Visual Practice 1 - Digital Design Process

Digital Design Process Clementine Higgins

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Contents Page Phase Page Phase 1: Investigation 5 The 5 Tasks 7 Manifesto – Areas of Interest 13

In 12 Years what is your Call to Action 15 Design Inspiration 16 Manifesto Theme 17 Typography 19 Expanding my Idea 21 Final Manifesto Output 22

Phase 2: Ideation 23 Target Market 24 Fanzine Research 27 History of Fanzines 28 Fanzine Examples 29

What’s the Difference between a Fanzine and a Magazine?

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What goes Inside a Fanzine?

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How much are Fanzines?

39 Online fanzines 43

Purchasing Attitudes towards Printed and Digital 45 2

Fold out Fanzine Inspiration Individuality Research

Why is Individuality such a Big Topic at the Moment?

Kim Kardashian – Cycle Shorts

@SocalityBarbie

Chanel’s Little Black Jacket Exhibition

Exactitudes Humans of New York

Test shoots Street Style Contact Sheets Tony Viramontes Phase 3: Reflection Manifesto Target Market Fanzine Research Individuality Research

Artist and Exhibition Research

Refl ection on the Shoots Workshops Overall Work 3

47 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 59 61 67 69

73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89

SWOT Analysis

Phase 4: Proposition Moschino Jeans – March 1998 The Ethics of Working with People Other Contents within the Fanzine Layout Inspiration The Name

Layouts

Foldout Fanzine Layout

Binding

Refl ecting on the Layouts

Split Page Book Costing the Fanzine Marketing

Print, Digital or Both?

Conclusions Bibliography

List of Illustrations

90 91 93 95 97 98 99 101 107 109 111 113 115 116 121 122 123 127

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Phase 1: Investigation

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Manifesto noun ‘A written statement declaring publicly the intentions, motives, or views of its issue’ (Marriam-Webster, no date)

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I am someone who... loves creative design loves cooking loves travel and exploring cultures loves exploring individuality loves visiting art galleries loves going out and eating out can’t cry loves laughing

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Figure 1: Instagram Image I took for Concept 4

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Skills...

Teamwork Adobe Softwear Photography Visual composition Experimenting

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Room for improvement...

Public speaking Spelling Research Referencing

Figure 2 & 3: Images I took for a first year project

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What makes me happy Food that makes me smile Being around friends and family Discovering new places

What makes me angry Negativity Judgemental people Replicating other people

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Core Values Individual Creative Responsibility Financial Security Excitement

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GRAPHIC DESIGN

INDIVIDUALITY

Minimal Neat Organised Pops of colour Individual and Creative

Be yourself Social media Don’t worry what other people think

MANIFESTO Areas Of Interest

BRANDING Rebranding Making something seem like something it’s not 13

TRAVEL & CULTURE How campaigns change in different countries -products and models are retouched to fit the fashions of each country

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In 12 years what is your call to action & why?

Individualism - I want to encourage people not to worry so much about what other people think.

We are in the age of social meda where people aspire to look like their favourite influencer or celebrity.

I WANT TO CHANGE THIS

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(Starting top left going clockwise) Figure 4: & Other Stories packaging, Figure 5: Oliver Bonas packaging, Figure 6: Oliver Bonas website design

Design Inspiration I really love this style of graphics. The splashes of bold colour with quite minimal copy is a really beautiful style that has inspired my work.

I also really like the mixed typography. I think this makes the statements stand out and looks aesthetically pleasing. It fits really nicely with the graphic prints as well.

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Manifesto Theme After investigating myself through this process I have decided what I think strongly about and what I should write about for my Manifesto.

Individualism.

I am always telling people not to worry about what other people think and just be yourself. It is something I feel really passionate about. I wish everyone would dress for themselves. However, social media leads us to follow celebrities and influencers instead of being themselves. Flicking down Instagram and you see a lot of girls looking the same, with the perfect Kim Kardashian contour or Kylie Jenner’s plump lips.

It’s time to wear what you want and look how you want.

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BE YOURSELF 18

Typography I wanted to use a selection of different types in my Manifesto to show individuality. Each type i have chosen is unique in it’s own way.

I also looked at the sizing of the words and decided again to make it all different sizes to make words stand out more and to make each sentence unique.

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Figure 7 & 8: Manifesto experiments

I then looked at the colour of the typography. I think the black typography stands out more on the white background but the colourful one merges more with the colourful symbols and images and fits more with my theme.

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Expanding my ideas...

If I had more time to expand on my ideas for the manifesto I would of liked to have included a layer/s of printed acetate.

I would print half the work on the acetate and half on the sheet behind.

This would show peeling back the layers of a person.

Although I have not done this for my manifesto I would like to include the idea in the next part of the project.

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Figure 9: CAD drawing of Manifesto with acetate layer

TALL.

or introvert.

What ethnicity? It doesn’t matter.

Stop worrying what other people think.

Do what you want. Wear what you want,

acetate Don’t follow the crowd, lead the crowd.

INDIVIDUALITY IS KEY

Final Manifesto Output...

I am really pleased with how my manifesto looks. I think it shows exactly what I am trying to say whilst also including design aspects that I really like. It also merges well with my digital sketchbook.

I would have liked to have done the layered idea with acetate but I think it would take up too much time so will experiment with incorporating it with my final output.

Figure 10: Final manifesto

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Phase 2: Ideation

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Target Market noun ‘the end consumer to which the company wants to sell its end products too’ (The Economic Times, 2018)

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IGeneration / Generation Z This generation was born between 1994 and 2004 (Pollack, 2013) and accounts for 32% of the population (Schulten, 2018). They have grown up through economic recessions, wars and terror attacks making them more driven, self reliant and self aware. With the increase of technology Generation Z are a lot more politically anxious and globally connected (Iqbal, 2018).

They are also a lot more self assured and most of them aren’t as bothered as millennials (the previous generation) as to whether their clothes follow the latest fashion trends (Pike, 2016).

They are a generation addicted to their phones, technology and social media hence the name IGeneration, a reference to the IPhone.

This will be my target market because although through my research I have found that they want to be individual I think it is difficult for them to be truly individual.

Pollack states that ‘IGen may not listen to brands, but iGen will listen to influencers they trust when they talk about brands’ (Pollack, 2013: 40). They are heavily influenced by Social Media and Influencers, meaning they are likely to follow other people.

