History of Interior Design II
01 Introduction Tutor : Amal Shah Spring 2021 Faculty of Design, CEPT University
How does analysis help design?
Analysis and Design
Analysis ‘the careful examination of the different parts or details of something’
“To analyse something is to release, to unloose, to expose for assimilation its constituents and workings – its powers. The purpose of analysing architecture, as any other creative discipline, is to understand its underlying constituents and workings, so that their powers may be assimilated and acquired. “ (Unwin, 2014)
Source: Unwin,A. (2014) Analysing Architecture. New York : Routledge
How does analysis help design?
Analysis
Deciphering
Understanding
Through Context Location and Time,
Subtle differences between regions
Regional ‘Dialects’ of design
Through Space, Materiality and Construction
Spatial orders, geometry, proportion, methods, etc
Vocabulary of architectural design
Through Elements of Space-making Through Details
Co-relations between elements of place-making Uncovering qualitative layers
Through Visual and Physical Aspects . . . References : Unwin,A. (2014) Analysing Architecture. New York : Routledge
Design Syntax To ‘read’ and ‘speak’ the ‘language’ of architectural design fluently Underlying Concepts, reasoning and logic
Achievement Continuing and evolving the architectural and regional traditions Ability of acquiring and developing an innate capacity for design synthesis
How does analysis help design? The purpose of analysing the work of others and from history is not only to acquire the common language of architecture, it is also to stimulate ideas for what you might do with it (what you might ‘say’ with it).
From Analysis to Generation of Design Ideas Idea that architecture can define a route like in Villa Savoye Idea that architecture can be managed more subtlety with a loose composition of elements like in Barcelona Pavilion
The idea of definition of a route in architecture from Villa Savoye
The idea of spatial order from a Greek Temple
The idea of approach and planning from a Church
The idea of elemental composition as an approach to architecture from Barcelona Pavilion
Analysis is not sufficient in itself; it only really becomes productive when it is allied with exploration and experiment. References : Unwin,A. (2014) Analysing Architecture. New York : Routledge
How does analysis help design? The Role of Drawing “Drawing is the most appropriate forum where the analytical and critical mind can meet up with the creative mind. The plans and sections are particularly important because, since architecture is primarily a spatial art, that is where spatial ideas are most clearly apparent. And by redrawing the plans and sections of existing buildings, somehow one’s own proficiency and fluency increases”
Analysis
Communication
References : Unwin,A. (2014) Analysing Architecture. New York : Routledge
Deciphering
Extraction
Analysis of Design through History “Architecture is generally conceived—designed—realized—built—in response to an existing set of conditions. These conditions may be purely functional in nature, or they may also reflect in varying degrees the social, political, and economic climate. In any case, it is assumed that the existing set of conditions—the problem—is less than satisfactory and that a new set of conditions—a solution—would be desirable. The act of creating architecture, then, is a problem-solving or design process” (Ching, 1943)
Social
Historical Implications
Economic Cultural
Function Form
Political Religious Technological Spatial
Design principles
Space Materiality Construction
Experience
Evolution of Spaces as a logical, reasoned sequence due to various factors
Analysis of Design through History “The study of interior design, its development and change through history, is a useful way both to explore the past and to make sense of the spaces in which modern life is lived. It is obvious that people in bygone times had a different life experience in large measure because they occupied interiors that were different from those that are now commonplace.To consider for a moment the life of a medieval serf living in a farm dwelling, a knight in a castle, a monk in a monastery, the lord and lady in an eighteenth-century mansion, a Victorian family in a city row house brings to mind a life pattern based on the spaces created in such past times. Social, economic, and political realities also influenced life in the past and these forces have had major impact on built environments.” (Pile, 2014).
References : Pile, J., Gura. J. (2014). History of Interior Design. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons
SigniďŹ cant Regions of the World
Geography “the study of the world’s surface, physical qualities, climate, population, products.” “the physical arrangement of a place.”
