BEYOND THE REFUGE BOOK 1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION & CASE STUDIES
BEYOND THE REFUGE THIS PROJECT FOCUSES ON PROPOSALS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PROTRACTED REFUGEE
SITUATIONS
BASED ON TWO YEARS CREATED OFFER
WITHIN SOLUTIONS
AND
REFUGEES.
CAMP
THE IN
PROJECT
TO
HAVE
AND
INFLUENCE
ENDEAVOURS
THE
THE
EXISTING
CAMP
MID
AND
MENTAL WELLBEING VERY
LONG
IMPLEMENTATION
TO
CAPABILITY
FOUNDATION
COMMUNITY BUILDING, INDIVIDUAL EMPOWERMENT FROM
AND
TO
THAT
ENVIRONMENTS
TERM
DAY ONE.
REFUGEE
FRAMEWORKS
OF
MICRO
INSTILL
STUDIES
ADDITION
NOW
QUALITY OF LIFE
TO
ECONOMIES
CAMPS,
PROPOSALS
AIMING
DESIGN
COUNTRIES.
OF EXTENSIVE RESEARCH ON THE
REFUGEE
OF IMPROVING THE OF
DEVELOPING
IN
SUCH
CAMPS AS
THE
UNHCR STANDARDS. THIS ALLOWS A WIDER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ISSUES CONNECTED SPATIAL
THE
WITH
QUALITIES,
PROPOSITIONS
PROTRACTED HUMAN
AIM
EXPERIENCE
FOR
AND
ENHANCE
INHABITANTS
THIS
IS
PART
POLICIES
ON
OF
A
LARGER
CAMP
AND
SITUATIONS,
INTERNATIONAL
EXPERIENCE
STUDY
DESIGN
1
AIMED
AND
TO
AND
THEIR
STANDARDS.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ‘RELIEF FROM RELIEF’
COMMUNITIES HOW
REFUGEE
USE
INFLUENCE
OF TO SPACE.
UNHCR
REQUIREMENTS.
Palestine - 6,600,000
Eritrea - 251,954
Syria - 4,086,760
China - 190,369
Iraq - 1,428,308
Central African Republic - 162, 862
Somalia - 1,077,048
Serbia - 161,671
Sudan - 500,014
Côte d'Ivoire - 154,821
Democratic republic of the Congo - 491,481
Unknown - 145,048
Myanmar - 414,626
Turkey - 139,779
Columbia - 395,949
Sri Lanka - 136, 617
Vietnam - 337,829
Angola - 128,664
Russia - 109,785 Rwanda - 106,833 Palestinian National Authority - 94,150 Iran - 72, 361 Ethiopia - 70,610 Liberia - 66,780 Croatia - 62,649
REFUGEE CRISIS - WHERE THEY CAME FROM
Jordan - 2,485,650 Pakistan - 2,311,750 Turkey - 1,633,560 Syria - 1,254,634 Lebanon - 1,172,753 Iran - 996,468
Ethiopia - 288,844
Republic of Congo - 141,232
USA - 264,763
Uganda - 139,448
Bangladesh - 229,669
Sudan - 139,415
Yemen - 214,740
Tanzania - 131,243 Liberia - 128,293
France - 210,207
Ecuador - 123,436
Venezuela - 202,022
South Sudan - 105,023
Kenya - 650,610
UK - 193,510
Germany - 571,685
India - 185,118
Chad - 366,494
Canada - 164,883
People’s republic of china - 301,018
Democratic republic of Congo - 152,749
Cameroon - 100,373
REFUGEE CRISIS -
2
ERE T EY
E T
In todays world there are over 60 million displaced people, this number includes refugees, internally displaced people and asylum seekers. 14.4 million refugees worldwide fall under the mandate of the UNHCR.
3
E f f e c t i v e n e s s GrassRootsProjects
VS
A c h i e v a b i l i t y UNHCRGuidelines
BALANCE
QUESTION OF SCALE VS SPECIFICITY Beyond the Refuge contains proposals both macro to micro. This is essential to bridge the gap between top down and bottom up. The ‘top down’ UNHCR are very effective at a high level. They have high mobility, funding and service systems to ensure basic needs of refugees are met promptly like access to water and shelter. However, these factors make them inflexible and generic, unable to respond to rich contextual situations or innovation. This means people are able to survive, but it is not suitable for long term living due to the lack of human scale. At the other end of the spectrum, smaller bottom up NGO’s and grass roots projects are very good at highly specific and tailored solutions which are very effective when carried out. However these require lots of investment of time and effort and are near impossible to replicate in other areas which limits it’s usefulness. Learning from both these examples, producing systems that can be rolled out widely, but have a high level of adaptability built in, Beyond the refuge aims to be a ‘middle out’ project. Using rules of design deduced from ‘good cities’ and taking in to account the forth dimension of architecture, time.
