01 Prosjekthefte

Oslo Prison Project

01 Project Booklet

Hermann Stueland and Tomas Haugland AAR4990 Master’s Thesis in Architecture

Title: Oslo Prison Students: Hermann Stueland and Tomas Haugland Supervisor: Steffen Wellinger Co-supervisor: Stuart Dickson Spring 2026 AAR4990 Master’s Thesis in Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Design Norwegian University of Science and Technology

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Abstract In May 2025, the Norwegian government approved plans to demolish Oslo Prison and construct a new facility at Grønland, scheduled for completion in 2031. The proposal involves the removal of substantial building volumes with cultural and historical significance for Oslo. It also reflects a strong emphasis on efficiency and standardization from Statsbygg, which may limit the prison’s ability to respond to and engage with its surroundings.

This thesis investigates how an urban prison can be designed to support rehabilitation while also contributing positively to the city. Based on the plans for a new Oslo Prison in Grønland, the study challenges today’s standardized prison models, which often prioritize control and efficiency over contextual adaptation and social integration.

The project is grounded in the Norwegian Correctional Service’s principle of normality, which states that deprivation of liberty should constitute the punishment itself, while life inside prison should resemble life outside as much as possible. This implies that prison architecture must not only support safety and control, but also facilitate social interaction, activity, work, learning, and rehabilitation. The thesis further argues that the principle of normality must extend beyond the prison interior to its urban condition. The prison should therefore not be understood as an isolated “city within the city,” but as an embedded part of the existing urban fabric.

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Block D Block C Block B Stallen

Smia

Today’s prison complex appears as a physical and visual barrier within the city, defined by high prison walls. At the same time, the site represents an important historical layer in Oslo’s development, as large parts of the building stock were originally constructed as the Christiania Aktiebryggeri in the late 19th century before being converted into a prison in 1934. Several of the buildings are currently protected or listed for their cultural heritage value.

Block A

Activity Building

Methodologically, the project is based on site analysis, typological studies and comparative studies of reference projects such as Rescaled, Leira Prison and Østmarka secure unit. These cases demonstrate alternative institutional logics where reduced scale, flexibility, decentralization, and urban integration are central strategies. In particular, the Rescaled project has informed the development of a more urban and socially oriented prison typology.

Stifinneren

The proposal reorganizes the site as an urban block structure embedded within the existing situation of Grønland. Instead of a continuous enclosing wall, a more porous urban edge is introduced, where public functions and transitional spaces establish controlled relationships between prison and the surrounding community. New pedestrian passages connect Åkebergveien with Klosterenga Park and open the site to the city. New urban spaces such as Bayertorget and Rømlingsplassen establish frameworks for activity and public life.

Todays situation. The majority of the buildings are “yellow-listed” as objects worthy of preservation. Smia is “red-listed” (protected).

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Todays view toward the prison (Google)

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The new entry to the visitors centre

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A key component of the proposal is the integration of public programs linked to work and rehabilitation. Workshops, a bakery, bicycle repair shop, reuse store, and restaurant functions are placed along groundfloor public interfaces. The thesis argues that such functions can help reduce the distance between prison and society while strengthening rehabilitation through meaningful activity and social exchange.

The project challenges the perception of the prison as a closed and isolated institution. Instead, it proposes a model where the prison operates as an active part of the city, with clearly defined yet more humane and flexible transitions between public life and security.

Architecture is used as a tool to support rehabilitation, create dignified environments, and contribute positively to the surrounding urban context Ultimately, the thesis argues that an urban prison can be more than a security apparatus. Through the reuse of existing structures, integration of public programs and creation of new social connections, the prison can become an institution that responds both to the needs of the correctional system and to the city itself.

The new situation will replace the perimter wall with a perimeter building, in which there are public functions on the ground floor. Two passages are opened up to connect Åkebergveien to Klosterenga Park

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Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Kriminalomsorgen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Research questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Project Premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Site visit: Leira Prison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Site visit: Østmarka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Interview: Eivind Bjørndalen (Dark Architects) . . . . . . 26 Interview: Lasse Lyhne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Manifest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Manifest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 The Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 New situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Urban Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Internal Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Vertical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Inmate circulation and logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Administration Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Inmate housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Principle Perimeter Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Daily routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Facade Principle: Public Ground Floor . . . . . . . . 124 Facade Principle: Closed Ground Floor . . . . . . .126 The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Facade Principle: Inmate Housing . . . . . . . . . .130 The Finns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Visitor Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Low-security Block E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Facade Principle: Block E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Comparison to Statsbyggs Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 The Area and Functions Planner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

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Introduction

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Background

Kriminalomsorgen

In May 2025, the Norwegian government approved plans to demolish Oslo Prison and construct a new facility at Grønland, scheduled for completion in 2031. The proposal involves the removal of substantial building volumes with cultural and historical significance for Oslo, both from its period as a brewery and later as a prison. It also reflects a strong emphasis on efficiency and standardization from Statsbygg, which may limit the prison’s ability to respond to and engage with its surroundings. This became a key point of interest for us.1

The Norwegian Correctional Service (Kriminalomsorgen) is the agency responsible for carrying out sentences on behalf of the state.

Its primary objective is to facilitate a life free from crime for convicted individuals after release, while ensuring that they comply with the restrictions imposed by their sentence.2 The Correctional Service’s vision, “Punishment that changes,” emphasizes that punishment should not only serve as a reaction to crime, but also contribute to positive development for both the individual and society.3

The prison’s location within a urban context offers a unique opportunity to reconsider the institution in a new way. The architectural design of a prison is therefore importan in shaping the daily experience of inmates.