Geography
Geology
Natural Resources Mountains, rivers, Resources for livelihood
Construction Tools, Techniques, Materials, Technology Arrangement of cities, spaces.
Climate
Natural Conditions, phenomena, heat, moisture, seasons, etc.
Climate appropriate architecture for thermal comfort, Impact on Building and interior elemental forms, etc.
Religion & Culture
Traditions, Way of living, Customs,
Spatial arrangements, aesthetics, experience
People
Skills and Knowledge Ancestral Beliefs,
References : Pile, J., Gura. J. (2014). History of Interior Design. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons
Tools, Techniques, Materials, Technology
Regions of the World - Europe
Regions of the World - Asia
Regions of the World - Middle East
The World circa 1000 AD
(Eastern Hemisphere excluding the Americas)
References : https://www.worldhistorymaps.info/images/East-Hem_1000ad.jpg
The World circa 1500 AD
(Eastern Hemisphere excluding the Americas)
References : https://www.worldhistorymaps.info/images/East-Hem_1500ad.jpg
The World circa 1900 AD
References : https://in.pinterest.com/pin/319544536043252191/ Primary Source : Acrobatix.com
Regions of the World Roman Empire 117 AD
References:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312938850_Late_Roman_Gaul_-_Survival_Amidst_Collapse/ďŹ gures?lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic
Regions of the World Roman Empire 476 AD
References : https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/19/17469176/roman-empire-maps-history-explained
Regions of the World Christianity in Europe 300 - 350 AD
The route of Christianity in Europe and Holy Places in the Route
Regions of the World Eastern Roman Empire 550 AD
References : https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/19/17469176/roman-empire-maps-history-explained
Regions of the World 400 AD Gupta Dynasty 400 AD - 600 AD
Reference:
Regions of the World Map of Middle East 1100-1150 AD
Regions of the World (1000 AD) Present day Europe Holy Roman Empire : Multi-ethnic complex of territories including areas from Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Austria, Croatia, Belgium, and the Netherlands as well as large parts of modern Poland, France and Italy. Kingdom of France : The most populous region in Europe, the region governed by King Philip Augustus consisted of various Provinces, Duchies and estates.
Present Day References : https://morganhighhistoryacademy.org/Medieval%20Europe.pdf, Google Maps
Regions of the World (1000 AD) Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) Present day Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine and Egypt At a crucial transit location between Europe and Asia, the region thrived and prospered on trade relations. Though ruled by Roman law and Roman political institutions, knowledge on Greek history, literature and culture was wide-spread. The empire was conquered by Ottoman Turks, incorporating Islamic inuences from 15th century.
Present Day References : https://slideplayer.com/slide/10702754/
Regions of the World (1000 AD) South Asia India : Contested by various major powers—each area developed a distinctive but related artistic style—until the ascendancy of Turkish–Central Asian dynasties. Buddhism disappears in all but Sri Lanka, where it flourishes into the modern period. The Deccan is absorbed into the Muslim cultural sphere. China, Russia : Despite harsh political realities, the Song dynasty was a brilliant era, shaping Chinese culture for centuries. The organization of Chinese cities was comparatively superior and developed.
Present Day References : https://www.worldhistorymaps.info/images/East-Hem_1000ad.jpg
Regions of the World (1000 AD) The Americas
Circa 1789 AD
Circa 1000 AD
European colonization of the Americas (1500 AD onwards) led to the rise of new cultures, civilizations and eventually states, which resulted from the fusion of Native American and European traditions, peoples and institutions. The transformation of American cultures through colonization is evident in architecture, religion, gastronomy and the arts.
Present Day
References : https://www.timemaps.com/history/world-1789ad/
HunterGatherers
Primary Settlements
Complex Settlements
Spanish Empire
British North America
Portuguese Empire
United States of America
SigniďŹ cant Time-Periods of the World (Pre-historic to Modernity)
Time Periods of the World
Pre-Historic
Banpo, 4500 BCE
11,600 BCE to 3,500 BCE SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Prehistoric construct revolved more around the geometric forms. Since sun and moon are believed to be the inspiration for primitive people. Material: Natural materials like Mud, thath, stones and wood were primarily used.