4
RELEVANT RESEARCH EXAMPLES: UNHCR HAND BOOK THE SPHERE PROJECT FRAMEWORK
TOP DOWN
Generalised Large Scale Masterplans
MIDDLE OUT
Catorgorised Customisable Interventions
BOTTOM UP RELEVANT RESEARCH EXAMPLES: SHATILA CAMP CASE STUDY JAL AL BAHR GATHERING CASE
©Beyond the refuge aims to be a ©middle out© project. Systems that can be rolled out widely, but have a high level of adaptability built in. Using rules of design deduced from ©good cities© and the forth dimension of architecture, time.© 5
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
U
R
V
B
+
T O S
A
I
V
E
I
L
I
Y
T O T
H
R
I
ŠThe publics and semi-publics that make a city and help refugees cease to be an aggregate of individuals but a self-determining communityŠ
6
T
V
E
QUESTION OF TEMPORARY VS PERMANENT The acknowledgment that current policy requires additions and alterations to make it appropriate for the extended lifespan calls for a new form of architectural design and planning. How do you make something both substantial and temporary? Both refugees and host countries intend these to be temporary environments; forcing traditional architecture won’t create a city in the same way that putting people in proximity doesn’t make them a community. Beyond the refuge aims to propose spatial ideas that form the publics and semi-publics that make a city and help refugees cease to be an aggregate of individuals but a self-determining community in a lively and functioning environment. Beyond the Refuge promotes innovation and the idea of ‘better not more’. Granting relief from relief, instead of a system that promotes dependency and victim mentality that over time can cripple populations.
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COLLECTIVE SPACES
MARKET
REGISTRATION
FOOD PREP
LAUNDRY
DISTRIBUTION
POLICING & GOVERNANCE
EDUCATION
RELIGIOUS
RECREATION
ADMINISTRATION
COMMERCE
COMMUNITY & GREEN SPACE
HEALTH
ADULT EDUCATION
QUESTION OF WHERE TO START There are multiple facets to refugee camps. Many architecural designers take on the units of residential shelter, making them more durable, more spacious, more programatically specific. Some focus on high speed deployability and sustainability of materials. This project does not address individual residential shelter, instead focusing on units of collective use. Making residential units more permanent can cause tensions and it has been seen that many refugees are more than capable of building their own reinforced shelters given the availability of materials. The treatment of collective use spaces like public squares and high streets, and institutes like schools and medical centres can humanise the perception of a place. The layouts of tents or transitional shelters can define whether an area feels like a village or an prison camp. In the rush to respond to a refugee crisis, rules of design that we know to work in cities are discarded despite them taking no more time of money to incorporate. This is partially due to the lack of spatially trained professionals in the field, this book aims to be a guide for those charged with the task of building a city in a day.
8
ADAPTED SHELTER - AL ZAATARI
HOW DO YOU CREAT E A TEMPORARY CITY?
ALLOW
R
E
T
A
SUBSTANTIAL
I
N
T
E
M
COLLECTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE
P
O
R
A
R
Y
H
O
U
S
I
N
G
Šthis book aims to be a guide for those charged with the task of building a city in a day Š
9
Whilst host countries may be resistant to permanently housing refugees due to the costs associated with them, services and infrastructure can only add value to land. Hence by adhering to the restrictions on temporary housing, the ability to create quite substantial services and places for collective life means a dramatic improvement in quality of life, not to mention reduction in tensions with host country existing residents if they can also avail of new services.
THE CONTRACT
THE INTRODUCTION
THE TOOLS
The envelope on top of the contract contains the basic information on the background and aims of the project
The contract contains a number of items that will guide and enable the project aims
THE GUIDE
THE ENGAGEMENT
This outlines the existing guidelines on areas required for various uses and population numbers
The set of stamps of the various collective uses invite the signee to propose and investage camp layout
THE SIGNING
THE 10 FRIENDS
This object invites the signee to metaphorically house the collective, become a member, and have their membership card embossed
Contains notes on the ‘10 friends’ of the project who act as it’s advisory board
10
THE GIFT
THE MAGAZINE
THE FEEDBACK
The gift magazine was created for the ‘10 friends’, aiming to get those who are deeply involved in the aid industry to look at the refugee situation in a different light. Laid out like a consumerist interior design magazine is it simultaneously provocative and aspirational. It aimed to question the foundations of refugee camp design, asking why human experience and good city design rules are not considered in camp layout, and how better designed spaces can dramatically influence a refugees experience of their situation.