At the same time, such a facility inevitably affects its neighbors and the surrounding city. This creates a interesting framework for exploring how an urban prison can be designed to both fulfill its function and contribute positively to the city around it.

A fundamental principle in Norwegian prisons is the principle of normality. In White Paper No. 37, it is stated that “life during the execution of a sentence should, as far as possible, resemble life in society outside prison. The execution of punishment should not be more burdensome than necessary, and no one should be subjected to measures that are perceived as additional punishment.”4 This means that the deprivation of liberty itself is intended to constitute the punishment, rather than the loss of other fundamental human rights.

Norwegian correctional policy is built on values such as humanity, legal certainty, and equal treatment.5 In principle, inmates retain the same rights as other citizens, with restrictions only applied when they are necessary as a direct consequence of the sentence and for security reasons. Within this framework, the system seeks to support human rehabilitation and reintegration, ensuring that incarceration does not become purely punitive, but also serves as a foundation for personal development, dignity, and a constructive return to society.

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Research questions

Project Premises

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How can an urban prison be designed to ensure security, meet the needs of the correctional system, and provide a humane, rehabilitative environment?

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How can an urban prison add value to the city?

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Can the existing buildings be part of the solution?

A key premise of the project is that several assumptions have been made regarding the existing building stock. Due to the strict security measures at Oslo Prison, access to technical documentation of the current situation has been limited. The buildings presented in this project are therefore based on archival drawings from 1933, when the facility was converted from a brewery into a prison, as well as on conversations with individuals who have worked at the prison. We have also not had the opportunity to carry out a site visit.

The proposal is based on an asumed capacity of 140 inmates, corresponding to the capacity presented in the proposal by Statsbyg.

Furthermore, the project assumes that Botsen is transformed into a culture venue, making it possoble to opening its prison walls.

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Method The project began with an initial phase focused on early design development and mapping of prison functions. At the same time, the work involved site visits and interviews, both as a way of gathering information and knowledge, and an opportunity to present and discuss the project with external actors.

This included a site visit to Leira Prison, the low-security unit of Trondheim Prison, which provided insight into rehabilitation-oriented prison environments and small-scale incarceration models. In addition, a visit to Østmarka, a high-security forensic psychiatry facility, offered knowledge on security design, spatial organization, and the integration of safety measures into architecture.

The project also included an interview with DARK Architects regarding the Rescaled typology, a prison model based on smaller institutions integrated into the city and local community. Lastly, an interview with Lasse Lyhne about the project he did while he worked at MAD Architects. It focused on the programming of movement, public access, and urban integration on the Oslo Prison site.

What follows are short summaries and the key points of interest from each of the visits and intrviews. Further information and reflections from these activities can be found in both the process booklet and the analysis booklet.

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From Åkebergveien

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Site visit: Leira Prison

Site visit: Østmarka

The site visit to Leira Prison, a low-security prison without walls or fences, provided important insight into how prison design can support rehabilitation and reintegration into society. The prison is organized around principles of trust, normality, and responsibility, where inmates move relatively freely during the day and decide themselves how much time they spend inside or outside their cells.

The site visit to Østmarka, a high-security and forensic psychiatry facility, provided insight into how security can be integrated into architecture without creating fortress-like environments. The visit highlighted how the security perimeter can be resolved internally within the building, reducing the need for defensive external expressions.

The visit highlighted how small-scale prison units create safer and more humane environments, with closer relationships between staff and inmates. Unlike traditional institutional prisons focused mainly on control and efficiency, Leira emphasizes social interaction, meaningful activities, and contact with the surrounding community.

A central observation was the importance of meaningful work and integration with society. Inmates work in the prison greenhouse, attend university in the city, and in some cases work outside the prison during the day. This helps strengthen social bonds and prepares inmates for life after incarceration.

The residential units are organized into small groups of 5–7 patients, allowing closer supervision and better overview through central staff stations, long sightlines, and extensive use of glass. Daylight, atriums, and access to outdoor spaces contribute to a more humane environment while maintaining control and safety. The project uses passive security measures, including zoning, airlocks, controlled circulation, and internal security perimeters, creating gradual transitions between public and protected areas.

An important observation was that even though the users may have committed serious crimes, the buildings should still maintain architectural quality and dignity rather than resemble a fortress.

The visit demonstrated that architecture and the physical environment play an important role in shaping behavior and rehabilitation processes.

The main takeaway from the visit was summarized as: “If inmates are treated as dangerous, they will remain dangerous.”

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Organized as a local Interview: Eivind Bjørndalen (Dark Architects) asset.

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The interview with Dark Architects about the Rescaled typology, explored an alternative prison model based on small-scale, socially integrated units connected to the city and local community. Simularly to Leira Prison, the model proposes smaller units of approximately 30 inmates, creating closer relationships between staff and inmates and supporting rehabilitation and reintegration.

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A key principle of the model is that prisons should function as local assets, where public functions and neighborhood needs help shape the program and design. Active ground floors, public functions, and integration with existing urban structures are used to strengthen the 1. Main building relationship between the prison and society.

2. Roof terrace

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3. Family visits can be addressed The discussion highlighted how prison capacity through multiple smaller units instead of one large institution, allowing 4. Workshop differentiated forms of incarceration while maintaining stronger ties to 5. Garden local communities. Smaller units were also described as offering better 6. Bot & Bagel conditions for inmates and staff and greater flexibility.