Located in the Yellow River valley, it was one of the several large, well-organized settlements belonging to the Yangshao Culture, believed to be used for burial, since each structure had ďŹ re pits in the centre.
Construction: Mud and wood structures with overhanging thatch roofs were the key feature of the houses. There were shallow foundations built and mainly the structures were simple,circular or orthogonal in form. .
Time Periods of the World
Pre-Historic
Stonehenge, 2400 BCE
11,600 BCE to 3,500 BCE SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: The sun and moon are believed to be the inspiration for building this circular formation of stones. Material: Stones, were primarily used along with mud and wood for the foundation.
Stonehenge consists of a ring of standing stones, each around 4.0 m high, 2.1 m wide, and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
Construction: Raising the stones construction method was used where people dug a large hole with a sloping side. The back of the hole was lined with a row of wooden stakes. The stone was then moved into position and hauled upright using plant fibre ropes and probably a wooden frame. .
Time Periods of the World Temples of Egypt- Luxor Temple
Ancient Egypt 3050 BCE to 900 BCE SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: The design consists of an imposing open court with colonnades of graceful lotus columns, a smaller offering hall, a shrine for the ceremonial boat of the god, an inner sanctuary for the cult image, and a room. Material: Sandstones was the main material in this built.
Two principal kinds of temple can be distinguished—cult temples and funerary or mortuary temples. The former accommodated the images of deities, the recipients of the daily cult; the latter were the shrines for the funerary cults of dead kings.
Main Elements: An approach avenue of sphinxes leading to the great double-towered pylon entrance fitted with flagpoles and pennants; within the pylon a court leading to a pillared hall, the hypostyle and, at the heart of the temple, the shrine for the cult image.
Time Periods of the World Temples of Egypt- The Temple of Karnak
Ancient Egypt 3050 BCE to 900 BCE SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: The spaces are made by individual colonnades with bell shaped capitals which are inspired by the wooden tent poles. Material: Mud brick and wood were the common materials used Main Elements: An avenue of sphinxes with curly-horned rams' heads leads to the entrance to the first pylon. The sphinxes represent a form of the sun god, Amun-Re. Between their paws is a small figure of Rameses II, .
The great precinct of the Temple of Karnak (the longest side 1,837 feet [560 metres]) contains whole buildings, or parts of buildings, dating from the early 18th dynasty down to the Roman period. Of the structures on the main Karnak axis, the most remarkable are the hypostyle hall and the so-called Festival Hall of Thutmose III.
Time Periods of the World Isthmia, Temple of Poseidon
Ancient Greece 900 BCE to 1st Century AD Significant Characteristics & Development : Main Elements in space: The most basic element of the temple was the colonnade. Its podium measures 14 by 40 meters, with a central row of five columns of stone, but the columns and entablature were of oak; the roof was low pitched and covered in fired terracotta tiles—a Greek inventio Material: Stone, ashlar blocks, oak, terracotta tiles were primarily used.
This temple is among the earliest known Greek temples. This temple represents an important break in the development of temple design. Whereas the stones for Egyptian temples were of irregular size, the ashlar blocks of this temple were laid in regular courses all the way to the roofline—a standardization of masonry elements.
Time Periods of the World
Ancient Greece
Classical orders in Greek architecture
3050 BCE to 900 BCE
The following terms refer to the number of columns on the entrance front of a Greek temple: • Henostyle: one column • Distyle: two columns • Tristyle: three columns • Tetrastyle: four columns • Pentastyle: five columns • Hexastyle: six columns • Heptastyle: seven columns • Octastyle: eight columns • Enneastyle: nine columns • Decastyle: ten columns
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Time Periods of the World
Ancient Greece
Greek Orders
3050 BCE to 900 BCE Stylistically, Ancient Greek architecture is divided into three “orders”: ● ● ●
The Doric Order, The Ionic Order and The Corinthian Order
The Doric Order developed on mainland Greece and spread to Italy. It was firmly established and well-defined in its characteristics by the time of the building of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, c. 600 BC. The Ionic order co-existed with the Doric, being favoured by the Greek cites of Ionia, in Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands. The early Ionic temples of Asia Minor were particularly ambitious in scale, such as the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The Corinthian Order was a highly decorative variant not developed until the Hellenistic period and retaining many characteristics of the Ionic. It was popularised by the Romans.
