Herp Nation Magazine #20

I S S U E 2 0/2 0 1 6

R e p t i l e s.

A mp h i b i a n s.

H e r p e t o l o g y.

H u s b a n d r y

H E R P I N GT H E P I L B A R A/ S N A K E H U N T I N GI NA MA Z O N I A/ C A P T I V E B R E E D I N GB I G H E A D E DT U R T L E S D E N D R O B A T I DF R O G SO F V E N E Z U E L A/ T H E F O U RWA V E SO F H E R P E T O C U L T U R E / D E I N A G K I S T R O D O N

c o n t e n t s D E P A R T ME N T S

F E A T U R E S

E RPE T OCUL T UREI NACHANGI NGWORL D E RPI NGT HEPI L BARA 8H 5 6H Phi l i ppedeVos j ol i de s c r i be st hede t a i l soft he 0 J a nni c oKe l k , a na v i dfie l dhe r pe ra ndna t ur e fir s ts t e pi nt heF ourWav e sofHe r pe t oc ul t ur e– Bas i cHus bandr y .

phot og r a phe r , s ha r e swi t husat r i phet ookt ot he Pi l ba r aRe g i onofAus t r a l i at or e c or da ndphot og r a ph t heg r e a tdi v e r s i t yofhe r pe t of a unai nt hi swor l d f a moushe r pi ngme c c a .

E RPNAT I ONI MAGEL AB APT I VERE PRODUCT I ONOFT HEHUNDRE DP ACE 6 0H 4C E c hi nos aur ahor r i da, phot og r a phe di nI t a poa , 2 VI PE R( De i nagk i s t r odonac ut us ) E s me r a l da s , E c ua dor .

Phot og r a phbyCe s a r Ba r r i oAmor ós /DocF r ogPhot og r a phy

Pr of e s s i ona l bi ol og i s ta ndfie l dr e s e a r c he r , DrT homa s E i me r ma c he rdi s c us s e st hena t ur a l hi s t or y , hus ba ndr y a ndbr e e di ngoft hef a me dHundr e dP a c eVi pe r .

E RPI NS I GHT T HEP AT HF ORWARDT OPROT E CTS AL AMANDE RS 8 8H 3 6 Ni c kMu ondi s c us s e st hepr i c et ha tc ome s US ARKPr e s i de ntPhi l Gos s , a ndwi l dl i f er e s our c e s wi t ht heg r e a ts uc c e s ss e e ni nt hehobbywi t h as ma l l numbe rofs pe c i e s , a ndt heuni nt e nde d e ffe c toft ha ts uc c e s sons pe c i e sdi v e r s i t yi n he r pe t oc ul t ur ei nhi sl a t e s tc ol umn.

a or ne yS ha unGe ha ndi s c us st her e c e ntmov ebyt he U. S .

F i s ha ndWi l dl i f eS e r v i c et oba nt r a dei sov e r200 s pe c i e sofs a l a ma nde r si nr e s pons et oc onc e r nsov e r t hes pr e a dofane wf ung a l di s e a s e .

NAKEHUNT I NGI NAMAZ ONI A 4 2S Ve t e r a nHe r pNaona ut hora ndi nt e r naona l fie l d he r pe r , Mi k ePi ng l e t ondi s c us s e st hes na k es pe c i e she obs e r v e dononeofhi sa nnua l t r i psi nt heP e r uv i a n Ama z on.

APT I VERE PRODUCT I ONANDHAT CHL I NGCAREOF 6 2C BI GHE ADE DT URT L E S( Pl at y s t e r nonme gac e phal um) L i f e l ongt ur t l ee nt hus i a s tMa r kWa l l a c ede s c r i be st he me t hodsheus e st os uc c e s s f ul l ybr e e doneoft he mos tuni quea ndc ha l l e ng i ngt ur t l es pe c i e si nt he wor l d, t heAs i a nBi g he a de dT ur t l e .

NOVE RVI E W OFT HEDE NDROBAT I DF ROGSOF 7 4A VE NE Z UE L A Ant hr opol og i s ta ndf r e e l a nc er e s e a r c he rCé s a rL .

Ba r r i oAmor ósde s c r i be st hena t ur a l hi s t or yoft he uni quebutpoor l yk nownDe ndr obadf r og sof Ve ne z ue l a .

i l ba r aDe a t hAdde rBANDE D( Ac ant hophi swe l l s i ) C O V E R :P Phot og r a phbyJ a nni c oKe l k

f e a t u r ec o n t r i b u t o r s He r pNaonMa g a z i nei sdi s t r i but e dt o s uppor tt hea ppr e c i aonf orfie l dhe r pi ng , he r pe t oc ul t ur e , he r pe t ol og i c a l fie l dr e s e a r c h, a ndr e pl ea nda mphi bi a nc ons e r v aon.

We a r eac ommuni t y bui l tma g a z i ne , f orhe r pe r s byhe r pe r s .

He r pNaonc ont r i but or sc omef r omma ny ba c k g r ounds , r e fle cngt hedi v e r s i t yoft he he r pc ommuni t y .

Cont r i but or sr e c e i v eafla t r a t ef ora rc l e sa ndphot os , ora na dv e rs i ng t r a de , wi t he x c l us i v i t ya g r e e me nt sf ort het e x t a ndphot os .

I fy ouwoul dl i k et owr i t ef orHe r p NaonMa g a z i ne , c ont a c ta ne di t ort odi s c us s y oura rc l e .

Wewe l c omeuns ol i c i t e d ma nus c r i pt sa ndphot og r a phs .

He r pNaonMa g a z i ne , Copy r i g ht2016, He r p NaonMe di a , a l l r i g ht sr e s e r v e d.

Nopa r tof t hi si s s ue , ora nyi s s ue , ma yber e pr oduc e dby a nyme c ha ni c a l , phot og r a phi c , ore l e c t r oni c pr oc e s s , orot he r wi s e ec opi e df orpubl i cor pr i v a t eus ewi t houte x pr e s s e dwr ie nc ons e nt f r omt hepubl i s he r .

Al l opi ni onse x pr e s s e da r e t her e s pons i bl i t yoft hea ut hor sa nddonot ne c e s s a r i l yr e f e c tt hepos ionsofHe r pNaon Me di a , ori t ’ se di t or s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PUBL I S HE R/E XE CUT I VEE DI T OR S c o Wa t e r s E DI T OR S a mBa c c hi ni ARTDI RE CT OR S c o Wa t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T os i g nupf orHe r pNaonMa g a z i ne no fic aons , a swe l l a se x c l us i v epr omo ona l offe r s , v i s i tHe r pNaon. c oma ndf ol l owt he s ubs c r i bel i nk .

Adv e rs i ngr a t e sa nds i z e sa r ea v a i l a bl eonl i ne a tHe r pNaon. c om, orbyc ont a cng s c o wa t e r s @he r pnaon. c om F ora l l ot he ri nqui r i e s , pl e a s ee ma i l f e e dba c k @he r pnaon. c om

Dr .

T homa sE i me r ma c he ri sabi ol og i s ts pe c i a l i z i ngi nt hephy l og e ne c r e l aons hi psofs na k e s .

Heha sa ut hor e danumbe rofa rc l e sont hes ubj e c t , a ndha ss pe nty e a r sr e s e a r c hi ngs na k es y s t e mac s .

Hea l s oha se x t e ns i v efie l d e x pe r i e nc et hr oug houts out he r na ndE a s tAf r i c a , a swe l l a spa r t sofCe nt r a l Ame r i c a .

I na ddiont ohi sr e s e a r c hwor k , Dr .

E i me r ma c he rha sbe e nwor k i ng wi t hc a pv es pe c i me nsf orma nyy e a r s , bot hpr of e s s i ona l l ya nda sa na v oc aon.

I nhi sf r e e -me , hei sar e g i ona l l y a c c ompl i s he dmot or c y c l er oa dr a c e ra nda publ i s he dna t ur ephot og r a phe r .

Ma r kWa l l a c eha sbe e nat ur t l ee nt hus i a s ts i nc eav e r yy ounga g e .

As i a n Bi g he a de dt ur t l e s( Pl at y s t e r nonme gac e phal um)a r ehi sf a v or i t es pe c i e s , whi c h heha sk e pts i nc e1981.

Ma r ki sapr of e s s i ona l a rs twho' swor k e di nfil ma nd t e l e v i s i onf orDi s ne yF e a t ur eAni maona ndWa r ne rBr os .

Hi sot he ri nt e r e s t s i nc l uder a r ebi r ds , c r oc odi l i a nsa ndfis hi ng .

J a nni c oKe l ki sa na v i dfie l dhe r pe ra ndpa s s i ona t ephot og r a phe rwi t has t r ong i nt e r e s ti nc ons e r v aon.

J a nni c owor k sa saF a unaS po e ri nr e mot epa r t soft he Aus t r a l i a nout ba c ka ndi sc ons t a nt l ys t a r i nga thi sma poft hewor l dpl a nni nghi s ne x twi l dl i f ea dv e nt ur e .

Cé s a rL .

Ba r r i oAmor ósi sa na nt hr opol og i s twhoha swor k e dwi t hhe r pe t of a una i nS pa i n, Ve ne z ue l a , P e r ua ndCos t aRi c a .

Hi sr e s e a r c hi nt e r e s t si nc l udet he bi og e og r a phya nds y s t e mac sofDe ndr oba t oi de aa ndT e r r a r a nai nVe ne z ue l a , e s pe c i a l l yoft heGui a naS hi e l d.

Nowar e s i de ntofCos t aRi c a , hei saf r e e l a nc e i nv e sg a t ora ndphot og r a phe r .

Cé s a rha sa ut hor e dorc oa ut hor e dmor et ha n 200pa pe r s , i nc l udi ngt hede s c r i p onof50ne ws pe c i e sofa mphi bi a nsa nd r e pl e s .

Mi k ePi ng l e t onha sbe e ni nv ol v e dwi t hhe r pe t oc ul t ur ea ndfie l dhe r pi ngf or mor et ha nf or t yy e a r s .

Ov e rt ha t meMi k eha sbr e da ndr a i s e dma nys pe c i e sof a mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e s .

Hei st hea ut horofabookonRe df ootT or t oi s e s , ha s wr ie ns e v e r a l c hi l dr e n' se book sa bouthe r ps , a ndi sc ur r e nt l ywor k i ngona booka bouthi sfie l dhe r pi nge x pe r i e nc e s .

F i e l da cv ie sha v et a k e nMi k et o ma nypl a c e sa r oundt hewor l d, a ndhewr i t e sa bouthi se x pe r i e nc e sa t www. fie l dhe r pi ng . or g .

Mi k ea l s ol e a dsa nnua l t r i pst ot heP e r uv i a nAma z ona nd s e r v e sont hea dmi ni s t r av eboa r df ort heHe r pMa ppe rpr oj e c t .

Phi l i ppedeVos j ol i ha sbe e nk e e pi nga ndbr e e di nghe r pss i nc et hea g eof12.

He c of ounde dt heAme r i c anF e de r a onofHe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t sa ndt heT heVi v ar i um ma g a z i ne(t hefir s ta l l c ol ori nt e r naona l l ydi s t r i but e dpubl i c aonon he r pe t oc ul t ur e )i n1987a ndwa si t spr e s i de ntun l 2000whe nt heor g a ni z aon c l os e ddown.

Heha swr ie nov e rahundr e da rc l e sont hec a r eofa mphi bi a ns a ndr e pl e s , a nd43book sonhe r pe t oc ul t ur ea ndr a r epl a nt s .

Hei sa l s ot he a ut horoft hea wa r dwi nni ngc hi l dr e n' sbookT heL e ge ndofA c usRe x , a ndt wo book sofs pe c ul av eficons , I AM t heOt he ra ndT heCy be r Bar dos .

Ni c kMu onha sbe e nk e e pi nga ndbr e e di ngr e pl e sf orov e rt wode c a de s , f oc us i ngpr i ma r i l yont heAus t r a l a s i a npy t hons .

Heha swor k e dwi t h35s e pa r a t e py t hont a x aa ndha sbe e nbr e e di ngr e pl e sf ul lmes i nc e2006.

Ni c kownsa nd ope r a t e sI nl a ndRe pl e , ba s e di nWa s hi ng t onS t a t e .

I na ddiont opr e v i ous a rc l e sNi c kha sc oa ut hor e dt wobook s : , T heCompl e t eCar pe tPy t hona ndT he Compl e t eChi l dr e n' sPy t hon.

I nI s s ue20wec on nue dourg oa l ofpr ov i di ngqua l i t yc ont e ntf r omadi v e r s ea r r a yofhe r pe t ol og i c a l s ubj e c t s .

Ourf e a t ur e si nt hi si s s uet a k eusfie l dhe r pi ngi nt hePi l ba r ar e g i onofAus t r a l i a , c a pv ebr e e di ng De i nagk i s t r odonac ut us , he r pi ngi nt heP e r uv i a nAma z on, c a pv ebr e e di nga ndha t c hl i ngc a r eofBi g he a de d T ur t l e s , a ndafie l dr e v i e woft heDe ndr obadsofVe ne z ue l a .

Ourc ol umnsc on nue dt of oc usonhe r pe t oc ul t ur e ; wi t hPhi l i ppedeVos j ol i c on nui nghi sc ol umn “ He r pe t oc ul t ur ei naCha ng i ngWor l d”a ndNi c kMu onc on nui ngwi t h“ He r pI ns i g ht . ”T he r ea r eal otof he r pe r soutt he r edoi ngs omer e a l l yg r e a tt hi ng si nt hea c a de mi cwor l d, i nz oosa nda qua r i ums , a ndi nt he pr i v a t es e c t or .

Weha v ebe e nhonor e dt opr ov i deahi g hqua l i t yv e nuet os ha r et hi si nf or maona ndt he s e a c c ompl i s hme nt swi t ht hewor l d.

S c o Wa t e r s S a mBa c c hi ni

S c o Wa t e r s , E x e c uv eE di t or s c o wa t e r s @he r pnaon. c om

S a mBa c c hi ni , E di t or s a m. ba c c hi ni @he r pnaon. c om

Y o u a r e v i e w i n gad i g i t a l c o p y o f H E R PN A T I O NMA G A Z I N E .

E n j o y !

T OP:Py g myBe a r de dDr a g on( P ogonahe nr y l aws oni ) BOTT OM:We s t e r nHoode dS c a l y f oot( Py gopusni gr i c e ps )

8

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

I a wok ewi t hf uz z yv i s i on

a tag a ss t aoni nas ma l l t ownwi t h at wodi g i tpopul aonont heWe s t Coa s tofAus t r a l i aa tr oug hl y5a m.

T heni g htbe f or eI ha dflownfiv e hour sf r omones i deofAus t r a l i at o t heot he ronar e de y efli g ht .

T woof mybe s tf r i e ndsa ndI l a nde di nP e r t h a tmi dni g ht .

Weg r unt e dt oe a c h ot he r , t oo r e da nda nnoy e dt ous e wor ds , g r a bbe dourc a me r ag e a r , s wa g sa nds t umbl e dout s i de .

Ov e r t hel a s tf e wmont hsI ha dbe e n t a l k i ngt oa ni nt e r ne tf r i e ndofmi ne a bouthe r pi ngoneoft hewor l d’ s be s the r pMe c c a s : T hePi l ba r aa nd Ki mbe r l e y .

Aha r s hl a ndf ul l of s e a r i nghotda y supt o122° F , l ong r oa ds , s a nddunepl a i ns , a ndi r onor e r oc ke s c a r pme nt sc ov e r e di ns ha r p a r i dg r a s s e sa ndt e r mi t emounds .

T r opi c a l s t or mswe r ec ommona nd c oul ds e ey oufloode di nf orda y si f notwe e k s .

T hi st r i pwoul dt a k eust o t hr e ede snaons , T heHa me r s l e y Ra ng e , Br oomea ndt hef a mous Ka r i j i ni Naona l P a r k .

I wa se x c i t e d t ohe r pt hePi l ba r aa ndt he Ki mbe r l e yf ort hene x tt wowe e k s wi t hg r e a tc ompa nyi nha nd.

Ae rde pa rngt hea i r por tour j our ne ys t a r t e dwi t ha17hour , 950 mi l edr i v e .

Asdus kbe c a meni g ht a ndt hee v i de nc eofma nt hi nne d out , a ni ma l si nc r e a s e di nnumbe r s .

T her oa dwa sl ie r e dwi t hs ma l l g e c k osbutt hemos tnot a bl ewa sa l e g l e s sl i z a r d.

AS i de ba r r e dDe l ma ( De l magr ay i i )s a tont her oa dt a k i ng i nt her a di anghe a t .

Ag or g e ous a ni ma l t ha ti snor ma l l ydi ur na l .

As wea ppr oa c he di tl e a pe dofft he g r oundi nde f e ns i v ehopi ngt o T OP:We s t e r nS pi ny t a i l e dGe c k o( S t r ophur uss t r ophur us ) d i s or i e nt a t eus , s e v e r a l ot he rs pe c i e s BOTT OM:J e a n’ sGe c k o( S t r ophur usj e anae ) o fDe l maa r oundAus t r a l i aus et hi s s a mea ppr oa c h.

Pu ngourc a me r a s

I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

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Ri ng t a i l e dDr a g on( Ct e nophor usc audi c i nc t us )

a wa ywehi tt her oa da sweha da l ongni g hta he a dofus .

Ast hes unr os e , wes t oppe da tafla t pl a i nc ov e r e di nde a dhol l owmul g a t r e e ss pr ou ngf r omha r ds t onys oi l .

T hi st y peofha bi t a tI spe r f e c tf or s e v e r a l s pe c i e sofr e pl e s .

I n pa rc ul a rt heS t r i pe dt a i l e dMoni t or ( Var anusc audol i ne at us ) , whi c ha r e s upe r fic i a l l ys i mi l a rt ot heGi l l e n’ s Moni t or( Var anusgi l l e ni ) , whi c hi s qui t ec ommoni nt hec a pv e i ndus t r y .

T he yo e nhi dei nt hede a d hol l ows , e me r g i ngi nt hemi d mor ni ngt oba s ka ndf or a g ef orf ood, whi c hc ons i s t sofi nv e r t e br a t e sa nd s omes ma l l e rv e r t e br a t e si nc l udi ng s k i nk sa ndg e c k os .

L ook i ngt hr oug h t he s ehol l owswe ’ do e nc ome a c r os sWe s t e r nS pi ny t a i l Ge c k os ( S t r ophur uss t r ophur us )whi c ha l s o

1 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

ul i z et hes ma l l hol l owsofde a d mul g at r e e sdur i ngt heda ya nd e me r g el a t e ri nt hee v e ni ng .

Wes pe nta not he rda ydr i v i ng950 mi l e snor t hont hewe s tc oa s ta nd a r r i v e di nt hePi l ba r a .

T hel a nds c a pe c ha ng e ddr a mac a l l y , hi l l sofr e d r oc k ; pl a i nsofs t onys oi l sa nd t e r mi t emoundss ur r ounde dus .

T he r oa dswe r el ie r e dwi t hs ma l l a g i l e Ri ng t a i l e dDr a g ons( Ct e nophor us c audi c i nc t us ) .

T hes ubs pe c i e st ha t oc c ur sont hewe s tc oa s tha smuc h mor ede fine dr i ng sa ndv i v i dc ol or s c ompa r e dt oi t se a s t e r nc ount e r pa r t .

Ast hes unf e l l be l owt hehor i z on, a hi g hl yv e nomousWe s t e r nBr own S na k e( Ps e udonaj anuc hal i s ) s l i t he r e da c r os st her oa d.

T hi s s pe c i e s , muc hl i k emos toft he Br ownS na k ef a mi l y , i se x t r e me l y

v a r i a bl ei npa e r ni nga ndc ol or .

S omea r eg ol da ndbl a c k , c hoc ol a t e br owna ndot he r sba nde d.

Whe t he r t hi si sduet os pe c i ficna t ur a l pr e s s ur e sorg e ne c si sunk nown, buts omec ol orpha s e sa r emor e c ommont ha not he r si nc e r t a i n l oc a l ie s .

Notaf e ws e c ondsl a t e ra not he r s na k ec r os s e dt her oa d.

T hi swe nton un l mor ni ng .

By4a m, weha df ound ov e r40s pe c i e sofr e pl e si n24 hour s .

T heHa me r s l e yRa ng ei sabe a uf ul pl a c ef ul l ofawi dedi v e r s i t yof f a una , e s pe c i a l l yr e pl e s .

Ha r ds t ony s oi l swe r epe r f e c tha bi t a tf ors ma l l s pe c i e sofl i z a r ds .

S pe c i e ss uc ha s t heF a t t a i l e dGe c k o( Di pl odac t y l us c ons pi c ul as )a ndWe s t e r nHoode d

We s t e r nBr ownS na k eUNBANDE D( Ps e udonaj anuc hal i s )

We s t e r nBr ownS na k eBANDE D( Ps e udonaj anuc hal i s )

I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

1 1

S c a l y f oot s( Py gopusni gr i c e ps )t a k e a dv a nt a g eofa ba ndone ds pi de r hol e s .S pi ni f e x , at y peofs ha r pa r i d g r a s s , pr ov i de sg r e a tc ov e rf or Ce nt r a l i a nBl ue t ong ueS k i nk s ( T i l i quamulf as c i at a) .

T hi sl a r g e s k i nkwa smos ta cv ea tdus ka nd wa so e nf ounds l owl ywa l k i ng t hr oug hs os a ndl e a v i nga nodd t r a i l be hi nd.

Ast hena mei mpl i e s , t heHa me r s l e y Ra ng ei sa l s ohomet ol a r g er oc k e s c a r pme nt s .

T hi sr a ng es e e mst o br e a kt hePi l ba r ai nt ot wodi ffe r e nt a r e a s , t heNor t ha ndt heS out h.

Asa r e s ul t , s i mi l a rbutdi ffe r e nts pe c i e s a r ef oundone i t he rs i de .

One e x a mpl ewoul dbet heNor t he r n Pi l ba r aRoc kMoni t or( Var anus pi l bar e ns i s ) , a ndt heS out he r n Pi l ba r aRoc kMoni t or( Var anus hame r s l e y e ns i s ) , whi c hwe r e r e c e nt l ys pl i tf r omV . pi l bar e ns i s .

We

we r el uc k ye noug ht os e ebot hbut onl yma na g e dt ophot og r a pht he S out he r nPi l ba r aRoc kMoni t or .

Bot h a r ee x t r e me l ywe l l s ui t e dt ot he i r r oc k yhome s .

T os a yt ha twa t c hi ng t he me ffor t l e s s l ys c a l ev e rc a l r oc k wa l l swa sr e ma r k a bl ei sa n unde r s t a t e me nt .

T hec r e v i c e swe r e a l s ohomet oar a ng eofot he r a ni ma l s , i nc l udi ngt heSms on’ s Py t hons( Ant ar e s i asms oni ) .

T he s e s ma l l c ons t r i c t or sha v eal a r g e di s t r i bu ont ha tc ov e r smos tof i nl a ndAus t r a l i ar a ng i ngf r omS W Que e ns l a ndupt ot he poft he Nor t he r nT e r r i t or yt ot heWhe a t be l t i nS W We s t e r nAus t r a l i a .

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Al t houg ht hePi l ba r ai shomet o s omea ni ma l st ha tha v eal a r g e di s t r i bu on, i ta l s oha r bor ss pe c i e s t ha ta r ee nr e l ye nde mi ct ot he bi or e g i on.

F ore x a mpl e , t hePi l ba r a De a t hAdde r( Ac ant hophi swe l l s i ) , whi c hc ome si nt woc ol ourpha s e s .

Onei sade e pr e dwi t hmulpl e ba ndsr a ng i ngdownt hel e ng t hofi t s bodya ndt heot he ri ss i mi l a r , but wi t habl a c khe a da ndba ndst ha t c ont r a s the a v i l ya g a i ns tade e pr e d ba c k g r ound.

Bot hf or msc a nbe f ounds y mpa t r i c a l l ywi t he a c hot he r .

Att heba s eoft her a ng e , Ri dg e t a i l e dMoni t or s( Var anus T he i rha bi t a tc ons i s t sofr oc k ypl a i ns ac ant hur us )c a l l l a r g eboul de r st he i r c ov e r e di ns pi ni f e xt us s oc k sa nd home .

T he s es pe c i e shi deunde r t e r mi t emounds .

Dur i ngt heda yt he y r oc k sa ndc omeoutt oba s ka ndhunt hi deunde rl a r g er oc k sorbr ok e ni n be f or et hes unbe c a meunbe a r a bl e . t e r mi t emoundsa nde me r g ea tni g ht

S l e nde rBl ue t ong ueS k i nk( Cy c l odomor phusme l anopsme l anops )

1 2

L i k eSms on’ spy t honst he yi nha bi t mos tofi nl a ndAus t r a l i ai ns e v e r a l di ffe r e nt

Pi l ba r aDe a t hAdde r( Ac ant hophi swe l l s i ) ( T OP)Ba nde d( BOTT OM)Unba nde d I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

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wa ingi na mbus hf oruns us pe cng pr e y .