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7. Other develoapment 8. Multi purpose sportshall 9. Business / Resturant

1 = Main Building, 2 = Roof Terrace, 3 = Visitor Centre, 4 = Workshop 5 = Garden, 6 = Café, 7 = Surrounding Buildings, 8 = Multi-purpose Hall, 9 = Commercial Facilities (Illustration: Dark Arkitekter)

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Interview: Lasse Lyhne The interview with Lasse focused on the relationship between the prison and the surrounding urban context, particularly as a critique of Statsbygg’s proposal for the Oslo Prison site. Lasse argued that large parts of the site could be opened up and better integrated into the city, as the existing plans make inefficient use of significant areas within the prison grounds.

A central strategy in their proposal was to open parts of the existing prison walls, reducing the enclosed character traditionally associated with prisons while making the area more accessible to the public.

The proposal introduced small-scale urban interventions and public functions such as meeting places, workshops, studios, and cultural spaces to activate the site and strengthen its connection to the surrounding neighborhoods. Letting the city get more space and not the prison.

Feasibility study of the site (Illustration: Lasse Lyhne/MAD Architects)

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Manifest

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Manifest The overall strategies for the project are based on the article “Prison, Architecture and Social Growth: Prison as an Active Component of the Contemporary City.”6 It highlights the value of situating prisons within an urban context that is adapted to their surroundings, so that the prison does not exist as an isolated structure. At the same time, it emphasizes that the boundaries of the prison should be made more permeable, allowing the institution to give something back to the city.

The diagrams illustrate how prisons in Norway are traditionally planned, as well as how the new Oslo Prison is intended to be developed. In addition, two diagrams are presented that outline the main principles of the project.

Arial Photo of the site (Norgeskart)

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The current standard for new prisons in Norway is to construct modular, standardized buildings on large, remote sites.

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The new Oslo fengsel is planned using the same building model, but placed on a site and within a context that even Statsbygg itself states it is not intended for.7

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In our opinion the prison should no longer be understood as a “city within the city,” as but insted be integrated in continuity with the surrounding urban situation.

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Our proposition is to replace the fortress-like wall with a permeable, inhabited edge that accommodates public functions and enables controlled interaction between the prison and the surrounding city.

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The Proposal

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Map over Oslo muncipality

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Current situation

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The prison currently appears as a highly enclosed institution, where tall walls create a clear physical and visual barrier between Åkebergveien and Klosterenga park, which is widely used by residents of the city.

The building stock consists of structures dating from 1872, which were converted into a prison in 1934, as well as a newer activity building completed in 2013.

The site covers an area of 25,000 m², while the existing buildings have a total gross floor area of 22,000 m². The site boundary extends approximately 170 metres along Åkebergveien and stretches 260 metres towards the park.

Kjølberggata

Oslo fengsel is today centrally located in Grønland, surrounded by dense residential development. The site borders the protected Botsfengselet, which is currently vacant, while the Police Headquarters lies to the northwest. To the south, the prison wall faces Klosterenga park, a popular green space featuring art installations and the open Hovinbekken stream running through the park.

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Block D

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Axonometry Existing

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Interventions

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1. The existing wall is removed

3. The facility is designed as perimeter block development to ensure a clear and well-defined structure.

2. Block D is removed to free up space on the site and establish a continuous façade line along Åkebergveien.

4. Passages are established between Botsfengselet and the new development, as well as a new thoroughfare on the eastern side of the site.

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New situation The new proposal facilitates a stronger connection between Åkebergveien and Klosterenga park. The new passages open up the area and create a foundation for new public spaces and increased activity in the district. It also proposes the establishment of a new street, Bayergata, with space for outward-facing functions. Here, both private actors can establish themselves, while also allowing for activities related to inmates’ work training.

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On the western side, a new connection is established between Botsfengselet and the prison, called Frimannspassasjen. Botsfengselet is proposed to be transformed into a cultural venue, which could help generate increased life and activity in the area.

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Urban Program The project introduces a series of public spaces that strengthen the relationship between the prison and the surrounding urban fabric while creating new connections to Klosterenga Park.

Playground

Rømlingsplassen transforms what was previously the backside of the prison into the new main arrival space for the visitor center. The square becomes a meeting point between the prison and Klosterenga Park, serving both visitors to inmates and people moving through the park.

The area is activated with outward-facing public ground-floor functions, seating areas, and water play elements for children, creating a welcoming urban environment.

Green area

At the intersection of Bayergata and Jarlegata, Bayertorget introduces a new public square directly connected to the park. With good sun exposure and opportunities for cafés or outdoor dining, the square functions as a natural stopping point for people walking through the area and contributes to increased urban activity.

Rømlingsplassen (Plaza and square)

The existing playground on the site is preserved and expanded through a greater variation of surfaces, materials, and textures, creating a richer and more diverse play environment.

Bayertorget (Public square)

Along Åkebergveien, the project accommodates secure transport to and from the prison facility while simultaneously introducing a green elements that extends from the playground and continues down the street.

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Siteplan

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Oslo Police Headquarters

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The new correctional facility is based on an anonymised spatial programme developed by the Norwegian Correctional Service, as well as Statsbygg’s calculations for a new prison with a capacity of 140 male inmates (see appendix for further information). The proposal comprises a total of 137 cells and 24 transitional housing units. The sizing of the outdoor exercise yards is based on Statsbygg’s own reference design.

The administration building is located at the main entrance facing Åkebergveien. The cell blocks are positioned along the outer edges of the site to reduce direct visibility both into and from the surrounding residential buildings along the street.

