Architectural Thesis/Cricket Stadium/Himanshi Nigam

CRICKET STADIUM Architectural Thesis, AR 521 10 May 2022

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Bachelors in Architecture (B.Arch.) degree

Submitted by:

HIMANSHI NIGAM 0842AR181017

Under the Guidance of:

Ar. Jayeeta Kar

SDPS COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE SDPS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

© RAJIV GANDHI PRODYOGIKI VISWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL – 462003 (M.P.), INDIA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED i

DECLARATION

The Thesis report in the subject AR 521 entitled “Cricket Stadium” is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Architecture by the undersigned for evaluation.

The matter embodied in this project (drawings and report submitted for evaluation) is a record of my own work. If, in future, it is found that the above statement is false, then I have no objection in withdrawal of Bachelor of Architecture degree awarded to me by the Institute.

HIMANSHI NIGAM 0842AR181017 B.ARCH, SEM VIII SDPS COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Date: Place:

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RECOMMENDATION Based on the above declaration of the student, the undersigned recommends that the work submitted by the candidate may be considered for the final end term viva of the subject Architectural Thesis (AR 521)

AR. JAYEETA KAR THESIS GUIDE Date: Place:

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above declaration of HIMANSHI NIGAM is true to the best of my knowledge and that she has worked for one semester for preparing this Thesis Report.

GUIDED BY: AR. JAYEETA KAR

ACCEPTED AND CO-ORDINATED BY: AR. ASTHA JAISWAL

Date: Place:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A Thesis cannot be completed without the help of many people who contribute directly or indirectly through there constructive criticism in the evolution and preparation of this work. It would not be fair on my part, if I don't say a word of thanks to all those whose sincere advice made this period a real educative, enlightening, pleasurable and memorable one. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my thesis supervisor Prof. Ar. Jayeeta Kar, Department of Architecture, SDPS College, Indore for her gracious efforts and keen pursuits, this has remained as a valuable asset for the successful instrument of my thesis Report. Her dynamism and diligent enthusiasm have been highly instrumental in keeping my spirit high. Her flawless and forthright suggestions blended with an innate intelligent application have crowned my task a success. My thanks are due to Ar. Ruchira Jain, Head of the Department of Architecture of this institute for providing excellent facilities and aid in preparation of the report. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family, for their unconditional support and prayers at all time and constant encouragement during the entire course of my dissertation work. I would also like to offer my sincere thanks to all faculty, teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Architecture for their assistance.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to NARENDRA MODI STADIUM members who helped me in the smooth conduct in my case study of the stadium.

My sincere thanks to the following members: Hon. Gen. Secretary: SHRI ASHOK BRAHMBHATT Thank you

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ABSTRACT The project presented here is an International Cricket Stadium located on Indore Super Corridor Road holding the capacity of 50,000 spectators. Stadiums are more than just facilities for organized sport; they offer a gathering site for people with shared interest, provide economic benefits to the surrounding community, and most importantly represent the advancements in architecture and engineering. This stadium is a vehicle for exploring and expressing ideas about the role of structure in architecture, and about an architect's realm of control in a building project. As very big structures attracting a lot of attention, stadiums require good architecture. The typology of a stadium allows for a limited number of functional requirements while, at the same time, allowing for, if not demanding a creative structural solution. A stadium is first and foremost the staging ground for spectacles for masses of people. However, this utilitarian perspective is limited and it belies the bigger implications of a stadium's effects on the individual visitor and on the community, it serves. The influence of a stadium is tremendous in its immediate surroundings, and income cases, can be felt around the world.

Himanshi Nigam 0842AR181017 B.Arch., Sem VIII SDPS College of Architecture, Indore

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List of Figures Figure 1( THE ROMAN COLOSSEUM).......................................................................................... 2 Figure 2 (OLYMPICS RACE TRACK OLYMPIA) ......................................................................... 3 Figure 3 (COLOSSEUM PLAN,SECTION,ELEVATION) ............................................................. 3 Figure 4 (THE PANATHINAIKO STADIUM) ................................................................................ 4 Figure 5 (EARLY VILLAGE CRICKET) ......................................................................................... 5 Figure 6 (CRICKET FIELD) ............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 7 (INDIAN CRICKET LEGENDS) ..................................................................................... 10 Figure 8 (RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM)...................................... 11 Figure 9 (VIEW OF STADIUM) ..................................................................................................... 11 Figure 10 (SITE PLAN OF RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM)......... 14 Figure 11 (PARKING OF RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM) ........... 14 Figure 12 (SEATING LAYOUT OF STADIUM)........................................................................... 15 Figure 13 (RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM SEATING ARRANGEMENT).......................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 14 (VIEW OF SOUTH STAND) ......................................................................................... 16 Figure 15 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) ........................................................................................................ 16 Figure 16 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) ........................................................................................................ 16 Figure 17 (VIEW OF EASTERN STAND)..................................................................................... 17 Figure 18 (MANUAL SCORE BORAD) ........................................................................................ 18 Figure 19 (VIEW OF WESTERN STAND) .................................................................................... 18 Figure 20 (GALLERY VIEW) ........................................................................................................ 18 Figure 21 (VIEW OF NORTH STAND) ......................................................................................... 19 Figure 22 (FIRE EXIT PLAN ) ....................................................................................................... 20 Figure 23 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) ........................................................................................................ 20 Figure 24 (WAITING AREA OF ADMIN BLOCK IN LEVEL ONE) .......................................... 20 Figure 25 (RECEPTION HALL) ..................................................................................................... 20 Figure 26 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) ........................................................................................................ 20 Figure 27 (VIEW OF SECONDARY FLOOD LIGHT) ................................................................. 21 Figure 28 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT)........................................................................................... 21 Figure 29 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT)........................................................................................... 21 Figure 30 (SOUTH TERRACE PAVILION CANOPY) ............................................................... 22 Figure 31 (ROOFING STRUCTURE OF STADIUM) ................................................................... 22 vii

Figure 32 (VIEW OF ROOFING SYSTEM OF STADIUM) ......................................................... 22 Figure 33 (JOINARY DETAIL OF ROOFING SYSTEM) ............................................................ 23 Figure 34 (THE PITCH AND PLAY AREA) ................................................................................. 23 Figure 35 (VIEW OF STADIUM OUTFIELD) .............................................................................. 23 Figure 36 (PITCH INSPECTION)................................................................................................... 23 Figure 37 (SOIL PREPARATION FOR THE PITCH) ................................................................... 24 Figure 38 (AERIAL VIEW OF STADIUM) ................................................................................... 25 Figure 39 (MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND) ......................................................................... 25 Figure 40 (SITE PLAN OF MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND) .............................................. 27 Figure 41 (NEIGHBOURS OF STADIUM) ................................................................................... 28 Figure 42 (PARKING OF MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND) ................................................ 28 Figure 43 (VIEW OF THE GREAT SOUTHERN STAND) .......................................................... 30 Figure 44 (VIEW OF THE OLYMPICS STAND).......................................................................... 31 Figure 45 (VIEW OF MCG MEMBER RESERVE) ....................................................................... 32 Figure 46 (VIEW OF PONSFORD STAND) .................................................................................. 33 Figure 47 (VIEW OF G-TRAIN ) ................................................................................................... 33 Figure 48 (VIEW OF THE FOUNDERS BAR) .............................................................................. 36 Figure 49 (VIEW OF LOOK UP BAR) .......................................................................................... 36 Figure 50 (VIEW OF BARASSI CAFE) ......................................................................................... 37 Figure 51 (VIEW OF HAYDN BUNTON SPORTS BAR) ............................................................ 37 Figure 52 (VIEW OF THE OUTER BAR)...................................................................................... 38 Figure 53 (VIEW OF PADDOCK CAFE) ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 54 (ELEVATION VIEW) .................................................................................................... 39 Figure 55 (CROSS SECTION AND ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STADIUM) ................................... 39 Figure 56 (ROOF STRUCTURE) ................................................................................................... 40 Figure 57 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT)........................................................................................... 41 Figure 58 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT FROM NORTHERN SAND)............................................ 41 Figure 59 (AERIAL VIEW OF THE STADIUM) .......................................................................... 42 Figure 60 (VIEW OF NARENDRA MODI STADIUM) ................................................................ 42 Figure 61 (SITE PLAN OF STADIUM) ......................................................................................... 44 Figure 62 (STADIUM PARKING VIEW) ...................................................................................... 45 Figure 63 (STADIUM LAYOUT) ................................................................................................... 45 Figure 64 (TWIN BOWL SEATING ARRANGEMENT) ............................................................. 46 Figure 65 (VIEW OF ROOF STRUCTURE) .................................................................................. 47 viii