Time Periods of the World
Ancient Greece
Parthenon, Acropolis
3050 BCE to 900 BCE SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Key Characteristics: The Parthenon combines elements of the Doric and Ionic orders. Basically a Doric peripteral temple, it features a continuous sculpted frieze borrowed from the Ionic order, as well as four Ionic columns supporting the roof of the opisthodomos. The temple rises from the ground on a three-tiered platform. This platform is 228 feet long and just over 101 feet wide, and bulges slightly in the center. Other features include Cella and roof.
The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena. The construction of this building began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at its height. Considered the most signiďŹ cant surviving building of ancient Greece, the Parthenon is said to be the pinnacle of the Doric order.
Material: Ashlar blocks and stone. . .
Time Periods of the World The Pantheon, Rome Ancient Roman architecture developed dierent aspects of Ancient Greek architecture and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make a new architectural style.
Ancient Rome 509 BCE to 4th Century AD SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Its a large drum capped by a dome, with its north-facing entrance marked by a portico. Inside the drum is a single cavernous space, with natural light from a 9 meter-wide (30 foot) oculus spilling down onto alternating triangular and rounded altars that mark the perimeter of the room. The floor and walls of the interior are surfaced with fine stone sourced from across the Roman Empire, including granite and various colored marbles; the coffered ceiling is exposed concrete. Material: Concrete, granite, marble, stone and bricks
Time Periods of the World Elements of Space Making
Ancient Rome
Materials
509 BCE to 4th Century AD Elements of Space Making: The Roman use of the arch and their improvements in the use of concrete and bricks along with the use of features such as domes, vaults, and arches facilitated liberation of shapes from the dictates of the traditional materials of stone.
Material: Tile covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as the primary building material, and more daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves.
The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall
Time Periods of the World Ajanta - Ellora Caves, Aurangabad 250- 950 AD (Gupta Period Buddhist Architecture)
Indian 200 AD to 750 AD (Gupta - Buddhist) SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Monolith,small shrine cells, preceding porches, central square spaces, excessive carving are characteristics.These caves have heavy vaulted ceiling/ flat ceiling for rooms that required less light. Material: Abundance of building stone in many parts had considerable influence on Indian architecture. Here, basalt stone has been carved out.
Cut out of solid rock, the temples and spaces at Ajanta - Ellora are examples of Monolith Free-standing temples.
Construction: A complete chiselling process is conducted on a single rock, largely using the Reverse Mapping method.
Time Periods of the World
Byzantine
Church of Hagia Eirene, Istanbul 330CE
527 AD to 1453 AD Significant Characteristics & Development :
The Church of Hagia Eirene is a Byzantine church located within in the first courtyard of Topkapı Palace in modern Istanbul. After the Hagia Eirene built by Constantine burned down, it was rebuilt by Justinian in the 6th century and extensively rebuilt by the Iconoclast emperor Constantine V in the 8th century, when the apse was decorated by a simple mosaic cross.
Space and Construction: Being a brick structure, It has thick walls and arches, and from the exterior it reads as simple masses of brick. The structure around the main dome consists of peaked roofs, except for the western roof, which is an elliptical dominical vault. Three pairs of piers are located in the central part of the nave. These piers have slender columns between them to support the galleries on the side and stand on the corners of two large bays. They don’t have a base moulding, but stand on damaged blocks, which are likely either cores of marble pedestals or simply reused material Material: Bruick, crushed fire stones, metal.