The facility consists of five blocks. Block A is the smallest and accommodates 22 inmates. It functions as the prison’s special unit and remand unit. Block E is the low-security unit and is connected to the transitional housing. Block A and E each have their own associated outdoor exercise yards, while block B, C, and D share a common yard.

The units share the same basic layout, but are differentiated through varying security levels, which in turn determine the degree of autonomy and activity permitted for inmates. block A has the highest security level, while block E operates at the lowest security level.

To the south, the visitor centre faces Klosterenga Park, alongside the activity building and workshops. The visitor centre includes an adjacent visitor garden. The building known as “Stifinneren” contains, among other things, a holy room, library, and workplaces for inmates.

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1) Administration - Staff gym - Canteen - Offices - Health department - Treatment rooms - Workplaces - Prison intake

2) Administrasjon Block E - Offices administartion - OfficesNAV - Workplaces

3) Visitor Centre - Visiting Rooms - Family Apartments - Conversation rooms - Visiting Hall

A) Block A: Remand and Special Housing Unit - 22 Inmates B) Block B - 27 Inmates

C) Block C - 33 Inmates

D) Block D - 33 Inmates

E) Block E: Low-Security Unit - 22 Inmates - 24 Transitional units

5) Workshop - Wood workshop 4) Activity Building - Multi pourpose hall - Prison store - Kitchen - Music room - Classrom

I) Prison Courtyard Block B,C,D - Football - Basketball - Volleyball - Outdoor gym - Recreation areas II) Prison Courtyard Block A - Basketball - Outdoor gym - Recreation areas III) Prison Courtyard Block E - Outdoor Gym - Recreational area

IV) Visitor Garden - Play house - Recreational area

Administration Visitor centre Cells Activity

6) “Stifinneren” - Holy room - Libary - Workplaces

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Vertical Program The prison is designed with a varied programme that facilitates activities and services for inmates, but also public functions that contribute to qualities and activity to the surrounding neighbourhood and the city.

The civic functions are located at ground level, with the cell sections arranged in the floors above. In addition, an underground parking facility for staff has been provided, with a capacity of 63 cars.

Visitor centre Activity Administration Public Arrival and processing Cells Logistics Basement/Parking/Cuovert

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Inmate circulation and logistics The prison is based on a courtyard block typology, with entrances and stairwells facing the inner yard. Movement between different activity areas takes place across the open-air courtyard. In certain cases, there is a need for inmates to move through the prison without being visible to others due to gang affiliations or similar security-related considerations.

Therefore, a culvert system runs beneath the facility, allowing for sheltered circulation when needed, as well as the distribution of goods and services from the logistics hall. The culvert system is also connected to the Oslo police headquarters.

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View from Åkebergveien

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Administration Building

The administration building is the part of the complex that most directly addresses Åkebergveien. It consists of the original administration combined with a new building. On the ground floor of original block, the main entrance for staff is located, along with a gym and wardrobe functions. On the first floor the staff canteen is located and office spaces on the second floor.

The original block connects to the new building through an intermediate link. On the ground floor, this area contains the main gate for logistics, including the transport of goods and inmates, as well as the intake area for new arrivals. This intake function is connected to the healthcare department on the second floor. The third floor accommodates office functions that are also linked togheter with the orignal building. In basement level, there is a parking garage for staff.

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7. Changing Room 8. Safety Lock 9. Property Storage 10. Break Room 11. Meeting Room 12. Gym

13. Service Lift 14. Waste Room 15. Main Entrance 16. Staff Outdoor Area

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7. Group Room 8. Changing Room 9. Kitchen 10. Storage 11. Staff Area 12. Copy Room

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Section Åkebergveien

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Inmate housing The prison complex consists of a total of five blocks, all based on the same organizational principle. Each unit is structured around a central stairwell with an adjacent guard station, while shared functions are located on the roof level. Each floor contains a residential section that shares access to the guard station.

A residential section is made up of two smaller living groups, each accommodating 5–6 inmates and equipped with a kitchen, laundry facilities and shared common areas.

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Principle Perimeter Block

Rooftop Yard

On the ground floor, the accommodation buildings open toward the city and the public realm, housing functions that encourage activity and use by the public. Above this public layer are the housing units, which are clearly separated from one another.

The cells are oriented toward the prison courtyard, which function as the primary private outdoor spaces for the inmates. This allows for moments of retreat and reduces exposure to the surrounding environment. The shared living areas, on the other hand, are oriented toward the city, where activities take place under supervision.

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Daily routine

0:00 1:00

The daily life of inmates is characterized by fixed routines, mandatory activities, and a clearly structured daily schedule. The principle of normality is central to the sentence, with the aim of facilitating the best possible rehabilitation. This means that life inside the prison should, as far as possible, resemble everyday life outside the prison walls, in order to make the transition back into society easier.

2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00

The day begins early with the unlocking of cells and the completion of morning routines. After this, inmates participate in mandatory activities such as work or school, usually from 08:00 to 14:00. After the workday, they gather for dinner in the unit, where meals are eaten collectively with both fellow inmates and staff. Here, the inmates themselves are responsible for planning, purchasing, and preparing the food.

10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00

During the day, they are also entitled to at least one hour of free time.