Figure 66 (ROOFING MATERIAL VIEW).................................................................................... 48 Figure 67 (ENTRANCE VIEW) ...................................................................................................... 48 Figure 68 (HALL OF FAME).......................................................................................................... 49 Figure 69 (PLAYERS ENTRANCE) .............................................................................................. 49 Figure 70 (VIEW OF GYMNASIUM) ............................................................................................ 50 Figure 71 (VIEW OF DRESSING ROOM) .................................................................................... 50 Figure 72 (VIEW OF PLAYERS DINNING AREA) ..................................................................... 51 Figure 73 (PLAYERS SEATING AND MEDICAL ROOM) ......................................................... 51 Figure 74 (PLAYERS VIEWING AREA) ...................................................................................... 51 Figure 75 (VIEW OF LEVEL THIRD) ........................................................................................... 52 Figure 76 (VIEW OF CORPORATE BOX) .................................................................................... 52 Figure 77 (VIEW FROM PRESIDENTIAL SUITE) ...................................................................... 53 Figure 78 (VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM) .............................................................. 53 Figure 79 (VIEW OF STAIRCASE AND LIFT) ............................................................................ 54 Figure 80 (VIEW OF PITCHES) ..................................................................................................... 54 Figure 81 (VIEW OF HERRINGBONE PATTERN) ..................................................................... 55 Figure 82 (VIEW OF LED LIGHT) ................................................................................................ 55 Figure 83 (VIEW OF SEPARATORS ENTRY) ............................................................................. 56 Figure 84 (TABLE OF LEVEL OF COMPETITION).................................................................... 60 Figure 85 (POSITION OF PLAYERS) ........................................................................................... 61 Figure 86 (CRICKET PITCH) ......................................................................................................... 63 Figure 87 (CRICKET PITCH SECTON) ........................................................................................ 63 Figure 88 (CRICKET STUMP) ....................................................................................................... 64 Figure 89 (STADIUM DRAINAGE METHOD) ............................................................................ 64 Figure 90 (CRICKET GROUND IRRIGATION) ........................................................................... 65 Figure 91 (CLASSIC FLOOD LIGHT) ........................................................................................... 65 Figure 92 (PHILIPS LUMILEDS)................................................................................................... 65 Figure 93(SPECTATOR SEATING STANDRAD) ........................................................................ 66 Figure 94 (DISABLES SPECTATOR SEATING STANDRAD)................................................... 66 Figure 95 (SEATING TYPE) .......................................................................................................... 66 Figure 96 (VIEWING ANGLE) ...................................................................................................... 67 Figure 97 (SIGHTLINES ABOVE PERIMETER'S WALL) .......................................................... 67 Figure 98 (SIGHTLINES THROUGH PERIMETER'S FENCE) ................................................... 67 Figure 99 (SIGHTLINES ABOVE PERIMETER'S WALL) .......................................................... 67 ix

Figure 100 (SIGHTLINES ABOVE PERIMETER'S ADVERSISING) ......................................... 67 Figure 101 (QUALITY OF VISION) .............................................................................................. 67 Figure 102 (VIEWING ANGLE) .................................................................................................... 68 Figure 103 (VIP FACILITIES)........................................................................................................ 69 Figure 104 (FACILITIES FOR PLAYER'S AND VIP) .................................................................. 69 Figure 105 (TOILET) ...................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 106 (CONFRENCE ROOM) ................................................................................................ 71 Figure 107 (TOILET STANDARD) ................................................................................................ 71 Figure 108 (HANDICAP TOILET) ................................................................................................. 71 Figure 109 (MEDIA FACILITY) .................................................................................................... 72 Figure 110 (SHADING DEPTH AND ANGLE) ............................................................................ 72 Figure 111 (PITCH ORIENTATION) ............................................................................................. 73 Figure 112 (SECURITY ZONES) ................................................................................................... 73 Figure 113 (RUNING DISTANCE OF FIRE EXIT) ...................................................................... 74 Figure 114 (RUNNING DISTANCE FOR FIRE EXIT) ................................................................. 74 Figure 115 (GRAPH RESPRESENTING AREA BREAKAGE OF THE STADIUM) ................. 75

List of Tables Table 1 (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS) ................................................................................................. 57

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CONTENTS

List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Tables…………………………………………………….………………...…………….x

SYNOPSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 1 AIM: ............................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION:......................................................................................................................... 1 NEED: ............................................................................................................................................ 1 SCOPE: .......................................................................................................................................... 1 LIMITATION: ............................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO STADIUM .................................................................................... 2 HISTORY OF STADIUM ............................................................................................................. 2 HISTORY OF CRICKET .................................................................................................................. 4 WHAT IS CRICKET ? .................................................................................................................. 4 ORIGIN .......................................................................................................................................... 4 DERIVATION OF NAME CRICKET .......................................................................................... 5 GAMBLING AND PRESS COVERAGE ..................................................................................... 5 PATRONAGE AND PLAYERS - 17TH CENTURY ................................................................... 6 CRICKET MOVES OUT OF ENGLAND 17-18TH CENTURY................................................. 6 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS ............................................................................................... 6 CONTINUED GROWTH IN ENGLAND .................................................................................... 6 LORD'S CRICKET GROUND .................................................................................................. 7 INTERNATIONAL CRICKET BEGINS ...................................................................................... 7 CRICKET BECOMES AN INTERNATIONAL SPORT ............................................................. 7 WORLD CRICKET IN THE 20TH CENTURY ............................................................................. 7 xi

NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS .................................................................................................. 8 LIMITED-OVERS CRICKET ....................................................................................................... 8 FIELD SIZE ................................................................................................................................... 8 INDIAN LEGENDS ...................................................................................................................... 9 CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................................. 11 1. RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM, HYDERABAD .................... 11 2. THE MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND, VICTORIA ....................................................... 25 3. NARENDRA MODI STADIUM, AHMEDABAD ................................................................. 42 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 57 DATE COLLECTION ..................................................................................................................... 60 CRICKET FIELD ........................................................................................................................ 60 PLAYERS POSITION ON GROUND ........................................................................................ 61 GEOMETRICAL FORM OF THE GROUND ............................................................................ 63 CRICKET PITCH ........................................................................................................................ 63 SIZE OF STUMPS ....................................................................................................................... 64 DRAINAGE ................................................................................................................................. 64 IRRIGATION............................................................................................................................... 64 LIGHTING ................................................................................................................................... 65 SEATING STANDARD .............................................................................................................. 65 VIEWING ANGLE ...................................................................................................................... 66 VIP FACILITIES ......................................................................................................................... 69 TOILET ........................................................................................................................................ 70 CONFRENCE ROOM ................................................................................................................. 71 MEDIA FACILITY...................................................................................................................... 72 SHADING DEPTH AND ANGLE .............................................................................................. 72 PITCH ORIENTATION .............................................................................................................. 73 SECURITY ZONES .................................................................................................................... 73 xii

ENTRANCE & EXIT .................................................................................................................. 74 AREA BREAKAGE OF THE STADIUM .................................................................................. 75 SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 76 DESIGN INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 76 LOCATION : ............................................................................................................................... 76 WHY THIS SITE ? ...................................................................................................................... 77 HABITAT .................................................................................................................................... 77 SITE CONTOURS ....................................................................................................................... 78 CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................... 79 WATER BODIES ........................................................................................................................ 80 CONCEPT ....................................................................................................................................... 81 References and Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 82

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SYNOPSIS CRICKET STADIUM AIM: To design an international cricket stadium which will also include academy which is financially self-supporting.

OBJECTIVE: •

To create space to train athletes.

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To create world class sports facilities which is affordable, comfortable and provides enjoyable experience.

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To create a space which can fulfil the need of all age group

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To make the circulation easy to access in different parts of the space

INTRODUCTION: A stadium is one of those building typologies which have the ability to shape a town or city. A stadium helps in establishing an identity and put community on the map. They represent a nation's pride and aspiration.

NEED: To create a venue for national and international sport events to be held and become reason of global appreciation to nation, and promote sportspersons across the country, especially in youngsters who wish to take up sports as a profession.

SCOPE: Help in improving community physical and mental health by providing opportunity for physical activity to the society and can contribute encourage active lifestyle habits. Provide various community benefits which include usable public spaces, and increased social interactions.

LIMITATION: Design will not include structural and cost estimating details.

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INTRODUCTION BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO STADIUM For last few year sports like cricket, hockey, kabaddi, tennis, football and badminton has become popular. So, to practice and to conduct competitions one requires professional and specialize sports facilities.

Sports and Stadium has interrelated relation with each other since earlier times. Sports always has played an important role in national pride and what’s better way to showcase this pride in stadium.

The gateway to modern day stadium is the first Olympic stadium, which is the latest enhancement of technology and creation of mega structure.

HISTORY OF STADIUM The word stadium is origin form Latin word “stadion”. a measure of length equaling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 ft (180 m), in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.

Since their earliest existence, stadiums have always been interpreted as focus points and architectural wonder in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. The first facilities that bear a resemblance to stadiums appeared around 776 BC with the establishment of the Olympics. The first every architecturally and structurally design building which can relate to modern day stadiums is The Roman Colosseum. In AD 70, construction following to Colosseum, stadium design was built across many civilizations.

Figure 1( THE ROMAN COLOSSEUM) https://www.dkfindout.com/us/history/ancient-rome/

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Figure 3 (COLOSSEUM PLAN,SECTION,ELEVATION) https://www.pinterest.com/pin/251779435388063427/

The stadium at Olympia in Greece is the oldest known stadium. The ancient Olympic games were held here from 776 BC. Initially the games consisted of a single event, a race along the length of the.

Figure 2 (OLYMPICS RACE TRACK OLYMPIA) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG

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The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic Stadium hosted attempted revivals of the Olympic Games in 1870 and 1875 before hosting the first modern Olympics in 1896, the 1906 Intercalated Games, and some events of the 2004 Summer Olympics. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times.

Figure 4 (THE PANATHINAIKO STADIUM) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kallimarmaron_stadium.JPG

HISTORY OF CRICKET WHAT IS CRICKET ?

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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the Centre of which is a 20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.

ORIGIN Probably cricket was created during the times of Saxon or Norman by children living in the weald, across Kent and Sussex an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England. In the 16th-century the first definite written reference was from.

The game’s origins, have several theories, which include that it was created in France. From 1300, the references of these theories were found and which concerns the future King Edward II playing at “creag and other games” in both Westminster and Newenden. It has been suggested that “creag” was an Old English word for cricket, but expert opinion is that it was an early spelling of “craic”, meaning “fun and games in general”.