T he i rt a i l s p, muc hl i k ea ny ot he rs pe c i e sofDe a t hAdde r , i s us e da sac a uda l l ur et ha tmov e si na s i nuousmo ont oa r a c t uns us pe cngpr e yt ot he i rde a t hs .

T he i rpr e yc ons i s t sofs ma l l ma mma l s , f r og sa ndr e pl e s i nc l udi ngS l e nde rBl ue T ong ueS k i nk s ( Cy c l odomor phusme l anops me l anops ) .

Ae rs pe ndi ngs e v e r a l da y si nt he Ha me r s l e yRa ng e swedr ov e500 mi l e sNor t hE a s tt oourne x t de snaon, Br oome .

Br oomei s c ons i de r e dt obet heWe s t e r n e nt r a nc et ot heKi mbe r l e y , aha v e n f orna t ur a l i s t , fis he r ma n, phot og r a phe r sa nda dv e nt ur e r s .

I t s i t sont henor t hwe s tc oa s tof Aus t r a l i a , s ome1, 400mi l e sf r om P e r t h.

T het e mpe r a t ur ewa sl e s s i nt e ns ehe r ebutt hehumi di t ywa s muc hhi g he r , a swewe r ei nt he

Y e l l owS po e dMoni t or( Var anuspanopt e s )

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HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Gol dfie l d’ sCr e v i c eS k i nk( E ge r ni af or mos a)

t r opi c snow.

Ov e rt hec our s eoft he dr i v ewef ounds omeoft hemos t c ha r i s macs na k e si nAus t r a l i a .

A WomaPy t hon( As pi di t e sr ams ay i ) .

T heg e nusna meoft hi s me di ums i z e dpy t hon, As pi di t e s , i n L an, me a ns“ s hi e l dbe a r e r ”i n r e f e r e nc et ot hes y mme t r i cs ha pe d he a ds c a l e s .T he yu l i z er e ds a nd pl a i nsa nds a l t bus h, at y peofpl a nt t ha tha sbe e nus e da sbus ht uc k e rby i ndi g e nousAus t r a l i a nsf ort hous a nds ofy e a r s .

T ha tl a t ea e r noonaKi ng Br ownorMul g aS na k e( Ps e ude c hi s aus t r al i s )a l s oc r os s e dt her oa d.T he Mul g aS na k e ’ sdi s t r i bu onc ov e r s mos tofi nt e r i orAus t r a l i a .

I nt e r e sng l y , t he yha v es e v e r a l c ol ourpha s e sf r omol i v ebr own, l i g htg r e e n, c r e a mt ome t a l l i cr e d de pe ndi ngonl oc a l i t y .

T he ya l s o r a ng ef r om3f e e tt o9f e e ti nl e ng t h, a l t houg hours pe c i me n wa sonl y3t o4f ootl ong .

T he i mpr e s s i v el a r g e r

S out he r nPi l ba r aRoc kMoni t or( Var anushame r s l e y e ns i s )

S i de ba r r e dDe l ma( De l magr ay i i )

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Ri dg e t a i l e dMoni t or( Var anusac ant hur us )

Ce nt r a l i a nBl ue t ong ueS k i nk( T i l i quamulf as c i at a)

Gi l be r t ’ sDr a g on( L ophognat husgi l be r)

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HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

S t r i pe t a i l e dMoni t or( Var anusc audol i ne at us )

s pe c i me nsa r eonl yf oundi ns ome pa r t soft heNor t he r nT e r r i t or y i nc l udi ngt heKi mbe r l e ya r e a .

Hi k i nga r oundt hepe r i me t e rofa r ur a l pr ope r t yne a r bywef ound s e v e r a l s ma l l T wol i ne dDr a g ons ( Di por i phor as p. )ba s k i ngont opof Ourma i nt a r g e ti nBr oomewa s f e nc epos t s .

T heDi por i phor ag e nus F r i l l e dne c kL i z a r ds( Chl amy dos aur us c a nbee x c e e di ng l yha r dt ok e yout . k i ngi i ) , oneoft hemos twe l l k nown T he i rf e a t ur e sc a nbeunc l e a ra ndor r e pl e sonE a r t h.

T heKi mbe r l e y t hea ni ma l st he ms e l v e swon’ tfit popul aonsha v eav i br a ntr e dt o i nt oa nyones pe c i e swhe nl ook i nga t pi nkf r i l l , whi c hl e a v e st hec ol or sof phy s i c a l f e a t ur e ss uc ha spos t ot he rl oc a l ie si nt hedus t .

T hef r i l l i s a ur i c ul a r , g ul a ra nds c a pul a rs k i n mos t l yus e da swa yt ode t e r f ol ds , a ndpa e r na nds c a l e pot e na l pr e da t or s , a ndi s c ha r a c t e r i sc s .

T he ya r ea l s o i mpr e s s i v et os a yt hel e a s t . s e x ua l l ydi mor phi cwhi c hme a ns e a c hs e xl ook sdi ffe r e ntwhe n Ae rs pe ndi ngawe e ki nt hebus h ma t ur e .

I ’ ma s s umi ngt ha tt hi s wi t hl il et onoc ont r a c twi t h pa rc ul a ra ni ma l i saPi nda n a ny onee l s ewef or g othowmuc h T wol i ne dDr a g on( Di por i phor a f ourme ni nac a rc oul ds me l l pi ndan) . wi t houts howe r sors oa p, a nd c opi ousa mount sofs we a ta nddi r t ! Br oomey i e l de dma nyc ha r i s mac Aqui c kde t ourt opubl i cs howe r s a ni ma l si nas hor ta mountof me wa sne e de d.

Ri ns i ngt hes udsoutof f orus , s oi twa sde c i de dt oma k eour myha i r , I no c e dat a i l pok i ngf r om wa yWe s tt ot hePi l ba r aonc ea g a i n. t her ae r s , aBl a c k he a de dMoni t or Dr i v i ngt hes a ndyde s e r tr oa ds ( Var anust r i ss ) .

T hi ss pe c i e si sa s l owl ya tni g ht , t hes ha dowsofs ma l l s ma l l , hi g hl ya r bor e a l v a r a ni dt ha t g e c k osg r e wi nourhi g hbe a ms , s uc h g e ne r a l l yl i v e si ns ma l l f a mi l yg r oups .a sJ e a n’ sPha s mi dGe c k o( S t r ophur us T he yo e nf e e donr ode nt s , ot he r j e anae ) , aS pi ni f e xs pe c i a l i s t .

T hi si s r e pl e s , a mphi bi a ns , i nv e r t e br a t e s v e r ya ppa r e ntwhe nl ook i nga tt he i r a ndbi r ds .

Br oomei sc ur r e nt l yl uc k y s l e nde rphy s i c a l bui l da ndv e r t e br a l e noug ht obeuna ffe c t e dbyCa ne s t r i pe sdownt hel e ng t hofi t sbody .

T oa ds( Rhi ne l l amar i na) , apoi s onous J e we l e dGe c k os( S t r ophur use l de r i ) i nv a s i v ea mphi bi ouss pe c i e st ha tha s a l s os l owl yc r e pta c r os st her oa d. be e nwr e c k i ngt hepopul aonsof T he s euni ques ma l l g e c k osa r e v a r a ni dsa ndma nyot he rf a una pur pl ea ndc ov e r e di ndoz e nsof a r oundAus t r a l i a .

T hi swa se v i de nta s whi t es pot s .

De s pi t et he i rbul k y wef ounds e v e r a l ot he r bodyt he ya r es pi ni f e xs pe c i a l i s ta s Bl a c k he a de dMoni t or st ha tda y , we l l .

T he i rdi s t r i bu onc ons i s tof mor et ha nI ha de v e rf oundbe f or e . mos toft hes pi ni f e xc ov e r e dde s e r t s a ndi smos tl i k e l yc ompr i s e doft wo Wes l e ptbyt hebe a c ha nda wok ei n ormor edi ffe r e nts pe c i e s .

T hebody t hemor ni ngt os e eag r oupofy oung c ompos iona ndpa e r ni ngi sv e r y Abor i g i neboy ss pe a rfis hi ngi nt he di ffe r e ntde pe ndi ngony our s ha l l owsa ndma ng r ov e s .

Wa l k i ng l oc aon. downt hebe a c hwef oundmor e Bl a c k he a de dMoni t or sa nds e v e r a l Dr i v i ngdownadus t ydi r tr oa d, pa s t Gi l be r t ’ sDr a g ons( L ophognat hus de e pg or g e sa ndr oc k yhi l l s , we gi l be r)ba s k i ngont opofboul de r s . ma dei tt oourt hi r da ndfina l I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

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we l l r e pr e s e nt e di nt hec a pv e hobbybot hhe r ei nAus t r a l i aa nd ov e rs e a sbutI ’ v ea l wa y sf oundt he wi l dc ount e r pa r t smuc hmor e ar a cv ea ndi nt e r e sngt owa t c h, e v e nf r omadi s t a nc e .

I ’ v es e e nt he m na t ur a l l ypos epe r f e c t l ywi t ht he i r t a i l sc ur v e di nt hea i rl i k eas c or pi on.

T heot he rdr a g onwa sauni quea nd unc ommonl ys e e ns pe c i e sof Di por i phor a, t heMul g aDr a g on ( Di por i phor aamphi bol ur oi de s ) .

T hi s s pe c i e swa sonc epa r tofa monot y pi cg e nus , Cai manops , but ha sr e c e nt l ya ndc ont r ov e r s i a l l y pl a c e di nt oDi por i phor a.

I pr e f e r Cai manopspe r s ona l l y , mos t l y We s t e r nNe e dDr a g on( Ct e nophor usr ec ul at us i ) I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

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J e we l l e dGe c k o( S t r ophur use l de r i )

2 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Sms on’ sPy t hon( Ant ar e s i asms oni )

be c a us eofhowt he i rhe a d s upe r fic i a l l yl ook ss i mi l a rt oa Ca i ma n.

F a t t a i l e dGe c k o( Di pl odac t y l usc ons pi c ul as )

L e a v i ngt hel a s tpr ope r t ywes a w s e v e r a l We s t e r nNe e dDr a g ons ( Ct e nophor usr ec ul at us )pe r c he d onr oc k s , de a dc a r sa ndl owl y i ng br a nc he s .

Cl os i ngt heg a t ema r k e d t hee ndofoure pi c mei nt he Pi l ba r aa ndWe s t e r nKi mbe r l e y .

We e v e nt ua l l yma dei tt oP e r t h, ae r c ov e r i ngov e r6, 000mi l e si nt wo we e k s , f oundov e r100s pe c i e sof r e pl e s , ma nyI wi s hI c oul dwr i t e

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CL OCKWI S EF ROM T OPL E F T : WomaPy t hon( As pi di t e sr ams ay i ) , Pi l ba r aL a nds c a pe , Pi nda nT wol i ne dDr a g on( Di por i phor api ndan) , Py g my Py t hon( Ant ar e s i ape r t he ns i s ) .

2 2

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

a bout , a nds a wt hi ng st ha tc a nonl y bes e e ni nt hePi l ba r aa ndt he Ki mbe r l e y .

Nos howe r s , ac ompl e t e ofl a c kofhuma npr e s e nc e , hundr e dsofphot os , t hous a ndsof dol l a r swor t hofpe t r ol a ndpl e nt yof c a nne df oodc ook e dont hebonne t l e me r e da ndwe a r y .

Buta sI s a t i nmybe de dingphot oss omeda y s l a t e r , I f oundmy s e l fwi s hi ngI ba c ki n t hes e a r i ngt e mpe r a t ur e sa ndi r on r e de s c a r pme ntoft hePi l ba r a .

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T heHundr e dpa c eVi pe r ( De i nagk i s t r odonac ut us )i se a s i l y oneoft hemos ti nt r i g ui ngpi t v i pe r s i nt heOl dWor l d.

Mor phol og i c a l l y , i t spe r ha psmos tobv i ousf e a t ur ei s t he pofi t ss nout , whi c hi st ur ne d upwa r dsa ndpr ov i de st heba s i sf or oneofi t sv e r na c ul a rna me s , t he s ha r pnos ev i pe r .

I ti sal a r g ea nd s t outv i pe r , wi t ha dul t sr e a c hi ng l e ng t hsi ne x c e s sof1.

5m, a ndt he l a r g e s ts pe c i me nonr e c or d me a s ur i ng1.

545m, a ndwi t h f e ma l e so e nbe i ngl a r g e rt ha n ma l e s .

L a r g e rfig ur e sha v ebe e n r e por t e di nt hel i t e r a t ur e , butt he y t e ndt ober ounde d, a nda ss uc h a ppe a rt or e pr e s e nte sma t e s , r a t he rt ha na c t ua l me a s ur e me nt s .

Mos toft hea dul ts pe c i me nst ha t t hea ut horha swor k e dwi t hha v e be e nbe t we e n0.

90—1.

40mi n l e ng t h.

I twa sor i g i na l l yde s c r i be da sHal y s ac ut usf r omWus ue hi nt heHupe h Pr ov i nc eofE a s t e r nChi naby Günt he r( 1888) , be f or ebe i ng a s s i g ne dt ot heg e ne r aAnc i s t r odon ( Boul e ng e r1896)a ndAgk i s t r odon ( Na mi y e1908) , a swe l l a sbr i e fly Cal l os e l as ma( Bur g e r1971) .

F i na l l y , Gl oy d( 1979) , r e c og ni z i ngi t s di sncv e ne s sc ompa r e dt ot he ot he rme mbe r sofAgk i s t r odon, a s s i g ne di tt ot hene wa nd monot y pi cg e nusDe i nagk i s t r odon.

F ors ome me , t he s ei nt r i g ui ng pi t v i pe r swe r et houg htt obec l os e l y r e l a t e dt ot heg e ne r aAgk i s t r odon ( c oppe r he a ds , c o onmout hs , a nd c a nl s ) , Cal l os e l as ma( Ma l a y a n pi t v i pe r s ) , a ndHy pnal e ( humpnos e dv i pe r s ) , c ol l e cv e l y f or mi ngt he“ Agk i s t r odonc ompl e x ” ( Gl oy d&Cona nt1990) .

Howe v e r , mol e c ul a re v i de nc eha ss i nc es hown t ha tt he ya r ea c t ua l l yr a t he r di s t a nt l yr e l a t e dt ot hos eg r oups 2 6

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

( Kr a use ta l .

1996, Vi da l e ta l .

1997, P a r k i ns on1999) .

I ns t e a d, t he y a ppe a rt obemuc hmor ec l os e l y r e l a t e dt oWa g l e r ' spa l mv i pe r ( T r opi dol ae muswagl e r i )a nd Cha s e n’ smount a i npi t v i pe r ( Gar t hi usc has e ni )t ha nt oa nyoft he f or me rg r oups( P a r k i ns on1999, P a r k i ns ona ndCa s t oe2006) .

Awhol es l e wofv e r na c ul a rna me s ha sbe e na s s i g ne dt ot hi ss pe c i e s , i nc l udi ng‘ Oowoos ha y ’ ( “ fiv e pa c e s na k e ” )( Wa l l 1903, S t a nl e y1914)a nd‘ pe i pus hi e h’ ( “ t hes na k eofahundr e dpa c e s ” )i n Chi na( Cha ng1934) .

Ot he rChi ne s e na me sf ort hi ss pe c i e sha v ebe e n t r a ns l a t e da s“ hundr e ds t e ps na k e , ” “ nos e r a i s i ngs na k e , ”“ fiv e s t e p s na k e , ”“ poi nt nos ev i pe r , ”“ hundr e d pa c e r ”( Di ng&Z he ng1974) , “ l a mpha ng i ngs t r i k e r , ”“ s i l k s hoo ng s na k e , ”“ de a fl a dys na k e , ”a nd“ t wo ort hr e eda ys i c k ne s ss na k e ”( Z ha o 1982) .

Whi l ema nyoft hos ena me s a r ea l s oi nus ei nT a i wa n, s ome a ddiona l v e r na c ul a rna me sof i nt e r e s tt he r ei nc l ude“ s na k eof100 de s i g ns ”( e . g . , Mi nt on&Mi nt on 1969) , “ hog nos e ds na k e ”( Pi ng 1932) , “ s ha r pnos e dpi t v i pe r ” ( Dowl i ng1966) , a nd“ poi nt nos e d ma mus hi ”( Anony mous1974) .

I n Ge r ma n, t hes pe c i e si sc ommonl y r e f e r r e dt oa s‘ Na s e no e r ’ ( “ nos e a dde r ” )( T r ut na u2001) .

De i nagk i s t r odonac ut usi sabe a uf ul pi t v i pe r , wi t h15—23( 16—21i n ma l e s , 15—23i nf e ma l e s )pa i r sof da r k , t r i a ng ul a rma r k i ng sonabr own org r e yba c k g r ound.

Bot hKr a t z e r ( 1962)a ndGl oy d&Cona nt( 1990) not e dt hes t r i k i ngr e s e mbl a nc eof t hi ss pe c i e st oNor t hAme r i c a n c oppe r he a ds( Agk i s t r odon c ont or t r i x ) .

Y oungs pe c i me nsa r e g e ne r a l l yl i g ht e ri nc ol or aont ha n

a dul t s , a ndpos s e s sl i g htbor de r son t hel a t e r a l t r i a ng ul a rma r k i ng s , whi c ha r el os ti na dul t s( P ope1929, 1935) .

T he ya l s opos s e s say e l l owt a i l pt ha tunde r g oe sa nont og e ne c c ha ng et oada r k , br ownc ol or aon.

De i nagk i s t r odonac ut usoc c uri n s out he a s t e r nChi naa ndc e nt r a l a nd

ABOVE :T hepr omi ne ntupt ur ne ds nouti s oneoft hemos tc ha r a c t e r i sc mor phol og i c a l f e a t ur e soft hi ss pe c i e s .

P AGE S2425:Ay oungma l ef r omne a rt he t ownofXi a ng x i i nt heHuna npr ov i nc eof S out hCe nt r a l Chi na .

s out he r nT a i wa n, f r om1001500m ( Gl oy d&Cona nt1990)i ne l e v aon.

T he r ei sa l s oas i ng l er e por tofa s pe c i me nf r omVi e t na m( Ang e l & Bour r e t1933) .

Ma i nl a nda nd T a i wa ne s epopul aonsha v ebe e n c ompa r e di naf e ws t udi e s .

Gl oy d& Cona nt( 1990)not e d“ onl ymi nor

a ndv a r i a bl emor phol og i c a l di ffe r e nc e s ” , Komor i e ta l . ( 1984) not e dt ha tt hev e nomsf r omt het wo g r oupswe r ebot hs i mi l a r , a nd Komor i e ta l . ( 1987)f oundt he v e nomc ompone nt st obev a r i a bl e .

Hua nge ta l . ( 2007)i nv e sg a t e dt he mol e c ul a rphy l og e og r a phyoft hi s

s pe c i e st hr oug hout14l oc a l ie si n Chi na , a ndf oundt woma i nl i ne a g e s t ha ta r es e pa r a t e dbyt heP oy a ng L a k e , Ga nRi v e r , a ndt heWuy i Mount a i ns .

T oda t e , nooneha s i nv e sg a t e dt hephy l og e og r a phyof t hi ss pe c i e st hr oug houti t se nr e r a ng e( i . e . , i nc l udi ngT a i wa na nd

Ana dul tma l es wa l l owi ngas ma l l r a t .

D. ac ut usa r eg e ne r a l l yg r e e dyf e e de r s , a l t houg ht he y doa t me st a k epr ol ong e df e e di ngbr e a k s .

Af e ma l eg ua r di nghe rc l ut c h, whi c ht he yt e ndt odowi t hf e r oc i t y .

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pot e na l l yVi e t na m) .

De i nagk i s t r odonac ut usi sf oundi n s t e e p, r ug g e d, woode dmount a i ns a ndf oot hi l l s , whe r ei tc a nbel oc a l l y a bunda nt .

I tha sa l s obe e nr e por t e d f r oma mongr oc k s , ne a rv a l l e y s t r e a ms , a ndi npr ox i mi t yt of a r m hous e s( Gl oy d&Cona nt1990) .

I n t hewi nt e r met he yr e t r e a tt o ma mma l bur r ows , f r omDe c e mbe r t oa r ounde a r l yMa r c h.

Acv i t y pe a k si nJ unea nds ubs e que nt l y de c l i ne s , pos s i bl yduet ot he s umme rhe a t .Da i l ya cv i t ya l wa y s pe a k sa r oundop mumt e mpe r a t ur e ( 1730°Ce l s i us( Gl oy d&Cona nt 1990) ) , a nds hisa c c or di ng l yi n mi dS umme r .

Cl oudya ndr a i ny we a t he ra l s os e e sa ni nc r e a s ei n a cv i t ypa e r ns .

I nmyy e a r sof wor k i ngwi t ht he m, t he ya ppe a r e d t obemos ta cv ea tt e mpe r a t ur e s a r ound24°C, a nda ppe a r e dt o di s l i k et e mpe r a t ur e sa bov e a ppr ox i ma t e l y29°C. Gl oy d& Cona nt( 1990)a l s ome n ont ha t t he yt e ndt oa v oi ds t r ongl i g ht , e x c e ptwhe nba s k i ngi nc ool we a t he r .

De i nagk i s t r odonac ut usa r e oppor t uni scf e e de r s —bi r ds , r a t s , a nur a ns , a ndl i z a r dsa r ea l l t a k e n.

Ma o( 1970)f oundt heT a i wa n j a pa l ur e( J apal ur as wi nhoni s )i nt he s t oma c hsoft wos pe c i me nsf r om T a i wa n, a ndas pi nousc ount r y r a t ( Ra usc o x i nga)i na not he r .

Z ha o ( 1982)r e por t e d57%f r og sa nd43% r ode nt sf oundi nt hes t oma c h c ont e nt sofs e v e ns pe c i me ns .

I n c a pv ec ondions , t he yha v ea l s o be e nr e por t e dt of e e dons na k e sa nd g r a s s hoppe r s( S hi 1982) , a swe l l a s c hi c k sa ndqua i l ( T r ut na u2001) .

Bot hc a pv ea ndfie l dobs e r v aons ha v ef oundt ha tt he s es na k e spr e f e r f r og si nMa ya ndJ une , bi r dsi n 2 8

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Aug us ta ndS e pt e mbe r , a ndr ode nt s i not he rmont hs( S hi 1982, Gl oy d& Cona nt1990) .

P e r s ona l l y , I ha v e a l wa y sma i nt a i ne dc a pv e s pe c i me nsonar ode ntdi e t , whi c hi s r e a di l ya c c e pt e dbya l l butha t c hl i ng s pe c i me ns .

L a r g ea dul t si nmyc a r e ha v ebe e nk e ptonadi e tofs ma l l t o me di umr a t s( 50120g ) , a nd y oung e rs pe c i me nst hr i v eon a ppr opr i a t e l y s i z e dmi c e .

Kr a t z e r ( 1962)r e por t e df e e di ngc a pv e s pe c i me nswi t hne a r we a nl i ngr a t s .

I nmye x pe r i e nc e , ha t c hl i ng sr a r e l y a c c e ptr ode nt s , a ndt e ndt opr e f e r a nur a ns .

I nt hea bs e nc eofas ol i d s uppl yofpa r a s i t e f r e e , c a pv e br e d a nur a nsofa ppr opr i a t es i z e , I ha v e us ua l l yr e s or t e dt of or c e f e e di ng ha t c hl i ng swi t he i t he rpi nk i emi c eor t het hi g hsofa dul tmi c e .

Wi t hi na f e wmont hs , mos ts pe c i me nsbe g i n t ot a k el a r g epi nk i e sorpe a c hf uz z y mi c eont he i rown, a ndt hr i v ef r om t he r eonout .

T r ut na u( 2001) r e por t e dt ha thi sha t c hl i ng s a c c e pt e dl i v epe a c hf uz z ymi c e s hor t l ya e rt hefir s ts he d.

Whi l e mos toft heha t c hl i ng st ha tI ha v e wor k e dwi t hha v es hownnoi nt e r e s t i nmi c e , I ha v eobs e r v e da na ppa r e nt pr e f e r e nc ef orpe a c hf uz z ymi c ei na numbe rofot he rne ona t epi t v i pe r s , s uc ha st e r c i ope l os( Bot hr opsas pe r ) a ndc ommonl a nc e he a ds( Bot hr ops at r o x ) .