This time can be used for exercise, hobbies, social interaction with other inmates, or visits. The evening ends with cells being locked from 20:00.8

18:00

Cell

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Housing Unit Work & School

22:00 23:00

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Plan Housing Unit

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Section Bayertorget

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Illustration Courtyard

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Ilustration Courtyard Block A

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Facade Principle: Public Ground Floor The facades facing the city are designed with an emphasis on normality and integration into the surrounding urban and local community. The aim is for the area and park to be used without the perimeter buildings feeling like a prison, but rather as part of the neighbourhood. Views from the common areas in the residential units are managed through shading measures in the window layer, which can be adjusted by staff as needed.

The facades are primarily constructed in brick, inspired by Botsfengselet and the existing activity building on the site. The public floors are clad in a lighter brick to distinguish between public and private functions, while also contributing to a clearer architectural hierarchy. The building also features large glass surfaces that emphasize openness. The roof form follows the existing surrounding built environment.

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Facade Principle City

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Facade Principle: Closed Ground Floor The facades facing the city, but without public functions as found in block A, are designed with an elevated base to create a buffer between the urban ground level and the shared spaces of the residential units. Seating niches are integrated into the base, providing informal places to stay, but can also offer opportunities for art installations that help activate the facade towards the city.

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Facade Principle City

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The Cell The cell is the space where inmates spend the majority of their day. It is approximately 12 m² and includes a private bathroom, wardrobe, and shelves for storing personal belongings. In addition, the cell is equipped with a spacious work desk and a deep window sill that can be used for placing personal items.

Recessed niches are provided at the entrances to the cells so that opening the doors does not obstruct circulation within the corridor zones. The service shafts for the cells are oriented towards the corridor, allowing maintenance and technical access to be carried out without entering the cells.

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Facade Principle: Inmate Housing The facade facing the prison courtyard is designed in brick, in line with the rest of the complex. The vertical core containing the entrance door consists of large glass surfaces, creating openness, allowing daylight in, and providing good visibility for staff. The staircase section of the facade is executed in perforated brick, contributing to a varied and dynamic play of shadows, as well as a different spatial experience when moving through the stairs.

The base of the public floors facing the courtyard includes integrated seating niches. These break up the base and provide inmates with more sheltered and calm seating areas.

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Facade Principle Inamte Housing

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The Finns The structure consists of glulam frames resting on stone columns at the base, forming a clear structural system around the circulation zone. The vertical fins are made of powder-coated aluminum panels attached to the frame construction. Together, the frames and fins contribute to forming a roof overhang and create a more sheltered and protected transition zone along the facade.

The finns also function as a visual buffer towards the prison courtyard.

On the exterior side of the cells, the vertical fins are designed to provide inmates with a more private and sheltered view, in line with the principle of normality. Another important premise is that the finns restrict views from the courtyard into the cells, preventing direct views unless one is standing immediately in front of them. preventing direct views unless one is standing immediately in front of them.

The fins are designed with a relief effect through the use of different colours on their various sides. This gives the façade a changing character depending on movement and viewing angle within the exercise yard, while also creating varying light conditions and colour experiences inside the cells throughout the day.

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Illustration view from cell

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Visitor Centre The visitor centre is located on the southern side of the prison complex, facing Klosterenga Park. It is positioned adjacent to the existing activity building, which was designed to accommodate external visitors. The activity building has been adapted to suit the new conditions. Now being able to accomodate visitors from the new situation. On the ground floor of the visitor centre, there is the main entrance for visitors, a visitor garden, a visitor hall and office spaces for staff. It also includes public areas with direct access from Rømlingsplassen.

On the second floor, there are visiting rooms and apartments for families and friends of inmates, as well as meeting rooms for lawyers.

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Frimannspassasjen

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7. Office 8. Meeting Room 9. Visiting Hall 10. Visitor Garden 11. Play House 12. LøsLatte (Café)

Rømlingsplassen

13. Sketchy People (Studio) 14. Ingen Visner Her (Flower Shop) 15. Technical Room 16. Multi-purpose Hall 17. Visitor Café

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Visiting Room Visiting Room HC Conversation Room Conversation Room (Lawyer) Guard Station Family Visiting Apartment

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Sketchy People (Studio) Visiting Room Play House Storage

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Section Rømlingsplassen

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Illustration Visitor Center

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Illustration Frimannspassasjen

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Illustration Visitor Garden

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Low-security Block E On the eastern side of the site is the prison’s low-security unit. In contrast to the other units, inmates here have greater freedom of movement and are subject to a less restrictive level of supervision. This allows for closer interaction with the surrounding neighbourhood and the city. Inmates are not confined to their cells and may choose whether their doors remain open during the day. Public functions are located at ground level, where inmates take part in work training and skills development as part of their sentence. Local businesses are offered affordable premises on the condition that they include inmates in work and training activities.

Inmates engaged in education are permitted to travel to their respective universities during the day. The unit therefore serves as an important bridge between prison life and life after release.

Along Åkebergveien, administrative offices and NAV facilities are located. On the southern side, transitional housing units are situated, representing the least restrictive form of detention. The regime is based on trust and is intended to prepare inmates for a more independent life prior to release. Residents are provided with their own apartments and are responsible for both their accommodation and daily routines.

Should the need for higher-security capacity increase, the building can be repurposed accordingly. The public ground floor may then be closed off, or alternatively opened more directly towards the city, while maintaining connectivity between the buildings via an underground passage.