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For many generations it is generally believed that cricket survived as a children’s game, before, the beginning of the 17th century when it was increasingly taken up by adults. Possibly cricket was

Figure 5 (EARLY VILLAGE CRICKET) https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket5

derived from bowls, assuming bowls is the older sport, by the involvement of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep's wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket.

DERIVATION OF NAME CRICKET There are number of possible words which can be thought as a source for the term ”cricket”. In the earliest definite reference, it was spelled creckett. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, or the French word criquet meaning a wooden post. The Middle Dutch word krickstoel means a long low stool used for kneeling in church; this resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket. According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of the University of Bonn, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket) sen (i.e., "with the stick chase").

GAMBLING AND PRESS COVERAGE After the restoration in 1660 cricket certainly flourish and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. In 1664, the Gaming Act 1664 was passed by “Cavalier” 5

parliament which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time, equivalent to about £15 thousand present-day terms. At the end of the 17th century cricket had certainly become a significant sport for gambling.

PATRONAGE AND PLAYERS - 17TH CENTURY The first patrons were introduced because of gambling, as some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first “country teams” were formed in the aftermath of the restoration in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were employing "local experts" from village cricket as the earliest professionals. In 1709 the first known game in which teams were use country name was in 1709, but these is little doubt that, long before that these sorts of fixture were being arranged.

CRICKET MOVES OUT OF ENGLAND 17-18TH CENTURY In the 17th century, North America introduced cricket via the English colonies, probably before it had even reached the North England. In the other parts of globe, it arrived in 18th century. West Indies were introduced by colonists were as India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century. In 1788 it arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonization began. In 19th century it arrived in New Zealand and South Africa.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up Articles of Agreement to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling. In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes". The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded MCC at Lord's in 1787. MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently.

CONTINUED GROWTH IN ENGLAND In England game continued to spread throughout and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue. The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line,

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length and pace. From 1772 scorecard were began to kept on the regular basis, and since then they were a clear picture of the sport’s development.

LORD'S CRICKET GROUND In 1814, Lord’s Cricket Ground was established, which is the oldest cricket ground in the world and it is located in St. John's Wood, London England. The second oldest cricket stadium was established in 1830s and the name of the stadium is Trent Bridge Ground which is located in Nottinghamshire, England.

INTERNATIONAL CRICKET BEGINS In 1844, the first ever international cricket game was held between US and Canada. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York.

In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and the success of this tour ensured a popular demand for similar ventures in future. No Tests were played in 1878 but more soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, the Australian victory in a tense finish gave rise to The Ashes. South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.

CRICKET BECOMES AN INTERNATIONAL SPORT The first ever international cricket was between, a club term of United States and Canada in 1844, Canada won the match. In 1859, north America with a term of English players went on the first overseas tour. By the middle of 19th century the game well spread overseas game, mainly in Australia, the Caribbean, British India (which includes present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), New Zealand, North America and South Africa.

The first ever Test match recorded was in 1876-77, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, in which England team took part against Australia. In 1882 The Ashes (test cricket) has stated as a result of rivalry between England and Australia. In 1888-89 test cricket started to expand after south Africa played England.

WORLD CRICKET IN THE 20TH CENTURY In 20th century test cricket continued to expand with the addition of some country before the second world war, which were, the West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930) and India (1930) and

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then post-war period, Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982),Zimbabwe (1992), Bangladesh (2000), Ireland and Afghanistan (both 2018).

NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS In 1890, significant development has occurred in domestic cricket, when the official county Championship was constituted in England. This organizational initiative has been repeated in other countries. In 1892-93 Australia established the Sheffield shield. The Currie cup in South Africa, the Plunket Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India were the other competitions to be established.

LIMITED-OVERS CRICKET In 1971 at Melbourne Cricket Ground the first limited-over International match took place, as a on the opening days the test match had been abandoned due to heavy rain. . It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular.

Limited-overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs-one-day internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council organized the first World Cup due to this development.

In 1975, the first Cricket World Cup in England took place with all the Test-playing Nations taking part.

FIELD SIZE For international matches the minimum and maximum size of plying surface is define by the ICC standard Playing Conditions. Law 19.1.3 of ICC Men's Test Match Playing Conditions as well as ICC Men's One Day International Playing Conditions states: The aim shall be to at each venue the size of the playing area shall be maximum. With respect to the size of the boundaries, no boundary shall be longer than 90 yards (82.29 meters), and no boundary should be shorter than 65 yards (59.43 meters) from the Centre of the pitch to be used.

The equivalent ICC playing conditions (Law 19.1.3) for international women's cricket require the boundary to be between 60 yards (54.86 m) and 70 yards (64.01 m) from the Centre of the pitch to be used. In addition, the conditions require a minimum three-yard gap between the "rope" and the surrounding fencing or advertising boards. This allows players to dive without risk of injury.

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Figure 6 (CRICKET FIELD) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field#/media/File:Cricket_field_parts.svg

INDIAN LEGENDS In the history of cricket India has promote tons of cricket stars. Different batsmen had come in different eras and showed their marvelous performance, like Sunil Gavaskar, MD. Azharuddin, Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly, Virender Shewag: while bowlers like Venkatesh Prasad, Jagaval Sreenath, Zaheer Khan etc., shined so bright. Also, All-rounders like Kapil Dev. Ravi Shastri. Vinoo Mankad etc. took India to new level of Cricket.

With the beginning of Modern cricket in 21st century, India begin dominating in all format of the game. The Modern-day legends of cricket are Gautam Gambhir, MS Dhoni, Virat Kohli, Yuvraj Singh, Ravindra Jadeja, R Ashwin, Bhubaneswar Kumar etc., which will be carrying forward the glory of the team.

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Figure 7 (INDIAN CRICKET LEGENDS) https://issuu.com/sarkardebashis20/docs/debashis_sarkar_thesis_report_2021

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CASE STUDY 1. RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM, HYDERABAD INTRODUCTION Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is the main cricket stadium in Hyderabad. establish in Uppal, an eastern suburb of Hyderabad.

Fully finished in 2003, it extended to more than 16 acres (65,000 m2) with the capacity of 55,000 spectators presently. The ends are named Pavilion End and North End. On the retirement of VVS Laxman, the HCA decided to honor the state hero by naming the North End after him.

Figure 8 (RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM) http://www.hycricket.org/contact.htm

Figure 9 (VIEW OF STADIUM) https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a4077-rajiv-gandhiinternational-cricket-stadium-by-shashi-prabhu-one-of-indias-most-popularcricket-stadiums/

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HISTORY Hyderabad Cricket Association previous ground was the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium in the Fateh Maidan sports complex at Basheer Bagh in central Hyderabad. The sports complex is owned by the Sports Authority of Telangana State and Hyderabad Cricket Association had limited liberty over this complex.

Furthermore, due to its small-scale, it soon come to be known as a high-scoring ground and so Hyderabad was suspended for many high-profile crickets matches in India.

In 2003, the tender for a new stadium was present by HCA to the government of former Andhra Pradesh, then headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu. The tender was quickly cleared and HCA was assigning a budget for the same. The government also pin point a large piece of land appropriate for the project at Uppal.

Major funding for the proposal came after an open auction which was held of the title of the stadium. The auction was won by Visakha Industries Limited with a bid price of ₹65,00,00,000. In advance ₹43,00,00,000 were paid and the name of the stadium was named as Visakha International Cricket Stadium in 2004.

By 2005, the most of the stadium was built, and it was ready to host its first ODI Match between India and South Africa. Nevertheless, the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy decided to change the name of the stadium to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in memory of the former Prime Minster of India Rajiv Gandhi.

MAIN POINT OF STADIUM •

Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is situated in Uppal and it is acknowledged for the best green grass outfield and has one of the most well-maintained stadiums in India.

•

In the stadium the long span canopy is given on south and north stands to give nice aesthetical view of the stadium.

•

The stadium has the best water drainage facilities.

•

In Hyderabad, Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is a solely international cricket stadium.

•

The stadium is designed in a way that no matter what the seating arrangement is the view of the match in action is not blocked.

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•

The ground is most desirable to host ODI and other league of BCCI as the ground has one of the world’s best batting tracks.

SITE INFORMATION Location: Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Coordinates: 17°24′23.4″N 78°33′01.6″E Establishment: 2003 Owner: Hyderabad Cricket Association End names: Shiv lal Yadav End, VVS Laxman End Tenants: Indian Cricket Team, Hyderabad cricket team, Sunrisers Hyderabad Architect: Shashi Prabhu Capacity: 55,000 Media box capacity: 250 Media conf hall capacity: 250 Playing area: 155x145 m No. of Stands: 14 No. of Flood lights: 6 No. of gates: 12 STADIUM ACCESSIBILITY Airport: 28 kms Railways: 10 Kms (Secunderabad junction) Local Transport: Blue line metro stadium (stadium) Landmark: Survey of India

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SITE PLAN

Figure 10 (SITE PLAN OF RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM) https://image.isu.pub/200911111414-a930e599042105b3a7250f7800c76ee9/jpg/page_28.jpg

PARKING FACILITIES •

Total of 550 car parking space is provided

•

Total of 2500 + bike parking space is provided.

•

They have provided parking facilities for visitor’s during non-match days and for staff of cricket stadium and also for players bus.

Figure 11 (PARKING OF RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM) https://image.isu.pub/200911111414-a930e599042105b3a7250f7800c76ee9/jpg/page_28.jpg

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STADIUM LAYOUT •

The orientation of pitch is in north-south direction

•

Stands break have been provided to allow the air flow of south-west winds, so that there is better air flow inside the stadium.