Ba s e dont hos eobs e r v aons , I g e ne r a l l yfindi tt obewor t hwhi l e t ooffe rl i v epe a c hf uz z ymi c ea tl e a s t ac oupl eof met ononf e e di ng ne ona t es na k e s , i nc l udi ngD. ac ut us .

T hec a pv ehus ba ndr yoft he s e s na k e sc a nbear e wa r di nge nde a v or f ork e e pe r swhoa r ee x pe r i e nc e d wi t hl a r g e , v e nomouspi t v i pe r s .

I us ua l l yk e e pa dul tpa i r si n e nc l os ur e swi t hami ni mumof120 c mx60c moffloors pa c e , a nda he i g htof4560c m.

T hee nc l os ur e s

a r ema i nt a i ne da tat e mpe r a t ur eof 24—27° Cdur i ngt heda y , a nd 23—26° Ca tni g ht , wi t hahumi di t y r a ng eof50—60%.

Myobs e r v aons a g r e ewi t ht hos eofF l e c k( 1987)a nd T r ut na u( 2001)t ha tt heoc c a s i ona l mi sngofonepa r toft hee nc l os ur e i sbe ne fic i a l f ort hi ss pe c i e s .

De pe ndi ngont hewe a t he r c ondions , t het e mpe r a t ur e i nc r e a s e ss l i g ht l yi nmi dS umme r , a ndde c r e a s e st o22—27° Cdur i ng t heda y , a nd17—20° Ca tni g ht dur i ngt heWi nt e r .

T r ut na u( 2001) k e pthi ss pe c i me nsabi tc ool e r , wi t h da ymet e mpe r a t ur e sof21—26° C, a ndni g h met e mpe r a t ur e sof 18—21° C. I nt hewi nt e r me , T r ut na u( 2001)dr oppe dt he t e mpe r a t ur e st o12—15° C. F l e c k ( 1987)ma i nt a i ne dhi ss pe c i me nsa t da ymet e mpe r a t ur e sof22—28° C, a ndni g h met e mpe r a t ur e sof 18—20° C, wi t hat e mpe r a t ur edr op downt o15° Ci nt hewi nt e r .

Adul t s pe c i me nsa r ef e de v e r y24we e k s , wi t ht hes hor t e rf e e di ngi nt e r v a l s be i nga ppl i e dt of e ma l e si n a nc i paonoft her e pr oducv e s e a s on.

De i nagk i s t r odonac ut usa r e ov i pa r ous , a ndl a y5—32e g g s be t we e nJ unea ndS e pt e mbe r , whe r e byac l ut c hs i z eof12—20 a ppe a r st obenor ma l ( Gl oy d& Cona nt1990) .

T r ut na u( 2001) r e por t e dac l ut c hof37e g g s , of whi c h32we r ef e rl e .

Copul aon oc c ur sf r omMa r c ht hr oug hMa y , a ndS e pt e mbe rt hr oug hDe c e mbe r ( Gl oy d&Cona nt1990) .

I na ddion, I ha v ea l s oobs e r v e dc our t s hi p be ha v i ori ne a r l ya ndmi dAug us t , a s we l l a si ne a r l yJ a nua r y .

F ori ns t a nc e , i ne a r l ya ndl a t eJ a nua r y2004, I obs e r v e dc our t s hi pbe ha v i ori na pa i rt ha twa sc a pv e br e di n1997, wi t hac onfir me dc opul aonnot e d

Ac l ut c hofD. ac ut usha t c hi nga tt hea ut hor ' sf a c i l t y .

T he s epi t v i pe r sha v ea ni nt r i g ui ng l ys hor ti nc ubaonpe r i od.

i nt hee v e ni ngofJ a nua r y31s t , 2004.

S e v e r a l oft hos ec our t s hi pbe ha v i or s a ppe a r e dt obet r i g g e r e dby i nt r oduc i ngpr e y( i nt hi sc a s et ha we d s ma l l r a t s )i nt ot hee nc l os ur e .

T hos e s pe c i me nspr oduc e d18e g g s( a nd f ours l ug s )i nl a t eMa ya nde a r l y

J une2004, a nd15oft hos eha t c he d ae ra ni nc ubaonpe r i odof23—26 da y s .

Ot he rpa i r i ng s , be t we e na c a pv e br e d1997ma l ea nda c a pv e br e d2000f e ma l er e s ul t e di n c onfir me dc opul aonsi ne a r l ya nd mi dDe c e mbe rof2003, e a c h me

a r oundmi dda y .

OnMa y25t h2004, 15e g g s( a ndfiv es l ug s )we r el a i d.

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Howe v e r , t ha ts a mepa i rl a i d 12e g g s( a nd10s l ug s )onApr i l 23r d

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2005, whi c hha t c he da e ra n i nc ubaonpe r i odof31—32da y s .

I n e a c hoft hea f or e me n one dc a s e sof ov i pos ion, t hef e ma l ewa sg ua r di ng t hee g g sbyc oi l i nga r oundt he m.

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E g g s i nc uba t e da t28° Cwe r el e s s de v e l ope da nds ma l l e r , a ndha t c hi ng s uc c e s sa t30° Cwa sdr a mac a l l y r e duc e d.

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Mol e c ul a rS y s t e mac sa nd Bi og e og r a phi c a l Hi s t or yofPi t v i pe r sa sDe t e r mi ne dby Mi t oc hondr i a l Ri bos oma l DNAS e que nc e s .

Cope i a 1993( 3) : 576586.

P a r k i ns onCL , Ca s t oeAC. 2006.

Ba y e s i a nmi x e dmode l s a ndt hephy l og e nyofpi t v i pe r s .

Mol e c ul a r Phy l og e ne c sa ndE v ol u on39: 91110.

Pi ngC. 1932.

Apa ra l s ur v e yoft hef a unaoft hel owe r Y a ng t z e .

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Hi s t .

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7: 167174.

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T HEPAT HF ORWARDT O PROT ECTSAL AMANDERS byPhi l Gos sa ndS ha unGe ha n F ora nyt r uehe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t , c ons e r v i ng E a r t h’ ss pe c i e si sc r ic a l .Re s pons i bl e he r pe r sc ont r i but ei mme ns e l yt o c ons e r v aont hr oug hfie l dwor k , c a pv e br e e di ng , a nde duc angt hepubl i ca bout t hemi s unde r s t oodwor l dofr e pl e sa nd a mphi bi a ns .S ha r i ngk nowl e dg ea bout t he s ea ni ma l s ’ r ol ea ndbe a ut y , t hr oug h upc l os ea ndha nds oni nt e r a conshe l ps s pr e a doure nt hus i a s m.S uc he ffor t si nt ur n l e a dt ot hene x tg e ne r aonof he r pe t ol og i s t s , c ons e r v aoni s t s , bi ol og i s t s a nde duc a t or sc r ic a l t opr ot e cng bi ol og i c a l di v e r s i t ynowa ndf or e v e r .

T heg ov e r nme nt ’ sf a i l ur et or e c og ni z et he c ont r i bu onsma debyt hehe r pc ommuni t y ha sl e di tt ot a k eas hor t s i g ht e da ppr oa c ht o a ni s s uet ha ti sofc onc e r nt oa l l .T hei s s ue i nv ol v e sas e r i ousf ung a l di s e a s et ha tma y ha v et hepot e na l t ode c i ma t eUni t e d S t a t e sa ndg l oba l s a l a ma nde rpopul aons .

Ra t he rt ha nwor k i ngwi t hhe r pe r st oa a c k t hedi s e a s e , t heg ov e r nme nti sus i nga n ov e r br oa da ndi na ptl e g a l t ool , whi c hi nt ur n wi l l ha v eas e r i ousa dv e r s ee ffe c t sont he dome scpe tt r a de .T hi sa ppr oa c hi s c ount e r pr oducv ea ndc ompl e t e l y unne c e s s a r ya st he r ea r emor ea ppr opr i a t e l a wsa v a i l a bl et oc omba tnonnav ewi l dl i f e di s e a s e s .

AMi s g ui dedE ffor t Re c e nt l y , t heU. S .

F i s ha ndWi l dl i f eS e r v i c e ( “ F WS ” )a dopt e da n“ i nt e r i mr ul e ”–one i mme di a t e l ye ffe cv ebuts ubj e c tt oc ha ng e orr e v oc aona e rt he yr e c e i v epubl i c c omme nt s–i de nf y i ngt we nt yg e ne r aof s a l a ma nde r st houg htt obec a r r i e r soft he 3 6

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c hy t r i df ung usBat r ac hoc h y t r i um s al amandr i v or ans( “ Bs a l ” ) .S pe c i fic a l l y , F WS l i s t e d201s a l a ma nde rs pe c i e sa s“ i nj ur i ous ” unde rt he116y e a r ol dL a c e yAc t .

Noonea r g ue swi t ht hene e dt opr e v e ntt he e s t a bl i s hme nta nds pr e a dofBs a l i nt he Uni t e dS t a t e s .E nde mi ct oAs i a , Bs a l ha s be c omee s t a bl i s he di nt heNe t he r l a nds whe r ei tha sc a us e dac ons i de r a bl ede c l i ne i nnav efir es a l a ma nde r s( S al amandr a s al amandr a) .

T hei s s uea tha ndi swhe t he rt heL a c e yAc ti s t her i g htt ool , a ndF WSt her i g hta g e nc y , t o a ddr e s sBs a l ’ ss pr e a d.Wea r g uei ti snot .

T heL a c e yAc ti sal a wde s i g ne dt opr e v e nt t hee s t a bl i s hme ntofnonnav ei nv a s i v e s pe c i e si nor de rt opr ot e c tU. S . a g r i c ul t ur a l , horc ul t ur a l , a ndwi l dl i f er e s our c e s .I ti sa v e r ybl unti ns t r ume nt .An“ i nj ur i ous ” de s i g naonba r sa l l i mpor t aonofal i s t e d s pe c i e sa nd, a c c or di ngt oF WS ’ s i nt e r pr e t aon, a nyi nt e r s t a t et r a ns por t aon orc omme r c e .T heU. S .

As s oc i aonof Re pl eKe e pe r s( “ US ARK” )i sc ha l l e ng i ng t hr oug haf e de r a l l a ws ui t , t husf a r s uc c e s s f ul l y , F WS ’ spowe rt oc ur bdome sc c omme r c ei nl i s t e ds pe c i e s .

Abe e ra ppr oa c hi st ot a r g e tt hedi s e a s e i t s e l f .Cong r e s sha sg i v e nt heU. S .

De pa r t me ntofAg r i c ul t ur e ’ s( “ US DA” ) Ani ma l a ndPl a ntHe a l t hI ns pe conS e r v i c e ( “ APHI S ” )t hea ut hor i t yt opr e v e ntt he i nt r oducona nds pr e a dofa ni ma l di s e a s e s , whi c hi sdi ffe r e ntf r omr e g ul anga n i nv a s i v es pe c i e s .I ng e ne r a l , t heAg r i c ul t ur a l De pa r t me nthous e sa g e nc i e sa nd a dmi ni s t r av ee x pe r i e nc et oc ont r ol ,

i ns pe c t , qua r a n ne , a ndot he r wi s ede a l wi t hnonnav edi s e a s e s .Qui t es i mpl y , APHI Sc oul dr e s t r i c tonl yt hos ea cv ie s t ha tpos ear i s kf ornav es a l a ma nde r sa nd F WSdoe s n’ tha v et ha tfle x i bi l i t y .

He a l t hPr ot e conAc t .AL a c e yAc tl i sng ha sov e r r e a c hi nga ndde v a s t angi mpa c t s onpr i v a t eowne r s hi p, z ool og i c a l i nst u ons , bonafider e s e a r c h( bot hi ns i t u a ndi nc a pv i t y ) , a ndc a pv epr opa g aon.

T he r e f or e , wec a l l onF WSt owor kwi t h APHI Sa ndt hehe r pe t oc ul t ur a l c ommuni t y t oe s t a bl i s has y s t e mt oc ont r ol Bs a l , a nd t he nwi t hdr a wi t si nt e r i mr ul e .

L a c e yAc tde a l swi t hi nv a s i v es pe c i e s , buti t doe snotg r a ntF WSt hea ut hor i t yt o r e g ul a t ea ni ma l di s e a s e .I nf a c t , Cong r e s s c ons i de r e dabi l l t ha twoul dha v eg i v e nt he S e r v i c e“ t hepr i ma r ya ut hor i t yt opr e v e nt , a ndt hepr i ma r yr e s pons i bi l i t yf or pr e v e n ng , t hei mpor t aonof , a nd i nt e r s t a t ec omme r c ei n, wi l dl i f epa t hog e ns a ndha r mf ul pa r a s i t e s . ”T hi sl e g i s l aondi d notpa s s , norwoul di tbene c e s s a r yi fF WS a l r e a dyha ds uc ha ut hor i t y .

T heHer pCommuni t yS uppor t sF WS ’ sGoa l , ButDi s a g r eesWi t ht heMea ns T he r ei spr e c i ousl il ede ba t eov e rt hene e d t or e s t r i c ti mpor t sofpot e na l Bs a l c a r r i e r s .

T hepe ti ndus t r ya ndhe r pe t ol og i c a l c ommuni t yr e c og ni z et hei mpor t a nc eof pr ot e cngt heuni quedi v e r s i t yofwi l d s a l a ma nde r sf oundi nt heU. S .T heDa ni s h fir es a l a ma nde re x pe r i e nc ei sac a u ona r y t a l e .He r pe t ol og i s t sa r ea l s ok e e nl ya wa r e oft hei mpa c tt her e l a t e df ung a l pa t hog e n Bat r ac hoc h y t r i umde ndr oba di s , orBd, ha s ha dg l oba l l yonf r ogs pe c i e s .De s pi t ea v i br a ntt r a de–bot hi ni mpor t sa nd dome scbr e ds pe c i e si nt heor de rCa uda t a –Bs a l ha snotbe e nde t e c t e di nt hi sc ount r y , e v e na e rs ubs t a na l t e sng .Wi t hnoBs a l pr e s e nti nt heUni t e dS t a t e s , no c ons e r v aonpur pos ei ss e r v e dbyl i ming t r a dei ndome sc a l l ybr e ds a l a ma nde r s .

S owhi l ewea l l a g r e eont hene e dt ok e e p t heU. S .

Bs a l f r e e , t hede ba t el i e si nhow be s tt odos o.T heF WSl i sngde c i s i onwa s ar e a cont oape onbyS AVET HEF ROGS ! a ndt heCe nt e rf orBi ol og i c a l Di v e r s i t y ( “ CBD” ) , whi c hs oug htal i sngofa l l me mbe r soft heor de rCa uda t a .Whi l et he s e g r oupsc e r t a i nl ydi s pl a yas t r ongi nt e r e s ti n pr ot e cngnav ewi l dl i f e , t he ya l s oha v e de mons t r a t e dabi a sa g a i ns tt hepe tt r a de a ndt hek e e pi ngofa ni ma l si nc a pv i t y .I ti s , t he r e f or e , e a s yt ounde r s t a ndwhyt he y c hos et ofil eape onwi t hF WSunde rt he L a c e yAc t , r a t he rt ha nwi t ht hemor e obv i ousc hoi c eofAPHI Sunde rt heAni ma l

Onl yonc eha sL a c e ybe e nus e dt or e g ul a t e a ni ma l di s e a s e , a ndt ha twa spr i ort ot he e s t a bl i s hme ntofAPHI S .T ous ei tov e rfi y y e a r sl a t e ri sade pa r t ur ef r omt hemi s s i on ofF WSa nds t e psont het oe sofAPHI S ( whi c ht heUS DAs houl dnott a k el i g ht l y ) .

APHI Si smuc hbe e rs i t ua t e dt ha nF WS , bot hi ne x pe r i e nc ea ndl e g a l t ool s , t omount t hi se ffor t .F ore x a mpl e , i tha sa ut hor i t y F WSl a c k st or e qui r ec e rfic a t e sof v e t e r i na r yi ns pe conf ori mpor t sa nde v e n i nt e r s t a t es hi pme nt s .Al l s i g nspoi ntt ot he c onc l us i ont ha tt hef ut ur eoft hec a pv e br e ds a l a ma nde rt r a dei nt heU. S . s houl dbe i nt heha ndsofAPHI S , notF WS .

F WS ’ sAconPut sPe tKeeper s , Res ea r c h, Cons er v a onE ffor t sa ndS ma l l Bus i nes s es a tRi s k P e r ha pst hemos tunf or t una t ea s pe c tof F WS ’ sa con, pa rc ul a r l yi nl i g htofi t s e x pa ns i v ev i e wofi t sa ut hor i t yunde rt he L a c e yAc t , i st heunne c e s s a r yi mpa c ti tha s ont hee s t a bl i s he dt r a dei nc a pv ebr e d he r ps .S a l a ma nde r sa r ec ommonl yk e pta s pe t s , a ndbe y ondj us tpe tk e e pi ng , ma ny e nt hus i a s t sa r epa s s i ona t ea boutt he m.

Whi l eg r oupsl i k eS AVET HEF ROGS !a ndCBD

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f r e que nt l yde ni g r a t et hepe tt r a dea s da ng e r ousa ndf r i v ol ous , e x pos ur et os uc h wi l dl i f ebyt hey oungf os t e r sc ur i os i t ya nd i nt e r e s tf r omwhi c hs pr i ng sf ut ur e g e ne r aonsofc ons e r v aoni s t sa nd s c i e ns t s .

Chi l dr e no e ng r owupa ppr e c i angna t ur e a ndwi l dl i f eonl ybe c a us eofpe r s ona l i nt e r a const he yha dwi t hpe t s .Amphi bi a n pe t sha v el e a dma nyc hi l dr e nont opa t hs s t udy i ngbi ol og y , e c ol og ya ndc ons e r v aon, l e a di ngt oc r ic a l r ol e si nours oc i e t y .

Ca pv ebr e da ni ma l sa l s oa l l owf orpe r s ona l i nt e r a consdur i nge duc aona l out r e a c h pr og r a ms , e na bl i ngt e nsoft hous a ndsof s c hool c hi l dr e na nnua l l yt ol e a r na bout na t ur efir s t ha nd.S uc he x pe r i e nc e ss i mpl y c a nnotber e pl i c a t e dt hr oug hbook sor v i de os .F ur t he r mor e , a mphi bi a nsa nd r e pl e sa r ei mpor t a ntt oc hi l dr e na nda dul t s a l l e r g i ct oot he rt y pe sofhous epe t s .

T her ol eofc a pv ebr e e de r sg oe swe l l be y ondt hei mpor t a nc et oi ndi v i dua l sa nd, i nde e d, ournaona sawhol e .T he ya l s o pl a yak e yr ol ei nc ons e r v i ngt he s es pe c i e s .

Ma nya mphi bi a ns pe c i e sf a c ee xncondue t ohuma ne nc r oa c hme nt , pol l u on, a ndl os s ofha bi t a t .Ciz e ns c i e ns t sa ndhobby i s t s , ma nyofwhi c ha r eme mbe r sofUS ARK, ma i nt a i nc a pv ebr e e di ngpopul aonsof e nda ng e r e da ndt hr e a t e ne dhe r ps .S uc h e ffor t sa r eonl yv i a bl ebe c a us eofi nt e r s t a t e t r a de .T he s ea c hi e v e me nt sc r e a t eahe dg e a g a i ns tt ot a l e xncona nda l l owf or e duc aona l oppor t unie s .

I nf a c t , i ti sas a l a ma nde rs pe c i e st ha ti sa pr e mi e re x a mpl eofc ons e r v aont hr oug h c a pv epr opa g aon.T hea x ol ot l ( Amby s t omame x i c anum) , whi c hr e pr oduc e s r e a di l yi nc a pv i t ya ndi sbr e dbyma ny hobby i s t si nt heUni t e dS t a t e s , i sl i s t e da sa c r ic a l l ye nda ng e r e ds pe c i e sbyt he I nt e r naona l Uni onf orCons e r v aonof Na t ur e .Asde ma ndf orwa t e rf r oma n e v e r i nc r e a s i nghuma npopul aonl e a dst o 3 8

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dr a i ni ngoft hel a k e sc ompr i s i ngt he i r na t ur a l r a ng ea nda dde dpr e s s ur ef or c ons ump ona st r a diona l f oodc on nuet o de c i ma t ewi l da x ol ot l s , t hes pe c i e sma y s oononl ys ur v i v ei nc a pv i t y .S i mi l a r s c e na r i osa l r e a dye x i s tf orot he rs pe c i e s .

Unf or t una t e l y , t hi st r e ndwi l l l i k e l yc on nue a spe r i l r e a c he sa ddiona l s pe c i e swhi l ewe pr og r e s st hr oug ht he“ s i x t hg r e a t e xncon. ” F WS ’ si mpr ude nta conput sa tr i s kt he c ons e r v aon, e duc aona l , a nde c onomi c a l be ne fit sf os t e r e dbyt her e s pons i bl ehe r p c ommuni t y .I ti sa l s oa ni na ppr opr i a t e me t hodt opr ot e c tAme r i c a ’ sr i c hdi v e r s i t yof s a l a ma nde r s .Gr oupsi nc l udi ngUS ARK, t he Naona l Aqua c ul t ur eAs s oc i aon, t heP e t I ndus t r yJ oi ntAdv i s or yCounc i l , a ndot he r s ha v eoffe r e dt owor kwi t ht hef e de r a l g ov e r nme ntt oe s t a bl i s hs y s t e mst omoni t or f orBs a l a ndot he rpa t hog e ns , c e rfic aon pr ot oc ol s , a ndpubl i ce duc aon.

S c i e n fic a l l ypr ov e nme t hodsf orbot h t e snga ndt r e a t me nte x i s t .S i mpl yput , APHI Si smuc hbe e rs i t ua t e dt ohe l pput t he s eme a s ur e si nt oa con, e ns ur i nga v i br a nta nds a f edome sct r a de , a nde v e na s e c ur ei mpor ts y s t e m.

Ba c k g r oundont heL a c e yAc ta ndI nj ur i ous Wi l dl i f e Adopt e di n1900, t heL a c e yAc ti spe r ha ps t henaon’ sol de s tc ons e r v aonl a w.

Amongot he rt hi ng s , i te mpowe r st heU. S .

I nt e r i orS e c r e t a r yt ode s i g na t ewi l ds pe c i e s a s“ i nj ur i oust ohuma nbe i ng s , t ot he i nt e r e s t sofa g r i c ul t ur e , horc ul t ur e , f or e s t r y , ort owi l dl i f eort hewi l dl i f e r e s our c e soft heUni t e dS t a t e s . ”F r omt he ons e t , i twa sme a ntt obeat ool t opr e v e nt nonnav ewi l dl i f e–or i g i na l l yt hes t a r l i ng , E ng l i s hs pa r r ows , f r ui tba t s , a ndmong oos e –f r ombe c omi nge s t a bl i s he di nt heUni t e d S t a t e s .I tha sbe e na l mos tuni v e r s a l l y a ppl i e da sat ool t ofig hti nv a s i v es pe c i e s .

T heor i g i na l l a wonl yf or ba dei mpor t aonof s pe c i e sl i s t e da si nj ur i ous .T heL a c e yAc tdi d notr e g ul a t ei nt e r s t a t emov e me ntofl i s t e d s pe c i e sa l r e a dypr e s e nti nt heU. S . , s uc ha s t hos ehe l dbyz oosorc ommoni nt hepe t t r a de .I n1960, a tt her e que s tofF WS , howe v e r , Cong r e s si mpos e dal i mi t e dba n ondome scc omme r c ei nwi l dl i f ede e me d t obei nj ur i ousunde rt hel a w.

S pe c i fic a l l y , Cong r e s sdi r e c t e dt ha ta ny s pe c i e sl i s t e dunde rt heL a c e yAc tby Cong r e s sorF WSc a nnotbei mpor t e d“ i nt o t heUni t e dS t a t e s ”ors hi ppe d“ be t we e nt he c on ne nt a l Uni t e dS t a t e s , t heDi s t r i c tof Col umbi a , Ha wa i i , t heCommonwe a l t hof Pue r t oRi c o, ora nypos s e s s i onoft heUni t e d S t a t e s . ”T hepl a i nl a ng ua g eoft hel a w s hownhe r es t a t e st ha t , f ore x a mpl e , s hi pme ntf r omHa wa i i t oNe wY or ki s pr ohi bi t e d, whi l es hi pme ntf r omT e x a st o Or e g oni sa l l owe d.