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Figure 11: Target consumer

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Fanzine noun ‘A magazine or other periodical produced inexpensively by and for fans of science fiction and fantasy writing, comic books, popular music, or other specialized popular interests.’ (Dictionary, no date)

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History of Fanzines Zines have been circulating since as early as the 1700’s, to give a voice to people’s beliefs (Issuu, 2017). However, the first boom for fanzines happened in the 1930’s and were mainly about science fiction, this then started the birth of punk (Nicolson, 2009).

The interest in fanzines increased in the late 1990’s due to more fanzines being published by mainstream publishing houses. They went from being underground to over ground (Triggs, 2010).

Wertham (1973) describes a fanzine as, ‘genuine human voices outside of all mass manipulation’ and states ‘these voices deserve to be heard.’ They are a form of self expression and the subjects can range from music to animal rights (Triggs, 2010).

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These are some example of fanzines that I really like. I feel they fit nicely with my design theme and I could use these to inspire me more when I come onto designing my fanzine.

Figure 12: Vague Fanzine #5

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Figure 13: Polyester Fanzine #5

Figure 14: Vague Fanzine #21

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What’s the difference between a fanzine and a magazine?

A magazine is, ‘A periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, often on a particular subject or aimed at a particular readership’ (Oxford Dictionary, 2018: n.p.). A fanzine derived from a magazine and is more about self expression and getting the writers point of view across. It has more passion and opinion in it.

Fanzines also have a more hand made aesthetic and are also cheaper to produce. Usually on cheaper paper..

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Figure 15: Vogue Magazine - June 2018

Figure 16: Polyester Fanzine

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What goes inside a fanzine?

As a fanzine is trying to get a point across everything inside will be based on the topic they want to get across. It could include...

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Illustrations

Figure 17: Home Zine, Volume 3 - ‘Feel at home’

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Photography

Figure 18: Bedspread Zine, Issue 1 - Dedicated to photos of beds

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Articles

Figure 19: The F Word Zine, Volume 8 - Dedicated to feminists

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Poetry

Figure 20: Fashion Revolution Zine, Issue 1 - Explores the hidden story behind your clothing

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Interviews

Figure 21: One Page at a Time - Paint Pens Collective

(Issuu, 2017)

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How much are fanzines?

I had a look online and in stores to see the price of zines.

I went online and had a look at the zines found on Etsy; an e-commerce selling handmade items. Here fanzines ranged in price from as low as ÂŁ0.15, these zines were completely DIY from artists or designers just starting in their career. The most expensive were around ÂŁ10 for larger, professionally printed zines, however, on average most of them cost ÂŁ5 or less (Etsy, 2018).

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Figure 22: Poorly Curated Foto Zine £2.79

Figure 23: Cool Gals Fashion Zine £6.80

Figure 25: London Street Style Zine £5

Figure 24: You Got This Motivational Zine Two for £10

Figure 26: Ruff and Tumble Dog Zine £10

Figure 27: Favourite Things Zine £0.15

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How much are fanzines?

I then went to Magma and had a look at the zines in store. These zines were slightly more expensive on average. They ranged from ÂŁ3 to ÂŁ10.

This is probably because they are more established artists selling in a niche store instead of Etsy where anyone can set up and account and start selling.

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Figure 28: We Smell Like Time £6

Figure 29: Frites ICI £9

Figure 31: Perfect Decisions £10

Figure 30: Magma Fanzine £3

Figure 32: Hate £8

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Online Fanzines As well as having physical printed fanzines, like magazines, you can now get fanzines that are just sold/shown online It is often done because it is cheaper but also because it can reach a wider audience from all around the world (Cills, 2013).

However, I feel it takes away from the DIY feel and aesthetic of a fanzine. But with print becoming less popular is it the way that all publications are slowly starting to follow and is print really a dying trade? Comparing the sales can help me to understand this.

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Figure 33: Atlas Zine #12 - I’m so Un-cool Marzo-Abril 2013

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Purchasing Attitudes towards Printed and Digital I found it difficult to find data on this for fanzines, so I researched it based on a magazine instead.

I went onto Mintel and found a report from 2011, on consumers purchasing attitudes to print and digital form. I found that the highest preference was ‘pay for printed newspapers or magazines’ with 69% whilst ‘only read magazines in digital form’ had only 10% of the votes. The study was aimed at consumers ages 16 plus, so it includes my target consumer. This study shows that although digital may be on the rise printed is still more popular and would therefore gain more sales (Mintel, 2011).

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(Mintel, 2011)

Figure 34: Magazine consumption, by physical or digital methods

Figure 35: Physical v’s digital magazine consumption, by age

Both these tables above show that consumers prefer to have both physical and digital magazine consumption. My target consumer fits within the youngest age bracket (16 - 24). This is the highest age range who prefer to consume both physical and digital. Again, with all this information I can use it to understand how my consumer would read my magazine and which method is best.

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Fold Out Fanzine Inspiration Carrying on from my acetate idea from the Manifesto stage I would like to incorporate a folding aspect to my fanzine. To keep in line with the individual message I don’t want it just to be a simple book.

I have looked at a range of ideas that I will soon experiment with to see which ones work the best.

As fanzines are usually fairly low budget I will need to keep in mind this, it can’t be anything too complicated as this will make it more expensive.

I really like the image on the left - I think the different sized pages would work well with my message of individuality.

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(From left to right) Figure 36: Fold out fanzine inspiration, Figure 37: Binding ring inspiration, Figure 38: Origami inspiration

Individuality noun ‘the qualities that make a person or thing different from others’ (Cambridge Dictionary, no date)

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Why Is Individuality Such a Big Topic at the Moment?

‘In 2015, 45% of shoppers spent money on personalising a product,’ (WGSN, 2016: 2). This suggests a shift in consumer attitudes. People want there products to be individual. However, the attitude isn’t just towards products, it’s towards everything.

Nevertheless, with influencers and ‘hype’ this is difficult for consumers to do.

Pollack (2013: 40) states that ‘IGen may not listen to brands, but iGen will listen to influencers they trust when they talk about brands.’ This statement shows just how important influencers are at present and that consumers might not always go for what they like but for what an influencer is telling people is cool.

Consumers are so gripped with hype that all meaning of individuality vanishes. With products bought on hype and the expectations of a higher value resale regard to subcultures disappears. Clothes now say less about peoples individual tastes and create a uniform of style (WGSN, 2018).

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Kim Kardashian Cycle Shorts Kim Kardashian is one of the biggest influencers on social media. So I had a look at one of her staple styles.

Cycle shorts are massive at the moment. Kim was the first to be wearing them and now everyone wears them. It is a true example of how influential people are on social media.