Based on the immediate feedback from some of the ‘10 friends’ a secondary magazine was created. Friends were interested in the ideas inherent in the magazine but also brought attention to possible rules for design that I had overlooked at this point. Namely, the tension between helicopter dropped solutions and agency and empowerment through local building methods. In contrast I was reminded that the refugees are meant to go home, and if an environment is better than where they came from they won’t return. Hence the even higher importance of referencing vernacular architecture.
11
AL ZAATARI SYRIAN CAMP IN JORDAN
TURKEY
CYPRUS SYRIA
LEBANON
INFLUX FROM SYRIA IRAQ
12 Km Transport From Border
AL ZAATARI REFUGEE CAMP
ISRAEL JORDAN
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
79,150 PEOPLE 5.8 SQ KILOMETRES
AL ZAATARI Opened on July 28, 2012 Current population 79,551 461,701 refugees have passed through the camp 57% are youth 19.9% are under 5 years old 1 in 5 households are headed by women Average 80 births per week, and 14,000 weekly consultations Area 5.3km2
DEMOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN Male 10.2% 11.5% 7.3% 19.8% 1.1%
9 Schools - 20,771 children enrolled 27 community centres - psycosocial support and recreational activities 2 hospitals with 55 beds and 9 healthcare centres, 1 delivery unit and 120 community health volunteers
12
Female 0-4 5-11 12-17 18-59 60+
9.6% 10.9% 7% 21% 1.6%
13
SETTLED NOVEMBER 2012
STUDY 1
STUDY 2
STUDY 3
14
SETTLED MAY 2103
STUDY 4
STUDY 5
15
AL ZAATARI DENSITY STUDY 200M
AL ZAATARI CAMP
16
9 PRIMARY STRUCTURES OF AL ZAATARI CINDER BLOCK WALLS PORTOCABIN SHELTER WATER TOWER NGO OFFICE PORTOCABIN UNHCR TENT COLLECTIVE USE TENT FENCING WAREHOUSE TENT
Use what you©ve got! Huge potential in repurposing exiting materials and stuctures that end up at most refugee camps
17
COMMON SHELTER ADAPTATIONS OBSERVED IN AL ZAATARI
18
19
AL ZAATARI - STUDY 1
WELL ESTABLISHED HIGHSTREET
SMALLER RESIDENTIAL STREETS
EMPTY SPACE CONNECTED TO SCHOOL TENSION DUE TO SCALE CREATION OF PRIVATE COURTYARD
MAJORITY REFUGEE MADE STRUCTURES AGENCY & EMPOWERMENT MINIMAL USE OF ORIGINAL TENTS
CREATION OF COMMUNAL COURTYARD
CORDENING OF SEMI PRIVATE SPACE
COMMERCIAL YARDS
100M
100M
"Given time, people will create their own city. This causes problems for regulators. By encouraging it and being involved, maintaining safe environments becomes easier"
20
AL ZAATARI - STUDY 2
SECONDARY HIGHSTREET
SMALLER RESIDENTIAL STREETS
NGO SUPPLIED WASH SITES
LOOSER FIT DENSITY
MAJORITY REFUGEE MADE STRUCTURES AGENCY & EMPOWERMENT SOME USE OF ORIGINAL TENTS
CREATION OF COMMUNAL COURTYARD
CORDENING OF SEMI PRIVATE SPACE
HYBRID TENT CABIN STRUCTURES
100M
100M
"Camps develop a natural hierarchy, commercial centers and high streets occur where there is space"
21
AL ZAATARI - STUDY 3
SMALLER RESIDENTIAL STREETS
NGO SUPPLIED WASH SITES
LOOSE FIT DENSITY SOME REFUGEE MADE STRUCTURES AGENCY & EMPOWERMENT USE OF ORIGINAL TENTS LACK OF COMMUNAL SPACE (JUST LEFTOVER)
CORDENING OF SEMI PRIVATE SPACE (STRUGGLE TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES)
HYBRID TENT CABIN STRUCTURES REMNANTS OF UNHCR GRID
CLUSTERING DESPITE SPACE
100M
100M
"Leftover space has huge potential as public and private have very different meanings in refugee camps. Refugees encouraged to take communal ownership of spaces are more likely to create successful public spaces than prescribed agoras" 22
AL ZAATARI - STUDY 4
SMALLER RESIDENTIAL STREETS