AsF WSoffic i a l se x pl a i ne dt ot he c ong r e s s i ona l c ommie ec ons i de r i ngt he 1960a me ndme nt s , t hene ws hi pme nt pr ohi bionwa si nt e nde dt opr e v e nt mong oos e sf r ombe i ngs hi ppe df r omHa wa i i a ndPue r t oRi c o( whe r et he yha dbe c ome e s t a bl i s he d)t ot hec on ne nt a l s t a t e s( whe r e t he yha dnot ) .Mong oos e sbe c a mei nv a s i v e ae ri nt e n ona l r e l e a s et oc ont r ol r ode nt popul aons , whi c hwa sl a r g e l yuns uc c e s s f ul , a ndnowt hr e a t e ne dnav ewi l dl i f e .

mi s r e a di ngoft hel a wa ndi t sov e r br oa d r e g ul aonoft hel a wf ul pe tt r a de .T hec a s e wa sa me nde dbyUS ARKi n2015a e rf our a ddiona l s pe c i e swe r el i s t e d.L a s ty e a r , a f e de r a l c our ti nt heDi s t r i c tofCol umbi a– t heonl yonet oc ons i de rt heque son– a g r e e d, e nt e r i ngapr e l i mi na r yi nj uncon a g a i ns tF WSi mpl e me nt aonoft her ul e .

T hi si nj unconpr ohi bi t sF WSf r ome nf or c i ng t hei nt e r s t a t es hi pme ntba nf orr ec ul a t e d py t honsa ndg r e e na na c onda sonqua l i fie d US ARKme mbe r s .F WSha sa ppe a l e dt hi s r ul i nga ndafina l de c i s i oni spe ndi ng .

ABe erPa t hF or wa r d T her e c e ntL a c e yAc tl i sng sha v eunj usfie d ne g av ei mpa c t suponhe r pe t oc ul t ur e .Our g ov e r nme ntmus tdoabe e rj obba l a nc i ng wi l dl i f epr ot e conwi t ht hec ons e r v aon a ndot he rbe ne fit soft r a dei nr e pl e sa nd a mphi bi a ns .F WSha sr e pe a t e dl yf a i l e dt o a c k nowl e dg et hec ont r i bu onsa nd s i g ni fic a nc eoft her e s pons i bl ec a pv e wi l dl i f et r a de .

F WSha dl onghe l dt hev i e wt ha ts uc ha l i sngdi dnoti mpa c tmov e me nta mongt he f or t yni nec on ne nt a l s t a t e s .I nt he1980s , howe v e r , t heS e r v i c ebe g a ns hii ngi t s pos ion.Asr e i t e r a t e di nr e c e ntl i sng s , F WSha sc omet obe l i e v et ha tt hel a w f or bi dse v e npe r s ona l t r a ns por t aonofa pe ta c r os sa nys t a t el i ne .Andy e tt hi sv i e w i snotba s e dona nyc ha ng ei nt hel a wi t s e l f .

T heg ov e r nme nt , l e g ima t ec ons e r v aon g r oupsa ndt hehe r pe t ol og i c a l c ommuni t y s ha r eac ommong oa l ofpr ot e cngwi l dl i f e r e s our c e sa ndt hee c ol og i c a l s y s t e mson whi c ht he yde pe nd.F ori ns t a nc e , t he r ei s nodi s put et ha tBs a l i sas e r i oust hr e a tor t ha tt heBur me s epy t hons houl dnotbe i nha bingt heE v e r g l a de s .T he r ei s , howe v e r , amuc hl e s sov e r r e a c hi ng a ppr oa c ht ha tc a nbemor ee ffe cv ea nd e ffic i e nt .F ori ns t a nc e , F WSc a nhe l pf os t e r publ i c / pr i v a t ec oope r aon.F WSt ookt hi s a ppr oa c hwi t hr e s pe c tt ot heboa c ons t r i c t or , s uppornge duc aonpr og r a ms a nds t a t e / f e de r a l c oope r aonov e raL a c e y Ac tl i sng .T hes a mewoul dha v ebe e n e ffe cv ef ort heot he rc ons t r i c t ors na k e s pe c i e st ha tF WSde c i de dt ol i s ta si nj ur i ous .

I n2013, US ARKc ha l l e ng e dt heL a c e yAc t l i sngoff ournonnav ec ons t r i cngs na k e s .

T hec hi e fc ompl a i ntc ha l l e ng e dF WS ’ s

E v e nwhe nr e g ul aonsma ybene e de d, t he r ei snol a worpol i c yt ha tr e qui r e sa f e de r a l , naonwi der e s pons e .I nde e d,

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unde rt hef e de r a l s y s t e m, s t a t e sr e t a i nf ul l a ut hor i t yt opr ot e c tt he i rl a ndsa ndpe opl e a st he ys e ea ppr opr i a t e .I nt hec a s eofs ome pot e na l l yi nv a s i v es pe c i e s , s uc ha st he t r opi c a l c ons t r i c t ors na k e s , onl yami nus c ul e poronoft hec on ne nt a l Uni t e dS t a t e s hol dspos s i bl ys ui t a bl eha bi t a t .Ha wa i i a nd t het r opi c a l i s l a ndt e r r i t or i e sha v ee na c t e d l a wst opr e v e nti nt r oduconofnonnav e s pe c i e s .E v e na st ot hos ef e ws ubt r opi c a l a r e a soft heU. S . , s t a t e ss uc ha sF l or i da , a l l owi ndi v i dua l st oownnonnav es pe c i e s butr e qui r epe r mi nga ndc ompl i a nc et o k e e pc e r t a i na ni ma l s .Byc oope r angwi t h i ndus t r yr e pr e s e nt av e sa nds t a t e s , s uc ha s t hr oug ht heAs s oc i aonofF i s ha ndWi l dl i f e Ag e nc i e s , F WSc a nhe l pf os t e rt a i l or e d s ol u onst or e g i ona l a nds t a t ei s s ue s .

Gi v e nt hec ur r e nt , a ndunf or t una t e l y l ong s t a ndi ngi mpa s s eonCa pi t ol Hi l l , s e ns i bl ea ndne c e s s a r yL a c e yAc tr e f or m ma ybel ongi nc omi ng .I nt hei nt e r i m, not hi ngpr e c l ude sF WSf r ome mpl oy i ngi t s di s c r e ont os e e knonr e g ul a t or ys ol u ons t oi s s ue st ha tc onc e r na l l ofus .I nt hec a s e oft heBs a l r ul e , F WSs houl dc e dei t s a ut hor i t yt oa not he ra g e nc ywi t hmor e e x pe r i e nc ea ndfine rl e g a l t ool s .

F i na l l y , i ti s met obr i ngt heL a c e yAc ti nt o t he21s tc e nt ur y .T hel a wc ont a i nsnoneof t hepr oc e dur a l ors ubs t a nv er e qui r e me nt s ofmor emode r ne nv i r onme nt a l l a ws , s uc h a st heE nda ng e r e dS pe c i e sAc t .I tl a c k s , f or i ns t a nc e , ar e qui r e me ntt ous et hebe s t a v a i l a bl es c i e n fica ndc omme r c i a l da t a .

T heL a c e yAc tr e qui r e snofindi ng st o s uppor tal i sngorpr e s c r i bea nypr oc e s s F WSmus tf ol l owi nc r e angne w r e s t r i cons .Mos ti mpor t a nt l y , t hes t a t ut e doe snotg i v et heS e r v i c et het ool si tne e ds t oc r al oc a l s ol u onst oi nv a s i v es pe c i e s pr obl e ms .

Ofmor ec onc e r n, a tl e a s ta si nt e r pr e t e dby F WS , t hel a wdoe snota l l owt hea g e nc yt o l i mi tr e s t r i consonl yt oi mpor t s .T hi s 4 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

me a nst ha te v e nwhe nonl yi mpor t aon s houl dbepr ohi bi t e dun l t e sngpr ot oc ol s orqua r a n nepr oc e dur e sc a nbede v e l ope d, F WSmus tus ei nj ur i ousl i sng st oa l s oe nd i nt e r s t a t et r a de( ora tl e a s tt he yc l a i mt hi s a ut hor i t yunde rt he i rc ur r e nt i nt e r pr e t aon) .T hi si swhyAPHI Ss houl d ha ndl et heBs a l i s s ue , notF WS .

I t ’ sc l e a rt ot hos ewi t hope ne y e sa ndope n mi ndswha tne e dst oha ppe n.T a i l or e d, l oc a l i z e ds ol u onsc a nbee v e nmor e e ffe cv et ha nt heus eofi na ppr opr i a t el a ws , whi l ea l s obe i ngmor er e s pe c ul ofba s i c f r e e doms .Howe v e r , r e c e nta consf r om ourg ov e r nme ntha v edi s a ppoi nt e dt hehe r p c ommuni t y .Pl us , wi t ht e nsofmi l l i onsof dol l a r sbe i ngs pe nta nnua l l yonl obby i ng e ffor t sa a c k i ngourhe r pc ommuni t ya nd ot he ra ni ma l c ommunie sf r oma ni ma l r i g ht sa ndps e udoe nv i r onme nt a l g r oups , weha v eaha r dba l ea he a d.Howe v e r , our s i de , whi c he duc a t e swi t hl e g ima t e s c i e nc e , v a l i ds t asc s , a ndt het r ut h, i s ha v i ngs uc c e s sa c r os st hec ount r ya nd bui l di ngmome nt um.I fr e qui r e d, c ommon s e ns er e g ul aondoe se x i s tt hr oug h c oope r aona mong s ts t a k e hol de r sa nd g ov e r nme nt .I tc a nbedonea ndi ts houl d bet hepa t hf or wa r d.

Phi l Gos si sPr e s i de ntoft heU. S .

As s oc i a on ofRe pl eK e e pe r s .

S haunGe hani sana or ne yi nWas hi ngt on, D. C. f oc us i ngoni s s ue si n v ol v i ngwi l dl i f e r e s our c e sandi sc ouns e l t oUS ARK.

I twasl a t e , a nhourormor epa s t

L E F T :Ra i nbowBoa( E pi c r at e sc e nc hr i a)T OP:We s t e r nS t r i pe dF or e s tPi tVi pe r ( Bot hr i ops i sbi l i ne at as mar agdi na)BOTT OM:Aj uv e ni l eRe dVi neS na k e ( S i phl ophi sc ompr e s s us ) .

mi dni g ht , a ndMa a ndI we r e r e t ur ni ngba c kt ot hefie l ds t aona e r wa l k i ngar e c e nt l yc utt r a i l downt ot he r i v e r .Nor a i nf e l l t ha tda y , a ndt he f r og souti nt hef or e s twe r equi e t e r t ha nus ua l .Weha dt ur ne dupt wofine s na k e st ha te v e ni ng–abr i l l i a nt bl a c k a ndr e dj uv e ni l eS i phl ophi s c ompr e s s us , nos i nga r oundt heba s eof as t ump, a nda ne nor mousChi r oni us whi ps na k e , pe r ha ps78f e e ti nl e ng t h, a tr e s thi g hi nat r e e .Aswewa l k e dt he uphi l l s l opeoft hewe l l t r a v e l e dr i v e r t r a i l , I s t oppe df oramome ntt o phot og r a pha nOs t e oc e phal ust aur i nus pe r c he donabr a nc hov e rat r e es t ump.

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T hec a v i t ywi t hi nwa sf ul l ofwa t e ra nd t a dpol e s ; pe r ha pst hef r ogwa s wa t c hi ngov e ri t soffs pr i ng .I ha dj us t c a ug htba c kupt oMa whe nhe s t oppe da br upt l y , a ndt he nI s a wwha t br oug hthi mt oas t a ndsl l -pe bbl e d c oi l ss t a c k e doneont opofa not he r , a nd a tt het opoft hepy r a mi d, e y e sa nd he a tpi t sr e fle cngba c kourfla s hl i g ht s . “ Bus hma s t e r ! ”s a i dMa , a ndt ha twa s r e a l l ya l l t ha tne e de dt obes a i d.

I nJ a nua r yof2013I r e t ur ne dt ot he P e r uv i a nAma z on, t woy e a r sa e rmy fir s tv i s i t .I c oul dwa i tnol ong e r , a ndI c oul dnotg e tbywi t hj us tonet r i pt o t ha tf a nt a scr e g i on.Any onewhoha s di ppe dat oei na ne x oc , he r pr i c h e nv i r onme ntunde r s t a ndsmy pr e di c a me nt–s c r a t c hi ngt hes ur f a c e onl yr e s ul t si na ni t c ht ha tne e ds f ur t he rs c r a t c hi ng .

Ae rmyfir s tt r i p, I wr ot ea na rc l ef or He r pNaona boutt hea nur a nsI e nc ount e r e d( “ F r oggi ngAmaz oni a” , HN 2012Vol .

2.

No. 5) .P e r uv i a ns e r pe nt s g e tt hes i ng ul a rt r e a t me ntt hi s me a r ound, a ndbe t we e nt wot r i psI ma na g e dt os e ema nyf a s c i nang f or ms .S omes a yt ha ts na k e sa r eha r d t ofindi nt het r opi c s , a ndt ha tma ybe t r uet os omee x t e nt ; t he ya r ec e r t a i nl y nota sc ommona sf r og s , orl i z a r ds , a nd onepe r s onma ybeha r dpr e s s e dt os e e mor et ha naf e w.F or t una t e l y , I wa s wi t hag r oupofl i k e mi nde dpe opl e , he r pe r swhoc oul dc ov e ral otof g r ounda ndputma nymor ee y e st o wor ka tdi s c ov e r y .Asar e s ul tour2012 e x pe dionf ound28s pe c i e sa nd s ubs pe c i e sofs na k e s .

F ormyr e t ur nt r i p, I a g a i ns i g ne dup wi t hMTAma z onE x pe dionsf ora n11 da ye x pe diont onor t he a s t e r nP e r u.

Di c ka ndP a Ba r t l e, L or r i eS mi t h, a ndMa Ca g ewe r et hee x pe dion l e a de r s , a ndt he i rc ons i de r a bl e

4 4

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Cl oc k wi s ef r om T OPL E F T :Ourf a s tr i dedownt heAma z onRi v e r .T OPMI DDL E :A Bl unt He a de dT r e eS na k e( I mant ode sc e nc hoa)mov i ngt hr oug ht hev e g e t aona t ni g ht .T OPRI GHT :Ama z onBl unt He a de dT r e eS na k e( I mant ode sl e nf e r us ) MI DDL ERI GHT :Bl unt He a de dT r e eS na k e( I mant ode sc e nc hoa)BOTT OM RI GHT : Nor t he r nS na i l E angS na k e( Di ps aspav oni na)BOTT OM MI DDL E :DougKr a ni c h c he c k st hec a nopyf orhe r ps .

BOTT OM L E F T :Cr os s i ngoneoft hema nys t r e a msi n t hef or e s t .

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Y e l l owHe a de dCa l i c oS na k e( Ox y r hopusf or mos us )

Gr e e nS t r i pe dVi neS na k e( Phi l odr y asar ge nt e us )

4 6

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

e x pe rs ema det hee x pe r i e nc ea l l t he mor epr oducv e .MTAma z on’ sl oc a l s t a fft ookc a r eoft hec ook i ng , c l e a ni ng , a ndot he rc a mpc hor e s , e na bl i ngc l i e nt s l i k emy s e l ft oe ng a g ei nma x i mumfie l d he r pi nga ndphot og r a phy .Unde rt he s e a r r a ng e me nt st heonl yl i mi t aonswe r e ourowne ndur a nc e , a ndt hene e dt o e a ta nds l e e p.Our mewa ss pl i t be t we e nt wofie l ds t aons :Ma dr e S e l v a , l oc a t e da bouts i x t ymi l e s downs t r e a m, a ndS a nt aCr uz , a bout f our t e e nmi l e sf r omI qui t osa st he c a r a c a r afli e s .Ma dr eS e l v ai sont he s out he r ns i deoft hemi g ht yAma z on, a ndS a nt aCr uzi sont henor t he r ns i de , a ndwhi l ema nyhe r psa r ef ounda t bot hs i t e s , e a c hha sas ubs e tofuni que he r pe t of a unanotf ounda tt heot he r .

g , t s d e e

Asus ua l , t hec i t yofI qui t oswa st he a s s e mbl ypoi ntf ort hee x pe dion, a nd pa rc i pa nt sfle wi nf r omMa i ne , f r om HongKong , a ndf r oma l l poi nt si n be t we e n.S t e ppi ngofft hepl a ne , i tf e l t g oodt ol e a v eac ol d, mi dwe s t e r n wi nt e rbe hi ndf ort hehe a toft he t r opi c s .I ti shoty e a r r ounda tt he e qua t or , a ndwi nt e ri sbe e rde s c r i be d a st her a i nys e a s on, whi l es umme ri s t hedr y( ors ome wha tdr i e r )s e a s on.

Myt a x i r i def r omt hea i r por tt omy hot e l wa si na1976T oy ot aCor ol l a , a nd a swewe a v e di na ndoutoft hehor de s ofmot or c y c l et a x i sI f e l tmyt r i pwa soff t oaf uns t a r t .E a r l yt hene x tmor ni ng ourl a r g eg r ouphe a de ddownt ot he r i v e ra ndboa r de das ma l l but f a s tboa t , whi c ht ookusdowns t r e a ma bouts i x t y mi l e st ot heMa dr eS e l v afie l ds t aon.I wa sdi s a ppoi nt e dnott obet r a v e l i ng onc ea g a i nont heNe ni t a , MTAma z on’ s t wi nde c k e rr i v e r boa t , butt hes t ur dy c r a wa sha v i ngane we ng i nei ns t a l l e d.

F ort hi st r i p, wewoul dha v et ot r a dea s c e ni cpa s s a g edownt heAma z onf ora s pe e dyone .

F orade t a i l e da c c ountoffie l ds t aon l i f ea ndourda i l yr ou ne , I r e f e rt he r e a de rt omye a r l i e ra rc l e .S uffic et o s a y , wes pe ntmos tofour meouti n t hef or e s t , ont her i v e r , ori nt he‘ phot o hut ’ t a k i ngpi c t ur e sofhe r ps .Al ong wi t hourownfinds , ourv e r y k nowl e dg e a bl eg ui de sa dde ds ome c hoi c es pe c i me ns .T hek i dsf r omt he ne a r byv i l l a g eonc ea g a i nbr oug htus he r psa ndi nv e r t e br a t e s , f orwhi c hwe t r a de dt s hi r t s , ba l l c a psa nds we e t s .

Al l pa re swe r epl e a s e dwi t ht he whe e l i nga ndde a l i ng , a ndt hea ni ma l s br oug htt ouswe r el a t e rr e l e a s e di nt o a ppr opr i a t eha bi t a t .

Cr ea t ur esoft heNi g ht T hef or e s ta tni g hti sapl a c eof

r e v e l aon–c r e a t ur e st ha ta r ec r y pc a ndha r dt os e edur i ngt heda yo e n s t a ndouti nt hebe a mofafla s hl i g ht .

T heni g hts hi c r e wofi ns e c t s , s pi de r s a ndot he ri nv e r t e br a t e sc l oc ki na ndg o t owor k .T r e er ode nt sc hie ra nd whi s t l ei nt heda r k , a ndf r og st ha tha v e s l e ptt heda ya wa ynowbe g i nt ohoot , whoop, c l uc ka ndc r oa ka st he ys e a r c h f orame a l a ndama t e .Ni g htwa l k si n t hef or e s ta r enott obemi s s e d.

Ni g ht mei st her i g ht mef orma ny t r opi c a l s na k e s .I ti st he met ounc oi l a ndpa t r ol t hebr a nc he sf ors l e e pi ng bi r dsa ndl i z a r ds , t onos ea r ound bu r e s s e sa ndr oots y s t e ms , met o fli c kont hei nf r a r e da ndpae nt l ywa i t f orahot bl oode dr ode ntt oc omene a r .

Onenoc t ur na l s e r pe ntt ha ti so e n e nc ount e r e di st heBl unt He a de dT r e e S na k e( I mant ode sc e nc hoa) .

T he s ea r bor e a l , r e a r f a ng e ds na k e s s pe ndt heda r khour si nbus he sa nd t r e e s , i ns e a r c hofs l e e pi ngl i z a r dsa nd f r og s .Re a c hi nga boutame t e ri n l e ng t h, I mant ode sa tfir s tg l a nc es e e ms odda ndf r a g i l e , wi t hal a r g ehe a ds t uc k ont hee ndofal onga ndt hi nne c k .T he s na k e ’ ss l e nde rbodyi st a l l e ri npr ofil e t ha ni ti swi de , apuz z l i ngs ha pea tfir s t , un l y ous e ey ourfir s tI mant ode s e x t e nda ni nc r e di bl el e ng t ha si tc l i mbs f r omonel i mbt oa not he r .F unconi ng muc hl i k ea nI be a morr ooft r us s , t hi s bodys ha pepr ov i de st hes t r e ng t ha nd r i g i di t yne e de dt oc r os sope ns pa c e s , wi t houtr e qui r i nga ddiona l ma s sor mus c l e .Mos tni g ht swewoul ds e ea t l e a s toneort woI mant ode s , s omei n bus he sc l os et ot heg r ound, ot he r s hi g he rupi nt hec a nopy .Ar e l a t e dbut l e s sc ommonl ys e e ns pe c i e si s I mant ode sl e nf e r us , whi c hi si de nc a l i nbodys ha pe .I t sc ol or sa ndpa e r n r e mi ndmeofCor nS na k e sba c ki nt he Uni t e dS t a t e s–i fy ouc oul ds t r e t c ha t wof ootCor noutt oas k i nnyy a r di n

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l e ng t h, t her e s ulngs na k ewoul d r e s e mbl el e nf e r us .

T hea r bor e a l S na i l E angS na k e s ( Di ps as )a r ea l s obus ya tni g ht , t r a c k i ng downt he i rs l owmov i ngpr e y .Whe na s na i l i se nc ount e r e dt he s es na k e ss e i z e t hee x pos e df oot , a ndt he ne a c hs i deof t hel owe rj a wmov e si nde pe nde nt l yt o pr yt hes na i l f r omi t ss he l l .Di ps as c at e s by i f e a t ur e sr ounddor s a l bl ot c he s , whi l eDi ps aspav oni naha se l ong a t e d s a ddl e s ; bot ha r ebe a uf ul c ombi naonsofbr own, bl a c ka nd whi t e .T heBi g He a de dS na i l E a t e r ( Di ps asi ndi c usi ndi c us )ma ybea bl et o t a k ea dv a nt a g eofs omeoft hel a r g e r s na i l s , a ndwhe nc onf r ont e dt hi ss na k e a l s ofla e nsi t she a di nt oat r i a ng ul a r s ha per e s e mbl i ngapi tv i pe r .

Cor a l s na k e s , or“ na c a na c a ”a st he y a r ec ol l e cv e l yc a l l e dbyl oc a l pe opl e , a r ea not he rg r oupofs na k e sa cv ea t ni g ht , a ndt he r ea r eaha l f doz e nor mor es pe c i e si nt hi sa r e aof nor t he a s t e r nP e r u.Ca r emus tbet a k e n whe nde a l i ngwi t ht r opi c a l Mi c r ur ust hef a mi l i a r“ r e dt ouc hy e l l ow, r e d t ouc hbl a c k ”mne moni c sus e di nt he Uni t e dS t a t e sdonota ppl yhe r e .T he r e a r eanumbe rofs pe c i e swhe r er e d ba ndst ouc hbl a c k , a nds omeha v eno r e da ta l l , s uc ha st heS oot yCor a l S na k e ( Mi c r ur usput umay e ns i s )T oma k e ma e r se v e nmor ec onf us i ng , t he r ea r e ha r ml e s ss na k e st ha tmi mi cc or a l s na k e s , i nc l udi ngs omeoft heCa l i c o S na k e s( Ox y r hopus ) .Asar e s ul t , c a u oni sr e c omme nde df ora nys na k e s whe r et hei de nt yi si nque son, a s a s s ump onsc a nbedi s a s t r ous .