(From left to right anti-clockwise) Figure 39: flor.delarosa in cycle shorts, Figure 40: xanetia_unnarae in cycle shorts, Figure 41: ranasheibani in cycle shorts, Figure 42: Kim Kardashian in cycle shorts

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@SocalityBarbie Sociality Barbie is a satirical hipster account. It mocks the ‘hipster’ trend.

Hipster by definition means, ‘a person following the latest trends, especially the trends regarded as being outside the cultural mainstream.’

(Dictionary, no date). But hipsters became mainstream with the rise of Instagram. Making this once individual person very common.

(From left to right anti-clockwise) Figure 43: ‘Waking up at 10am was so worth it to get that perfect light & fog’, Figure 44: ‘I woke up like this’, Figure 45: ‘Coffee and Kinfolk’, Figure 46: ‘Road trip’

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Chanel’s Little Black Jacket Exhibition I visited this exhibition in 2012 at the Saatchi Gallery in London. It includes 100 black and white images of Karl Lagerfeld’s popular muses all wearing the same ‘Chanel Little Black Jacket’ (Alexander, 2012). However, they are all styled differently showing each of the muse’s personalities.

I love how all the images are black and white yet just in the styling and pose you can see the muse’s personality. It shows just how much your clothes and how you style them can make you individual and show people what you are about.

‘Daphne Guinness is as dramatic as ever, decked in sparkling jewellery; Georgia May Jagger oozes sex appeal wearing little more than a black bra and dishevelled hair; while Carine Roitfeld looks like a contemporary Coco Chanel in her pearls and hat.’ (Alexander, 2012: n.p.).

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(From left to right) Figure 47: Daphne Guinness for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Figure 48: Georgia May Jagger for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Figure 49: Carine Roitfeld for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket

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Exactitudes Exactitudes started in 1994 by photographers Ari Versluis and Profiler Ellie Uyttenbroek and is a photo project categorizing styles into social groups. The book contains 153 different social groups including; New Skool, Mwah!, Contacts, Fans, Manipulators, the list goes on. On each page there are 12 portraits, everyone on each page looks the same and is dressed the same (Versluis and Uyttenbroek, 2014).

I found the book very interesting, it argues the case of uniqueness, showing us that it is in fact very difficult to be completely unique. Although now it is slightly dated I think it will always be a stimulating book that makes people realise there is no uniqueness anymore.

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Figure 50: ‘101. Dutch Family - Local pragmatic tourist armed with a thermos flask and lunch box for a cultural city trip’ (Versluis and Uttenbroek, 2014)

Figure 51: ‘140. What’s up G - Trashy old skool outsiders barking at the moon. Tagging souvenirs on their bill-board-bodies like kids’ (Versluis and Uttenbroek, 2014)

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Humans of New York Humans of New York started as a photography blog in 2010 by photographer Brandon Stanton. Along the way he changed from just photography to interviewing as well. He would add quotes or stories about their life to the photo (HONY, no date). It allows people to get to know the people in New York.

It celebrates the life of each individual and shows just how different everyone of us is.

HONY has over 20 million followers on social media (HONY, no date), celebrating each individual is a far better way of using social media instead of influencing people in what they may like.

His work has now expanded to people and their stories in countries over the world. and has been published in two bestselling books (HONY, no date).

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(Starting top left going clockwise) Figure 52: Humans of New York - Mohawk, Figure 53: Humans of New York Hamster, Figure 54: Humans of New York - Bright hair

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Test Shoots I did some test shoots where I styled and modelled. We wanted to experiment with location shoots and studio shoots to see how each looked.

I styled the clothes trying to come up with interesting outfits that not everybody would wear. In order to fit with my individual theme.

I am really pleased with how the outfits come out. I really like the studio images with the pops of colour. However, I think for an individual fanzine it would be interesting to go out and see how people are dressing as individuals instead of styled.

I will test out street style and see which one I prefer.

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(Starting top left going clockwise) Figure 55: Styling workshop - 1, Figure 56: Styling workshop - 2, Figure 57: Styling workshop - 3, Figure 58: Styling workshop - 4

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STREET STYLE TEST SHOOT I went around the northern quarter to scout for people to photograph, I went on two days as I struggled to find people who stood out. Most of the people I found here that stood out to me happened to be younger, students. So after I went here I also did some street style on the MMU campus.

Whilst photographing them I also asked them one word they would use to describe their style. In order to understand more about them and why they are dressed how they are dressed.

I managed to get a range of different people with different styles and I think it works well for my project. However, after testing the two different mediums I think I prefer the studio shoot.

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D E T R O I T Figure 59: Street style - Detroit

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W I L D

Figure 60: Street style - Wild

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INDIVIDUAL

Figure 61: Street style - Individual

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A R C H I T E C T 65

Figure 62: Street style - Architect

W A C K Y

Figure 63: Street style - Wacky

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Figure 64: Contact sheet for styling workshop

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Figure 65: Contact sheet for street style

Contact Sheets Here are most of the pictures I have taken, I have made them into contact sheets as it is a good way to see all the images together and look out for ones that aren’t as good or need cropping.

It is a quick way to plan your edit before actually editing.

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Tony Viramontes Tony Viramontes started his work in 1970’s. He didn’t like being called an illustrator, instead called himself an artistic creator. Viramontes had a very direct and hard style and was completely different to other ‘illustrators’ of his time, this, in turn gave him great success (Viramontes, no date).

He worked with the most renowed names in the industry. These included; Chanel, Valentino, Yves Saint Laurent, Marie Claire and Vouge. He also worked on some album covers including Janet Jackson’s album, Control and and Donna Summer’s album, All Systems Go (Viramontes, no date).

My favourties of his work, are where he merges photography and illustration.

I love the ‘scrap book’ look it gains from this and think it would work well with my design style for my fanzine.

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(From left to right) Figure 66: Tony Viramontes mixed media, Figure 67: Tony Viramontes - Janet Jackson, Control

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(From left to right) Figure 68: Tony Viramontes inspired sketch on Elisa Sednaoui, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Figure 69: Tony Viramontes inspired sketch on Sarah Jessica Parker, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket

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Experiments I really like the look of these experiments in the style of Tony Viramontes, I think they do fit with my design style.

However, I think they take away from the message of the Chanel Little Black Jacket images. The images are meant to show the same jacket on each person styled in a different way, which is what I would also like to achieve. I think the illustration takes away from this as it is more difficult to see the styling and the jacket. It becomes more about the illustration on top than the styling on the image.

