were certain stereotypes still associated with them.

Women were associated with certain roles in the society and that was even portrayed through advertising. In 1960-70 the formation of student unions, the new demands of women, rise of consumerism inuenced the communication of design works. Later in 1990s there was a notion of equality which was also portrayed through advertising and other media which still continues.

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Significant Evolution of Houses in India-1 (Pre 1947)

Vernacular Goan House having strong Portuguese influence in the architecture planning style.

Pol houses of Ahmedabad reflects community settlement. Here, the otla and courtyard are primary elements.

Vernacular Kath-Khuni houses reflects traditional building practice of the Himalayan terrain.

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SigniďŹ cant Evolution of Houses in India-1 (Post 1947)

Modernist Architecture: Shodhan Villa by Le Corbusier.

Aranya Low cost housing by B.V. Doshi

Kanchenjunga Apartments

By Charles Correa 78

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