Time Periods of the World Kyoto Imperial Palace, 794 AD
Japanese
Ginkakuji, Kyoto, Japan, 1399.
700 AD to 1600 AD (Medieval) Significant Characteristics & Development : Space: Buildings have character of minuteness, refinement and delicacy.Use of steps and terraces are characteristic due to mountainous areas.Pagodas are five-storeyed, square in plan.Houses have light, moveable entry partitions for bringing in breeze when opened. Material: Wood (Cedar, pine,bamboo), bamboo, porcelain glazing
The modular (about 3 × 6 foot) tatami floor mat became the controlling element of planning. The interior is designed according to the layout of tatami mats. Screen elements of carved wood define space separations, while walls are covered with semi- naturalistic paintings of outdoor scenes
Construction: Seismic stresses have evolved complex wooden joineries. ‘Tokyo’ Construction types have evolved as bracketing systems for supporting roofs.
Time Periods of the World
Romanesque
Durham Cathedral, England
800 AD to 1200 AD
SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Volumes characterized by thick walls, lack of sculpture, and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches known as Lombard bands. Material: Locally available stone and building traditions and customary bricks.Limestone , granite, and flint Construction: Structure that relies upon its walls, or sections of walls called piers, to bear the load of the structure, rather than using arches, columns, vaults, and other systems to manage the weight. .
Time Periods of the World
Indian
Somnathpur Temple, Mysore 1043 AD (Hindu - Chaitanya Architecture)
Brihadishvara Temple, Tamil Nadu 1005 AD (Hindu - Dravidian Architecture)
1000 AD to 1750 AD Hindu Chaitanya & Dravidian Architecture) SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: The entrance sequence was created as to enter through gate pyramids, the temple surrounded by halls of 1000 columns. Star shaped vimana and roofs in inverted stepped cones were characteristics. (Chaitanya) Material: Some temples is carved from soapstone, a green-grey chloritic schist material that is soft in quarry but hardens when exposed to air. Construction: The lathe turned pillars, which are a typical feature with carved windows. .
Time Periods of the World
Islamic
Shrine of Imam Dur, Samarra, Iraq, 1085 AD
1000 AD to 1400 AD (Khalifat Period) Significant Characteristics & Development :
Mausoleum of Koutloug Aka, Uzbekistan, 1117 AD
Space: Evolution from complex geometrical patterns applied to surfaces, domes, semi-domes, muqarnas (honeycomb vaulting) were characteristic. Material: Heavy use of Brick, stone, stucco, and wood Construction: Muqarnas, also called stalactite or honeycombed vaulting, are one of the most characteristic construction features of Islamic architecture in this period. .
The complex dome structure of the mausoleum - Its eight pointed star seems to almost float free to produce a dynamic three-dimensional effect.
Time Periods of the World
Gothic
Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres, France
1100 AD to 1450 AD SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: In this era focus on verticality increased, pointed arches, rib vaults and flying buttresses were introduced along with large stained glass windows, ornaments and pinnacles. Material: Limestone, wood, iron and lead. Construction:One of the fundamental characteristics of gothic architecture was its height. New building techniques (such as the flying buttress, detailed below) enabled architects to spread the weight of taller walls and loftier towers. Stone and metal were used in new construction techniques. .
Time Periods of the World
Indian (Islamic) 1200 AD to 1800 AD
Juma Masjid, Ahmedabad 1423 AD ( Delhi Sultanate) SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development :
Taj Mahal, Agra 1650 AD (Mughal)
Space: Domes on square plans have been used. Semi domes and round minarets are special features. Use of water around the monument and symmetry is also observed. Material: Stone like marble, sandstone gave buildings a monumental character. Construction: Construction was derived from timber prototypes: beams and lintels were supported on columns or brackets. The stalactite pendentive is uncommon, its place has been taken by peculiar forms of arching and corbelling in horizontal courses
Time Periods of the World
Renaissance
Villa Rotonda, Venice Italy (Domestic & Residential)
1400 AD to 1600 AD SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space Characteristics: The design reflected the humanist values of Renaissance architecture. In order for each room to .have some sun, the design was rotated 45 degrees from each cardinal point of the compass. Each of the four porticos has pediments graced by statues of classical deities. The pediments were each supported by six Ionic columns. Each portico was flanked by a single window. All principal rooms were on the second floor or piano nobile.