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Phase 3: Reflection

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Reflection noun ‘Serious thought or consideration’ (Oxford dictionary, no date)

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Manifesto I am really pleased with my Manifesto stage; I think I set a good design layout for the rest of my project to continue on from. I also think the Manifesto itself is very direct, it is clear what I am trying to say and I think it is motivational towards people to be themselves. I also think I learnt a lot about myself in the Investigation stage which really helped me in deciding my path in VP1.

Something I could improve on for next time is my time management, I was slow with starting this stage of the project as I thought we had a lot of time to do it, so when it came to starting the ideation I felt rushed and suddenly had a lot of work to do.

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Figure 70: Final manifesto

Target Market I think my target market research was well selected, I think it fits well with the theme of individuality and I read around the consumer, using academic references.

They want to be individual but find it hard to because of social media and influencers. This information fits perfectly with my project and will help me to decide how to market it to reach Gen Z. It also helps me to understand why they aren’t being as individual as they want to be.

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Figure 71: Gen-Z tech-savvy

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Fanzine Research I have gained a huge insight into fanzines, I have looked at a number of different sources using primary and secondary research.

Researching into fanzines has helped me to understand exactly what a fanzine is and where they came from. Looking at what is inside a fanzine helps me to understand what contents I should put in.

Looking at the more business side such as the costing and the purchasing attitudes helps me to understand how I should cost my fanzine. The purchasing attitudes were really important in working out whether I should keep to print or go digital as well. I was surprised to see that the younger generation were still buying print more than they were digital. I do need to keep in mind that this information was for magazines though as it was difficult to find that information on fanzines.

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Figure 72: Polyester Fanzine

Individuality Research I researched mainly into what individuality was and why it is such a big topic at the moment. I found some really interesting references and they were really helpful to me. I also found it interesting to see an influencer/celebrity Instagram herself in an article of clothing to then see so many people then Instagram themselves in the same garment.

This research is really useful for me to know in understanding the topic that I am going to be targeting. ‘Clothes now say less about people’s individual tastes and create a uniform of style’ (WGSN, 2018: n.p.). This quote is really insightful, I like the use of the word ‘uniform,’ and it could be interesting to play on this with in the fanzine.

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Figure 73: Kim Kardashion in cycle shorts

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Artist and Exhibition Research I researched into a range of artists and exhibitions including, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Exactitudes, Humans of New York and Tony Viramontes. I found all of these extremely useful for my ideation. It inspires me to try out a lot of things even if I didn’t like them all.

I tried to aim my research towards individuality and I think I choose appropriate research for this. All of them are indirectly aimed towards this subject.

Chanel’s Little Black Jacket was the most influential as it is what I am going to base my campaign inside my fanzine on. I also really liked the work of Tony Viramontes, however, after experimenting realised it wouldn’t work with my photography idea.

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Figure 74: Humans of New York - Pink

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Reflection on the Shoots After doing studio, location and street style shoots, and after all the research I have done, I have come to a conclusion on the shoot I would like to go inside the fanzine as an editorial piece.

Although I really enjoyed the street style and meeting loads of different people it was a lot harder than I thought to find the right kind of people. I also think it is a lot more difficult to make the shots look professional and for them to come out exactly how you want when you are shooting people who you have just met and who don’t really like having their photo taken. So because of this I have decided not to do a street style shoots.

I really enjoyed working in to studio, you can control exactly how your photo will look with the help of lighting and styling. With this in mind I have decided to do a studio shoot, based around the idea of ‘Chanel’s Little Black jacket’ exhibition. I think it’s a perfect way to show individuality by styling the same item in so many different ways.

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Figure 75: Alice Dellal for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket

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Workshops Over 4 weeks I took part in 12 different workshops. These included photo & styling, digital workflow, film and editing, business strategy, branding, PR & social media, market research, animation, words to promote fashion, marketing analytics, Illustration and AR/VR. Although I didn’t find all of these useful for my project, a lot of them helped me improved my skills and gain more inspiration for what I was doing.

Photo & styling helped me to decide on my final shoot idea and gave me some good tips in creating a better image. Digital workflow helped me with my layout on InDesign, before the workshop I wasn’t using grids. However, now I am using them and I feel my presentation is a lot better. Branding showed me that I need to create a brand image, so everything I do needs to flow together well and the design needs to merge. Illustration gave me some artist inspiration including Tony Viramontes. Finally, PR and social media gave me some useful websites including; Similar Web and Semrush which will give me some useful information if I need to look at the social side to my fanzine.

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(From left to right) Figure 76: Tony Viramontes inspired sketch on Elisa Sednaoui, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Figure 77: Tony Viramontes inspired sketch on Sarah Jessica Parker, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket

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Overall Work I think I have worked really hard on this project, although I did start slow in a couple of weeks I had managed to get on top of myself. I have attended all workshops and made sure to book onto plenty of one to ones with my tutors in order to make sure I am applying everything I can to the project.

So far I am really pleased with how it looks and feel that I have made everything fit together including the design and my theme individuality.

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SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Weaknesses

- Experimentation - Graphic design and layouts - Research

- Time management - Referencing - Spelling

Opportunities

Threats

- Workshops - Studio - Being in a busy city with loads of interesting people - Having Adobe Creative Suite on my laptop

- Fanzines are not that popular so it is difficult to find information from reliable sources.

- People not wanting their pictures taken when doing street style.

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Phase 4: Proposition

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Proposition noun

‘A suggested scheme or plan of action, especially in a business context.’

(Oxford Dictionary, no date)

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Moschino Jeans – March 1998 I wanted to look at some work similar to Chanel’s little Black Jacket, in order to see if I could take the idea any further and to see what else was out there.

In the illustration workshop I was introduced to this ad campaign released in March 1998 by Moschino Jeans. ‘Chiunque Tu Sia’ is written on the campaign and translates as ‘Whoever You Are.’ The photographer was Fabrizo Ferri, Bruce (2018:Illustration).

This campaign shows a number of different garments and is more of a focus on the material. It shows me different ways to style to create different identity’s. And still has the same message, to be yourself, whoever you are.

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Figure 78: Moschino Jeans - March 1998 (1)

Figure 79: Moschino Jeans - March 1998 (2)

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The Ethics of Working with People As I will be working with models when creating this fanzine, I need to be aware of the ethics of working with people. Research ethics includes, informed consent, confidentiality and data protection (Spencer, 2015).

Spencer (2015) describes when working with young children it is important for them to understand exactly what the project is about and what it might mean for their friends and family. I think this is imperative for everyone to know, not just young children, as anyone you work with needs to know if there could be any backlash to what they do and you need to get the full informed consent.