T hemos tc ommonl ys e e nMi c r ur uswa s t heAquacCor a l S na k e , Mi c r ur us s ur i name ns i ss ur i name ns i s .Bol dl y pa e r ne da ndbr i g ht l yc ol or e d, t he s e r obus ts na k e sc a nr e a c hs i xf e e ti n l e ng t h, a l t houg ht heone swe

4 8

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

T OP:Whi t e Na pe dE a r t hS na k e( At r ac t uss ne t hl age ae ) BOTT OM:Bl a c k He a de dCa l i c oS na k e( Ox y r hopusme l anoge n y sme l anoge n y s )

e nc ount e r e dwe r emuc hs ma l l e r .At ni g htt he ya r eo e nf oundi nora l ong t hes ma l l s t r e a msr unni ngt hr oug ht he f or e s t , whe r et he yhuntf orfis ha nd e e l s .Ont hes k i nnye ndoft hes c a l ei s t hepe nc i l t hi nMi c r ur usfil i f or mi s , t he S l e nde rCor a l S na k e , a ndi nbe t we e ni s t heWe s t e r nRi bbonCor a l S na k e , Mi c r ur usl e mni s c at ushe l l e r i .Bot h fil i f or mi sa ndhe l l e r i c a nr e a c ht hr e e f e e ti nl e ng t h, a ndbot hwe r e

Vi pe r( Bot hr i ops i sbi l i ne at a s mar agdi na)oc c ur si nt hea r e a , a ndi s oc c a s i ona l l ye nc ount e r e d.T he ya r ea n a r bor e a l s pe c i e s , s e ngupi na mbus h modef r ombus hhe i g htupwa r dsi nt o t het r e e s , a ndt he i rg r e e ni s hc ol or aon he l pst oc onc e a l t he m.Ourl oc a l g ui de s f ounda na dul ts mar agdi nahi g hupi n t hec a nopyl a t eoneni g ht , a ndoneof t he ms hi nni e dupat r e et obr i ngi tba c k f orust os e e .Al ongwi t ht he i rs ha r p e y e sa ndc ons i de r a bl ek nowl e dg e , t he s eme na r eofs ma l l e rs t a t ur ea nda l otl e s spounda g et ha nt hi sc or nf e d de s kj oc k e y , c l i mbi ngupt r e e st ha t woul dbe ndt ot heg r oundunde rmy ma s s .I twa sabe a uf ul s na k et o phot og r a pha ndI wa sg r a t e f ul f ort he i r e ffor t s .

J uv e ni l eBa nde dCa l i c oS na k e( Ox y r hopuspe t ol adi gi t al i s ) .

e nc ount e r e dont r a i l sorne a rwa t e ra t ni g ht .

T hes e ngs una l s obr i ng soutt hepi t v i pe r s .T hemos tc ommoni st heS out h Ame r i c a nL a nc e he a d( Bot hr opsat r o x ) , us ua l l yr e f e r r e dt oa st heF e rdeL a nc e , orj e r g onbyt hel oc a l pe opl e . ‘ L a nc e he a d’ i sa na ptde s c r i pv ena me –t hehe a di se l ong a t e da ndr e s e mbl e s t hebus i ne s se ndofas pe a r .Wewe r e c a u one dt ous eafla s hl i g hta ndnotg o ba r e f ootwhe nmov i nga r oundt hefie l d s t aonsa e rda r k , a ndf org oodr e a s on –anumbe rofl a nc e he a dswe r es e e n c r os s i ngt heope ns pa c e sa tni g ht , a nd whoc a ns a yhowma nymor es l i ppe d pa s ti nt heda r ka swes l e pt ?

T heF or e s tVi pe r s( Bot hr i ops i s )a r ec l os e r e l av e soft hel a nc e he a ds .T he be a uf ul We s t e r nS t r i pe dF or e s tPi t

Ot he rs na k e sa r eoutpr owl i ngi nt he da r ka swe l l .T her e a r f a ng e dCa l i c o S na k e s( Ox y r hopus )a r el a r g e l y t e r r e s t r i a l , pok i nga r oundbu r e s s e s a ndt heba s e sofpa l mt r e e si ns e a r c hof l i z a r dsa ndf r og s .Ox y r hopusf or mos us , t heY e l l owHe a de dCa l i c oS na k e , i sa s t unni ngc r e a t ur e( s e epg .

42)a nd pe r ha psami mi coft hes na k e e ang Mus s ur a na( Cl e l i ac l e l i a) .T he Bl a c k He a de dCa l i c oS na k e( O. m. me l anoge n y s )i sac ommonfind, a nd mus tbec a r e f ul l ye x a mi ne dbe f or e ha ndl i ng , a si ti sami mi coft heOr a ng e Ri ng e dCor a l S na k e( Mi c r ur us he mpr i c hi i ) .I ’ v ewa nt e dt os e eaRe d Vi neS na k e( S i phl ophi sc ompr e s s us ) e v e rs i nc eI s a wonei nHa r r yW. Gr e e ne ’ sS nak e s : T heE v ol u onof My s t e r yi nNat ur e .F or t una t e l yI wa s a bl et ofinda nde x a mi nes e v e r a l of t he m, i nc l udi ngt hebe a uf ul j uv e ni l e t ha twa st r umpe dbyaBus hma s t e r .On t hes ma l l e rs i de , t he r ea r efi y pl us s pe c i e sofE a r t hS na k e s( At r ac t us ) a c r os sCe nt r a l a ndS out hAme r i c a , a nd weobs e r v e danumbe rofWhi t e Na pe d E a r t hS na k e s( A. s ne t hl age ae )c r a wl i ng

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J uv e ni l eAma z onT r e eBoa( Cor al l ushor t ul anus ) .

ont hef or e s tt r a i l sa tni g ht .

T heBa nde dWa t e rS na k e( He l i c ops angul at us )r e s e mbl e sNor t hAme r i c a n wa t e rs na k e si na ppe a r a nc e , ha bi t a t s , a ndt e mpe r .Whi l enoc t ur na l , t he ya r e oe ns e e ndur i ngt heda ya l ongr i v e r s a nds t r e a ms .I obs e r v e ds e v e r a l of t he mwhi l ek a y a k i nga l ongt heRi o Or os a , a nda st he ys wa ma l ongt he y l ook e dmuc hl i k et heNe r odi aba c k homei nI l l i noi s .T he ya r equi t ec a pa bl e ofi nfli cngana s t ybi t ewhe nc a ug htor ha ndl e d.T heS wa mpS na k e s ( E r y t hr ol ampr us , f or me r l yi nL i ophi s ) f a v ormuddy , we tha bi t a t s , whe r et he y huntf orfis ha ndf r og s .We 5 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

e nc ount e r e ds e v e r a l oft heCommon S wa mpS na k e s( E r y t hr ol ampr usr e gi nae s e mi l i ne at us ) , a ndt heVe l v e t yS wa mp S na k e( E . t y phl us ) .T hel ae rc omei n t woc ol or s–ar e dpha s e , a ndag r e e n pha s e .Whe nc onf r ont e d, S wa mp S na k e sma yfla e nt he i rhe a da ndne c k i nac obr a l i k ema nne r .T he ya r e r e a r f a ng e d, a ndt he i rbi t ema yr e s ul ti n numbne s sa nds we l l i ng , a sonepe r s on i nourpa r t ydi s c ov e r e dwhe nbie non t heha ndbya nE . t y phl us .

Onewe l c omedi v e r s i onf r omhi k i ng t r a i l sa l l ni g htwa st og e ti nt hes ma l l boa ta ndg ol ook i ngf ort r e eboa sa l ong t her i v e r .Ast heboa tc hug g e da l ong

upa tt hefie l ds t aononemor ni ng , c oi l e di nas ma l l t r e eout s i det hephot o hut .Abe a uf ul , c l a s s i cRe dt a i l , i t pos e dc a l ml yf orphot og r a phsa nd ma denoe ffor tt obi t e .Wer e g ul a r l y f oundRa i nbowBoa s( E pi c r at e s c e nc hr i a) , f r omj uv e ni l e st ohe y s i x f oot e r s , a ndnotadul l onei nt hel ot .

T hebe s twa yt ophot og r a pht he s ewa s t opos et he mout s i de , a ndl e tt hes un fir eupt he i rbe a uf ul c ol or sa nd r a i nbowi r i de s c e nc e .

S l e nde rCor a l S na k e( Mi c r ur usfil i f or mi s )

t her i v e r .Ast heboa tc hug g e da l ong t heba nk , wewoul dpl a yourfla s hl i g ht s upi nt ot het r e e sa ndl ookf or e y e s hi ne , whi c hc oul dbef r omal a r g e s pi de r , ama mma l , orpe r ha psas na k e .

Ourg ui de swe r ee x pe r ti nt hes ubt l e di ffe r e nc e si ne y e s hi ne , a nda l wa y s s e e me dt ok nowwhe nt he r ewa sat r e e boaont heot he re ndoft hefla s hl i g ht be a m.Wef oundanumbe rofAma z on T r e eBoa s( Cor al l ushor t ul anus )i nt hi s wa y , a nds omewe r el owe noug ht obe c a pt ur e df orphot og r a phs .Adul t hor t ul anusi nt hi sa r e aofP e r ua r ea pl e a s a ntmi xofl i g hta ndda r kbr owns , whi l es omeoft hej uv e ni l e sdi a l upt he wowf a c t or( s e ephot o) .Whi l eAma z on T r e eBoa sa r eac ommonfind, t he E me r a l dT r e eBoa( Cor al l usbat e s i i )i s not–t oda t e , t hi ss pe c t a c ul a rs na k e ha snotbe e nr e c or de da te i t he rfie l d s t aon.Whe t he rt he ya r er a r e , ha r dt o s pot , orbot h, t hes e a r c hf orbat e s i i c on nue sa tbot hMa dr eS e l v aa nd S a nt aCr uz .

Bi gS quee z er s T heP e r uv i a nRe dt a i l Boa( Boa c ons t r i c t orc ons t r i c t or )i sf a i r l yc ommon a r oundt hefie l ds t aons , a nda sa l ong -mel ov e roft he s es e r pe nt s , I wa s pl e a s e dt os e et he mwhe r et he yl i v e .

Myf a v or i t ewa sas uba dul tt ha tt ur ne d

Wha tc ome st omi ndwhe ny out hi nkof Ana c onda s ?F orme , i ti st hos ea nc i e nt e pi s ode sofWi l dKi ngdomwhe r eJ i m F owl e ra ndMa r l i nP e r k i ns( y e s , Ma r l i n g otoutoft hej e e pnowa nda g a i n) woul dwr e s t l el a r g eAna c onda si ns ome muddyl a g oon.Gr e e nAna c onda s ( E une c t e smur i nusmur i nus )l i v e di nt he ne a r byc r e e k sa ndr i v e r sa r oundour fie l ds t aons , a ndt hel oc a l pe opl e br oug htuss e v e r a l s pe c i me nst ha twe r e t oos ma l l t owr e s t l e .I my s e l fwa snot di s a ppoi nt e d, butt hez ooi nI qui t osha s s e v e r a l i mpr e s s i v es pe c i me nsofg r e a t l e ng t h, a ndi fy ouc r os sak e e pe r ’ spa l m wi t hal il es i l v e r , y ouc a nha ndl eone oft he i rl a r g ea na c onda s .

S er pent soft heS un Whi l et hef or e s t sc a nbeda r ka nddi m, t he r ea r ea l wa y spl a c e swhe r et he s unl i g htr e a c he st heg r ound.T r e ef a l l s , r i v e rba nk s , t r a i l sa ndc l e a r e dfie l ds pr ov i deha bi t a tf ordi ur na l s e r pe nt sa nd l i z a r dst ha tf a v orope na r e a s .T he t r opi c a l whi ps na k e si nChi r oni usa r e i mpr e s s i v e , wi t hs omes pe c i me ns r e a c hi ng78f e e ti nl e ng t h.T he yha v e l a r g ee y e s , l a r g es c a l e sa ndat r i a ng ul a r c r os ss e cont ot he i rbody .Bi r dS na k e s ( Ps e us t e ss p. )a ndt heT i g e rRa tS na k e s ( S pi l ot e spul l at us )a r el a r g e , a r bor e a l a ndf e i s t ys e r pe nt st ha to e nt a k eup r e s i de nc ei nt her oof soff or e s t dwe l l i ng s .

Ot he rs i mi l a rg e ne r ai nc l ude

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As ma l l ( f ourf e e t )Gr e e nAna c onda( E une c t e smur i nusmur i nus ) .

Aj uv e ni l eRe dt a i l Boa( Boac ons t r i c t orc ons t r i c t or ) .

5 2

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Bus hma s t e r( L ac he s i smut amut a)

Masgodr y asa ndDr y mol ube r , r ounde y e d, r a c e r l i k es e r pe nt st ha t s pe ndt heda y l i g hthour ss e a r c hi ngt he f or e s te dg ef orpr e y .

Ont hes l e nde rs i deoft hes pe c t r uma r e t hev i nes na k e si nOx y be l i sa nd Phi l odr y as .T he ya r ea cv edur i ngt he da y , f r e que n ngope na r e a sa l ong t r a i l s , c l e a r i ng sa ndfie l ds , whe r et he y f or a g ef orl i z a r dsa ndf r og s .T he i r s l e nde r , v i ne l i k ebui l da ndc ol or aon ma k et he mdi ffic ul tt ofindi nt he da yme , buta tni g htt he ya r emuc h e a s i e rt os poti nt hebe a mofa he a dl a mp.Phi l odr y asar ge nt e us , t he Gr e e nS t r i pe dVi neS na k e , oe nl e a v e s i t sma t c hi ngg r e e ns t r i pe dt ong ue pr ot r udi ng , whi c hma yhe l pt obr e a kup t hepr ofil eoft hes e r pe nt ’ she a d.

t heP e r uv i a nAma z on.T hel ur eoft he t r opi c si ss t r onge noug ha si ti s , a ndI ha v eunfini s he dbus i ne s st he r e–he r ps I ha v e n’ ts e e ny e t , i nc l udi ngt hee l us i v e E me r a l dT r e eBoa .As i def r oma l l t ha t , t he r ei snobe e rwa yt oe s c a pet he c l ut c he sofwi nt e rt ha nhe a di ngs out h f ort hee qua t or !

T ha nk st oDi c k , P a, L or r i e , Ma , De v ona ndt her e s toft heg a nga tMT Ama z onE x pe dions , a ndas pe c i a l s hout outt omyP e r uv i a nhe r pi ng c ompa ni ons :DougKr a ni c h, T r a v i s Cos s ee , Ka r l S wi t a k , BobAppl e g a t e , Mi t c he l l Be r k s , J a k eS c o, Ma r i s aAi I s hi ma t s u, J ohnS ul l i v a n, J a me s Bur nha m, Dua neMc De r mo , Da n Ros e nbe r g , S e a na ndGi naHa r pe r .

S a v i ngT heBE AS TF orL a s t T heS out hAme r i c a nBus hma s t e r ( L ac he s i smut amut a)i sc e r t a i nl yont he mus t s e el i s tf ora nyfie l dhe r pe r v i s ingt heP e r uv i a nAma z on.Known l oc a l l ya st hes hus húpe ( s huhs hoe pa y ) , t he s ee g g l a y i ng mons t e r sa r et hea pe xpi tv i pe r s , t he l a r g e s tv e nomouss na k e si nt hewe s t e r n he mi s phe r e .

Dur i ngourl a t e ni g ht e nc ount e ri nt hef or e s tI r e ma r k e dt o Ma , “ i tl ook se v e r ybi tofs e v e nf e e t . ” I nt hel i g htofda y , ours na k ewa sabi t s ma l l e r , r i g hta ts i xf e e ti nl e ng t h.

Bus hma s t e r sc a ne a s i l yr e a c he i g htf e e t ormor e , a ndt hel a r g e s tonr e c or dwa s j us tunde rt we l v ef e e t .T hek e e l e d s c a l e sonours hus húper a ng e df r om ‘ pe bbl e d’ a l ongt hes i de st o‘ poi nt y ’ a l ongt hev e r t e br a l l i ne , a ndt hes na k e ’ s s ma l l , r e de y e swe r es e tl i k ej e we l si n t hema s s i v ehe a d.

P e r ha psi ti sa nobv i ouss t a t e me nt , but findi ngt heBus hma s t e rr a nk e da mong myt opfie l dhe r pi nge x pe r i e nc e s , a nd onl ys ha r pe nsmyde s i r et or e t ur nt o I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

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H E R P E T O C U L T U R E I NA C H A N G I N G W O R L D Th e Fo u r Wa v e s o f He r p e t o c u l t u r e P a r t 1 : B a s i c H u s b a n d r y

B Y P H I L I P P E D E V O S J O L I T he r ei sade v e l opme nt a l s e que nc et o a l l e t hnobi ol og i c a l fie l ds( huma n r e l aons hi pswi t ha ndus eofot he rl i f e f or ms ) , whe t he ri ti sg r owi ngpl a nt sf or f ood, be e k e e pi ng , t her a i s i ngoff a r m a ni ma l sa nds oon.

He r pe t oc ul t ur e , be i ngafie l dt ha tf oc us e son pr opa g aonofa mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e s , ha sf ol l owe das i mi l a rde v e l opme nt a l c our s ea sa qua c ul t ur e , horc ul t ur e , a v i c ul t ur ee t c .

Asahobbya ndafie l dof k nowl e dg ehe r pe t oc ul t ur ee v ol v e di n t hef ol l owi ngwa v e sors t a g e s .

T he s e s t a g e sa ppl ybot hhi s t or i c a l l ya ndt oa n i ndi v i dua l ’ spe r s ona l g r owt ha sa hobby i s t .

F i r s tWa v e:Ba s i chus ba ndr y S ec ondWa v e:Ca pv epr opa g aon T hi r dWa v e:Na t ur a l i scdi s pl a y F our t hWa v e:S y nt he s i sofbodyof k nowl e dg ef r omt hefir s tt hr e ewa v e s a nds oc i oc ul t ur a l a ppl i c aons( e . g . , e duc aona ndc ons e r v aon) .

T hede v e l opme nt a l s t a g e sa c ta swa v e s t ha tdi s pe r s eapa rc ul a rba s eof k nowl e dg ei nas ubc ul t ur ea ndt o v a r y i ngde g r e e si nt ot hebr oa de r c ul t ur e .

E a c hwa v eg e ne r a t e sane w bodyofi nf or maona ndbui l dsont he pr e v i ousone .

Ashe r pe t oc ul t ur e e v ol v e sf r omfir s twa v et of our t hwa v e i tbe c ome smor ei nt e r di s c i pl i na r y , i nt e g r av ea ndg e ne r a t e sabr oa de r bodyofk nowl e dg er e s ulngi na g r e a t e rde pt ha nds pa nofpot e na l i nflue nc e .

I nt hi sfir s ta rc l eI wi l l f oc us ont hefir s twa v e .

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HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Ba s i cHus ba ndr y T hefir s twa v eofhe r pe t oc ul t ur ei sba s i c hus ba ndr y : l e a r ni nghowt ok e e pa s pe c i e sa l i v el ongt e r m.

Wi t houtt hi s fir s ts t e p, nos ubs e que ntde v e l opme nt i spos s i bl e .

Un l t her i s eoft hec a pv e pr opa g aonmov e me ntf r omt hel a t e 1970sonwa r d, mos ti nst u onsa nd hobby i s t sf oc us e donl e a r ni nghowt o k e e pa mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e sa l i v ef or di s pl a y .

T het e r m‘ pos t a g es t a mpc ol l e cons ’ wa so e nus e dt ode s c r i bet hi spe r i od.

T ha tdoe snotme a nt ha tnoc a pv e br e e di ngoc c ur r e d, buts i mpl yt ha tt hi s wa snota ne mpha s i sdur i ngt hi s di s c ov e r ype r i oda ndt hea c c umul aon ofabodyofk nowl e dg eonme t hods a ndt e c hnol og yr e qui r e dt ok e e p a mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e sa l i v e .

T hi sfir s t de v e l opme nt a l s t a g ewi l l ber e qui r e dof a l l buddi nghe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t s .

I fy ou c a n’ tk e e phe r psa l i v e , y ouwi l l notbe a bl et obr e e dt he m.

T he r ei sas e l e cv e pr oc e s shi s t or i c a l l ya ndpe r s ona l l ya t t hi ss t a g ebot hi nt e r msofa ni ma l st ha t c a nbek e pta ndbe c omepopul a r , a nd i nt e r msofi ndi v i dua l sbe i ngde di c a t e d e noug ht ome e tt hene e dsofdi ffe r e nt s pe c i e s T hemos tpopul a rs pe c i e sof a mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e sa nd, t hus , t he mos tc ommoni nt r oducont ot hefir s t wa v e , a r et hos et ha tha v epr ov e n S e r r a t e dCone he a dL i z a r d a da pt a bl ee noug ht ha tt he i r ( L ae manc t uss e r r at us )Phot o r e qui r e me nt sc a nbeme tr e l av e l y byPhi l i ppedeVos j ol i

e a s i l yi nt e r msofc os t , s pa c e , me , e nv i r onme nt a l c ondions , a nddi e t .

E x a mpl e si nc l udel e opa r dg e c k os , g r e e n a nol e s , be a r de ddr a g ons , c or ns na k e s a ndr e de a r e ds l i de r s .

Ont heot he r ha nd, s pe c i a l i z e ds pe c i e ss uc ha s hor ne dl i z a r ds , noma e rhow a ppe a l i ng , a r et ool a bora ndc os t i nt e ns i v et oma i nt a i nt oe v e ra c hi e v e br oa dpopul a r i t y .

Ne i t he ra r es pe c i e st ha tne e df r e que nt dr i ppi ngofwa t e r , na r r owt e mpe r a t ur e a ndr e l av ehumi di t yr e qui r e me nt s , or pr e yi t e msnotma s s pr oduc e d c omme r c i a l l y , s uc ha sr e qui r e dby l i z a r d-orf r og e angs na k e s .

Be i ng a cv ei nt heope ndur i ngt heda y , ha v i ngamode r a t e , e a s y t ohous ea dul t s i z e , di s pl a y i ngi nt e r e snga nd i nt e r a cv ebe ha v i or s , a ndade g r e eof t a me ne s sa r ea ddiona l c r i t e r i af or br oa de ra r a cont ot heg e ne r a l publ i c .

T hi sfir s twa v es e l e cv epr oc e s si s ong oi nga sne wl yi mpor t e ds pe c i e sa r e e v a l ua t e da ndo e ne noug hf a i l t opa s s e a s eofc a r eorbe ha v i or a l c r i t e r i at ha t ma k e st he ms ui t a bl ef orl a r g es c a l e c omme r c i a l i z aon.I nma nyc a s e s , t he me , l a bor , a ndc os t sc a nma k e ma i nt a i ni ngc e r t a i ns pe c i e ss or e s our c e i nt e ns i v et ha tt he yha v eno c omme r c i a l / hobby i s tv i a bi l i t ye x c e pt f orde di c a t e ds pe c i a l i s t s , r e s e a r c h, or di s pl a y .

F ore x a mpl e , i ti sr e ma r k a bl e c ons i de r i ngt henumbe rofs pe c i e sa nd numbe r si mpor t e dhowf e w c ha me l e onsha v ebe e nfir ml y e s t a bl i s he da ss e l f s us t a i ni ngc a pv e popul aons .

As a de x a mpl ef r omt he 1990swa sape r i odwhe r et hous a ndsof Chi l e a nl i z a r dswe r ei mpor t e d, ma ny wi t hde s i r a bl ec ha r a c t e r i sc s , y e tnone we r ee s t a bl i s he da nda l l ha v e di s a ppe a r e df r omt hehobby .

Obv i ous l y , apr i nc i pl ehe r ei st ha tg ui de l i ne sf or

s uc c e s s f ul c a r es houl di de a l l ybe de t e r mi ne dbe f or ea nyi mpor t aonon t ha tl e v e l ofs c a l e .

Y ouc a na l s oha v e s pe c i e swhe r ea dul t sa r er e l av e l ye a s y t oma i nt a i nbutj uv e ni l e sdi ffic ul tt o r a i s e .

Bur r owi ngs pe c i e sbe c a us et he y a r ei nv i s i bl emos toft he mea r e ar a cv epr i ma r i l yt os pe c i a l i s t s .

Cur r e nt l y , a tt hec u nge dg eoft he t e sngg r oundoft hehobbya r e r e ma r k a bl eme mbe r si nt heg e nus Hy ps i l ur us( Ag a mi da e )i mpor t e di n s ma l l numbe r st ha ta r es howi ng pr omi s ea spot e na l ne wc a ndi da t e s f ort hehobby .

T woAppr oa c hest oF i r s tWa v e T he r ea r et woa ppr oa c he st ofir s twa v e me t hodst oe s t a bl i s hi ngas pe c i e s .

T he onemos tc ommonl yus e dbyhobby i s t s i sami ni ma l i s ta ppr oa c ht ha tt r i e st o i de nf yt hee s s e na l e l e me nt sf ora s pe c i e st os ur v i v e .

Wi t hwi l dc a ug ht a mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e s , a ddr e s s i ngt he i s s ueofpa r a s i t e se i t he rt hr oug h pr ophy l a cct r e a t me ntorv e t e r i na r i a n a s s i s t e dt r e a t me ntmus ta l s obea ne c e s s a r yc ompone ntofi nia l hus ba ndr y .

F ol l owi ngr e s e a r c hont he s pe c i e sa ndi t sg e og r a phya ndni c he , onewi l l de s i g nt heba s i cs t r uc t ur e sa nd t e c hnol og yf ort hes pe c i e s ’ s ur v i v a l , s uc has he l t e rorbr a nc he sf orc l i mbi ng a ndobs e r v i nghowa na ni ma l r e a c t st o awa t e rdi s hv e r s usa ppe a r i ngt odr i nk pr i ma r i l yf r ommi sng .