The design is for a completely symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico. The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each corner of the building and centres of the porticos. The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome.
Material: Coated brick, stucco covered brick and stone were the primary construction materials used in domestic architecture.
Time Periods of the World
Renaissance
Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Florence
1400 AD to 1600 AD SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: The Renaissance style deliberately eschewed the complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of Gothic structures. Instead, Renaissance architects placed emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry, and regularity of parts as demonstrated in classical Roman architecture. They also made considerable use of classical antique features such as orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters, lintels, semicircular arches, and hemispherical domes. Material: Stucco, stone, marble and terracotta tile typify materials used in Italian Renaissance construction.
Time Periods of the World Pagoda at Nanjing (Porcelain Tower), 1431 AD
Forbidden City, Beijing China, 1406 AD
Chinese
The Forbidden City was designed and built in a way that typifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, with the emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry to signify balance.An octagonal plan structure built with brick, the ‘Porcelain’ pagodas effect depended on green glazed porcelain coated slabs.
1400 AD to 1600 AD (Classical Imperial) Significant Characteristics & Development : Space: Classical Chinese buildings typically emphasise breadth rather than height,.Temples are placed in an open space with a triple enclosure and are planned symmetrical. Material: Bricks from porcelain clay, tiles, stone, marble, wood, (Cedar, pine,bamboo) Construction: Construction with large timber logs, joineries, marble blocks, baked bricks. They often feature an enclosed, heavy platform, covered with a large roof that appears to 'float' because of the lack of emphasis on the supporting vertical walls.
Time Periods of the World
Baroque
The Baroque Palace of Versailles in France
1600 to 1830
SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Dynamic designs and complex architectural plan forms; intended to heighten feelings of motion and sensuality. Material: Brick and stone in the construction of new buildings. Limestone and slate were often used for the exteriors, and more noble materials, like red and gray granite, were often used for the interiors. Construction: highly decorative and theatrical in style
Time Periods of the World Catherine Palace, Russia
Baroque Rococo 1600 to 1830 1650 to 1790 SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Dynamic designs and complex architectural plan forms; intended to heighten feelings of motion and sensuality. Material: Intensive use of precious metals such as gold. Limestone and slate were often used for the exteriors, and more noble materials, like red and gray granite, were often used for the interiors. Construction: highly decorative and theatrical in style
Time Periods of the World- Eclecticism
Neo-Classicism
The U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C.
1730 to 1925
SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space, strong horizontal and verticals that render that subject matter timeless Material: Contemporary materials, including porcelain and ormolu. Silver was another popular medium used by Neoclassical makers in the decorative arts. Construction: Grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. .
Time Periods of the World- Eclecticism
Greek Revival
The British Museum, London.
1820-1860 AD SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: The structure reflects the symmetry of ancient Greek structures. Common characteristics include columns or pilasters (square columns), often used on a portico, a covered entrance porch that might be small or run the entire length of a building's front. Construction: The up-to-the-minute 1820s technology was used. Built on a concrete floor, the frame of the building was made from cast iron and filled in with London stock brick. The public facing sections of the building were covered in a layer of Portland stone.
The British Museum is one of the largest and most comprehensive museums in the world. Located in the Bloomsbury area of London. The core of the building was designed by the architect Sir Robert Smirke in 1823. It was designed as a quadrangle with four wings, in the Greek Revival style. The style had become increasingly popular since the late-18th century, when western Europeans had began to explore the sites of Ancient Greece.