I will need to let the models know that the fanzine will be published, so they are aware that anyone could see their images and that it won’t be anonymous, unless they specify otherwise.

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Other Contents within the Fanzine Inside the fanzine I will have my photoshoot inspired by Chanel’s Little Black Jacket and also include articles, illustrations and motivational messages.

ARTICLES: From my research I think it will be interesting to add a topic about why individuality is such a big thing right now. I have already done some research on this and found it really interesting so would love to expand the research into an article.

I would also like to do something similar to the Kim Kardashian cycle shorts.

Where one item no one was wearing before suddenly goes massive because a celebrity or infl uencer posting it on Instagram.

ILLUSTRATIONS: I will add some illustrations throughout the fanzine that are linked to individuality, this will keep to the style of my digital design process and create some interesting aesthetics to look and think about.

MOTIVATIONAL MESSAGES: These will be displayed randomly on pages and will include lines found in my Manifesto such as ‘Be yourself; everyone else is already taken.’ These messages will motivate people to be themselves and not to care what other people think.

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Layout Inspirtation

(Starting top left going clockwise) Figure 80: Article layout inspiration, Figure 81: Illustration inspiration, Figure 82: Illustration and layout inspiration, Figure 83: Type and background inspiration, Figure 84: Water colour inspiration

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The Name Morgan (2012) claims that, ‘A good brand name should be distinctive and memorable. It should be easy to pronounce and easy to read.’ (Morgan, 2012:154) I began brainstorming for names by looking at different synonyms of the words; yourself and individual. I found a lot of good ideas doing this including: Own Original Unique Be Yourself Yourself Individual Me You You & I Who You Want However, after looking at all them I really like ‘Yourself’ I believe it is distinctive, simple and memorable. It is also a nice length. I really liked ‘Me’ and ‘You’ as well, but I think they are too short and won’t look as nice on the page.

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Layouts I have played around with layouts trying to get the perfect fit for my fanzine.

I want it to be a similar design to my design process as I believe this fits with both the individual theme and a fanzine style.

I will use a mix of colours, again, similar to my design process as I think using loads of different colours really fits with the theme individuality.

I will try out different font styles to see which ones work the best, it needs to be easy to read and fairly simple to fit with the rest of the design.

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(left to right) Figure 85: Front page trial 1, Figure 86: Front page trial 2

Here I focused on the front page, although in my offical fanzine I want to do a shoot like Chanel’s Little Black Jacket in the mock up I wanted to use my own images so I used my street style ones. I created two styles, one with less of the ‘kidney bean’ shapes and a white outline, and the other with more ‘kidney bean’ shapes and purple background. I prefer the one on the right with slightly less shapes as i think the right one looks too busy and the purple doesn’t stand out as much.

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(left to right) Figure 87: Contents page trial 1, Figure 88: Contents page trial 2

I started playing with the contents page to begin a style I could carry through out, I really like the idea of paint splats and so wanted to include that idea. I started with the paint type (left), however, I felt it was diffi cult to read at times and looked a bit child like. I then changed the type to American Typewriter which I have been using throughout. I played around with the positioning and added some more design features. However, there was still something about the style I didn’t like. So I continued to play around...

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Figure 89: Contents page trial 3

I decided to condense it onto one page as I thought it looked a bit too big and spread out before, I went for a different style on the numbering to make it look a bit more minimal. I prefer this look a lot and this is the style I will continue to work with throughout.

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Figure 90: Contents page trial 4

I changed the header around a bit to make it more in theme with my manifesto. The items I have put inside my mock up are items that for VP2 I will expand on more. I also included my Manfi esto as I thought the Manifesto was very fi tting and something that could be found in a fanzine. On the next page I have included a motivational quote to really push my opinion across.

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Figure 92: Article layout

Figure 93: Street Style layout (2)

The rest of the pages I have left fairly minimal, still including my bold colours. I especially like the page on the top left. I think it is laid out really nicely and feel like the ‘dry paint’ type I have chosen really adds to the fanzine aesthetic.

Figure 91: Street Style layout (1)

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Foldout Fanzine Layout I am trying out a few different ways to layout and bind the fanzine, to see which one fits the best with my theme. The fold out fanzine came from my idea of peeling back the acetate (the layers of a person). This is similar, but instead, folding out the layers of the fanzine. This layout has to be different than the classic booklet shape as the base needs to be more of a square shape to fit the whole dieline on an A3 sheet.

With this fanzine I didnt think it needed a contents page or page numbers because you can open the whole thing up, it is a lot easier to navigate. I really like this idea however, I found it a lot more squashed. and harder to fit the images on as there wasn’t enough space, however if I were to make it bigger it wouldn’t fit on an A3 sheet and that would then make it a lot more expensive.

I included all the other content I had included in the otber fanzine but just changed to layout to fit the shapes of the pages.

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Figure 94: Foldout Fanzine inspiration

Figure 95: Outside dielines

Figure 96: Inside dieline s

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Binding I created some mock ups to explore different ways to bind the fanzine. I created a staple saddle stitch bind and did another one by sewing, similar to a japanese stab bind. Then I also made my fold out fanzine mock up (see video ‘Fold out fanzine mockup’).

I am really pleased with how they turned out. Although I really like the stitched bind, I think it would be really difficult and expensive to mass produce. Whilst the staple saddle stitch bind isn’t as exciting it is quick and cheap to produce so perfect for a fanzine. The fold out fanzine, I am really impressed with, I think the idea is original so fits well with my theme.

I would really like to have a few different ways to present the book, again fitting with my theme. It will make each fanzine feel more individual. So I would like to produce some with a staple saddle stitch and some as a fold out fanzine. They will have the same contents just laid out differently.

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Figure 97: Staple saddle stitch bind

Figure 98: Stitched bind

Figure 99: All three mock ups

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Refl ecting on the Layout After I had printed the layout I found a few areas that I thought could look better and areas that needed changing.

Firstly, I will need to add referencing to the images, to let readers know where I got the images from.

Next time I will also add quotation marks on the quotes on the images and make the writing white so it is easier to read. At the moment I don’t think it is very clear that they are quotes unless you fully read about the street style shoot.

Figure 100: Changes to the layout (before) Figure 101: Changes to the layout (after)

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After

Figure 102: Changes to the layout 2 (before) Figure 103: Changes to the layout 2 (after)

Here I also wanted to change the colour of the wording. I felt the blue was diffi cult to read so where it went over the image I changed it to a white text.

I also didn’t like the type for the page numbers and so changed that to ‘American Typewriter.’