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Prison Museum

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+5 1. Main Entrance 2. Security Lock 3. Waiting Room 4. Guard Station 5. Break Room 6. Visiting Room 7. Visiting Hall 8. Gym 9. Rømlingen (Resturant) 10. No Bars Bikes (bicycle Workshop) 11. Bak Giteret (Bakery) 12. Restart (Second-hand Shop) 13. Courtyard 14. Entrance Administration 15. Entrance Transitional Housing

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Plan Ground Floor

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Offices Group Room Conversation Room Staff Room Storage Transitional Housing Shared Space For Transitional Housing Multi-purpose Room Copy Room

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Plan 1. Floor

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Section Bayergata

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Facade Principle: Block E The facades of Block E facing Bayergata are constructed in brick, consistent with the material language of the other facades within the project. They follow the same compositional principle, with a differentiated brick treatment between the ground floor and the upper levels.

Block E presents a more closed expression towards Bayergata, as it does not contain public functions associated with the prison block.

Instead, the building accommodates functions related to visitation and exercise, resulting in a more private facade character.

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Illustration Bayergata

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Reflection

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The existing situation Site Size = 25 000 m2 Built Area = 6000 m2 Prison Courtyard = 2600 m2

Comparison to Statsbyggs Proposal This thesis proposes an alternative approach to the redevelopment of Oslo Prison, where preservation, reuse, and reintegration are treated as equally important premises alongside security requirements. The project is based on preserving as much of the existing building stock as possible, proposing the demolition of only Block D. In contrast, the proposal by Statsbygg retains “Smia” and the activity building while replacing the remaining buildings.

Statsbyggs Proposal

Based on preliminary estimates, the project introduces more new construction than the proposal by Statsbygg, while at the same time occupying a smaller footprint. Through the use of perimeter buildings, the proposal frees up more space for the city and creates larger and more generous courtyards within the prison. The project also demonstrates how prison architecture can establish stronger connections to the surrounding urban context by introducing approximately 2400 m² of public functions, compared to the current proposal, which includes only a limited public programme of approximately 50 m².

Site Size = 23 000 m2 Built Area = 6300 m2 Prison Courtyard = 5500 m2

Our Proposal Site Size = 21 500 m2 Built Area = 10 000 m2 Prison Courtyard = 6000 m2

Prison Courtyard Areas for transport and logistics Prison Buildings

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The proposal accommodates 137 cells and 24 transitional housing units, representing a significant reduction from the current capacity of 243 cells. This follows the same principle as the proposal by Statsbygg, which reduces capacity to approximately 140 inmates. The current strategy proposes relocating the remaining 103 inmates to facilities such as Ila Prison and Detention Centre and Ullersmo Prison. 9 This thesis instead explores whether an alternative approach could be developed through a further expansion of the Rescaled typology.

Rather than concentrating capacity in larger institutions outside the city, several smaller units distributed throughout Oslo could support both the correctional system and the urban environment. Such an approach may strengthen reintegration by creating closer connections between incarceration, rehabilitation, and everyday life in the city.

The project therefore does not aim to present a final solution for Oslo Prison, but rather to explore how prison architecture can move beyond conventional typologies. By combining preservation, public integration, and rehabilitation-oriented programmes, the project argues for a prison that becomes more closely connected to the city, while simultaneously preparing inmates for life beyond incarceration.

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P a r a me t e r

E x i s t i ng

S t a t s by g g s P r o po s a l

O ur P r o po s a l

Site Size [m2]

25000

23000

21500

Gross Internal Area Total [m2] (BRA)

22000

18500

30000

Building Footprint [m2] (BYA)

6000

6300

10000

Gross Internal Area Built [m2] (BRA)

-

16000

18400

Gross Internal Area Kept [m2] (BRA)

-

2500

11600

Gross Internal Area Public [m2] (BRA)

-

50

2400

Prison Courtyard [m2]

2600

5500

6000

Cells

243

140

137

Parking

90

42

63

Comparison of estimated areas and functions between the current situation, Statsbygg proposal and our proposal.

Oslo Prison

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Acknowledgement

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Acknowledgement We would like to thank our supervisor Steffen Wellinger for valuable discussions and conversations throughout the entire process. We would also like to thank our co-supervisor Stuart Dickson for insightful discussions during the reading circles.

We would like to thank Eivind Bjørndalen from Dark Arkitekter for sharing his knowledge as a former correctional officer at Oslo Prison and as a driving force behind the Rescale project.

We would like to thank Lasse Lyhn Hansen for sharing his perspectives on the development of the new planned prison facility, its impact on the surrounding area, and his experiences as a neighbour to the project.

Finally, we would like to thank Leira Prison and Østmarka High Security and Forensic Psychiatry Ward for hosting us during site visits to their facilities and for providing us with valuable insights.

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References

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1 Statsbygg. (u.å.). Oslo fengsel. Statsbygg. https://www. statsbygg.no/prosjekter-og-eiendommer/oslo-fengsel

8 Angelis, S., Giertsen, H., Tostrup, E., & Memarianpour, Z. (u.å.).

Spaces. I Six Norwegian Prisons. https://www.sixnorwegianprisons. com/spaces/spaces.html

Leraand, D. (2024, 26. november). Kriminalomsorgen. I Store norske leksikon. https://snl.no/Kriminalomsorgen 2

3 Kriminalomsorgen. (u.å.). Samfunnsoppdraget til kriminalomsorgen. https://www.kriminalomsorgen.no/ samfunnsoppdraget-til-kriminalomsorgen.583766.no.html

9 Statsbygg. (2024). Åkebergveien 11 Oslo fengsel, Grønland: Planforslag til offentlig ettersyn – Detaljregulering (Saksnr. 202305104). Plan- og bygningsetaten, Oslo kommune. https://dok.statsbygg.no/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ osloFengselPlanforslagTilOffentligEttersyn.pdf