Time Periods of the World- Eclecticism
Victorian Era
The Royal Albert Hall
1800AD-1900 AD
SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Clarity of form, Long columns, seating inspired by the roman amphitheatre formed primary spatial features. Material: Red Brick, Mosaic, glass, wrought iron were primarily used. Construction: The hall is constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick with a mosaic frieze that encircles the building and measures 800 ft long. The frieze is formed of foot-long slabs of mosaic tesserae. The glass and wrought-iron dome reaches a height of 41 m (135 ft). .
The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall venue located on the southern edge of Hyde Park, in South Kensington, London. The designers were inuenced by the amphitheatres of Ancient Rome, and designed the hall as an ellipse, with major and minor axes of 83 m (272 ft) and 72 m (236 ft).
Time Periods of the World- Eclecticism
Beaux-Arts
Opera Garnier, Paris
1895 to 1925
SigniďŹ cant Characteristics & Development : Space: Beaux Arts is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation. Its architectural characteristics include balustrades, balconies, columns, cornices, pilasters, and triangular pediments..
The Paris Opera, or Palais Garnier, is the most famous auditorium in the world. With 2,200 seats, this opera house designed by Charles Garnier as part of the great Parisian reconstruction.
Material: The façade and the interior followed the Napoleon III style principle of leaving no space without decoration. Garnier used polychromy, or a variety of colors, for theatrical effect, achieved different varieties of marble and stone, porphyry, and gilded bronze.
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Analysing Built Environments
Through Diagrams Analytical Diagram: Dictionary Meaning: a drawing that shows arrangement and relations (as of parts) a line drawing made for mathematical, scientiďŹ c or factual purposes
Diagramming has similar characteristics. It involves investigation of formal and spatial characteristics of buildings through the analysis of fundamental elements, the relationships among their attributes, and their formative ideas. In the process of diagramming, each of these issues is explored in isolation and then assembled through synthesis in the culminating form of a diagram. Source: Schwarz, B.Learning to Write and Diagram, Writing and Diagramming to Learn
A diagram is an image that explains rather than represents the basic arrangements and relations of the organizational elements in a specific environment. Combining the diagramming of interior spaces with analytic, intensive writing experiences serves asa model for learning design principles. The unique efficacy of the two teaching strategies is due to their correspondence to powerful learning techniques that involve analysis as well as synthesis.
A “diagram,” according to Francis Ching’s Visual Dictionary of Architecture (1995),is “a drawing, not necessarily representational, that outlines, explains, or clarifies the arrangement and relations of the part of a whole”
Source: Schwarz, B.Learning to Write and Diagram, Writing and Diagramming to Learn
Analysis Meaning:
Separation of a whole into its component parts The identification or separation of ingredients of a substance A statement of the constituents of a mixture
Diagramming a built environment Meaning: to dissect : to peel off the building’s skin to reveal the ideas to observe : to think, compare and realize the relationships to assemble : to cut, copy and paste the elements to establish (new) relationships
Source: Shahram, S. (2014) Architectural Analysis:: A Methodology to Understand and Inform the Design of Spaces
How to define a ‘Built Environment’ ? Dictionary Meaning: structures, features, and facilities viewed collectively as an environment
How to define a ‘Built Environment’? Dictionary Meaning: structures, features, and facilities viewed collectively as an environment
Components of a Built Environment
Objective Components
Subjective Components User
Space
Structure
Material
Services
Time
Experience
Spatiality
Sensorial impact
Analysing Time as evolution a built environment “There is not one single ‘monolithic’ time in every society; instead, there exists a whole series of social rhythm governed by the laws of different processes and by the nature of various human groups (Gurevich in Gardet, 1976)”
Time
User Groups
Changing functionality based on the needs of the user groups
Tools & Techniques
Introduction of new tools leading to the evolution of techniques of construction
Material Resources
Formation of new materials as resources
Context
Globalisation of materials and design styles
Source:Hielkje, Z. (2010) Analysing Buildings from Context to Detail in Time: the ABCD research method
Analysing ‘Time as a Social Construct’
Evolution of architecture based on the changing social values
Shelter (For safety)
Colonisation (To mark domain)
Hierarchy (Display of dominance)
Globalization (Representation of cultural values)
Industrialisation (Evolution of tools & Techniques)
Modernisation (Adapting to functional requirements)
Today (Individual necessity)
Analysing ‘Time - as a social construct’ “When studying buildings it is essential to consider not only the history, social and urban planning factors, but especially the construction engineering aspects. In this way, a deeper understanding of the underlying design and building methods used in the built environment can be developed.”