•

4 sub entrances have been provided to different stands in stadium.

•

The stadium has ground floor seating, gallery floor seating, first tier seating and second tier seating as well.

•

There are 8 boxes in ground floor and 12 boxes in first floor level in north direction.

•

There are 18 boxes in ground floor and 24 boxes in first floor level in south direction.

•

There are total of 6 flood lights and two more flood light at 2nd tier of south side pavilion.

Figure 13 (RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM SEATING ARRANGEMENT) https://indiaongo.in/sports/rajiv-gandhi-internationalcricket-stadium/

Figure 12 (SEATING LAYOUT OF STADIUM) https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a4077-rajivgandhi-international-cricket-stadium-by-shashi-prabhu-one-ofindias-most-popular-cricket-stadiums/

THE MOHAMMED AZHARUDDIN STAND AND VVS LAXMAN PAVILION CONSISTS OF : •

It has ground level seating, gallery level seating, first and second level VIP boxes seating, and first and second tier seating.

•

Canopy has been provided for both the tier as well.

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•

On north side it has 8 boxes in ground floor and 12 boxes in first floor level. It also has commenter’s box.

Figure 14 (VIEW OF SOUTH STAND) https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a4077-rajiv-gandhi-international-cricket-stadium-byshashi-prabhu-one-of-indias-most-popular-cricket-stadiums/

Commenter's box with lounge area the below level has party hall. reel 3 nos. and a wet riser with fire alarm.

Figure 15 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

Fire escape plan of north side stands for every 25 mts they have fire safety measures like hose.

Figure 16 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium__akhil_manikyam

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THE EASTERN STANDS CONSISTS OF:- The ground floor area has the gallery area. To access the next tier above the gallery tier they have provided four entry points. o S.ABID ALI EXIT o KENIA JAYANTILAL EXIT o P.KRISHNAMURTHY EXIT o V.NARASIMHA RAO EXIT •

To access the stands 5 stairways has been provided which breaks the sequence of seating.

•

To minimize the congestion of crowd when number of people entering the stadium is maximum, the location of stairways and entrances are provided for 28-30 seats.

•

Digital score board is also provided in this stand.

•

To access the stand 4 internal gates have been provided.

•

For power backup generator is provided and it also has 2 flood light.

•

Ground staff’s room, pantry, parking and soil preparing area id provided on ground level.

This level also has curator staffs.

Figure 17 (VIEW OF EASTERN STAND) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

THE WESTERN STANDS CONSISTS OF:- The ground floor area has the gallery area. To access the next tier above the gallery tier they have provided four entry points. o MOHAMMED HUSSAIN EXIT o GUL MOHAMMED EXIT o ABBAS ALI BAIG EXIT o M.A.K PATUDI EXIT 17

•

To access the stands 5 stairways has been provided which breaks the sequence of seating.

•

To minimize the congestion of crowd when number of people entering the stadium is maximum, the location of stairways and entrances are provided for 28-30 seats.

•

Manual score board is also provided in this stand.

•

To access the stand 4 internal gates have been provided.

•

For power backup generator is provided and it also has 2 flood light.

•

On either ends of the stands they have staircase which can also be use as fire exit, and this staircase also connects with corridor at back of the seats.

Figure 19 (VIEW OF WESTERN STAND) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

)

Figure 20 (GALLERY VIEW) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_sta

Figure 18 (MANUAL SCORE BORAD) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_sta

dium_-_akhil_manikyam

dium_-_akhil_manikyam

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THE N.SHIVIAL YADAV PAVILION CONSISTS OF :o Players dressing room o Admin block o Secretary cabin, CEO cabin o HCA conference hall o VIP lounge with party hall o VVIP individual boxes capacity of (20 people). o President VIP box •

This stand consists of 4 level with one terrace, 6 lifts have been provided in this stand, which are accessible till 2 level.

•

Chief Security Officer cabin and admin parking has been provided in cellar floor.

•

Players dressing room, VIP lounge with party hall and gallery seating area are planned on ground floor.

•

Admin floor which manages the stadium is on first floor, this floor also has 18 individual boxes for VIP’s.

•

24 individual boxes for VIP’s are on second floor.

•

The first-tier seating is provided on third floor, with 5 entrance points of 2.5 m width, it also has snacks counter.

•

The second-tier seating is also provided on third floor, with 4 entrance points of 2.5 m width, to access the seats 6 stairways are provided by the spectator.

Figure 21 (VIEW OF NORTH STAND) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

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Figure 22 (FIRE EXIT PLAN ) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_st

Figure 23 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricke

adium_-_akhil_manikyam

t_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

On second floor executive lounge which has media box of capacity 250.

Figure 26 (FIRE EXIT PLAN) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

Figure 24 (WAITING AREA OF ADMIN BLOCK IN LEVEL ONE) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_

Figure 25 (RECEPTION HALL) http://www.hycricket.org/stadium.htm

stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

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FLOOD LIGHT: •

There are 6 hollow member, flood light at the base with diameter of 1.3 m.

•

There are 5 rows of light, and in each row, there are 8 lights.

•

There are 2 secondary flood light, in 2 rows.

Figure 27 (VIEW OF SECONDARY FLOOD LIGHT) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket _stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

Figure 29 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international _cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

Figure 28 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket _stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

ROOF STRUCTURE: •

The roof is covered with tensile canopy on north-south stands, as stadium is open on westeast stands.

•

The span of 25 mts is provided on each individual wing which has 3 arches to support each member and each wing has truss work on either ends.

•

The architect Shashi Prabhu has used Teflon Fiber as the roofing material.

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Figure 31 (ROOFING STRUCTURE OF STADIUM) https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a4077-rajiv-gandhi-international-cricketstadium-by-shashi-prabhu-one-of-indias-most-popular-cricket-stadiums/

Figure 30 (SOUTH TERRACE PAVILION CANOPY) https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ipl/news/2019/apr/24/engineers-assess-hyderabad-stadium-damagematches-on-schedule-1968320.html

JOINARY DETAILS: •

To support the tensile structure in north-south stands, RCC column c/c of 10 mts are provided at the peripheral of the stadium.

•

The junction of 4,6,8 respectively are provided in the joints of tensile structure.

Figure 32 (VIEW OF ROOFING SYSTEM OF STADIUM) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

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Figure 33 (JOINARY DETAIL OF ROOFING SYSTEM) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

TURF OUTFIELD: •

The outfield has checks pattern which look good from top view.

•

The maintains of turf grass is done by using cutter machine which cut it in equal level throughout the outfield.

•

The grass is cut to certain amount, that is, 2 mm to 4 mm.

•

To maintain the level of grass in the ground, the grass is cut once in every 2 days.

Figure 36 (PITCH INSPECTION) http://www.hycricket.org/stadium.htm

Figure 34 (THE PITCH AND PLAY AREA) http://www.hycricket.org/stadium.htm

Figure 35 (VIEW OF STADIUM OUTFIELD) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cr icket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

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Figure 37 (SOIL PREPARATION FOR THE PITCH) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

The above image shows, how to mx the manure with red soil for the outfield. The red and black soil in proportion is used for the pitch.

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2. THE MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND, VICTORIA INTRODUCTION The Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), also known locally as “The G”, is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria. Founded and managed by the Melbourne Cricket Club. The largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere, with the capacity of 100,024 which include 95,000 seats and approximately 5000 standing room spaces, with site area of 89 acres. It is the 11th largest globally, and the second largest cricket ground by capacity.

Figure 39 (MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND) https://sportsmatik.com/sports-corner/sports-venue/melbourne-cricket-ground

Figure 38 (AERIAL VIEW OF STADIUM) https://twitter.com/lensaloft/status/1372831423934074885

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HISTORY In 1854, the first grandstand was built at the MCG which was original wooden members’, while the first public grandstand was built in 186, which was 200-metre long with 6,000 seating temporary structure.in 1876, another grandstand was built with the seating of 2,000 for the 1877 visit of James Lillywhite’s English Cricket team, it was facing one way to the cricket ground and the other way to park where football was played. MCG hosted its first Test match during this tour.

The original members’ stand was sold to the Richmond Cricket Club for £55, in 1881. In its place a new brick stand was built with the world’s finest cricket facility of that time. In 1881, telephone was installed at the ground, and the orientation of the wickets and goal posts were changed to north-south from east-west direction. The scoreboard was built in 1882, which showed the details of the batsman’s name and how he was dismissed.

From 2011 until 2013, The Victoria State Government and the Melbourne Cricket Club funded a $55 Million refurbishment of the facilities in the Great Southern Stand, including renovations to entrance gates and ticket outlets, food and beverage outlets, etc., without significantly modifying the stand. In late 2013, New scoreboards were installed at the same position, which were more than the twice the size of the original ones.

All the playing field lights were replaced with LED sports lighting, from November 2019 until February 2020, this include light towers, lighting under the roof and in two of the light towers completed in the time for the Boxing Day Test against New Zealand.

SITE INFORMATION Location: Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria Coordinates: 37.8200° S, 144.9834° E Establishment: 1853 Owner: Melbourne cricket club End names: Members End, Great Southern Stand End Tenants: Melbourne cricket Club Architect: Lovell Chen Capacity: 100,024 Media box capacity: 48 26

Media conf hall capacity: 48 Playing area: 171x146m No. of Stands: 4 No. of Flood lights: 6 No. of gates: 7 STADIUM ACCESSIBILITY Airport: 29.9 kms Railways: 31.4 kms SITE PLAN

Figure 40 (SITE PLAN OF MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

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Figure 41 (NEIGHBOURS OF STADIUM) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-24/massive-renovation-plans-revealed-for-brisbane-gabba/9795222

PARKING FACILITIES •

Parking is available in Yarra Park which surrounds the ground, with additional parking in the CBD.