4 Justis- og politidepartementet. (2008). St.meld. nr. 37 (2007– 2008): Straff som virker – mindre kriminalitet – tryggere samfunn (kriminalomsorgsmelding). Regjeringen. https://www.regjeringen.no/ no/dokumenter/stmeld-nr-37-2007-2008-/id527624/

9 Kriminalomsorgsdirektoratet & Statsbygg. (2018) Funksjonsog arealveileder: Kravspesifikasjon for fengselsbygg (Versjon 2.0) Statsbygg

5 Kriminalomsorgen. (u.å.). Straff i fengsel. Hentet 19. mai 2026, fra https://www.kriminalomsorgen.no/straff-i-fengsel.516314.no.html

Luigi Vessella. (2017). Prison, architecture and social growth: Prison as an active component of the contemporary city. The Plan Journal, 2(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.15274/ tpj.2017.02.01.05 6

7 Statsbygg & Kriminalomsorgsdirektoratet. (2023, 21. desember).

Alternativvurdering – bevaring og plassering av nybygg og hovedfunksjoner: Regulering av Oslo fengsel – Grønland

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Avdeling

Bygning

Ankomst ansatte og besøkende

Kontrollområde ansatte og besøkende

The Area and Functions Planner

Besøksavdeling

Admin og besøk

Through a request to Statsbygg, we were granted access to the area and functional planning guidelines developed by Norwegian Correctional Service. The document contains comprehensive programmatic requirements, area allocations, and spatial descriptions; however, significant parts had been anonymized. Despite this, information regarding functions and area requirements remained available. 10 The following table represents our interpretation and extraction of the KDI material as it was applied during the early design phase of the project. It is important to emphasize that this guideline served primarily as a point of departure for the design process. We used it as a minimum benchmark for many functions and spatial requirements, while several spaces required adaptation in response to the existing building fabric and the urban design strategies developed for the site. This included interventions such as the introduction of perimeter buildings surrounding the entire site, which significantly influenced the spatial organization and programmatic distribution.

Administrasjonsavdeling

Garderober / treningsrom

Mottak av insatte

Særavdeling Særavdeling

Helseavdeling

Hovedvakt

Aktivitetsbygg

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Rom

Areal [m2] Antall

Totalt areal bygning [m2]

Inngang Ventrom uklarerte besøkende Møterom 15 pers Toalett besøkende (kjønnsnøytralt) Portvakt Kontrollsone ansatte og besøkende Visitasjonsrom Lager / postboks Totalett ansatte (kjønnsnøytralt) Venterom klarerte besøkende Vaktrom Lager / postboks Tekjøkken Besøksrom (ordinært, inkl. toalett) Besøksrom (med glassvegg) Besøksrom utvidet (inkl. bad) Besøksrom (inkl. uu-bad) Besøksrom (stort, også rettsrom) Besøksleilighet Politi / advokat / samtalerom Toalett insatte og besøkkende UU Kontorabeidsplasser, åpne (4 plasser à 6m2) Kontorabeidsplasser i cellekontor Multirom Kontor / stabsrom Møterom 15 pers Kopirom / lager Kantine (alle kjøkken funksjoner og spisesal) Personalgarderobe (kvinner) Personalgarderobe (menn) Nøkkelbank Treningsrom ansatte Øvingscelle

25 15 30 5 20 40 11 10 5 15 15 10 5 11 6 19 22 25 50 8 5 24 10 6 20 30 5 130 85 115 10 50 40

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 10 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1003

Kontrollsone insatte Mottaksrom / resepsjon Ventecelle Bad Kopirom / lager Visitasjonsrom Registering av effekter Registering av personalia Signaleringsrom Effektlager Effektrom Celle (ordinært for mottak) Celle (utelukkelsescelle §37) Cell UU Celle (sikkerhetscelle §38) Dusj for sikkerhetspersonal Observasjonsrom Vaktrom Vaskerom / lager Urinprøverom Fellesrom med kjøkken Fellesrom med tekjøkken Aktivitetsrom / samtalerom Beredskapsrom Toalett ansatte Kjølt avfallsrom Visitasjonstoalett Kontrollrom visitasjonstoalett Venterom insatte Toalett insatte UU Konsultasjonsrom Konsutasjonsrom / skiftestue Laboratorium Medisinrom Personalrom, inkl. kontor og tekjøkken Garderobe (kjønnsnøytralt UU) Toalett ansatte (kjønnsnøytralt UU) Koprom / lager Tannlegekontor (eventuellt) Hovedvakt, inkl. pausereal med tekjøkken Toalett ansatt UU

40 20 6 6 6 11 15 7 10 50 15 12 12 20 15 5 10 20 12 6 40 23 23 20 2 4 4 6 15 5 15 20 15 10 20 5 5 10 20 50 5

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

710

Kontor Forsamlingslokale / gymsal Treningsrom ansatte Apparatlager Garderobe, eksterne Livssynsrom Bibliotek Butikk for insatte Scene

15 400 50 30 15 60 60 90 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

750

Vaktrom Visitasjonsrom Lager / postboks Sluse 1

21 13 9 15

1 1 1 1

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Særavdeling Særavdeling

Helseavdeling

Bygning

Hovedvakt Avdeling Ankomst ansatte og besøkende

Aktivitetsbygg Kontrollområde ansatte og besøkende

Inngang / kontorsone Besøksavdeling

Admin og besøk Sentral sone Fløy A, B, C, D Forlegningsbygg (M2015) Administrasjonsavdeling Inngang- og sentralsone (per etasje)