Time can be defined as the system of those relations which any event has to any other as past, present, or future; or indefinite continuous duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another; or a particular period considered as distinct from other periods (The New Grolier Webster International Dictionary of the English Language, 1973).
Source: Duygu , K. Time perception in relation to architectural space.
Analysing ‘Time - as a social construct’ “Time and space are the essential and perpetual themes of architecture. Perception of time influences the built environment with its requirements in our everyday lives.”
According to Gurevich, social time differs not only among different cultures and societies, but also within each socio-cultural system as a function of its internal structure. There is not one single ‘monolithic’ time in every society; instead, there exists a whole series of social rhythm governed by the laws of different processes and by the nature of various human groups (Gurevich, A. J. (1976). Time as a problem of cultural history). The progress of a society and its culture is shaped within the structure of social consciousness. Time perception, being one of the main components of this structure, shows the fundamental trends in a society.
Source: Duygu , K. Time perception in relation to architectural space.
Dissecting the layers of a Built Environment
Experience
“Analysis is a means of thinking and designing architecture. It is a space of dissection, observation and representation to establish (new) relationships creating elements that discuss, deepen and extend the ideas.� Studying a built environment by dissecting its layers can help achieve a deep understanding of the qualities of the analyzed subject and extract the underlying strategies.
Light Quality Circulation
Colour
Source: Shahram, S. (2014) Architectural Analysis:: A Methodology to Understand and Inform the Design of Spaces
Techniques of construction
Material Services
Concept Tectonics
Tactility Objective to Subjective
Spatial Organisation
Structure
Context
Users
Built Environment
Objective Components of a Built Environment: Space: A space is built with its boundaries, and that its relation patterns are created with boundaries and gaps. Space becomes functionally, formally and semantically fictionalised, based on the view that “the patterns, socially and culturally defined, has been embedded in the configuration of its definition”.,
Source: Shahram, S. (2014) Architectural Analysis:: A Methodology to Understand and Inform the Design of Spaces
Objective Components of a Built Environment: Structure: The anatomy or the structure of a built-environment comprises of the social and contextual values implied on the conceptualisation and the construction of its form. It gives the understanding and information about the evolved functionality of the built-environment.
Objective Components of a Built Environment: Material: Material informs the evolution of the available resources and techniques of construction. The evolution of the tools and techniques led to the change and development of various architectural styles and spatiality of the built environment.
Subjective Components of a Built Environment: Experience: Experience and meaning go hand-in-hand. Experience often leads to meaning, and meaning gives value to experience.
Source: Rice, C. (2014) The Emergence of the Interior
Subjective Components of a Built Environment: Spatiality: A theoretical means of engaging with space that is particular to the discipline, that informs about the qualities of interior space can be termed as spatiality or interiority. Interior = inside, and yet interiority frees itself from its architectural shell. Interiority is a sense of interior-ness that exists in situations when an interior (=inside) may not be present. A
Source: Rice, C. (2014) The Emergence of the Interior
Subjective Components of a Built Environment: Sensorial Impact: Design tools in architecture articulate users’ experiences in general, and sensory experiences in particular Sight, smell, touch, taste and sound thus compose an intricate and complex perception of the experienced space, and a dierent one for each of us.
Source: Elsen, C. (2014) Representations of sensory experiences in the early phases of architectural design: there is more than meets the eye