Obs e r v aons wi l l l e a dt oa dj us t me nt sa ndme t hods t ha tc a nl e a dt ol ong t e r ms uc c e s s .

Wor t hno ngi st ha ts hor tt e r ms uc c e s s wi t has pe c i e sov e raf e wmont hsdoe s notme a name t hodwi l l l e a dt ol ong t e r ms uc c e s sf oray e a rormor e .

T he r e a r enume r ouss pe c i e sweonc et houg ht c oul dbee s t a bl i s he dl ongt e r mt ha t ha v enotbe e n, s uc ha sma nyoft he c ha me l e ons , t r opi c a l a g a mi ds , i g ua ni ds , av a r i e t yofs na k e st ha tf e e donpr e y ot he rt ha nr ode nt s , a ndag r e a tnumbe r ofa mphi bi a ns .

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Anot he ra ppr oa c hi st oc r e a t eamor e na t ur a l i scs e t upba s e donk nowl e dg e oft heha bi t a tf oras pe c i e s .

T he hy pot he s i si st ha tg i v e nac ompl e x e nv i r onme ntas pe c i e swi l l c hoos e e l e me nt si tr e qui r e se . g . pe r c hi ng a r e a s , s he l t e r s , l oc aonbe ne a t hhe a t bul bs .

F r omas pe c i e s ’ be ha v i oronewi l l bea bl et oa dj us tt hede s i g ns oi ti s mor eop ma l .

T hi sme t hodi s r e c omme nde dwi t ha mphi bi a nsa nd r e pl e st ha ta r ee a s i l ys t r e s s e dout s i de ofe nv i r onme nt st ha tdonotoffe rs ome oft hec ompl e x i t yoft he i rha bi t a t s , s uc h a sde ns ef ol i a g et opr ov i des e ns eof s e c ur i t y .

Apr obl e mwi t ht hi sa ppr oa c h i st ha tt hea bi l i t yt omoni t ora nd c ont r ol c a nbel i mi t e d.

F ore x a mpl ei fa s pe c i e sc hoos e st ohi demos toft he mea ndi sl os i ngwe i g ht , onema ynot no c ei t .

F e c a l s a mpl e st ha tma ybe i ndi c av eofpa r a s i t e sma ybemi s s e d.

AHi s t or i c a l Per s pecv e Hi s t or i c a l l y , t hefir s twa v epr ope l l e dt he r e pl ehobbyf ol l owi ngt hewi de s pr e a d a v a i l a bi l i t yofe l e c t r i c i t ya nda i r t r a ns por t aon.

F i r s twa v eme t hods be f or et ha t mer e s or t e dt ona t ur a l l i g ht , out doorv i v a r i aa ndhe ang s y s t e mso e nde pe nde ntonr a di a t or s f ue l e dbyt hebur ni ngofc oa l .

Ha v i ng be e ni nt r oduc e dt ohe r pe t oc ul ut r ei n F r a nc ei n1961a tt hea g eof12, I k now t ha ti nc ont r a s tt ot heUS , ana t ur a l i sc v i v a r i uma ppr oa c ht ot hefir s twa v ewa s e mpha s i z e di nE ur opee a r l yi nt he hobby .

P e r s ona l l y , I woul dfindabook ont hehi s t or yofE ur ope a n he r pe t oc ul t ur ef a s c i nanga s E ur ope a nswe r ea ndt ov a r y i ngde g r e e s c on nuet obea tt hec u nge dg eof t hehobby .

Abookonpr e E di s onfir s t wa v eme t hodswoul da l s og i v ea n i nt e r e snghi s t or i c a l pe r s pe cv e .

E v e n t oda yi nc ount r i e swhe r ee l e c t r i c i t yi s nota l wa y sa v a i l a bl e , us eofwi ndows , s unr oof sa ndout doorv i v a r i aa r esl l

c ommonl yus e d.T wooft hepi one e r i ng a ndmos ts uc c e s s f ul c omme r c i a l br e e de r sofl i z a r dsa ndf r og s , Bob Ma i l l ouxa ndt hel a t eBe r tL a ng e r we r f de v e l ope dme t hodsus i ngs pe c i a l l y de s i g ne dg r e e nhous e sa nde nc l os ur e s t oma i nt a i nc a pv ebr e e di ngc ol oni e s wi t hl il et onous eofe l e c t r i c i t y .

S oc i oc ul t ur a l E ffec t s Hi s t or i c a l l y , t hes oc i oc ul t ur a l e ffe c t sof t hefir s twa v eha v ebe e ns i g ni fic a nt .

I t a l l owe dz oos , pe ts hopsa ndar a ng eof di s pl a yout l e t st oe x pos epe opl et ot he be a ut ya nddi v e r s i t yofa mphi bi a nsa nd r e pl e s .

I tha she l pe dc ha ng e wi de s pr e a di g nor a nc ea ndpr e j udi c e s a boutt hi sg r oupofa ni ma l s .

I t c ont r i but e dt ot heT he or yofS e ne nc e ( av a r i aonoft hea nt hr opoc e nt r i c T he or yofMi ndi nps y c hol og y )whe r e onefir s tde v e l opsa na wa r e ne s st ha t ot he rl i v i nge n e sa r es e ne nta nd e x pe r i e nc ea ndi nt e r pr e tr e a l i t y di ffe r e nt l yt ha nwedo.

I tha st he pot e na l f ort hede v e l opme ntofa br oa de re c ol og i c a l e mpa t hy .

T oda y , be c a us eoft hei nf or maonont he i nt e r ne t , t hefir s twa v ei nt r oduc e st he g e ne r a l publ i ct os omef unda me nt a l i de a sa boutt hebi ol og yofr e pl e sa nd a mphi bi a ns , s uc ha st a x onomy ( s c i e n ficna me sa r ee mpha s i z e d) , e c t ot he r mya ndt he r mor e g ul aon, r e qui r e me ntofUVBf orc e r t a i ns pe c i e s t os y nt he s i z ev i t a mi nD3, r e l av e humi di t yr e qui r e me nt s , a nds oc i a l be ha v i or s .

Ma nys i t e sa l s opr ov i de i nf or maonong e og r a phy , c l i ma t ea nd c ons e r v aon.

T ec hnol og ya ndDi e t s T hefir s twa v epr ope l l e dt he de v e l opme ntofa mphi bi a na ndr e pl e c a r es uppl i e sf r omUBg e ne r angbul bs a ndhe angs y s t e mst ot e r r a r i ums , Cor al l usr us c he nbe r ge r i i ( Cos t aRi c a n v i t a mi n/ mi ne r a l s uppl e me nt s , f or m) .

Phot obyNi c kMu on

5 8

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

s ubs t r a t e s , l a nds c a pes t r uc t ur e s , a nd t hea v a i l a bi l i t yofc omme r c i a l l y pr oduc e di ns e c t sa ndr ode nt s .

Neg av eE ffec t s T he r eha v ebe e na ndc on nuet obe ne g av ee ffe c t st ot hefir s twa v ea ndi t be hoov e sust or e c og ni z et he ma ndt o a ddr e s st he m.

Hi s t or i c a l l yt hefir s twa v e r os ea sar e s ul tofi mpor t aonof a mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e swhi c hs t a r t e d i nr e l av e l ys ma l l numbe r sbutt he n e x pa nde dt onumbe r st ot a l i ng t hous a ndsa nnua l l yf orc e r t a i ns pe c i e s s ol da tr i di c ul ous l yc he a ppr i c e s .

T he mi nds e ti nt he1950sa nd1960swa s t ha t , a sma nybe l i e v e dwi t hfis he r i e s , na t ur ewa sane a rl i mi t l e s sa nd r e pl e ni s hi ngs our c eofc he a ps uppl y .

F orbe e rorwor s et hefir s twa v ea l s o a s s i g ne dac omme r c i a l v a l uet o a mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e sot he rt ha na s f ooda ndl e a t he rs our c e s .

Be f or et he n t hec onc e ptofa mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e s a spot e na l e c onomi cr e s our c e swa s nots ome t hi ngmos tg ov e r nme nt sof t r opi c a l c ount r i e sc oul dc onc e i v eof .

ha se x pa nde dt oal e v e l whe r e g e ne r a l l yv e r yg oods uc c e s si sa c hi e v e d bymos tk e e pe r sf ort hemos t c ommonl yk e pts pe c i e s .

T hefir s twa v e i st hefir s ts t e p.

T hefir s twa v eha sal onghi s t or ya ndi s a nong oi ngpr oc e s sbutwenowha v e t hee x pe r i e nc ea ndk nowl e dg et obe mor er e s pons i bl ea ndmor es uc c e s s f ul .

Awi der a ng eofi nf or maoni s a v a i l a bl e , f r omas i ng l eGoog l es e a r c h ont hec a r eofas pe c i e s , t og r oupson F a c e booka nds pe c i a l i z e ds i t e st ha tc a n us ua l l ypr ov i dea ns we r st omos t que sonsont hehus ba ndr yoft he mos tc ommonl yk e pts pe c i e s .

Aswe e nt e ras t a g ewhe r ebi odi v e r s i t ya nd na t ur a l e nv i r onme nt sa r et hr e a t e ne d r e s ulngi ne v e ri nc r e a s i ngr e s t r i cons , i ti sc r ic a l t ha twea c qui r et he i nf or maont oe s t a bl i s hs pe c i e st ha twe wa ntt opr e s e r v ea sahuma n e x pe r i e nc e .

T hefir s ts t e pi sc a pv e hus ba ndr y , t hene x tc a pv e pr opa g aonwhi c hI wi l l c ov e ri npa r t2 oft hi ss e r i e s .

Cons i de rt ha tnowa da y sr e pl e s mug g l i ngbus t s , a swi t hdr ug t r a ffic k i ng , a r eo e npr e s e nt e di nt e r ms ofma r k e tv a l ue , s ome t hi ng i nc onc e i v a bl ei nt he1960s .

Ot he r i s s ue sc onc e r ne dwi t ht hefir s twa v e i nc l udet hes a l eofl a r g er e pl e shi g hl y a ppe a l i nga sj uv e ni l e sbutr e qui r i ng c os t l yhe a t , hous i ng , a ndf e e di nga s a dul t st ha tma nywi l l f a i l orr e f us et o pr ov i de .

T hi si sa na r e at ha tne e dst obe a ddr e s s e dbyr e s pons i bl ebr e e de r sa nd s e l l e r sbyi nf or mi ngbuy e r soft he r e qui r e me nt sa nds a f e t yme a s ur e s whe nde a l i ngwi t hl a r g e / g i a nts pe c i e s .

I ng e ne r a l , nonec a nber e c omme nde d a sg oodbe g i nne rpe t sf ort he i ne x pe r i e nc e d.

None t he l e s s , t he i nf or maona nds uppl i e sa l l owi ng pr ope rc a r eofa mphi bi a nsa ndr e pl e s I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

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E c hi nos aur ahor r i dai spr oba bl yt hemos tbi z a r r eGy mnopht a l mi dl i z a r di n t heAme r i c a s .

T hi ss pe c i e si se nde mi coft heChoc oa nl owl a ndsofE c ua dor a ndCol ombi a .

T hi ss pe c i me nwa sphot og r a phe di nI t a poa , E s me r a l da s , E c ua dor .

Phot og r a phbyCe s a rBa r r i oAmor รณs / DocF r ogPhot og r a phy

BI G

HE ADE DTURTL E S ( Pl at y s t e r nonme gac e phal um)

Capt i v eRepr oduct i onandHat chl i ngCar e

Adul tBi g he a de dT ur t l ei ni t sout doore nc l os ur e .

6 2

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Ar t i cl eandPhot ogr aphy byMar kWal l ace T heBi g he a de dT ur t l e( Pl at y s t e r non me gac e phal um)i sauni ques pe c i e s t ha toc c ur sov e ral a r g er a ng ei n Chi naa ndS out he a s tAs i a .

Un l f a i r l y r e c e nt l yi twa si mpor t e dt ot he Uni t e dS t a t e si ns ma l l t omode r a t e numbe r s , butc ha ng e si ne x por t r e g ul aonsi nt he i rnav ec ount r i e s ha sma det he mmuc hmor edi ffic ul t t oc omeby .

Whi l enotc ons i de r e dt o bepa rc ul a r l ydi ffic ul tt oc a r ef or whe ns e tuppr ope r l y , Bi g he a de d T ur t l e sa r ek nownt obeoneoft he mos tdi ffic ul tt ur t l es pe c i e st obr e e d i nc a pv i t y .

Howe v e r , t hr oug h s ha r e de x pe r i e nc e swi t hot he r i nt e r naona l pr i v a t ebr e e de r s , a nd c a r e f ul not e sonmyt ur t l e s ’ c y c l e s , be ha v i or s , f e e di ng s , g r owt h, we i g ht , e t c . , I ha v el e a r ne dt os uc c e s s f ul l y br e e dt hi ss pe c i e s .

I nt hi sa rc l eI di s c us st hebr e e di nga ndha t c hi ng pr oc e s st ha tI ha v ede v e l ope dt ha t r e s ul t e di nt hepr oduconof s uc c e s s f ul c l ut c he si n2014a nd 2015.

ar a conwhe nt he ya r ei nt r oduc e d f orbr e e di ng .

I k e e pmyBi g he a de dT ur t l e si ndoor s f ort hewi nt e r , whe r et he y e x pe r i e nc ewa t e rt e mpe r a t ur e s be t we e n6265°F a hr e nhe i t( F )a nd l owl i g h ngf or45mont hs .

I nt he e a r l ymont hsofs pr i ng( Ma r c ha nd Apr i l ) , t hef e ma l e sa r ebr oug hti nt oa wa r me rr oomwi t ha na i r t e mpe r a t ur ea t80°F . a ndwa t e r t e mpe r a t ur ea t70°F .

T hewa r me r wa t e rt e mpe r a t ur ea ppe a r st o smul a t emang , a ndI ' v eus e da s ubme r s i bl ea qua r i umhe a t e rt o r a i s et hewa t e rt e mpsa shi g ha s75° Ff orop ma l mangbe ha v i or .

T he f e ma l e sa r ea c c l i ma t e dt ot he wa r me rwa t e rt e mpe r a t ur e sf or s e v e r a l da y si namangt ubbe f or eI i nt r oduc et hema l e .

I nt hewi l d, t he i r mangs e a s onbe g i nsi nJ une , butby a rfic i a l l yi nc r e a s i ngt hewa t e r t e mpe r a t ur e , I ha v ebe e na bl et o i nduc es uc c e s s f ul manga se a r l ya s Apr i l orMa y .

Pr epa r i ngF ema l esf orMa ng Duet ot hehi g hi nc i de nc eof a g g r e s s i onbe t we e ni ndi v i dua l s , I k e e pmys pe c i me nsi ns e pa r a t et ubs bot hi ndoor sa ndout door s .

Af e w i ndi v i dua l sc a nbek e ptt og e t he ri n l a r g eponds e t ups , pr ov i di ngt he r e a r epl e nt yofhi di ngpl a c e sf or e s c a pea ndpr i v a c y .

Addiona l l y , k e e pi ngma l e sa ndf e ma l e s s e pa r a t e l ywi l l i nt e ns i f yt he i r

Whe nnotbe i ngi nt r oduc e df or mang , I k e e pmys pe c i me ns out door sf or67mont hsi nt he s umme r , whe r et he ye x pe r i e nc e wa t e rt e mpe r a t ur e sr a ng i ngf r om 50°F . a tni g ht , upt o80°Fi nt heda y me .

I t a k et he mi ns i dei ft hewa t e r

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6 3

t e mpe r a t ur ee x c e e ds80°Fbe c a us e i ti ss t r e s s f ul f ort he ma ndt he ywi l l be c omel e t ha r g i c .

Ma ngBi g hea dedT ur t l es T hemangt ubi sas i mpl e , l ong S t e r i l i t epl a scc ont a i ne rwi t hor wi t houtas ubme r s i bl ehe a t e r , de pe ndi ngont hewa t e r t e mpe r a t ur e .

T hewa t e rde pt hoft he mangc ont a i ne rs houl dnote x c e e d 4i nc he s .

Uponi nt r oduc i ngt hepa i r , t hef e ma l ewi l l wa ghe rhe a da ndt a i l ba c ka ndf or t hi fs hei sr e c e pv et o mang .

T hema l eus ua l l ys pa r e sno memoun nghe r .

T hemangr i t ua l i sv e r ya g g r e s s i v ea ndi nt e ns e , a nd onl yt a k e s510mi nut e s .

S i nc emos t Bi g he a de dT ur t l e sa r et e r r i t or i a l a nd c a nbea g g r e s s i v et owa r dse a c h ot he r , onemus tc l os e l ymoni t ort he pa i r ’ si nt r oducon.

Dur i ngmang t hema l ewi l l bi t ea tt hef e ma l e ’ s he a da ndt hef e ma l ewi l l bi t ea tt he ma l e ’ st hr oa t .

Onc emangi sdone , a ndt he y ' v eunl oc k e d, r e mov et he ma l ei mme di a t e l yt oa v oi di nj ur yt o e i t he rs pe c i me n.

F orabe e rc ha nc e t opr oduc emor ee g g s , r e pe a tt he mangi nt r oduconsf ort hr e eda y s i nar owwi t he i t he rt hes a meor di ffe r e ntma l e s .

I r e c or dt hemang da t e sa ndwe i g ht hema t e df e ma l e wi t hag r a ms c a l eonawe e k l yba s i s i na ne ffor tt omoni t ormang s uc c e s sa ndhope f ul l ypr e di c tt he mef ore g gl a y i ng .

Apa i rofBi g he a de dT ur t l e sc opul angi na ni ndoorbr e e di ngt ub.

de v e l opme nt .

E g g sde v e l opa nd c a l c i f yqui c k l ywi t hi na boutawe e k ort wobe f or el a y i ng .

T hef e ma l ewi l l s t ope angonet ot woda y sbe f or e l a y i nghe re g g s .

Na t ur a l S e t upf orL a y i ngE g g s

Ma nyk e e pe r sr e por tt ha tahi g h pe r c e nt a g eoff e ma l e swi l l l a yt he i r e g g si nt hewa t e r , t he r e f or ei ti s i mpor t a ntt os e tupapr ope rl a y i ng s i t e , t houg he v e nt he nt he r ei sno g ua r a nt e et ha tt he ywi l l notl a yt he i r e g g si nt hewa t e r .

T hepr ope rs e t up f orf e ma l e st ol a yna t ur a l l ywoul dbe Bec omi ngGr a v i d ame di ums i z e dWa t e r l a ndt ubor a na l og ouss e t upwhe r et hel a nd Af e ma l ec a nbe c omeg r a v i ds i xor s e conc ont a i nsabo oml a y e rof mor ewe e k sa e rmang , de pe ndi ng s a nda nds oi l mi x t ur e , f ol l owe dbya ondi e ta ndwa t e rt e mpe r a t ur e .

He r me di uml a y e rofs pha g nummos s , di e ts houl dc ons i s tofwhol ef e e de r a ndat opl a y e rofl e a v e st ohi de fis h, c r a y fis h, a ndot he rf oodt ha t unde r .

Ot he rs uc c e s s f ul br e e de r s c ont a i nsl ot sofc a l c i umf ore g g ha v er e por t e dt ha tt he i rf e ma l e s de v e l opme nt .

Wa r me rwa t e r bur r owt he ms e l v e sunde rt het op t e mpe r a t ur e swi l l a dv a nc e l e a fl ie rt of e e l s a f ewhi l ene sng .

I f 6 4

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Oneofmya dul tf e ma l e s .

t hene snga r e ai se x pos e d, t he f e ma l ewi l l mos tl i k e l yl a yi nt he wa t e r , whi c hwi l l de s t r oyt hee g g si f notr e mov e di mme di a t e l y .

Ox y t oc i nI nj econs MyďŹ r s tbr e e di ngf e ma l eha da hi s t or yofl a y i nghe re g g si nt he wa t e r , s oI c ons ul t e dwi t hot he r s uc c e s s f ul br e e de r sa boutus i ng Ox y t oc i nt oi nduc el a y i ngi na c ont r ol l e de nv i r onme nt .

I n c oope r aonwi t hav e t e r i na r i a nt ha t I wor kwi t h, I de c i de dt ot r yox y t oc i n i nj e consonhe r .

T hepr oc e dur e we nts moot hl ya ndI obs e r v e dnoi l l e e c t s .

Adul tma l et ha tI r e c e nt l ya dde dt ot hec ol ony .

T hi sf e ma l ei ss ma l l f ora Pl at y s t e r non.

He rnor ma l we i g hti s 425g r a msa ndhe rwe i g hta tt he meofl a y i ngwa s475485g r a ms .

Onc es hes t oppe de ang , I k ne ws he wa sr e a dyt ol a y .

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c onfir mt ha te g g swe r epr e s e nt , a nd t oa c qui r et hepr ope rdos a g eof ox y t oc i n( 1mi l l i l i t e rt o500g r a msof we i g ht ) .

Anot he rbr e e de rt ol dme t hepr ope rwa yt oi nj e c tt het he ox y t oc i n, whi c hi st oi nj e c tha l fof t het ot a l a mounti nt ot het opof e a c hs houl de rs oi tc oul dc i r c ul a t e e qua l l yt hr oug hhe rbody .

Wi t hi n25 mi nut e s , s hel a i da l l f oure g g sona c l e a nt owe l i nt heba t ht ub.

He rf our e g g swe i g he d10g r a mse a c h.

Ae r l a y i ng , s hea c t e dnor ma l l ya nd i mme di a t e l yf e dwhe noffe r e df ood.

I qui c k l yt r a ns f e r r e dt hee g g st omy home ma dei nc uba t or .

T heHomema deI nc uba t or T oma k eahome ma dei nc uba t or , I us ea nI g l ooc ool e r / i ns ul a t e d c ont a i ne r , aqua l i t ya qua r i um s ubme r s i bl ehe a t e r , t e mpe r a t ur e a ndhumi di t yg a ug e s , al ongnur s e r y pl a ntr a c k( t ur ne dups i dedownt o hol dt hee g gc ont a i ne ra bov et he wa t e r ) , a ndas ma l l S t e r i l i t e c ont a i ne rwi t hal i dt ha ta c t sa st he e g gc ont a i ne r .

T hee g gc ont a i ne r s ubs t r a t ec ons i s t sofaa50/ 50mi x ofor g a ni cpe r l i t ea ndv e r mi c ul i t e ( wi t hnoc he mi c a l sorf e rl i z e r s ) , moi s t e ne dbydi sl l e dwa t e r .

Pr i ort o s e ngupt hee g g s , I wa s houtt he c ool e rwi t hv e r yhotwa t e rt ok i l l a ny ba c t e r i a , f ung usormol d, a ndl e tt he t e mpe r a t ur es t a bi l i z ebe f or e i nt r oduc i ngt hee g g s .

I ' v eha da100 pe r c e ntha t c hr a t ewi t hf e rl ee g g s us i ngt hi ss i mpl ei nc uba t or .

S e ea de t a i l e dde s c r i p onoft he i mpor t a nts t e psi nc r e anga home ma dei nc uba t orbe l ow.

Hea t er :Cr e a t ea na r e at ha tt he a qua r i umhe a t e rc or dc a nfits nug g l y i nt os ot ha tt hec ool e rl i dc a nc l os e pr ope r l yt ok e e phumi di t ya nd t e mpe r a t ur ec ons t a nt .

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HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

ABOVE :I nt e r i oroft hei nc uba t orwi t ht hee g gboxope nt os howe g gpl a c e me nt .

BE L OW:T hee g gboxl i di spl a c e da ta na ng l et or e duc ec onde ns aon.

T OP:E g g sbe g i nba ndi nga ta boutonewe e k , i ndi c angf e rl i t y .MI DDL E :Ha t c hl i ng s popoutoft hee g g squi c k l yonc et he ybr e a kt hr oug h.

T heha t c hl i ng ss he l l sa r e ov a l / e g gs ha pe dr i g hta e rha t c hi ng .BOTT OM:Ha t c hl i ngpe e k i ngoutf r ome g g ae r69da y sofi nc ubaon.

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Asy ouc a ns e ewi t ht he s et hr e ewe e kol dha t c hl i ng s , onc eoutoft hee g g , t he i rs he l l ss t a r tt or e s ha pea ndfla e nout .

Dr e me l t ool wi t hag r i nde ra ndg r i nd outas ma l l g r oov eont heuppe rr i m oft hec ool e r .

Whe ny ouc l os et hel i d wi t ht hehe a t e rc or di n, t hel i d s houl dc l os ea ndope ne a s i l y .