Kontorsone Garderober / treningsrom (per etasje)

Boavdelinger (dette er for en boavdeling i en etasje) Mottak av insatte

Kriminalomsorgens driftfunksjoner Drift / utelager / garasje

Statsbygg driftsfunksjoner Felles Kriminalomsorg / Statsbygg

Særavdeling Særavdeling

Helseavdeling

Hovedvakt

180

Vaskerom / lager Urinprøverom Fellesrom med kjøkken Fellesrom med tekjøkken Aktivitetsrom / samtalerom Beredskapsrom Toalett ansatte Kjølt avfallsrom Visitasjonstoalett Kontrollrom visitasjonstoalett Venterom insatte Toalett insatte UU Konsultasjonsrom Konsutasjonsrom / skiftestue Laboratorium Medisinrom Personalrom, inkl. kontor og tekjøkken Garderobe (kjønnsnøytralt UU) Toalett ansatte (kjønnsnøytralt UU) Koprom / lager Tannlegekontor (eventuellt) Hovedvakt, inkl. pausereal med tekjøkken Rom ansatt UU Toalett Inngang Kontor Ventrom uklarerte besøkende Forsamlingslokale / gymsal Møterom 15 pers Treningsrom ansatte Toalett besøkende (kjønnsnøytralt) Apparatlager Portvakt Garderobe, eksterne Kontrollsone ansatte og besøkende Livssynsrom Visitasjonsrom Bibliotek Lager postboks Butikk/for insatte Totalett Scene ansatte (kjønnsnøytralt) Venterom Vaktrom klarerte besøkende Vaktrom Visitasjonsrom Lager Lager // postboks postboks Tekjøkken Sluse 1 Besøksrom (ordinært, inkl. toalett) Sluse 2 Besøksrom (med glassvegg) Kontor Besøksrom/ utvidet (inkl. bad) Møteareal pauserom med tekjøkken ansatte Besøksrommed (inkl.dusj uu-bad) Garderobe Besøksrom (stort, Vaktrom med trappogså til 2.rettsrom) og 3. etasje Besøksleilighet Servicetorg / flerbruksrom Politi / advokat / samtalerom Samtalerom Toalett insatte og besøkkende UU Grupperom Kontorabeidsplasser, åpne (4 plasser à 6m2) Skole / verksted, aktivitet - fleksibelt Kontorabeidsplasser Vaktrom med trapp tili cellekontor 2. og 3. etasje Multirom Aktivitetssone Kontor / stabsrom Aktivitetsrom Møterom 15 pers Samtalerom Kopirom / lager Urinprøverom Kantine (alle kjøkken funksjoner og spisesal) Kjølt avfallsrom Personalgarderobe Kontor / stabsrom (kvinner) Personalgarderobe Møterom 15 pers (menn) Nøkkelbank Pauserom med tekjøkken Treningsrom ansatte Kopirom Øvingscelle Lager Kontrollsone Celle inkl. badinsatte Mottaksrom / resepsjon Celle inkl. bad - UU Ventecelle Vaskerom / lager Bad Kjøkken og spise / oppholdsrom Kopirom / lager Kontor Visitasjonsrom Mottak varer / lager Registering av effekter Kjølerom Registering Fryserom av personalia Signaleringsrom Temperert lager Effektlager Avfallsrom kjølt Effektrom Garasje / verksted Celle for mottak) Lager (ordinært drift Celle Kontor(utelukkelsescelle §37) Cell UU Driftsareal Celle Lager (sikkerhetscelle §38) Dusj for sikkerhetspersonal Møterom med tekjøkken Observasjonsrom Vaktrom Vaskerom / lager Urinprøverom Fellesrom med kjøkken Fellesrom med tekjøkken Aktivitetsrom / samtalerom Beredskapsrom Toalett ansatte Kjølt avfallsrom Visitasjonstoalett Kontrollrom visitasjonstoalett Venterom insatte Toalett insatte UU Konsultasjonsrom Konsutasjonsrom / skiftestue Laboratorium Medisinrom Personalrom, inkl. kontor og tekjøkken Garderobe (kjønnsnøytralt UU) Toalett ansatte (kjønnsnøytralt UU) Koprom / lager Tannlegekontor (eventuellt) Hovedvakt, inkl. pausereal med tekjøkken Toalett ansatt UU Kontor Forsamlingslokale / gymsal Treningsrom ansatte Apparatlager

12 6 40 23 23 20 2 4 4 6 15 5 15 20 15 10 20 5 5 10 20 50 Areal5 [m2] 25 15 15 400 30 50 5 30 20 15 40 60 11 60 10 90 5 30 15 21 15 13 10 9 5 15 11 21 6 8 19 53 22 8 25 26 50 60 8 7 5 11 24 250 10 51 6 136 20 21 30 13 5 6 130 6 85 8 115 17 10 17 50 8 40 8 40 12 20 20 6 12 6 70 6 15 11 150 15 15 7 20 10 150 50 15 15 60 12 15 12 8 20 8 15 10 5 16 10 20 12 6 40 23 23 20 2 4 4 6 15 5 15 20 15 10 20 5 5 10 20 50 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Antall 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 10 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47 1 1 2 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15 400 50 30

1 1 1 1

710

Totalt areal bygning [m2]

750

1003

2529

497

710

Project Booklet

Oslo Prison

181