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Split Page Book Something I could think about doing in VP2 is a split page book, this would go hand-in-hand with my theme individuality. It would also merge the bound fanzines and the fold out fanzine into one idea.

You would be able flick through my photoshoot in the fanzine and dress the person how you wanted. To make a truly individual person. The page would be split into three the face, torso and legs.

I really love this idea as something I could try out in VP2, it’s different to other fanzines, however, it would make it more expensive to reproduce.

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Figure 104: CAD split page book

Street Style: The Individual, The Quirky and The Wild

I went a round t he N orthern Quarter and Manchester Metropolitan c ampus t o fInd some individual people, who are embracing themselves and wearing what they want.

I asked people t o say one w ord that d escribes themselves and their style. people that were really individual...

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Costing the Fanzine After analysing other fanzines on the market I can get an idea of what I will cost my fanzine at. Because my fanzine will involve two layouts, one being bound and one being a fold out, it will be twice the amount of work. Because of this I want to price it at a higher end price, similar to the ones in Magma, rather than Etsy.

I will price it at £7, I believe this is the right cost because of the amount of work, but also the cheaper ones in Magma, didn’t have many pages and many were just made up of images with no writing.

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Marketing to Gen-Z In Ideation I talked about how Gen-Z were my target consumer, however, I need to find out a bit more about how to market to them. In order for them to buy my fanzine.

Gen-Z grew up around technology and social media, 71% of Gen-Z access Instagram at least once a week. Whilst 69% visit snapchat and 66% visit facebook once a week. Making Instagram the most popular among my target market (Mintel, 2018).

Gen-Z are also better at making decisions, as their attention span is so much shorter than other generations. This makes social media a great platform to advertise to them, it means you can communicate to them quickly and clearly (Forbes Business Development Council, 2018).

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Marketing the Fanzine After finding out how tech-savvy Gen-Z are and that Instagram is the most popular social media platform it seems only right to market through Instagram. I don’t want to do too much marketing as it’s a start up fanzine there is not much budget for marketing yet. Going forward into VP2 I can explore this idea more and create an account, for now I have made a mock up account.

Another thing I would like to do going into VP2 is create an exhibition, here I will display my photoshoot in the style of Chanel’s Little Black Jacket. I can also use this to sell my fanzines, it can double up as an exhibition catalogue, as many people like to collect items from exhibitions they have been to.

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I have created a mock up of the Instagram page, all the images will include diff erent people. It will alternate between my own images and inspiration images. The inspiration images are good to add as it will have related to more people and if someone’s favourite designer is on there they will be more likely to follow us. However, I will need to remember to reference the designers and artist and make sure it is clear they are not my images.

Figure 105: CAD instagram mock up

Social Media Mock Up

If I add any of my own street style I can tag the person who is in the image, this will give me a wider reach as friends and family might want to see their image on the page.

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Exhibition The exhibition which will be used to launch the fanzine and will show all my images I have taken. As previously stated the fanzine will be sold there and it will double up as an exhibition catalogue.

I would need to look at places where I could exhibit my collection and fanzine.

I think Manchester as a city is perfect as there’s a wide range of people and it is quite a quirky, individual city. The Cube in the Righton building could be a good place as it is all glass, it is a very interesting space. I think it would also interest a lot of students, so it could be a popular venue. Another area I could look into would be the Northern Quarter. The area has a lot exhibitions going on and a lot of bars and other locations where I could host an exhibition. It is a very individual and artsy area and so again it would be a popular choice.

A bar which might be good would be Common which often hosts exhibitions and is very popular. The clientele which go there would be interested in this exhibition.

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(Starting bottom left going clockwise) Figure 106: Inside Common, Figure 107: Common Northern Quarter, Figure 108: The Cube - The Righton Building

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Print, Digital or Both?

After carrying out the research on this in Ideation I found that print is still more popular than digital. However, my selected target market likes to look at both print and digital.

Therefore, I have decided I will only print my fanzine. I will also post teasers of the next copy on my Instagram account. I think because this fanzine is different to a normal magazine in the way it folds out people would rather have this as a printed copy. It wouldn’t be as exciting as a digital form.

The fanzine will be printed quarterly to introduce each of the seasons.

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Conclusion Throughout this project I have carried out extensive research in order to create my fanzine on individuality. I found that I-Gen want to be more individual but struggle to because of the growth of social media and infl uencers. So, the fanzine will aim to over come this issue and will motivate people to be themselves.

To conclude, I will summarise everything I have decided on. The fanzine will be based on Individuality and will be called ‘Yourself.’ It will include a photoshoot in the style of ‘Chanel’s Little Black Jacket,’ articles on why individuality is such a big thing at the moment and something similar to my research on Kim Kardashian’s cycle shorts. It will also include motivational messages to be individual and illustrations on the topic. The colour scheme will be a range of bold colours, pinks, yellows, oranges, blues and greens etc. and the layout will be similar to this book minimal yet fun. The fanzine will come in a variety of diff erent presentations, the fold out fanzine, staple saddle stitched booklet and maybe a split page book. I will cost it at £7 and will only be printed, it won’t be posted online as a digital copy. The launch will be an exhibition showcasing the work inside the fanzine and ‘Yourself’ will also have an Instagram account to gain a wider consumer base.

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List of Illustrations Figure 1: Clementine Higgins (2018) Instagram Image I took for Concept 4, Concept 4 - Hong Kong Figure 2 & 3: Clementine Higgins (2016) Images I took for a first year project, MMU Figure 4: & Other Stories (n.d.) & Other Stories packaging, Pinterest, [Online image] [Accessed on 7th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/569353577864143694/ Figure 5: Oliver Bonas (2018) Oliver Bonas packaging, Oliver Bonas, [Online image] [Accessed on 12th Oct, 2018], https://www.oliverbonas.com/homeware/exotic-fragrance-gift-set-36799 Figure 6: Oliver Bonas (2018) Oliver Bonas website design, Oliver Bonas [Online image] [Accessed on 12th Oct, 2018], https://www.oliverbonas.com/ Figure 7 & 8: Clementine Higgins (2018) Manifesto experiments, MMU Figure 9: Clementine Higgins (2018) CAD drawing of manifesto with acetate layer, MMU Figure 10 & 70: Clementine Higgins (2018) Final manifesto, MMU Figure 11: WGSN (2016) Target Consumer, WGSN, [Online image] [22nd Nov, 2018], https://www-wgsn-com. ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/content/board_viewer/#/67056/page/1 Figure 12: Vague (1980) Vague Fanzine #5, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 17th Oct, 2018], https:// ar.pinterest.com/pin/514677063660190002/ Figure 13: Polyester (2016) Polyester Fanzine #5, Format [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], 127