F i l l t he bo omoft hec ool e rwi t hdi sl l e d wa t e rj us tov e rt het opoft hehe a t e r , butf a re noug hunde rt hepl a ntr a c k t ha ti twi l l c r e a t eas pa c ebe t we e n t her a c ka nde g gc ont a i ne r .

Adj us t t hede s i r e dt e mpe r a t ur eont he he a t e r .

E g gc ont a i ner :I us eaS t e r i l i t ec l e a r pl a scc ont a i ne rt ha t ’ sde e pe noug h t ohol ds ubs t r a t ea ndde e pe noug h t opr e v e ntha t c hl i ng sf r omc r a wl i ng out .

Dr i l l mulpl es ma l l hol e si nt he bo omoft hee g gc ont a i ne rt o r e l e a s ea nymoi s t ur et ha tmi g ht c onde ns ea nddr i pf r omt hel i di nt o t hec ont a i ne r .

T ok e e pt hi sa ta mi ni mum, I us eac l e a rpl a scc upt o hol dt hel i da ta na ng l e .

T he s ubs t r a t ei nt hec ont a i ne rs houl dbe nohi g he rt ha n1½i nc he sde e p.

6 8

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Pl a c et e mpe r a t ur eg a ug e sa bov et he wa t e rl e v e l ne x tt ot hee g gc ont a i ne r ont hepl a ntr a c k .

S ubs t r a t e:Us ea nor g a ni c50/ 50mi x ofpe r l i t ea ndv e r mi c ul i t e .

Or g a ni c br a ndsha v enoc he mi c a l sor f e rl i z e r st ha tc a nk i l l e g g sor e mbr y os .

Boi l di sl l e dwa t e ri nat e a k el ea ndpourt heboi l i ngwa t e r ov e rt hemi xi nafines t r a i ne ror c ol a nde r , t hor oug hl ys oa k i ngi t .

T hi s k i l l sa nyba c t e r i ai nt hes ubs t r a t e .

Wa i tf ort hemi xt oc ool , t he n s que e z et hewa t e routoft he s ubs t r a t ebyha ndun l i ti sda mp a ndmi xi te v e nl y .

L e v e l t hemi xi n bo omoft hee g gc ont a i ne r , a nd t he npl a c et hec ont a i ne ront opof t henur s e r ypl a ntr a c k , hol di ngi ta ha l f i nc hov e rt hewa t e ri nt he bo omoft hei nc uba t or .

E g gI nc uba on I bur yt hee g g sal il eov e rha l f wa y

T hr e ewe e kol dha t c hl i ng ss howi ngt he i rbr i g ht l yc ol or e dpl a s t r ons .

AямБs tf ul l ofne wl yha t c he dPl at y s t e r non.

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T y pi c a l s e t upf orha t c hl i ngBi g he a de dT ur t l e s .

i nt hes ubs t r a t e .

T hee g g ss houl d s t a r tba ndi ngi nada yort wo( t ur t l e e g g sa r et y pi c a l l ys ome wha t t r a ns l uc e ntwhe nl a i da ndwi l l de v e l opawi dewhi t eba nsa c r os s t hemi ddl ea st he yde v e l op) .

Bi g he a de dT ur t l ee g g sba ndv e r y s l owl yc ompa r e dt os omeot he r t ur t l es pe c i e s .

Ope nt hei nc uba t or l i da tl e a s t23 me spe rwe e kt o c he c kt hee g g s .

Ae raf e wwe e k s , i f s omee g g sdon’ tba nda ndt ur nda r k , r e mov et he m.

Al wa y ss t e r i l i z ey our ha ndsbe f or eha ndl i ngt hei ns i deof t hei nc uba t or .

T hei nc ubaon t e mpe r a t ur es houl dbenohi g he r t ha n7980°F . a ndnol owe rt ha n 7576°F .

Hi g he ri nc ubaon t e mpe r a t ur e sma ypr oduc emor e f e ma l eha t c hl i ng s .

E g g sk e pti na 7 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

t e mpe r a t ur eof7576°F . c oul dt a k e 90ormor eda y st oha t c h.

Myc l ut c h a t7980°F . t ook6970da y st o ha t c h.

Ha t c hl i ng se me r g ef r omt he e g g squi c k l y , wi t ht hee g gs a c kf ul l y a bs or be d.

T he ya r ev e r ya cv e i mme di a t e l y .

T he ywi l l de hy dr a t e e a s i l y , s ot he ys houl dber e mov e d f r omt hei nc uba t ora ss oona s pos s i bl ea ndpl a c e di nt he i r s e pa r a t e l ypr e pa r e de nc l os ur e s .

Ha t c hl i ngHous i ng I hous ee a c hne wha t c hl i ngi na s i mpl eS t e r i l i t et ubwi t has ma l l e x t e r i orc a ni s t e rfil t e r( wi t hi nt a k e a nds pr a yba r ) , afla tr oc k , a nd s e v e r a l t ur t l ehut s / hi de st ha tt he y c a ne a s i l yg e ti na ndoutof

Ha t c hl i ngBi g he a de dT ur t l e .

Al a r g e rs e tupf orha t c hl i ng ss howi ngmulpl ehi de sa ndba s k i nga r e a s .

Bi g he a de dT ur t l e sc a nbes hya ndwi l l ma k ef r e que ntus e ofhi de s .

Mulpl ehi de sa r ei mpor t a nt , pa rc ul a r l yi f mor et ha noneha t c hl i ngi si nt hes a mee nc l os ur e .

Aj uv e ni l eBi g he a de dT ur t l es i ngunde rt hes howe roft heďŹ l t e rr e t ur n.

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S i z ec ompa r i s onbe t we e naoneda yol dha t c hl i nga ndat we l v emont hol dj uv e ni l e .

Bi g he a de dT ur t l e sl ov et ohi de !A l a mps t a ndwi t haUVB50wa bul b i smount e da bov eones i deoft he t ubov e raba s k i ngs pot( us ua l l ya fla tr oc k ) .

T heov e r he a dl a mps houl d bea dj us t e dt or e g ul a t et heda yme wa t e rt e mpe r a t ur ea ta r ound74°F . f ort hefir s tmont h.

I don’ tus e s ubme r s i bl ehe a t e r sf orha t c hl i ng s , onl yt hel a mpsa ndr oom t e mpe r a t ur e .

Wa t e rde pt hi sv e r ys ha l l owa t a r ound1½t o2i nc he sde e p.

I a v oi d us i nga nyk i ndofg r a v e l orbo om s ubs t r a t es oI c a ne a s i l ymoni t ora nd r e mov et he i rdr oppi ng swi t ha t ur k e yba s t e rbe t we e nf e e di ng s .

J uv e ni l e sa tt e nmont hsol d.

7 2

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I k e ptmyfir s tha t c hl i ng st og e t he rf or 30da y sun l t he ys t a r t e ds howi ng s i g nsofa g g r e s s i ont owa r dse a c h ot he r , butI r e c omme nds e pa r ang t he me a r l i e r .

Bi g he a de dT ur t l e sa r e v e r ya g g r e s s i v ea ndc a nni pt a i l sa nd c a us eot he ri nj ur i e st ot he i rc l ut c h ma t e s .

Ha t c hl i ngCa r e Ha t c hl i ng swe i g hi na ta r ounde i g ht g r a msa ndwi l l s t a r te angt hr e e da y sa e rha t c hi ng .

F ort hefir s tf e w we e k s , I f e e dmyha t c hl i ng ss i mpl e f oodsi ns ma l l a mount s , l i k ebl a c k wor msa nds ma l l f e e de rg uppi e s .

Wa t e rt e mpe r a t ur e ss houl dbek e pt a ta r ound74°F . f ort hefir s tmont h.

I mpor t a ntnot e : Donotov e r f e e d ha t c hl i ng s !E x c e s sf oods houl dbe i mme di a t e l yr e mov e da e rf e e di ng s ore l s et he yc a nov e r f e e d, r e s ulng i nde a t h.

I moni t ort he i rdr oppi ng s be t we e nf e e di ng ss oI k nowwhe n t he ya r er e a dyt oe a ta g a i n.

I a l wa y s c he c kt he i runde r s i de sa bov et he i r l e g st oc onfir mt hi s .

I ft heg uti s bul g i ng , t he nt he ya r ef ul l a nddon’ t ne e dt of e e d.

I ft he i rl e g sa r es i nk i ng de e pi nt ot he i rg ut , t he yne e df ood.

I us ua l l yf e e dmyha t c hl i ng se v e r y t hr e eda y s .

Whe nt heha t c hl i ng sa r e s i xmont hsol d, I s t a r toffe r i ng Ma z ur i pe l l e t si na ddiont ot he i r r e g ul a rf e e de rg uppi e s , mi nnows , a ndr e dwor ms .

At12mont hs , I a dd s ma l l c r a y fis ht ot he i rdi e t .

Myfir s t t woha t c hl i ng sme a s ur e d4c m. a nd we i g he d8g r a ms .

At12mont hs , t he yme a s ur e d8c m. a ndwe i g he d 64g r a ms .

T heF ut ur e I ’ v er e c e nt l ya dde dt womor ea dul t f e ma l e st omyg r oup, a ndI a mi nt he pr oc e s sofpr e pa r i ngf ormang s e a s ona g a i n.

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T opL e :Al l obat e sal gor e iT opRi g ht :Mannophr y nec or di l l e r i anac a r r y i ng t a dpol e s .Bo om L e :Al l obat e shumi l i sBo om Ri g ht :Al l obat e sc ar i be

7 4

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

I nt r oducon De ndr obadsa r ea mongt hemos t ae n onc a pt ur i ngf r og soft hewor l d, ba s i c a l l yduet oi t sa s t oni s hi ng c ol or aona ndpowe r f ul t ox i ns .

Butnot a l l de ndr obadsha v ebr i g htc ol or s , or a r et ox i c .

I nVe ne z ue l a , onl yfiv es pe c i e s of67a r ebr i g ht c ol or e da ndf oura r e t ox i c .

Knowl e dg eofde ndr obadsi n Ve ne z ue l aa ug me nt e dpr og r e s s i v e l y f r om10me n one dbyRi v e r o( 1961) , 30i nL aMa r c a( 1992) , t o45i n Ba r r i oAmor ós( 1998) , 47i n Ba r r i oAmor ós&F ue nt e s( 1999) , 54i n Ba r r i oAmor ós( 2009)r e s pe cv e l yt o t hec ur r e ntnumbe rof67( t hi swor k ) , i nc r e a s i ngni nene ws pe c i e si ns e v e n y e a r ss i nc et hel a s ta mphi bi a nc he c k l i s t .

S i nc eBa r r i oAmor ós&F ue nt e s( 1999) ma nyc ha ng e sha v eoc c ur r e d, f r omt he numbe rofk nowns pe c i e s , t ot he c ur r e nts y s t e maca l l oc aon.

I ti s wor t hyt he nt os t a t eamode r n c omme nt e dl i s ta c c ompa ni e dwi t h ma nyi l l us t r aonsofs e v e r a l s pe c i e si n que son.

Gr a nte ta l . ( 2006)s ug g e s t e d, ba s e don mol e c ul a rda t at ha tt hef a mi l y De ndr obada es houl ds pl i ti nt wo f a mi l i e s , Ar omobada ea nd De ndr obada e .

ButS a nt ose ta l . ( 2009) r e nde r e dt het wof a mi l i e si nonea g a i n ( De ndr obada e )wi t ht wos ubf a mi l i e s ( Ar omobana ea ndDe ndr obana e ) .

T he ya l s odi s a l l owe ds e v e r a l g e ne r a pr opos e dbyGr a nte ta l . ( 2006) , i nc l udi ngMi n y obat e s , a ndt hust he t a x onomi ca r r a ng e me nta c c e pt e d he r e i na ppl i c a bl et oVe ne z ue l a ns pe c i e s i spr e s e nt e di nT a bl e1( s e ee ndof a rc l e ) .

S of a r , t he r ea r es i xg e ne r aof De ndr obada ea s s i g ne dt ot wo

c ons i de r e dI nc e r t a es e di s( me a ni ng t ha tt heg e ne r i cs t a t usi snoty e tc l e a r ) sl l i nag e nusnotus e df ora nyot he r t a x a , Pr os t he r api s( us e donl yf orP . dunni ) S ubf a mi l yAr omoba na e( c r y pc de ndr obadsorr oc k e tf r og s ) T hi si st hedomi na nts ubf a mi l yi n Nor t he r nS out hAme r i c a , wi t h62of66 s pe c i e sonl yi nVe ne z ue l a .

Al l s pe c i e s a r ec ha r a c t e r i z e dbyal a c kofbr i g ht c ol or s( e x c e ptAl l obat e sf e mor al i st ha t pos s e s s e sy e l l oworor a ng efla s hma r k s ont het hi g hs , a ndAnomal ogl os s us r uf ul us , whi c hi sor a ng ea ndwhi t e v e nt r a l l y ) .

T he yi nha bi tt heAnde s , Cor di l l e r adel aCos t a , t heOr i noqui a n f or e s t sa ndt e pui s( t a bl emount a i ns )of t heGui a naS hi e l d.

Al l obat e s( Nur s ef r og s ) Al l obat e s( s e ns uGr a nte ta l .

2006)i sa g e nust ha tt houg hpr ov e d monophy l ec , c a nbea rfic i a l a sma ny s pe c i e sha v ene v e rbe e ng e ne c a l l y t e s t e d.

I nVe ne z ue l a9s pe c i e sa r e k nown, t womor ea r er e c og ni z e da s s i mi l a rt oot he rs pe c i e s( pr oba bl yonl y ones pe c i e s , na me di ndi ffe r e ntwor k s A. a ff. mar c he s i anusa ndA. a ff. br unne us ) , a ndonemor ei swa ingf or de s c r i p on( A. s p. nov . f r omt he Ve ne z ue l a nAma z ona ss t a t e ) .

T heg e nusi swi de l ydi s t r i but e da l onga l l Ve ne z ue l ae x c e ptL osL l a nosr e g i on, a ndt heMa r a c a i boL a k eba s i n.

T hr e e a r ek nownf r omt heAnde s( A. al gor e i , A. humi l i sa ndA. pi e r i ) , f ourf r omt he Coa s t a l r a ng e( A. br ome l i c ol a, A. c ar i be , A. mande l or uma ndA. pi e r i )a ndt he r e s ta r edi s t r i but e ds out hoft he Or i noc oa tt heGui a naS hi e l d( A. s anmarni , A. f e mor al i s , A. undul at us , A. aff. mar c he s i anusa ndA. aff. br unne us ) .

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Di s t r i bu onofs pe c i e sofAl l obat e s( di s j unt cpopul aons )–i npi nk ;a nd“ Pr os t he r a pi s ”–bl a c kdot -i nVe ne z ue l a .

7 6

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Di s t r i bu onofAr omobat e s( Pi nk ) , De ndr obat e s( y e l l ow)a ndAme e r e ga( l i g htbl ue )i n Ve ne z ue l a .

Di s t r i bu onofMannophr y ne( pi nk )a ndAnomal ogl os s us( l i g htbl ue )i nVe ne z ue l a .

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Oft he m, t hea ffinie sa r eunk nownf or A. br ome l i c ol a, c ar i be , mande l or um, a nds anmarni .

I nt e r e sng l y , A. f e mor al i s , ac ommonAma z oni a n dwe l l e r , i sonl yk nowni nVe ne z ue l asl l t hr oug ht wor e c or di ng s( Ba r r i oAmor ós &S a nt os2010) .

Oneoft heAnde a n s pe c i e s , A. al gor e i wa sde di c a t e dt oAl Gor eduet ohi se ndl e s se ffor t st o e duc a t epe opl ea boutt heg l oba l wa r mi ng( Ba r r i oAmor ós&S a nt os 2009) .

Anomal ogl os s us( L i ng ua l f r og s ) Anomal ogl os s us( l i t e r a l l y =a noma l ous t ong ue )i st heg e nuspr opos e dbyGr a nt e ta l . ( 2006)f ors omef or me r Col os t e t hust ha tpr e s e nta na ppe ndi xi n t hemi ddl eoft het ong ue .

T heus eof t hi sc ha r a c t e ri sunk nown, buti ti s c onv e ni e ntt odi sng ui s ht he ma mong ot he rdul l c ol or e dAr omobane s .

Anomal ogl os s usi sdi s t r i but e di n e a s t e r nP a na ma , Choc oa nE c ua dora nd Col ombi aa ndt heMa g da l e naRi v e r Va l l e ya l s oi nCol ombi a( 5s pe c i e s ) ; a nd t hr oug houtt heGui a naS hi e l d( 24 s pe c i e s ) .

I ti sunc l e a rhowt he s es pe c i e s a r er e l a t e d, a snoAnomal ogl os s usf r om t hewe s t e r npa r tofS out hAme r i c aor Ce nt r a l Ame r i c aha v ebe e ng e ne c a l l y t e s t e da ndc ompa r e dwi t hGui a na S hi e l dr e pr e s e nt av e s .

De a l i ngonl y wi t hVe ne z ue l a , 16s pe c i e sa r ek nown wi de s pr e a dt hr oug ht hel owl a nds , upl a ndsa ndhi g hl a ndsoft heGui a na S hi e l d, f r om80ma s l ( A. v e e r be k s n y de r or um)t o2700m( A. r or ai ma) .

T he r ei sa ni mpl i c i tpr obl e m i nt her e c og nionofs omeoft he s e s pe c i e s .

Ass omeoft he mwe r e de s c r i be dba s e donol da ndba dl y pr e s e r v e ds pe c i me ns( a ndba s e don onei ndi v i dua l ) , i ti sv e r ydi ffic ul tt o c ompa r ea mongs pe c i e sa nd s pe c i me ns .

Onl yac ompr e he ns i v ewor k i nv ol v i ngmor phome t r y , g e ne c sa nd 7 8

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bi oa c ousc sc a npr ooft he i rv a l i di t y .

T hi spr obl e mha ppe nswi t hs pe c i e s de s c r i be dbyL aMa r c a( 1999) , who na me d7s pe c i e sba s e donpoor l y pr e s e r v e dma t e r i a l ( s ome me ss i ng l e , j uv e ni l es pe c i me ns ) , a nda e r wa r dsi s i mpos s i bl et oc ompa r ewi t hot he rt a x a s as f y i ng l y .

De s c r i bes pe c i e si ns uc h c ompl i c a t e dg e ne r aus i ngonl yoneor f e wba dpr e s e r v e ds pe c i me nc a n i nt r oduc ema nyt a x onomi cpr obl e ms , l i k es y nony msf r ompr e v i ouss pe c i e s , Anomal ogl os s usmoffe a ndg e ne r a t e spoorl i t e r a t ur et o c ompa r ewi t hne wl ypr e s e r v e d s pe c i me ns .

Al ongwi t hPhi l l i peKok , I ha v ebe e nl ook i ngf orA. pa r k e r a ea t S i e r r adeL e ma , wi t hnol uc k .

I nor de r t oma k eac ompr e he ns i v eg e ne c c ompa r i s ona mongs pe c i e si ti sv i t a l t o findt hi ss pe c i e swhi c hi soneoft hefir s t de s c r i be di ne a s t e r nVe ne z ue l a ( Me i nha r dt&P a r ma l e e1996) , a ndc a n bet hes e ni ors y nony mofma nyot he r s de s c r i be da e r( P .

Koka nd Ba r r i oAmor ós , ownda t a ) .

Anomal ogl os s ust e puy e ns i s

Unf or t una t e l y , A. par k e r aes e e msa v e r yr a r es pe c i e sorha v es uffe r e da s e v e r ede c l i naon, a si ti sa ppa r e nt l y a bs e ntf r ompr i snes t r e a msa l onga n a lt udi na l g r a di e nti nl aE s c a l e r ar e g i on f r om300t o1400m( s e eDue l l ma n 1997f ora ne x t e ns i v ede s c r i p onoft he r e g i on) .

Us ua l l yAnomal ogl os s uss pe c i e sc a nbe l oc a l l ya bunda nt , t houg hv e r ys e a s ona l Anomal ogl os s ust r i unf o ( A. v e r be e k s n y de r or um, A. r uf ul us ) .

Anomal ogl os s ust e puy e ns i si st hebe s t k nowns pe c i e sduet ot her e de s c r i p on a ndv a r i aonma debyMy e r s& Donne l l y( 2008) .

Mode r nde s c r i p ons us i ngf r e s hma t e r i a l , g e ne cma r k e r s a ndbi oa c ousc soffe rawi de r s pe c t r umofi nf or maon, a ndA. pr ade r i oi , A. r or ai ma, A. r uf ul us , a ndA. v e r be e k s n y de r or uma r et hebe s t c ha r a c t e r i z e ds pe c i e si nVe ne z ue l aun l Ar omobat e sor na s s i mus

now( Kok2010; Koke ta l .

2013; Ba r r i oAmor ós&S a nt os2010; Ba r r i oAmor óse ta l .

2010) .

Ar e v i e wof t heg e nusi sur g e nt l yne e de d.

Ar omobat e s( Cl oudf r og s )

Anomal ogl os s usbr e we r i -Phot obyCha r l e sBr e we r Ca r í a s

Anomal ogl os s usr uf ul us

Anomal ogl os s uswot huj a

Ar omobat e sme r i de ns i s

Ar omobat e sz i ppe l i

Ar omobat e se r i c k s onae

T heg e nusAr omobat e si se nde mi cf r om t heVe ne z ue l a nAnde s( Cor di l l e r ade Mé r i da , Ve ne z ue l a ns i deoft he Cor di l l e r aOr i e nt a l deCol ombi aa nd S i e r r adeP e r i j á )a ndoneort wo unde s c r i be ds pe c i e sa r eme n one di n t heCol ombi a npa r toft heCor di l l e r a Or i e nt a l deCol ombi a .

T heg e nuswa s c r e a t e dt oa l l oc a t ear a t he runi que s pe c i e s , t hel a r g e s ts of a rk nown De ndr obad, Ar omobat e snoc t ur nus , My e r s , P ol i l l oe tDa l y1991, buta l s ot he onl ynoc t ur na l a nda quac de ndr obad.

I ts me l l sl i k eas k unka nd s oi sc a l l e d, t hes k unkf r og .

Un l 2006, i twa sr e g a r de da smonot y pi ci ni t sown g e nus .

Ot he rdul l c ol or e ds pe c i e soft he Ve ne z ue l a nAnde s , k nowna spe r t a i ni ng t ot heCol os t e t husal bogu at usg r oup, we r eg a t he r e di nane wg e nusbyL a Ma r c ai n1994, Ne phe l obat e s .

T hi s g e nuswa spr obl e macs i nc ei t s i nc e p on, a si twa sba s e donl il ec l e a r mor phol og i c a l c ha r a c t e r s , l i k el ong t e e t h( l ongc ompa r e dt owha t ? ) , a nd pr e s e nc eofa na l s he a t h( us ua l l yduet o pr e s e r v aona rf a c t s )pr e s e nt e da s s y na pomor phi e soft heg e nus( buta l s o pr e s e nti not he rg e ne r a ) .

Gr a nte ta l . ( 2006)us e daf e ws pe c i e sof Ne phe l obat e si nt he i rphy l og e ni e sa nd f oundt ha tt he ywe r ene s t e dwi t h Ar omoba t e s .

Ba r r i oAmor ós&S a nt os ( 2012)c r e a t e damor ec ompr e he ns i v e phy l og e nywi t h10oft he17k nown s pe c i e s .

Atl e a s tt womor es pe c i e sa r ei n pr oc e s sofbe i ngde s c r i be d.

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Mannophr y ner i v e r oi ( ma l e )

Mannophr y nel e onar doi

Mannophr y nec ol l ar i s

Mannophr y neobl ie r at a

ABOVE :Mannophr y neor e l l ana L E F T :Mannophr y ne. a ffc aqueo

Mannophr y nev ul c ano

8 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Mannophr y nev e ne z ue l e ns i s

Mannophr y nec or di l l e r i ana

Al l Ar omobat e se x c e ptt het y pe s pe c i e s , a r es ma l l t omode r a t ef r og s ( 2040mm) , i nha bingt e r r e s t r i a l t o r i pa r i a nmi c r oha bi t a t s , f r om700( A. e r i c k s ona e )t o3400m( A. l e opar dal i s ) i nt heVe ne z ue l a nAnde s .

Ar omobat e s noc t ur nusc a ng r owa sl a r g ea s65mm, be i ngt hel a r g e s tde ndr obad, t houg h wi t ha noddmor phol og y( a ppa r e nt l y t heonl ynoc t ur na l a nda quac De ndr obada swe l l ) .

Ar omobat e sa r e notc ol or e df r og s , a ndonl yA. hay de e ae ( or a ng ebe l l y ) .

A. me r i de ns i s( y e l l ow be l l ywi t hda r ks pot s )a ndA. or na s s i mus( g r e e nt oor a ng edor s um wi t hr ec ul a t e dbe l l y )s t a ndoutf ori t s be a ut y .