•

In Melbourne Cricket Ground gate no.6 the parking space provided is 118.

•

The public parking is available only on day of events.

•

The public parking is payable for $10 only by EFTPOS.

Figure 42 (PARKING OF MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND)

https://twitter.com/mcg/status/995071270919139329

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STADIUM LAYOUT

•

In 1881, the orientation of the wickets and goal posts were changed to north-south from east-west direction.

•

All seating bays at the MCG begin with Row A closest to the fence and continue back to Row Z, before reverting to Row AA, BB, CC and so on.

•

UNDERCOVER SEATING : Due to the difficulty in accurately classifying any seat at the MCG as "undercover", even though there is a roof overhead in some sections of the ground, patrons cannot be guaranteed protection from the elements.

•

There are four stands in Melbourne Cricket Ground o THE GREAT SOUTHERN STAND o OLYMPIC STAND o

MCC MEMBERS RESERVE 29

o THE PONSFORD STAND THE GREAT SOUTHERN STAND •

The seating arrangement of this stand is given below o Undercover seating ▪

Level 1 (M): Row Y

▪

Level 2 (N): Row B

▪

Level 3 (P): No cover

▪

Level 4 (Q): All undercover

o FINAL ROWS ▪

Level 1 (M): Row LL

▪

Level 2 (N): Row J

▪

Level 3 (P): Row F

▪

Level 4 (Q): Row DD

Figure 43 (VIEW OF THE GREAT SOUTHERN STAND) https://3ddigitalvenue.com/3dmap/clients/melbourne-cricket-ground/

OLYMPIC STAND •

The seating arrangement of this stand is given below o Undercover seating ▪

Level 1 (M): Row Y

▪

Level 2 (N): Row H 30

▪

Level 4 (Q): All undercover (please note: no cover in bays Q56-Q57)

o FINAL ROWS ▪

Level 1 (M): Row NN

▪

Level 2 (N): Row M

▪

Level 3 (P): N/A

▪

Level 4 (Q): Row MM

Figure 44 (VIEW OF THE OLYMPICS STAND) https://3ddigitalvenue.com/3dmap/clients/melbourne-cricket-ground/

MCC MEMBERS RESERVE •

The seating arrangement of this stand is given below o Undercover seating ▪

Level 1 (M): Row Y

▪

Level 2 (N): Row H

▪

Level 3 (P): All undercover

▪

Level 4 (Q): All undercover

o FINAL ROWS ▪

Level 1 (M): Row NN

▪

Level 2 (N): Row M

▪

Level 3 (P): Row F

▪

Level 4 (Q): Row MM 31

Figure 45 (VIEW OF MCG MEMBER RESERVE) https://3ddigitalvenue.com/3dmap/clients/melbourne-cricket-ground/

THE PONSFORD STAND •

The seating arrangement of this stand is given below o Undercover seating ▪

Level 1 (M): Row Y

▪

Level 2 (N): Row H

▪

Level 4 (Q): All undercover (please note: no cover in bays Q29-Q30)

o FINAL ROWS ▪

Level 1 (M): Row NN

▪

Level 2 (N): Row Q

▪

Level 3 (P): N/A

▪

Level 4 (Q): Row MM

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Figure 46 (VIEW OF PONSFORD STAND) https://3ddigitalvenue.com/3dmap/clients/melbourne-cricket-ground/

ACCESSIBLE FACILITIES •

WHEELCHAIR SEATING: Wheelchair seating is available in all stands at the MCG. Availability is match dependent.

•

The G-Train Mobility Shuttle Service operates during public events held at the MCG: o The G-Trains will be in operation from two hours prior to MCG events and run until 30 minutes post-event. o The service is free and accessible to patrons with mobility challenges and in 2022, the G-Train will also feature vehicles with wheelchair-friendly access.

Figure 47 (VIEW OF G-TRAIN ) https://www.mcg.org.au/getting-around/travellers-aid

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•

TOILETS facilities in different stands o Shane Warne Stand ▪

Unisex Level B1 - Bay 12 Level 1 –M7, M14 and M21 Level 2 - bays N13 and N27 Level 4 - bays Q1 and Q27

▪

Male Level 1 –M5, M12 and M18 Level 2 –N1 and N20

▪

Female Level B1 - Bay 26 Level 1 –M7 and M14 Level 2 - N12 and N20

o Ponsford Stand ▪

Male Level B2 – Bay 36

▪

Unisex Level B1 –M32 Level 1 –M28 Level 2 –N29, N30 and N37 Level 4 – next to Lifts 1, 2 and 3

o Olympic Stand ▪

Female Level 1 – External

▪

Unisex Level B1 - Bay 57 Level 1 - M57 and outside the stadium at Light Tower 2 Level 1 - Changing Places facility inside Gate 3 entrance. Patrons require an MLAK Key to access this facility. Patrons can obtain a MLAK Key from MCG event staff at Gate 3.

Level 2 - N50 and N57 Level 3 - corporate suites, Olympic Atrium and Yarra Park Room Level 4 - Q54 34

o MCC Members Reserve ▪

Unisex Level B1 - M38, M42 and M45 Level 1 - M42 (just inside Gate 2) Level 1 - in the Hugh Trumble Cafe Level 2 - N37, N41, N47 and N48 Level 3 - Bay P42 (near MCC Library) Level 4 - Q40 and Q46

•

FOOD OUTLETS o Shane Warne Stand - M7 and M20 o MCC Members Reserve – M30 and M31

•

The MCG is a family-friendly venue, offering a range of facilities for parents and their children.

•

Parent Rooms are located at the rear of M11 in the Shane Warne Stand, behind M28 in the Ponsford Stand, behind M57 in the Olympic Stand and inside the Gate 2 entrance of the MCC Members Reserve. Each Parent Room includes baby change facilities, a family toilet and microwave. o BABY CHANGE STATION LOCATIONS ▪

Shane Warne Stand •

Female Level 1 - M7 and M24 Level 2 - N21 Level 4 - Q10 and Q24

•

Male Level 1 - M10 and M25 Level 2 - N4 Level 4 - Q2

•

Unisex Level 4 - behind corporate suite 3-54

•

MCC Members Unisex Level 4 - Q46

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•

Ponsford Stand Unisex Level 4 - near Lifts 1/2/3

•

Olympic Stand Unisex Level 4 - Lifts 9/10/11 Level B1 - Bay 26

•

LOCATION OF BARS AND CAFÉ o The founders bar - Shane Warne Stand, Level 2 behind N2-N5

Figure 48 (VIEW OF THE FOUNDERS BAR) https://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/bars-and-cafes/the-founders-bar

o The look up bar- Shane Warne Stand, Level B1 underneath M2-M3 (Punt Road end).

Figure 49 (VIEW OF LOOK UP BAR) https://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/bars-and-cafes/the-lock-up-bar

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o Barassi Café - Shane Warne Stand (AFL Members Reserve), Level B1 M21-22.

Figure 50 (VIEW OF BARASSI CAFE) https://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/bars-and-cafes/ron-barassi-cafe

o Haydn Bunton Sports Bar - Shane Warne Stand (AFL Members Reserve), Level B1 M23-25.

Figure 51 (VIEW OF HAYDN BUNTON SPORTS BAR) https://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/bars-and-cafes/haydn-bunton-sports-bar

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o The Outer Bar - Ponsford Stand, Level 1 behind M30.

Figure 52 (VIEW OF THE OUTER BAR)

https://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/bars-and-cafes/the-outer-bar o Paddock Café - Olympic Stand inside Gate 3, Level 1 M54.

Figure 53 (VIEW OF PADDOCK CAFE) https://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/bars-and-cafes/paddock-cafe

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CROSS SECTION AND ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STADIUM

Figure 55 (CROSS SECTION AND ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STADIUM) http://www.derrickwildey.com/oldportfolio/3d_mcg.html

Figure 54 (ELEVATION VIEW) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam

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ROOF STRUCTURE: •

The main roof has 1,100 tonnes of structural steel and 5,300 lineal metres of steel cable supports - 6,000 sq. metres of glass roof area.

•

14,000 sq. metres of metal deck roof.

•

2,900 tonnes of other structural steel - 72,000 metres of TV broadcast cabling.

•

The main roof covers 80% of patrons. The ground level stands have no roof cover.

•

To support the roof structure, it has steel member which is projected on top, which helps in cantilever the roof, which avoids the columns below which would be the obstruction to the spectators.

Figure 56 (ROOF STRUCTURE) https://www.coxarchitecture.com.au/project/mcg-northern-stand/

FLOOD LIGHT •

1984- Six light towers averaging 75 meters in height (plus 10m high head frames) were built outside the stadium perimeter. The towers are made of 20mm steel plate and are 4.2 meters in diameter at the base.

•

The light tower system comprises of six light towers which stand approximately 75 meters high (equivalent to a 24-story building) with the head frame a further 10 meters higher (85 meters overall).

•

The foundations for the towers consist of four reinforced concrete piers which are set down in depth from seven to 12 meters depending on the sub surface structure.

•

Each of the hollow tubular steel towers contains about 130 tons of steel.

•

The diameter reduces from 4.2 meters at the base to two meters at the top. There are between 12 and 14 landings connecting ladders inside each tower.