https://www.format.com/magazine/galleries/art/11-cool-artist-zines Figure 14: Vague (2011) Vague Fanzine #21, emribeiractsblog [Online image] [Accessed on 17th Oct, 2018], https://emribeiractsblog.wordpress.com/tag/zine-collection/ Figure 15: Vogue (2018) Vogue Magazine - June 2018, Vogue [Online image] [Accessed on 18th Oct, 2018], https://www.vogue.co.uk/magazine/june-2018 Figure 16 & 72: Polyester (2016) Polyester Fanzine, Format [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], https://www.format.com/magazine/galleries/art/11-cool-artist-zines Figure 17: Home (2016) Home Zine, Volume 3 - ‘Feel at home’, Format [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], https://www.format.com/magazine/galleries/art/11-cool-artist-zines Figure 18: Bedspread (2016) Bedspread Zine, Issue 1 - Dedicated to photos of beds, Format [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], https://www.format.com/magazine/galleries/art/11-cool-artist-zines Figure 19: The F Word (2017) The F Word Zine, Volume 8 - Dedicated to feminists, Issuu [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], https://blog.issuu.com/zines-vs-magazines/ Figure 20: Fashion Revolution (2017) Fashion Revolution Zine, Issue 1 - Explores the hidden story behind your clothing, Fashion Revolution [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], https://www.fashionrevolution.org/resources/fanzine/ Figure 21: One Page at a Time (2017) One Page at a Time - Paint Pens Collective, Issuu [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Oct, 2018], https://blog.issuu.com/zines-vs-magazines/ 128

Figure 22: Poorly Curated Foto (2017) Poorly Curated Foto Zine, £2.79, Etsy [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/489770310/poorly-curated-foto-zine-issue-1?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=Poorly+Curated+Foto&ref=sr_ gallery-1-1&organic_search_click=1&sca=1 Figure 23: Cool Gals Fashion Zine (2018) Cool Gals Fashion Zine, £6.80, Etsy [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/583958438/cool-gals-a5-zine?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=Cool+Gals+Fashion+Zine&ref=sr_gallery-1-1&organic_search_click=1 Figure 24: You Got This Motivational Zine (2018) You Got This Motivational zine, two for £10, Etsy [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/594063969/double-pack-you-gotthis-zine-about?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=You+Got+This+Motivational+Zine&ref=sr_gallery-1-10&organic_search_click=1&frs=1 Figure 25: London Street Style (2018) London Street Style zine, £5, Etsy [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/626616429/london-street-style-vol-1?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=london+street+style+zine&ref=sr_gallery-1-1&organic_search_click=1 Figure 26: Ruff and Tumble Dog Zine (2018) Ruff and Tumble Dog zine, £10, Etsy [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/557845073/ruff-and-tumble-a5-hand-printed-limited?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=Ruff+and+Tum ble+Dog+Zine&ref=sr_gallery-1-1&organic_search_click=1 Figure 27: Favourite Things (2018) Favourite Things zine, £0.15, Etsy [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 129

2018], https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/614427435/favourite-things?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_ type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=Favourite+Things+zine&ref=sr_gallery-1-1&organic_ search_click=1 Figure 28: We Smell Like Time (2018) We Smell Like Time, £6, Magma Figure 29: Frites ICI (2018) Frites ICI, £9, Magma Figure 30: Magma fanzine (2018) Magma Fanzine, £3, Magma Figure 31: Perfect Decisions (2018) Perfect Decisions, £10, Magma Figure 32: Hate (2018) Hate, £8, Magma Figure 33: Atlas Zine (2013) Atlas Zine #12 - I’m so Un-cool Marzo-Abril 2013, Issuu [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://issuu.com/atlasz/docs/atlas12 Figure 34: Mintel (2011) Magazine consumption, by physical or digital methods, Mintel [Online image] [Accessed on 19th Nov, 2018], Available at: http://academic.mintel.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/display/595069/?highlight Figure 35: Mintel (2011) Physical v’s digital magazine consumption, by age, Mintel [Online image] [Accessed on 19th Nov, 2018], Available at: http://academic.mintel.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/display/595069/?highlight Figure 36 & 94: Brochure Mondrian (2015) Fold out fanzine inspiration, Blog Du Web Design [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Oct, 2018], https://www.blogduwebdesign.com/print/brochures-catalogues-design-origi 130

nal-inspiration-graphique/1759 Figure 37: HB Design (n.d.) Binding ring inspiration, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/375558056396714212/ Figure 38: Pinterest (n.d.) Origami inspiration, Pinterest [Only image] [ Accessed on 27th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.es/pin/52706258117409398/?lp=true Figure 39: flor.delarose (2018) flor.delarosa in cycle shorts, Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 25th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/BmcCO6wBg4Z/ Figure 40: xanetia_unnarae (2018) xanetia_unnarae in cycle shorts, Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 25th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/BoZzkcbj5ax/?taken-by=xanetia_unnarae Figure 41: ranasheibani (2018) ranasheibani in cycle shorts, Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 25th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/Bno76Q2jvUm/?tagged=cycleshorts Figure 42 & 73: Kim Kardashian (2017) Kim Kardashian in cycle shorts, Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 25th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/BcQKrHeFd_H/?taken-by=kimkardashian Figure 43: Sociality Barbie (2015) ‘Waking up at 10am was so worth it to get that perfect light & fog,’ Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/6xs0EsnjKt/ Figure 44: Sociality Barbie (2015) ‘I woke up like this,’ Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/7vdNFMHjDa/ 131

Figure 45: Sociality Barbie (2015) ‘Coffee and Kinfolk,’ Instagram [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.instagram.com/p/6kwOtlHjL5/ Figure 46: Sociality Barbie (2015) ‘Road Trip,’ [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www. instagram.com/p/491WxKHjA3/ Figure 47: Karl Lagerfeld (2012) Daphne Guinness for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Saatchi Gallery [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/491033165591762437/?lp=true Figure 48: Karl Lagerfeld (2012) Georgia May Jagger for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Saatchi Gallery [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/825284700440512775/?lp=true Figure 49: Karl Lagerfeld (2012) Carine Roitfeld for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Saatchi Gallery [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/533887730799025898/?lp=true Figure 50: Versluis and Uttenbroek (2014) ‘101. Dutch Family - Local pragmatic tourist armed with a thermos flask and lunch box for a cultural city trip,’ Exactitudes [Online image] [Accessed on 29th Oct, 2018], https://exactitudes.com/index.php?/series/all/100/3 Figure 51: Versluis and Uttenbroek (2014) ‘140. What’s up G - Trashy old skool outsiders barking at the moon. Tagging souvenirs on their bill-board-bodies like kids,’ Exactitudes [Online image] [Accessed on 29th Oct, 2018], https://exactitudes.com/index.php?/series/all/100/3 Figure 52: Brandon Stanton (2013) Humans of New York – Mohawk, Humans of New York [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], http://www.travelettes.net/category/north-america/united-states-2/nyc/page/3/ 132