Phi l og e ne c a l l yAr omobat e ss t a nds wi t hi t ss i s t e rg e nusMannophr y nea ta ba s a l pos iona mongAr omobana e ( Gr a nte ta l , 2006; Ba r r i oAmor ós& S a nt os2012)be i ngs i s t e rg e ne r at o Anomal ogl os s us .

Ar omobat e s or na s s i musi sa ppa r e nt l yt hemos t a nc i e nts pe c i e soft heg e nus ( Ba r r i oAmor óse ta l .

2011) .

T hi sg e nuss e e mst oha v es uffe r e d e x t e ns i v e l yas e v e r ede c l i naona nd c ur r e nt l yaf e ws pe c i e sa r ec ommon.

Onl yt her e c e nt l yde s c r i be d Ar omobat e sc annat e l l ae , A. e r i c k s onae , A. or na s s i muspl usA. s al t ue ns i sa r e c ommona tt he i rt y pel oc a l ie s ( Ba r r i oAmor ós&S a nt os2012) .

Ar omobat e sz i ppe l i i sapá r a modwe l l e r a ndi shi g hl yt hr e a t e ne dbype sc i de s i ni t ss ur r oundi ng s .

Mannophr y neurc ans

Ar omobat e sal bogu at us , A. dur an , A. hay de aae , A. l e opar dal i s , A. may or gai , A. mol i nar i i , A. or os t omaa ndA. s e r r anusha v ebe e nnotf oundi nr e c e nt ae mpt sbyt hea ut hora ndot he r he r pe t ol og i s t s .

I c onduc t e dac e ns usof A. me r i de ns i si n2006, a ndI f oundonl y ar e mna ntpopul aonc l os et ot het y pe l oc a l i t y( e xnc ta tt het y pel oc a l i t y )of

56129a dul t s .

T hi snumbe r sa r e s ma l l e rt ha na nypos s i bl es pe c i e sc a n s t a nd( Ba r r i oAmor óse ta l .

2010) .

Not hi ngi sk nowna e rt ha tda t e .

I a m a f r a i dt ha tA. noc t ur nus , oneoft he mos te x t r a or di na r yf r og si nt hewor l d, i sa l r e a dye xnc t , a sr e c e nte x pe dions bydi ffe r e nthe r pe t ol og i s t sf a i l e dt ofind i ta ti t st y pel oc a l i t y( Ba r r i oAmor ós 2001; Ba r r i oAmor óse ta l .

2010) .

Mannophr y ne( Col l a r edf r og s ) Mannophr y nea r et hec ol l a r e df r og s .

T he ya r edomi na nta mphi bi a ne l e me nt s i nma nys i t e sa tt heVe ne z ue l a nAnde s a ndCor di l l e r adel aCos t a .

Of19e x t a nt s pe c i e s , 17a r ee nde mi ct oVe ne z ue l a ( onl yM. t r i ni t a sf r omT r i ni da da ndM. ol monaef r omT oba g oa r ek nown out s i deVe ne z ue l a ) .

T heg e nusi snot k nownf r omCol ombi a , t houg hone s pe c i e s( M. or e l l ana)i spr e s e nti nt he Ve ne z ue l a ns i deoft heCor di l l e r a Or i e nt a l deCol ombi a( Ba r r i oAmor óse t a l .

2010)a nds houl dbef oundi nt he Col ombi a ns i de .

S omeoft hemor phol og i c a l s y na pomor phi e sa r et hepr e s e nc eofa bl a c kc ol l a ra nday e l l owt hr oa t ( e s pe c i a l l yobv i ousi nf e ma l e s ) .

Al s o, e l a bor a t e dfig ht soc c ura mongf e ma l e s t ode f e ndt he i rt e r r i t or i e s( Dol e& Dur a nt1974) .

T he r ea r et woc l a de s wi t hi nt heg e nus , onei sma i nl yof Ande a nor i g i nwi t hf e wCoa s t a l r e pr e s e nt av e s( c ol l ar i s , c or di l l e r i ana, l ar andi na, y usz i , l amar c ai , c aqueo a ndhe r mi nae , wi t hobl ie r at aa s bas al ) , a ndt heot he ri sCoa s t a l ( t r i ni t as , v e ne z ue l e ns i s , l e onar doi , ol monaea ndr i v e r oi )( Ma nz a ni l l ae ta l .

2009) .

S e e mst ha tduet ot hema j or a ppa r e nts pe c i aona tt heCoa s t a l Ra ng e( orCor di l l e r adel aCos t a ) , Ma nnophr y ne ’ sor i g i ni spr oba bl yt he nor t he r nc oa s t a l mount a i nc ha i nof I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

8 1

Ve ne z ue l a .

Ot he rr e c e nt l yde s c r i be d s pe c i e soft heg e nusmus tpr oofi t s phy l og e ne cpos ion( M. or e l l ana, M. s pe e r i , M. t r uj i l l e ns i s , M. urc ansa nd M. v ul c ano) .

Mannophr y nes pe c i e sa r enor ma l l y a bunda ntt hr oug ht he i rdi s t r i bu on.

I n s omec a s e st hedi s t r i bu oni sr e s t r i c t e d t oas ma l l a r e a( M. urc ans , t r uj i l l e ns i s , s pe e r i , l ar andi na, l amar c ai , c aqueo, obl ie r at a) .

Ot he rs pe c i e sa r emor e wi de l ydi s t r i but e d( M. c ol l ar i s , c or di l l e r i ana, v ul c ano, he r mi naes e ns u l at o, l e onar doi , r i v e r oi a ndy usz i ) .

T he onl yt hr e eMannophr y neme n one da s t hr e a t e ne da r eM. c aqueo, M. l amar c ai a ndM. ne bl i na.

I don’ tha v e fir s tha ndi nf or maona boutM. l amar c ai , butI ha v es e e na bunda nt popul aonsofM. a ff. c aqueoi n a ppr opr i a t ec r e e k s .

I c a nnots pe c ul a t e t hec a us eoft hede c i maonofM. ne bl i na, a sM. he r mi nae , as y mpa t r i c s pe c i e s , i ssl l a bunda nta tne bl i na ’ s t y pel oc a l i t y .

S ubf a mi l yDendr oba na e( r ea l poi s on f r og s ) T hes ubf a mi l yDe ndr obana ei nc l ude s a l l br i g htc ol or e dDe ndr obads .

I n Ve ne z ue l aonl y4s pe c i e sa r ek nown.

Ame e r e ga T he r ea r eonl yt wos pe c i e si nt heg e nus Ame e r e gai nVe ne z ue l a , A. pi c t aa ndA. t r i v iat a.

T hec e nt e rofs pe c i aoni sf a r f r omnor t he r nS out hAme r i c a , i nt he Uppe rAma z on.

Bot hs pe c i e ss ha r et he s a medi s t r i bu oni nt hec ount r y , f a r E a s tE s t a doBol i v a r .

Bot ha r ea l s o s i mi l a r( y oungA. t r i v iat ac oul dbe e a s i l ymi s t a k e nf ora na dul tA. pi c t a) , buta dul tt r i v iat ai sdoubl es i z e( 40 mmv s23mm) .

He a t wol ee ta l . ( 1965) de s c r i be dDe ndr obat e spi c t us 8 2

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

guay ane ns i s , whi c hi sc ur r e nt l ynot r e c og ni z e d.

I ft he r ei ss uffic i e ntg e ne c di v e r g e nc ebe t we e nt het opot y pi c Ame e r e gapi c t af r omBol i v i aa ndt he e a s t e r nVe ne z ue l a ns pe c i me ns , t he na meAme e r e gaguay ane ns i ss houl dbe us e d.

L oe r se ta l . ( 2007)ma pofA. hahne l i i nc l ude se x t r e meS out he r n Ve ne z ue l a , butt hi si snotba s e di na ny v ouc he rors c i e n fic a l l yr e por t e d s pe c i me n.

I r e j e c the r e i nt hepr e s e nc e oft ha ts pe c i e sun l i ti spr ov e dwi t ha v ouc he r .

De ndr obat e s De ndr obat e si sal a r g eg e nust ha twa s s pl i tbyGr a nte ta l ( 2006)a ndf ur t he r a ut hor s( T wome y&Br own, 2008)i n di ffe r e ntg e ne r aa c c oun nge a c h s ubc l a dea ppe a r e di nt he i rg e ne c s t udi e s( Ade l phobat e s ,De ndr obat e s , E x c i dobat e s , Mi n y obat e s , Oophaga, Rani t ome y a) .

Howe v e r , S a nt ose ta l . ( 2009)findDe ndr obat e sa sa we l l s uppor t e dmonophy l e cg r oup, a ndr e c ov e r e dac ompr e he ns i v e De ndr obat e ss y noni mi z i nga l l t he s e g e ne r awi t hDe ndr obat e s ) .

Br owne ta l . ( 2011)de s c r i beaf ur t he rg e nus , Andi nobat e sf ors omeAnde a na nd Ce nt r a l Ame r i c a nf or me rMi n y obat e s ( Rani t ome y aa e r wa r ds ) .

Wemus tt a k e i nc ountt ha ts omeoft he s eg e ne r i c a r r a ng e me nt sa r ede pe ndi nghowone unde r s t a ndst hephi l os ophyof s y s t e maca ndhowonea ppl i e st ha t .

Whi l eGr a nte ta l . ( 2006) , Br owne ta l ( 2011)s e eus e f ul t ona mes ubc l a de sof ama j orc l a dea sg e ne r a , S a nt ose ta l . ( 2009)don’ t .

T heonl yr e a l l i v i ng e n e sa r es pe c i e s .

Re t ur ni ngt oVe ne z ue l a , t he r ea r eonl y t wos pe c i e sofDe ndr obat e s , t hebl a c k a ndy e l l owpoi s onf r ogDe ndr obat e s l e uc ome l as , a ndt heDe moni cP oi s on F r og , D. s t e y e r mar k i .

Ame e r e gat r i v iat a

De ndr obat e sl e uc ome l as

De ndr obat e ss t e y e r mar k i -Phot obyWol g a ngS c hmi dt

Ame e r e gapi c t a

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De ndr obat e sl e uc ome l asi sasl l a bunda nts pe c i e sa tma nypl a c e s , but D. s t e y e r mar k i i spr oba bl yoneoft he mos te nda ng e r e df r og si nt hewor l d.

Onl yoc c ur r i nga tt hes ummi ta nd hi g he rs l ope soft het e pui , wi t hl e s s t ha n30Km2ofe x t e ns i on, Y a pa c a nai s t hr e a t e ne dbyg ol dmi ni ng , e v e ni fi ti s anaona l pa r k .

T hec on nue dus eof me r c ur ya ta l l l e v e l s , a ndde s t r uconof wi des e c t or soft hemount a i npr e c l ude s ane a rf ut ur ee xncon.

Al s o, D. s t e y e r mar k i wa st a r g e tofs e v e r a l i l l e g a l e x pe dionst ha te x t r a c t e ds e v e r a l hundr e dsofs pe c i me nsi nt heni ne e s .

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De s c r i p onofane wAl l oba t e s ( Amphi bi a : Anur a : De ndr obada e )f r omt hee a s t e r nAnde a npi e dmont , Ve ne z ue l a .

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Ama z oni a n a mphi bi a ndi v e r s i t yi spr i ma r i l yde r i v e df r oml a t eMi oc e neAnde a nl i ne a g e s .

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Ba r r i oAmor ós , C. L . &S a nt os , J .

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T wome y , E . &Br own, J .

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S po e dpoi s onf r og s : r e di s c ov e r yofal os t s pe c i e sa ndane wg e nus( Anur a : De ndr obada e )f r onnor t hwe s t e r nP e r u.

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Ba r r i oAmor ós , C. L . &S a nt os , J .

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Re de s c r i p ona ndg e ne r i ca s s i g naon ofDe ndr oba t e sr uf ul usGor z ul a , 1990( Anur a : De ndr obada e )f r omt he Chi ma nt áMa s s i f , Ve ne z ue l a .

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Ba r r i oAmor ós , C. L . &S a nt os , J .

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Aphy l og e nyf orAr omoba t e s( Anur a :

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De ndr obada e )wi t hde s c r i p onoft hr e ene ws pe c i e sf r omt heAnde sof Ve ne z ue l a , t a x onomi cc omme nt sonAr omoba t e ss a l t ue ns i s , A. i nfle x us , a nd not e sont hec ons e r v aons t a t usoft heg e nus .

Z oot a x a3422: 131.

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

Y o u a r e v i e w i n gad i g i t a l c o p y o f H E R PN A T I O NMA G A Z I N E .

E n j o y !

ceof i ThePr

PROGRESS?

Ourhobbya ndi ndus t r yha ss e e n t r e me ndousc ha ng ei nt hel a s tt wo de c a de s .

L a r g ea dv a nc e me nt si nt he a r e aofr e pl ehus ba ndr yha v e a l l owe dmor epe opl et ha ne v e r be f or et os uc c e s s f ul l yk e e pa nde v e n br e e dhe r ps .

Weha v et r a ns ione d f r omahobbyc ompr i s e df orpr i ma r i l y k e e pe r sa ndc ol l e c t or st oonewhe r e mos te v e nt ua l l yt r a ns iont o br e e di ngt he i rhe r ps .

T hi st r a ns ion ha sl e dt oahug ei nc r e a s ei nt he numbe ra nda v a i l a bi l i t yofc a pv e br e dr e pl e sa nda mphi bi a nsf or hobby i s t ’ st oe nj oy .

E v e nt he pr oduc t sweus ei nt hi spur s ui tha v e e v ol v e da ndt oda y ’ she r poc ul t ur i s t s ha v ea c c e s st obe e re qui pme nt t ha na ta ny mei nourhobby ’ s

Ma l a y s i a nBowF i ng e r e dGe c k os( Cy r t odac t y l use l ok )a r er a r e l ybr e di n c a pv i t ya nddi ffic ul tt ofindi nt hewi l d.T hi si sag r e a te x a mpl eofa de f e ns i v epos t ur et ha toneoft he i rbr e e de r sdi s pl a y e d.

Cour t e s yAl e j a ndr o L oz a noofE me r a l dE x oc s .

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HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

hi s t or y .

Sl l , a swi t ha l l t hi ng s , pr og r e s sc ome sa tapr i c e .

T hi shug e i nc r e a s eofc a pv ebr e e di ng c oi nc i de dwi t ht her i s eoft he “ mor ph”c r a z et ha tha sc ompl e t e l y c ons ume dt hehobbyf orne a r l yt wo de c a de s .

De s pi t eama r k e dr i s ei nt he numbe rofpe opl ek e e pi nga nd br e e di nghe r ps , t hee mpha s i son whi c hhe r psa l s oc ha ng e di n pr of oundwa y s .

T hr oug houtt hel onghi s t or yofour hobbyt he r eha dpr e v i ous l ybe e na n e mpha s i sonwor k i ngwi t hr a r e s pe c i e s .

Ma r k e tpr e s s ur e ssl l a ppl i e dbutt he“ hi g he nd”of he r pe t oc ul t ur ewa sl a r g e l y domi na t e dbyr a r ea nd/ ordi ffic ul t s pe c i e sa ndi twa swi t hma nyof t he s es pe c i e st ha tt hek e e pe r soft he da ymos to e na s pi r e dt owor kwi t h.

T her e s ul t soft hi se mpha s i swe r e qui t ee v i de nt , wi t har e v ol u onof k nowl e dg er e g a r di ngt hec a pv e hus ba ndr ya ndbr e e di ngofahug e numbe rofs pe c i e soc c ur r i ng t hr oug houtt he1980sa nd90s .

Mut aonsha dpr e v i ous l ybe e napa r t ofhe r pe t oc ul t ur e , buti twa sa tt he da wnoft hi smi l l e nni umt ha tt het r ue s hi t owa r dbr e e di ngf ormut aons be g a nt oc ons umet hehobby , a nd f or e v e rc ha ng ei t sf oc us .

S udde nl yt he“ hi g he nd”oft he ma r k e twa sdomi na t e dnotbyr a r e s pe c i e sbutbymut a ntv e r s i onsof c ommona nde a s i l ybr e ds pe c i e s .

T he ne tr e s ul toft hi ss hi i st ha tt oda y mos toft hec ol l e cv ec a g es pa c ei n t hei ndus t r yi sde v ot e dt omor ph

Wonde rGe c k osorbe e rk nowna sF r ogE y e dGe c k os( T e r at os c i nc uss c i nc usk e y s e r l i ngi i )we r ev e r yf r e que nt l yi mpor t e di nt hepa s t , butnowv e r ydi ffic ul tt ofindi nc a pv ec ol l e consa nde v e nmor ei nf r e que nt l ybr e d.T hi sphot ode mons t r a t e sa na dul tpa i ra ndt he f e ma l ei nt hef or e f r onti sg r a v i d, t hee g g sf a i nt l yv i s i bl et hr oug ht hea bdome n.

Cour t e s yAl e j a ndr oL oz a noofE me r a l dE x oc s .

pr oduconofaha ndf ul ofs pe c i e s a ndt hi sc ome sa tt hede t r i me ntofa l l ot he rs pe c i e s .

I ti sas a dc omme nt a r y t ha ts omes pe c i e sa r ebe c omi ng mor edi ffic ul tt ofindt oda ya ndt he y we r e20y e a r sa g o, c a s ua le si nt he s hii ngt a s t e sofhe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t s .

He r pe t oc ul t ur eha sa c c ompl i s he da g r e a tde a l c ol l e cv e l y , wi t hhobby i s t s c r e angs e l f s us t a i ni ngc a pv e popul aonsofc ount l e s ss pe c i e s .

T hi s pr oc e s si sbe s tde t a i l e di nt hebook T heI n v i s i bl eAr k : I nDe f e ns eof Cap v i t y( Ba r k e ra ndBa r k e r , 2014) .

Unf or t una t e l yi ts e e mst ha ti nr e c e nt y e a r sweha v ebe g unt ol os es omeof t ha tpr og r e s s .

I ns omec a s e se nr e s pe c i e sha v ebe e nl os tt o he r pe t oc ul t ur es i mpl ybe c a us e nobodyc oul dbebot he r e dt obr e e d t he m.

I ns t e a d, t he i rl i mi t e dc a g e s pa c ea ndr e s our c e soc c upi e dbyt he l a t e s tde s i g ne rc ulv a rofa ne a s i l y ma s spr oduc e ds pe c i e s .

T hi sl i s tof s pe c i e sl os tt ohe r pe t oc ul t ur eduet o t hi ss hi i sl onga ndg r owi ngl ong e r .

Dunnspy t hon( L i as i sdunni ) .

T hi ss pe c i e swa sor i g i na l l yde s c r i be dbyS t ul l i n1932 a ndde s i g na t e da sas ubs pe c i e sofL . mac k l o.

Mor er e c e ntwor k ss uc ha sCa r mi c ha e l , 2007, ha v ede mons t r a t e dt ha tt hi sf or mi swor t hyoff ul l s pe c i e ss t a t us .

T hi sv e r yr a r e py t honi se nde mi ct oWe t a ri s l a nd, I ndone s i a .

T hi ss pe c i e si se mbl e macoft he pr obl e msde t a i l e di nt hi sa rc l e .

L i as i sdunni ha dbe e ne s t a bl i s he di nc a pv i t yi nt he U. S . , t houg hi twa sne v e rc ommonl ya v a i l a bl e .

Ov e rt hee ns ui ng20y e a r si nt e r e s ti n s uc hs pe c i e sbe c a mes oov e r s ha dowe dbyt hepur s ui tofbr e e di ngc ol ormor phsof mor ec ommons pe c i e st ha tt hi sr a r epy t honi sa l l butl os tt ohe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t s , l os t s i mpl ybe c a us enobodybot he r e dt obr e e dt hee s t a bl i s he dc a pv el i ne a g e .

Phot oby Ni c kMu on I SSUE2 0 ,PUBLI SHED2 016

8 9

L ook i nga tt hes i t uaonobj e cv e l y i t ’ sha r dt oc ons i de rt hi st r e ndt obe pr og r e s s .

Whys houl dwec a r e ?T ha ti sa n unf or t una t es e n me ntt ha tI ha v e he a r de x pr e s s e da l l t ooo e ni n r e c e nty e a r s .

T ha ts e n me nti s a l mos ta l wa y sf ol l owe dby“ t he r ewi l l a l wa y sbes ome onewhobr e e ds …. ” T her e a l i t yt hes i t uaoni s unf or t una t e l yf a rdi ffe r e nt .

P e r ha ps i t ’ ss ome t hi ngpe opl et e l l t he ms e l v e s t oa s s ua g eag ui l t yc ons c i e nc eor pe r ha psi t swi l l f ul i g nor a nc e .

Wea r e a l l i ndi v i dua l s , f r e et owor kwi t hwha t wewi s h, y e twea r ea l s opa r tofa c ommuni t ya ndo e nt hos et wo c omei nt oc onfli c t .

I t ’ sha r dt oa r g uet ha tal os sofe nr e c a pv el i ne a g e sa nds pe c i e st ot he hobbyi snotde t r i me nt a l t ot he hobbyi t s e l fa ndc e r t a i nl yt oi t s f ut ur e .

Wha ta r ewet ot e l l f ut ur e g e ne r aonsofhe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t swho i nhe r i tt hi shobbyf r omusi fwe s i mpl yl e tt hec ur r e ntt r e ndt owa r d t het r i v i a l a nds upe r fic i a l , a tt he e x pe ns eofe v e r y t hi nge l s ec on nue una ba t e d?Dower e a l l ywa ntt os e ea de c r e a s ei ns pe c i e sdi v e r s i t yi nt he hobby ?

Doweowehe r pe t oc ul t ur ea ny t hi ng ?

I f oronef e e l wedo.

Wei nhe r i t e dt he g r e a t e s thobbyi nt hewor l d.

Wha t weha v ea ndwha twek nowwea l s o i nhe r i t e df r ompr e v i ousg e ne r aons ofhe r pe t oc ul t ur i s t s .

I nt ha tr e g a r d wer e a l l ya r es t a ndi ngont he s houl de r sofg i a nt s , pi one e r soft he hobbywhol a i dt hef oundaonf or wha tha v et oda y .

Cons i de rt ha ta nd t he na s ky our s e l f : wha ta r ewedoi ng t oda yt ha twi l l be ne fitt hehobbyon t hef ut ur e ?

9 0

HERPNATI ONMAGAZI NE

T hebe a uf ul a ndr a r eHa l ma he r aPy t hon( S i mal i at r ac y ae )i se nde mi ct o Ha l ma he r aI s l a nd, I ndone s i a .

De s pi t ebe i ngv e r yr a r e , t hi ss pe c i e sdoe s oc c a s i ona l l ybe c omea v a i l a bl e , t houg hi t sr e c or di nc a pv i t ymi x e d.

T ot hi s da yS i mal i at r ac y aer e ma i nsoneoft hef e wpy t hont a x at ha tha sy e tt obe br e di nc a pv i t y .

Phot obyNi c kMu on

Nobodyha st odoa ny t hi ngofc our s e a ndnodoubtma nywon’ t , butj us t i ma g i net hepr og r e s st ha tc oul dbe ma dei fmos tofusde di c a t e de v e na mi ni s c ul eporonofourr e s our c e st o wor k i ngwi t hr a r ea nddi ffic ul t s pe c i e s .

I nahobbywhe r ei ti snota t a l l unc ommonf ork e e pe r st o ma i nt a i ndoz e nsore v e nhundr e dsof he r ps , woul di tr e a l l ybea l l t ha t di ffic ul tt os e ta s i deaf e woft hos e e nc l os ur e st owor kwi t hs ome t hi ng l e s sc ommon?T hehobbywoul d s ur e l ybebe e rofff ori t .

I woul d e nc our a g ee v e r y onet oc ons i de rt hi s , a ndt ot r ys ome t hi ngdi ffe r e nta ndi n doi ngs owec a nc ol l e cv e l yma k ea pos iv ei mpa c tont hehobby .

Cl o s i ngS h o t

T hi sa r a cv ey oungP a c i ďŹ cGophe rS na k e( Pi t uophi sc at e ni f e rc at e ni f e r )wa s phot og r a phe dne a rS a c r a me nt o, Ca l i f or ni ai nt hes pr i ngof2016.

T hea r e awhe r e t hi ss na k ewa sf oundwoul dbeg r e e na ndl us hi nat y pi c a l y e a r , butduet oa muly e a rdr oug hti nt hewe s tt hi sphot ot e l l sa nong oi ngs t or y .

Wi nt e rr a i ns ha v ehe l pe d, butmor er a i ni sde s pa r e t e l yne e de d.

Phot obyS c o Wa t e r s

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