40

•

The head frames of the towers are angled in at 15 Degrees in order to provide best possible level of light. Each light tower has an average of 140 no. 2KW (2000-Watt) Metal Halide lamps within the head frame.

•

The lamps have an effective life of approximately 5000 running hours and about 30 lamps on average are replaced each year .The lights take approximately 10 minutes to become fully illuminated. If the lights are turned off they cannot be turned back on for another 15 minutes as they require time to cool down and then warm back up.

Figure 58 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT FROM NORTHERN SAND) https://www.coxarchitecture.com.au/project/mcg-northern-stand/

Figure 57 (VIEW OF FLOOD LIGHT) https://mcg.org.au/the-stadium/stadium-operations/light-towers

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3. NARENDRA MODI STADIUM, AHMEDABAD INTRODUCTION The Narendra Modi Stadium is a cricket stadium situated inside the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave in Ahmedabad, India. As of 2022, it is the largest stadium in the world, with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.

In 1983, the stadium was constructed and in 2006 it was renovated for the first time. After that it became the regular venue for international matches in the city. The stadium was closed in 2015, and demolished before being completely rebuilt by February 2020.

The stadium was renamed on 24 February 2021, as the Narendra Modi Stadium by the Gujarat Cricket Association after the current Prime Minister of India, a Gujarat native, who was also the president of Gujarat Cricket Association (2009 - 2014) and the chief minister of the state from 2001 - 2014.

Figure 60 (VIEW OF NARENDRA MODI STADIUM) https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaSpeaks/comments/lr72hz/the_worlds_biggest_cricket_stadium_inagurated_in/

Figure 59 (AERIAL VIEW OF THE STADIUM) https://populous.com/populous-designed-stadiums-in-project-management-institutes-2020-most-influentialprojects

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HISTORY 1982–2006 (Early years) The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium formerly known as Gujrat Stadium, was named after India’s first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister. The international cricket matches in the city were played at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation’s Stadium before Sardar Patel Stadium. The government of Gujarat donated a 100- acres (400,000m2) stretch of land in 1982, on the bank of the Sabarmati River, which was used to construct new stadium. The construction of the Stadium took nine months.

2006–2015 (Rise to prominence) In 2006, the stadium became focal venue of ICC Champions Trophy and hosted five of the 15 games played. The stadium was renovated in order to host the tournament, to add three new pitches and new outfield. As a part of renovation program floodlight and covered stands were introduced.

2015–2020 (Reconstruction) The stadium was demolished in October 2015 for reconstruction, or as media referred to it as a renovation. The total estimated cost of reconstruction was to be ₹700 crores. However the reported final cost was ₹800 crores. The redevelopment, originally planned to be complete in 2019, finished in February 2020.

SITE INFORMATION Location: Motera, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Coordinates: 23.092°N 72.597°E Establishment: 1982 Owner: Gujarat Cricket Association End names: Adani Pavilion End, Reliance End Tenants: Gujarat Titans, Gujarat cricket team Architect: Populous (reconstruction), Shashi Prabhu (former structure) Capacity: 132,000 Media box capacity: 76 Media conf hall capacity: 76 43

Playing area: 180 yards x 150 yards No. of Stands: 2 No. of Flood lights: LED lights on the roof are provide instead of the usual floodlights No. of gates: 4 STADIUM ACCESSIBILITY Airport: 8.9 kms Railways: 10.4 kms Bus stand: 1.1 kms SITE PLAN

Figure 61 (SITE PLAN OF STADIUM) https://in.pinterest.com/pin/746190231988438539/

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PARKING FACILITIES •

Total of 3,000 car parking space is provided.

•

Total of 10,000 2-wheeler parking space is provided.

Figure 62 (STADIUM PARKING VIEW) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlTac8GyVsg

STADIUM LAYOUT

Figure 63 (STADIUM LAYOUT) https://ipltickets.in/motera-narendra-modi-stadium-ipl-tickets/

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•

The redevelopment of Narendra Modi Stadium was completed in 38 months.

•

3,600 workers, worked day and night to complete the task before the deadlines.

•

Stadium was contrasted with 8,000 precast elements, which used more than 45,000 mt of cement.

•

To construct the world’s largest stadium different firms worked together from all over the world. o Design Architects were form Australia o Roof specialists were form United State o Canopy Fabric was form Japan o Cables form Italy o Led light form Spain

CHALLENGES FACED BY ARCHITECTS •

The first challenge face by architects were the capacity of stadium, as the old stadium was of 49,000 capacity but after redevelopment the capacity will be of 1,32,000.

•

The second challenge was existing temple on site, which can’t be demolished.

•

To solve both the issues 2 tiers or twin bowl seating arrangement was provided.

•

The seating capacity of lower bowl is 55,000 thousand and upper bowl is 77,000 thousand.

Figure 64 (TWIN BOWL SEATING ARRANGEMENT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVszFTfg1w8

•

Long Y-shaped columns have been provided on the outer side of upper bowl, which give support to both the tiers, as the columns are on outer side the view from inside will not be obstructed.

46

•

To make one y-shaped column more than 600 kilograms cement was used, the weight of one column is 280 tones.

•

The height of one column is approximately 30 meters.

•

Total of 84 such columns are constructed.

ROOF STRUCTURE •

Roofing structure were constructed, keeping in mind that Ahmedabad lies in 3rd seismic zone.

•

The roofing structure used is very light in weight.

•

To avoid viewing obstruct the v-shaped steel columns were made. Which are placed on the outer side of upper bowl. Than the columns were connected to compression ring. On the top Teflon roof panel were placed which were light in weight.

•

Expects form Italy make a web of steel cable on which tensile roof fabric will bolted.

•

35,000 sqm very light weight, Japanese roofing fabric (glass fabric or PTFE) was bolted in right place. The fabric is fire resistant and it is long lasting.

Figure 65 (VIEW OF ROOF STRUCTURE) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqdtV9QTro

47

Figure 66 (ROOFING MATERIAL VIEW) Source: author

VIP AND PLAYERS AREA •

MAIN ENTRANCE – Copper wave facade is used on Entrance which represent the waves of Sabarmati river.

Figure 67 (ENTRANCE VIEW) Source: Author

48

•

WAITING AND RECEPTION AREA

•

HALL OF FAMEo 4 lifts are provided two on each side. o On right hand side restaurant is provided. o On left hand side admin block is provided.

Figure 68 (HALL OF FAME) Source: author

•

PLAYERS ENTRANCE

Figure 69 (PLAYERS ENTRANCE) Source: Author

49

•

PLAYERS GYMNASIUM o One gym provided for both the teams. o Connected to the gym 2 dressing room are provided on each side.

Figure 70 (VIEW OF GYMNASIUM) Source: Author

•

PLAYERS DRESSING ROOM

Figure 71 (VIEW OF DRESSING ROOM) Source: Author

50

•

PLAYERS DINNING AREA

Figure 72 (VIEW OF PLAYERS DINNING AREA) Source: Author

•

PLAYERS SEATING AND MEDICAL ROOM

Figure 73 (PLAYERS SEATING AND MEDICAL ROOM) Source : Author

•

PLAYERS VIEWING AREA

Figure 74 (PLAYERS VIEWING AREA) Source: Author

51

•

VIEW FROM LEVEL THIRD

Figure 75 (VIEW OF LEVEL THIRD) Source: Author

•

CORPORATE BOXES o There are total 76 corporate boxes, which are divided into level 4th and 5th. o In each corporate box one washroom, a seating lounge, pantry counter and outside seating of 20 people is provided. o A conference area is provided outside the corporate box.

Figure 76 (VIEW OF CORPORATE BOX) Source: Author

52

•

PRESIDENTIAL SUITE

Figure 77 (VIEW FROM PRESIDENTIAL SUITE) Source: Author

•

DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM

Figure 78 (VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM) Source: Author

53

•

EMERGENCY STAIRCASE AND LIFT

Figure 79 (VIEW OF STAIRCASE AND LIFT) Source: Author

•

11 pitches are provided, in which 5 are local black soil pitches and 6 are red soil.

•

4,5,6,7,8 pitches are for BCCI, International, and IPL match.

Figure 80 (VIEW OF PITCHES) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqdtV9QTro

•

Bermuda grass is used due to the weather of Ahmedabad, which is hot and dry.

•

The popup sprinklers are used which id fully automatic as it can calculate the amount of water needed to maintain the grass.

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•

The irrigation system used in stadium, has a moisture sensor inbuilt in it, this system is connected to weather system near the stadium, which help in calculating the amount of water to be used in particular day.

•

A high-tech drainage system is used in stadium. Underneath the playing field series of trenches of herringbone pattern are made, in it 6.5 km long pipes are used, which can drain 75 km rain in half an hour.

Figure 81 (VIEW OF HERRINGBONE PATTERN) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqdtV9QTro

•

580 LED light from Spain are used, each of 1500 waltz (3,000 LUX at center)

•

According to ICC norms 2,000 LUX at the center is mandatory.