Figure 53: Brandon Stanton (n.d.) Humans of New York - Hamster, Humans of New York [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.brainpickings.org/2016/03/15/humans-of-new-york-brandon-stanton-design-matters-interview/ Figure 54: Brandon Stanton (n.d.) Humans of New York - Bright hair, Humans of New York [Online image] [Accessed on 26th Oct, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/442549100875082048/?lp=true Figure 55: Clementine Higgins & Emily Watts (2018) Styling workshop – 1, MMU Figure 56: Clementine Higgins & Emily Watts (2018) Styling workshop – 2, MMU Figure 57: Clementine Higgins & Emily Watts (2018) Styling workshop – 3, MMU Figure 58: Clementine Higgins & Emily Watts (2018) Styling workshop – 4, MMU Figure 59: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style – Detroit, Northern Quarter Manchester Figure 60: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style – Wild, MMU Figure 61: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style – Individual, Northern Quarter Figure 62: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style – Architect, MMU Figure 63: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style – Wacky, Northern Quarter Figure 64: Clementine Higgins (2018) Contact sheet for styling workshop, MMU 133

Figure 65: Clementine Higgins (2018) Contact sheet for street style, Northern Quarter and MMU Figure 66: Tony Viramontes (n.d.) Tony Viramontes mixed media, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/96194142013684788/?lp=true Figure 67: Tony Viramontes (1986) Tony Viramontes - Janet Jackson, Control, Janet Jackson, Control [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Nov, 2018], https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/arts/music/janet-jackson-control-anniversary.html Figure 68 & 76: Karl Lagerfeld and Clementine Higgins (2018) Tony Viramontes inspired sketch on Elisa Sednaoui, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, MMU [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/494340496574676149/?lp=true

Figure 69 & 77: Karl Lagerfeld and Clementine Higgins (2018) Tony Viramontes inspired sketch on Sarah Jessica Parker, Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, MMU [Online image] [Accessed on 22nd Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.de/pin/566538828099590274/ Figure 71: WGSN (2016) Gen-Z tech-savvy, WGSN [Online image] [Accessed on 25th Nov, 2018], https://www-wgsn-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/content/board_viewer/#/67056/page/1 Figure 74: Brandon Stanton (2012) Humans of New York – Pink, Humans of New York [Online image] [Accessed on 23rd Nov, 2018], https://www.vogue.com/article/style-and-the-city-humans-ofnew-york-spotlights-creative-individuals 134

Figure 75: Karl Lagerfeld (2012) Alice Dellal for Chanel’s Little Black Jacket, Saatchi Gallery [Online image] [Accessed on 13th Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/499547783640773693/ Figure 78: Fabrizo Ferri (1998) Moschino Jeans - March 1998 (1), Moschino Jeans [Online image] [Accessed on 29th Nov, 2018], https://www.strip-project.com/archive/11-ad-campaigns/moschinojeans-ad-campaign-photography-fabrizio-ferri-max-march-1988/951 Figure 79: Fabrizo Ferri (1998) Moschino Jeans - March 1998 (2), Moschino Jeans [Online image] [Accessed on 29th Nov, 2018], https://strip-project.com/archive/7-fashion/moschino-jeans-ad-photography-fabrizio-ferri-max-march-1988/1034 Figure 80: Lucas Doerre (n.d.) Article layout inspiration, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/118360296430426342/?lp=true Figure 81: Pinterest (n.d.) Illustration inspiration, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/57350595237097427/?lp=true Figure 82: Behance (n.d.) Illustration and layout inspiration, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/342344009168764107/ Figure 83: Heart (2014) Type and background inspiration, Heart [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Nov, 2018], https://www.behance.net/gallery/15538463/Heart-Fanzine-Issue-2 Figure 84: In The Beginning (n.d.) Water colour inspiration, Pinterest [Online image] [Accessed on 27th Nov, 2018], https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/368943394468312936/ 135

Figure 85: Clementine Higgins (2018) Front page trial 1, MMU Figure 86: Clementine Higgins (2018) Front page trial 2, MMU Figure 87: Clementine Higgins (2018) Contents page trial 1, MMU Figure 88: Clementine Higgins (2018) Contents page trial 2, MMU Figure 89: Clementine Higgins (2018) Contents page trial 3, MMU Figure 90: Clementine Higgins (2018) Contents page trial 4, MMU Figure 91: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style layout (1), MMU Figure 92: Clementine Higgins (2018) Article layout, MMU Figure 93: Clementine Higgins (2018) Street style layout (2), MMU Figure 95: Clementine Higgins (2018) Outside dielines, MMU Figure 96: Clementine Higgins (2018) Inside dielines, MMU Figure 97: Clementine Higgins (2018) Staple saddle stitch bind, MMU Figure 98: Clementine Higgins (2018) stitched bind, MMU 136

Figure 99: Clementine Higgins (2018) All three mockups, MMU Figure 100: Clementine Higgins (2018) Changes to layout (before), MMU Figure 101: Clementine Higgins (2018) Changes to layout (after), MMU Figure 102: Clementine Higgins (2018) Changes to layout 2 (before), MMU Figure 103: Clementine Higgins (2018) Changes to layout 2 (after), MMU Figure 104: Clementine Higgins (2018) CAD split page book, MMU Figure 105: Clementine Higgins (2018) CAD Instagram mock up, MMU Figure 106: Common (n.d.) Inside Common, Northern Quarter [Online image] [Accessed on 8th Dec, 2018], https://www.tripadvisor.es/Restaurant_Review-g187069-d4197482-Reviews-Common-Manchester_Greater_Manchester_England.html Figure 107: Common (n.d.) Common - Northern Quarter, Northern Quarter [Online image] [Accessed on 8th Dec, 2018], https://popuppainting.com/2018/07/partner-venue-common/ Figure 108: Ferrious (2015) The Cube – The Righton Building, MMU [Online image] [Accessed on 8th Dec, 2018], https://www.ferriousonline.co.uk/about/our-history/

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