Figure 82 (VIEW OF LED LIGHT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqdtV9QTro

•

Too came in and out of the stadium separators need to enter through a courtyard and it is open on all sides 55

Figure 83 (VIEW OF SEPARATORS ENTRY) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqdtV9QTro

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Table 1 (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

Requirements

STADIUM 1

STADIUM 2

STADIUM 3

RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM

MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND

NARENDRA MODI STADIUM, AHMEDABAD

Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Yarra park, Melbourne, Australia

Motera, Ahmedabad, Guja rat, India

24.2acres

82.5 acres

63 acres

Hyderabad Cricket Association

Melbourne cricket club

Gujarat Cricket

Establishment

2003

1853

1982

Stadium capacity

55,000

100,024

132,000

155x145 m

171x146m

180 yards x 150 yards

Southern, Members

Adani Pavilion End, Reliance End

Name

Location

Site Area

Owner

Ground dimensions End Names

Association

Pavilion, VVS end

Home Team

Sunrisers Hyderabad

Melbourne cricket Club

Gujarat cricket team

No of Gates

12

7

4

No of Internal Gates

23

26

-

57

Requirements

STADIUM 1

STADIUM 2

STADIUM 3

No of stands

14

4

2

No of Flood lights

6

6

0

Height

45mts

85mts

-

Diameter

1.3mts

4.2mts

-

Media box Capacity

250

48

-

Media box Conf hall

250

48

-

Bike / Cars parking

2500/550

Roof Structure Type

Teflon fiber Tensile

Steel cable structure

Teflon roof cable structure

Span

25mts

15 mts

-

Manual Scoreboard

present

present

Not present

Digital Scoreboard

Present

Present

Present

Outfield Type

Checks box

Checks box

Checks box

Pitch Type

Red and Black soil

Red and Black soil

Red and Black soil

Soil Type

Red soil

Red soil

-

No of Pitches

5

9

11

Seating

-

95,000 (95% of capacity)

lower bowl is 55,000, upper bowl is 77,000

3,000/10,000

58

Requirements

STADIUM 1

STADIUM 2

STADIUM 3

Tread length

1mts

1mts

1mts

Riser height

0.25mts

0.25mts

0.25mts

No of Tiers

2

3

3

No of Gallery stands

4

0

0

No of VIP Boxes

66

34

76

Practice Pitches

Present

Present

Present

59

DATE COLLECTION CRICKET FIELD A Cricket field can be divided into three parts: •

Infield

•

Close infield

•

Outfield.

Infield: The infield is made by the drawing an arc of 30 yards radius from the Centre to each wicket with respect to the breadth of the pitch. The two arcs are then joined by parallel lines which are at a distance of 30yards from the Centre of the pitch with respect to the length of the pitch.

Close infield: The close infield is defined by drawing a circle of radius 15 yards from the Centre of each wicket.

Outfield: The part of the ground which is on the outer side of the infield is termed as the outfield.

The entire area of grass, marked off by a boundary line around its outer edge, on which a game of cricket is played, as distinguished from the 'pitch' or central area between the two

Figure 84 (TABLE OF LEVEL OF COMPETITION) https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-

These dimensions correspond to the preferred playing field dimensions outlined in the following table

_akhil_manikyam

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PLAYERS POSITION ON GROUND

Figure 85 (POSITION OF PLAYERS) https://www.cricketbio.com/cricket/cricket-fielding-position-names/

•

Wicket-Keeper- Wicket-Keeper is a player who stands behind the stumps on the field. He watches every moment of the batsman and always ready to take catches, stump, and runout a batsman. Wicket-Keeper is one of the most important players on every cricket team.

Because he has an important fielding position in cricket. At the time of spinner wicketkeeper stands near to the stump but against the pace bowler and he takes few steps back. A major role of the wicket-keeper is to stop delivery that passes by the batsman.

•

Cover- It’s a very crucial job for every fielder who fields at the cover. A cover fielder stands in front of a square on the off-side and they stand on edge of the inner circle. A cover fielder can create lots of run-out opportunities for his team.

•

Point- A point is a fielding position in which a player stands at the square of the wicket on the offside of the batsman. It depends on the pace of the bowling how far they stand from the bat. A proactive fielder is placed in the point position like Ravindar Jadeja. You can make a strong impact on the game while standing on-point position.

•

Gully- Gully fielder stands on the right side of the off-side slips. And he stands inside a 30yard circle on the field. Gully fielder must be quicker and more active to save runs in the powerplay. He can also create a chance of running out to build up pressure on batsmen.

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•

Third Man- The third man is a fielding position in which the player stands behind the wicket-keeper on the off-side near the boundary ropes. The third man usually saves lots of runs on the field. There are many batsmen like Virat Kohli who love to play shot in third man position.

•

Slip- A slip fielder stands behind the batsman and they are also close to the wicket-keeper on the field. There are different types of slips like a first slip, second slip, third slip, and fourth slip. A leg slip fielder stands on the other side of the wicket-keeper. We can’t place more than one leg slip fielder on the field because it’s illegal. This is one of the most important fielding positions to take wickets.

•

Mid-Off- The mid-off fielder stands close to the batsman on the offside of the field. If you are doing fielding on Mid-off just wear your all protective pieces of equipment. You must be able to make difficult catches because your position is close to the batsman.

•

Long On- Long On fielder is placed on the leg side of the batsman. Mostly captain will use long on and long off fielding positions for a fast bowler. This fielding position is similar as long off just an opposite difference.

•

Long Off- A long-off fielder is placed wide of straight on the offside. Many batsmen play shot into this area. If you are standing on long-off then be ready to take a catch because batsman will try to play aerial shots.

•

Mid On- The mid-on fielder is placed on the leg side of the field. The job of the mid-on fielder is quite similar to the mid-off fielder. They create pressure on batsmen while taking single. This is the best position for captains to place themselves in.

•

Mid-Wicket- Mid-Wicket fielder is placed in front of the square on the leg side of the batsman. He stands on the edge of the inner circle. The Mid-wicket fielding position is the most important position because many batsmen play shots into this area. Mid-wicket needs to be alert because chances of catches are very high if you are in a mid-wicket position.

•

Square Leg- The square leg fielder is placed square to the wicket on the leg side of the field. If you want to check the square leg position then just see where the second umpire is standing. He will definitely stand in the square leg position. The square leg fielder must be achieved to stop singles.

•

Fine Leg- A fine leg fielder is placed behind a square on the leg side of the field. They must be on the edge of the inner circle on the field.

62

GEOMETRICAL FORM OF THE GROUND A cricket ground is an elliptical stretch of the grass where the game of cricket is officially played.

Though there is no fixed shape of a cricket ground, deviating too much from a low- eccentricity ellipse is largely discouraged. The size too varies from 90 to 150 meters across. In recent times, the grounds are getting smaller by the day in order to propagate high scoring matches.

CRICKET PITCH The area of ground between two sets of stumps is called a cricket pitch. It has length of 22 yards.

The surface of the pitch is made up of clay. It is the main play area of the cricket where the batsman stands.

A turf pitch is 20.12 m long and 3.05 m wide. A non-turf pitch is a minimum length of 17.68 m and a minimum of 1.83 m wide. A pitch is bounded at either end by the bowling creases and a set of wickets in the Centre of bowling crease.

A pitch is generally made up of two kinds of surfaces. The surface generally used is a natural surface with a grass cover. The grass is usually cut extremely short so that the surface becomes flat.

At times, artificial turf is also used for the preparation of the pitch. This can be a slab of concrete overlaid with a coir mat. Artificial pitches are mostly used in exhibition matches.

•

Figure 86 (CRICKET PITCH) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket#

Pitch sectiono Compacted Bed o Base (Compacted gravel and Sand) o Layer of clayey Loam

Figure 87 (CRICKET PITCH SECTON)

o Top Soil

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SIZE OF STUMPS The tops of the stumps shall be 28in/71.1cm above the playing surface and shall be dome shaped except for the bail grooves. The portion of a stump above the playing surface shall be cylindrical, apart from the domed top, with circular section of the diameter not less than 13/8in/3.49cm nor more than 11/2in/3.81cm.

•

Bails- The bails, when in the position on the top of the stumps, o Shall not project more than 1/2in/ 1.27cm above them. o Shall fit between the stumps without forcing them out of the vertical.

DRAINAGE

Figure 88 (CRICKET STUMP)

The Drainage for the ground has been designed such that the entire ground gets dried within 15 min. even after very heavy rainfall. A dense network of lateral pipes of 110mm dia collected the water penetrating the turf and drains to main pipes of 160mm dia which finally drains off to the inner peripheral drain.

Adequate drainage is a necessity, and the above methods may need to be supplemented to avoid standing pools of the surface water after heavy rainfall and to minimize expensive 'down-time' in wet weather. there are basically two methods of drainage - Passive and Active.

For the drainage of stadium there are two methods: a) Drain Cell b) Drain Core Drain Cell

Figure 89 (STADIUM DRAINAGE METHOD)

IRRIGATION Traditionally grass pitches have been watered by sprinklers, usually of the pop-up kind but these are challenged by underground water delivery system. Using special porous low-pressure water supply pipes which allow a uniform weep rate along the whole length of the pipe, a steady supply of water-possibly mixed with fertilizer and weed control additives- seeps directly to the grass root zone. The advantages include:

64

Underground irrigation pipes are normally laid between 150 mm and 350 mm below the surface, spaced from 450 mm to 900 mm apart, but specialist advice must be sought.

Figure 90 (CRICKET GROUND IRRIGATION)

LIGHTING It is essential to have good quality lighting so that the players can follow the movement of the ball travelling at high speed, either struck by the batsman or bowler by the bowler. the illuminance must be uniform throughout the hall, with the background walls behind both batsman and bowler providing a good viewing contrast, the recommended minimum lighting level for an indoor cricket sports centre is between 1000 to 1500 lux. these requirements are generally met by a system of horizontal, fluorescent luminaries, fitted with reflectors and mounted at right angles to the pitch.

The international standards for lighting cricket grounds is as follows: •

Non-televised training- 250 lux

•

Non-televised match-500-700 lux

•

Televised match- 1400 lux

Figure 92 (PHILIPS LUMILEDS)

Figure 91 (CLASSIC FLOOD LIGHT)

SEATING STANDARD •

Spectators seating:

65

Figure 93(SPECTATOR SEATING STANDRAD)

•

Disabled spectator seating:

Figure 94 (DISABLES SPECTATOR SEATING STANDRAD)

VIEWING ANGLE Having arrived at geometry which relates the spectator areas to the playing field so that the spectators can see the action clearly and without having a crane their necks, the next design takes is the seats themselves. Seating design is a matter of reconciling four major factors- comfort, safety, robustness and economy.

Figure 95 (SEATING TYPE)

66

•

Spectator's viewing angle varies between 6 deg to 18 deg. Viewing angle increases with the Height and decreases with the Distance. o Less angle = Sharpe view Figure 96 (VIEWING ANGLE)

•

Seating Eye level & Sight line value:

Figure 98 (SIGHTLINES THROUGH PERIMETER'S FENCE)

Figure 100 (SIGHTLINES ABOVE PERIMETER'S ADVERSISING)

Figure 97 (SIGHTLINES ABOVE PERIMETER'S WALL)

Figure 99 (SIGHTLINES ABOVE PERIMETER'S WALL)

Quality of vision is proved by increasing the heights meats above pitch level; and by bringing the seats closer to the pitch (point of focus).

Figure 101 (QUALITY OF VISION)

67

•

1 Decide the 'point of focus' on the playing field. In deciding the 'point of focus', choose the part of Conversely, choosing a high value such as 120mm would give excellent viewing, but make for steeply.

•

Raking Angle o One example of the varying result obtained by juggling the factors, identified in the figure. o The effect of changing 'C' Value on the angle of rake. o The riser heights required to maintain a specified 'c' value in each row of a tier will not be constant, but will vary from each row to the next. In practice such a curved profile will be built as a series of facets which strike a balance between optimum viewing angles and standardization of construction.

Figure 102 (VIEWING ANGLE)

68

VIP FACILITIES o Type a.

▪

Advantages: Complete privacy and comfort.

▪

Disadvantages: Separation from the atmosphere of the ground.

o Type b.

▪

Advantage: Privacy maintained and users can see events as spectators.

▪

Disadvantage: Separation between viewing and dining.

o Type c.

▪

Advantage: Flexibility of use.

▪

Disadvantage: Users remote from events when using facility.

Figure 103 (VIP FACILITIES)

•

Flow chart showing Player's & VIP's facilities

Figure 104 (FACILITIES FOR PLAYER'S AND VIP)

69

TOILET Toilets and others ablutionary facilities may be needed for several individual types of stadium users in addition to those for the mass spectators. These facilities should be thought of it in conjunction with spectator toilets so as to minimize the number of sanitary appliances and drainage. Moderate sized toilet units such as the two illustrated above, evenly distributed throughout the stand, are preferable to highly centralized provision. the correct male: female ratio should be researched or each individual case but the 80:20 ratio shown here is a widely recognized 'club' standard. Note the plan layout for fast throughout. toilets for spectators who are disabled are kept separate.

Sets of men's and women's rest room should be provided at one or more locations on each public level.

The required number of toilets per visitor is 0.01 of which, •

40% toilets for women

•

20% toilets for men

•

40% urinals

•

10% WC and 5% washbasins for every 500 women

•

2% WC and 4% washbasins for every 1000 men

Figure 105 (TOILET)

70

Figure 108 (HANDICAP TOILET)

Figure 107 (TOILET STANDARD)

CONFRENCE ROOM

Figure 106 (CONFRENCE ROOM)

71

MEDIA FACILITY Facilities for media are an integral part of stadium design, not least because of the large sums of money that are now a days entered from the media rights for sporting events. These facilities involve the three main categories of public information and entertainment services- the press (including newspapers and magazine), radio and television. Clubs may also have their own media requirements club tv and websites.

Figure 109 (MEDIA FACILITY)

SHADING DEPTH AND ANGLE The shading depth and angle of the gallery spaces are important for comfort and quality of viewing so the spectators. The roof of the stadium provides such shading facilities to counter the direct sunlight and rainfall. For multi tiers gallery systems, the upper gallery provides shades to the lower ones. The roof structure then provides shading for the upper gallery. usually, half of the gallery must be shaded by the upper tier or the roof structure.

Figure 110 (SHADING DEPTH AND ANGLE)

72

PITCH ORIENTATION The cricket pitch orientation is extremely important because the game cannot be played across the direction of wind. In order to play along the wind direction, the pitch is oriented in North-South direction, with a maximum deviation up to 15 degree.

Figure 111 (PITCH ORIENTATION)

SECURITY ZONES Security zones divided from Stadium Field to Entry/Exit of the stadium.

Figure 112 (SECURITY ZONES)

73

ENTRANCE & EXIT It has to be controlled so that the spectators and all the other people can be evacuated from the stadium within a limited given time. The standard timing for the emergency exits to safety zones, i.e. the ground level opening is a maximum of 8 min. this measurement is based on walking velocities of the people through various modes of circulation such as horizontal and vertical circulation. This velocity, together with the unit width of the exit routes are calculated to form the efficient circulation system where the evacuation time of maximum 8 minutes is designed.

Average unobstructed walking velocity is 150 m per minute A person exits every second or every 2.5 meters. (9 km/h) One-line exit width allows 60 people to pass through it in 1 minute

Figure 113 (RUNING DISTANCE OF FIRE EXIT)

Average unobstructed walking on staircase 30m per minute (8knvh). Spacing between people is 0.75 m.

Timed exit analysis Safe exit time is regulation period minus exit time to place of safety.

Figure 114 (RUNNING DISTANCE FOR FIRE EXIT)

74

AREA BREAKAGE OF THE STADIUM

Figure 115 (GRAPH RESPRESENTING AREA BREAKAGE OF THE STADIUM)

75

SITE ANALYSIS DESIGN INTRODUCTION A stadium is one of those building typologies which have the ability to shape a town or city. A stadium helps in establishing an identity and put community on the map. They represent a nation's pride and aspiration.

For last few year sports like cricket, hockey, kabaddi, tennis, football and badminton has become popular. So, to practice and to conduct competitions one requires professional and specialize sports facilities.

Sports and Stadium has interrelated relation with each other since earlier times. Sports always has played an important role in national pride and what’s better way to showcase this pride in stadium.

The gateway to modern day stadium is the first Olympic stadium, which is the latest enhancement of technology and creation of mega structure.

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the Centre of which is a 20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.

LOCATION : Indore is located in the western region of Madhya Pradesh, on the southern edge of the Malwa Plateau on the Saraswati and Khan rivers which are tributaries of Shipra river. The site is located at super corridor, near Infosys Indore. IDA has 100 acres of land in Sport Complex at Scheme no 151, , 169-B and 170. Out of this, 25 to 30 acres will be given for cricket stadium at scheme no. 151 and 169-B. NEARBY AMENITIES Airport-6.4km

Railway Station-5.9km

AICTSL-11.9km Bus Stop-1.5km

Petrol Pump-3.9km ATM- 2.5km

Police Station-6.4km Hospital-5.1 km 76

WHY THIS SITE ?

The site lies in super corridor Indore the most growing and developing part of Indore, at present, the city has one cricket stadium at race course road, which is relatively small and being in the middle city cause traffic problem in case of any international match. IDA has proposed 25-30 acres of land for same.

•

SWOT ANALYSIS o STRENGTHS ▪

Less noise and air pollution.

▪

Falls under IDA sports hub.

▪

Site is accessible from 2 side.

▪

Airport is nearly accessible.

o WEAKNESSES ▪

Being remotely place can cause difficulty to reach stadium.

▪

No public transportation.

▪

No nearby water bodies.

o OPPORTUNTIES ▪

Future expansion promotes residence nearby.

▪

Ida sports hub will be converted into IT hub.

o THREATS ▪

Future expansion will lead to increase in traffic with both air and noise pollution.

▪

For making soil more fertile the farm lands are burnt and that can cause humidity in area for some time, will also cause air pollution.

HABITAT

77

SITE CONTOURS

The district is covered by medium black soils. These soils are 0.46 to 0.9 meters thick and are rich in lime and lime nodules. The sub-soil and the partially disintegrated rock below allow easy drainage and hence these medium lack soils can be freely irrigated.

78

CLIMATE Indore displays the characteristics of composite climate and shows extreme seasonal variations.

Summers spans between April to June the temperatures soar as high as 45°C and varies between 35°C to 42°C. The city receives 35 to 40 inches rainfall, approximately 80cm rainfall annually from the southwest monsoon.

Winters are fairly cold with average night temperature from 10°C and as low as 2°C.

SUN PATH AND SOLAR RADIATION :

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM :

79

WATER BODIES

80

CONCEPT ▪

The Concept of the Stadium is National Identity Elements of India. As Stadium will represent India.

▪

The National Bird Peacock is representing the Front Facade of the Stadium.

▪

The National Flower represent fountain at the entrance.

▪

Ashoka Charka will represent on the main Entrance Gate of the Stadium.

81

References and Bibliography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Hyderabad https://issuu.com/akhilmanikyam/docs/international_cricket_stadium_-_akhil_manikyam http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/1484/06308010.pdf?sequence=14 https://issuu.com/alokkaran/docs/sports_city_reporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9591255.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cricket https://www.cricwindow.com/Venues/rajiv-gandhi-hyderabad.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_field https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket# https://issuu.com/sarkardebashis20/docs/debashis_sarkar_thesis_report_2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground https://www.mcg.org.au/the-stadium/seating-plans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi_Stadium

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