NGO KITCHEN PREP SITES
LOOSE FIT DENSITY FEW REFUGEE MADE STRUCTURES LACK OF AGENCY & EMPOWERMENT SUBSTANTIAL USE OF ORIGINAL TENTS LACK OF COMMUNAL SPACE
FORMATION OF PRIVATE COURTYARDS
VISABLE UNHCR GRID
CORDENING OF SEMI PRIVATE SPACE (STRUGGLE TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES)
100M
100M
"UNHCR traditional grid layouts struggle to define boundaries beyond the tent. Neighbourhoods identities should be encouraged as they create communities which can manage and maintain themselves"
23
AL ZAATARI - STUDY 5
NO ‘STREETS’ CORDENING OF SEMI PRIVATE SPACE (STRUGGLE TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES) LOOSE DENSITY ALMOST NO REFUGEE MADE STRUCTURES LACK OF AGENCY & EMPOWERMENT SUBSTANTIAL USE OF ORIGINAL TENTS LACK OF COMMUNAL SPACE
MAIN ROAD DIVIDES SETTLEMENTS
VISABLE UNHCR GRID
CLUTERING DESPITE SPACE
100M
100M
"Camps fill gradually, hence layouts must work ©unfinished© using semipublics and establishing collectives"
24
25
AL ZAATARI COLLECTIVE SPACES 200M
REGISTRATION
HEALTH
SCHOOL
DISTRIBUTION
NGO OFFICE
SECURITY
KINDERGARTEN
RECREATION WAREHOUSE
PLAYGROUND
26
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE
VACANT
WATER FACILITIES
DISTRICT COMPOUND
YOUTH CENTRE COMMUNITY CENTRE
COMMUNITY OFFICE
27
D A D A A B SOMALIAN CAMP IN KENYA
YEMEN
ERITREA
DJIBOUTI SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA INFLUX FROM SOMALIA
UGANDA
KENYA 100 Km Walk From Border DADAAB REFUGEE CAMP
TANZANIA
332,455 PEOPLE
DADAAB
DEMOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN
Opened on 1991 Current population 328,111
Male
Consist of multiple camps. Hagadera, Dagahaley and Ifo - Set up early 90’s Ifo 2 and Kambioos - Set up early 10’s to take increased influx
28
8% 13% 9% 18% 2%
Female 0-4 5-11 12-17 18-59 60+
8% 12% 8% 20% 2%
29
DADAAB REFUGEE CAMP, SOMALIANS IN KENYA
DAGAHALEY
POPULATION: 328,111 IN 75, 459 HOUSEHOLDS
IFO 2
IFO
DADAAB SETTLEMENT
HAGADERA
KAMBIOOS 1KM
30
DAGAHALEY POPULATION: 87,170 IN 20,587 HOUSEHOLDS
IFO 2 POPULATION: 47,253 IN 9, 685 HOUSEHOLDS
1KM
31
IFO POPULATION: 84,181 IN 17, 873 HOUSEHOLDS
DABAAB SETTLEMENT NGO BASE 1KM
32
HAGADERA POPULATION: 103,091 IN 24,959 HOUSEHOLDS
KAMBIOOS POPULATION 18,110 IN 3,801 HOUSEHOLDS
1KM
33
F-10
Borehole 8
F-9
Graveyard
E-10 F-8 E-9 E-8
F-7 F-6
Graveyard
E-7
F-5
Administration Police
D-9
E-6
F-4
D-8
E-5
F-3
D-10
D-7
Central Pri. Sch.
Health Post 4
F-2
C-8 Dump site - open
D-6
E-4
C-7
D-5
E-3
Islamic School
C-6
Old Borehole 2
D-4
Borehole 6
E-1
F-0
Borehole 4
E-0
Illeys Pri. School
Police Post
Slaughter Slab
Juba Juba Juba Juba Juba Juba Juba Pri. School
A-3 A-2
B-0
A-1
B-a H-5
B-b
H-7
H-4
H-8 H-1
G-8
B-9 C-10
Health Post 666
B-7 A-9 G-4
Dump site
A-8 G-3
A-7
G-2 G-1
El Nino Pri. Sch.
YEP Center
LEGEND
Camp block Self-settled areas Camp facility Greenbelt Main road Feeder road
A-10
B-8
G-5
Borehole 9
Dump site
1KM
34
CARE
ICRC
Dagahaley CARE CARE CARE CARE CARE CARE CARE Hospital Food Distribution & Stores Compound
Dagahaley Sec. Sch. Market
Computer Centre
UNHCR Field office
Windle Trust Cholera Outbreak Centre
LWF Borehole
Transit centre Police Post NRC MSF-SWISS
Graveyard
A-c
UNHCR
Disability school
LWF
A-b B-10
H-9
G-9
G-7
A-a
B-c
H-3
G-10
A-0
Graveyard
Social Hall
Market Market Area
B-1
Family Life Centre 2
D-c
A-4
Health Post D7 Child friendly space
D-b
H-6
Health Post D5
B-2
Dump Site - open
NRC latrine slab factory
Police Post
A-5 B-3
C-0 Borehole 1
Graveyard GIZ Tree Nursery
B-4
C-1 D-a
Firewood Distribution Centre
A-6
C-2
D-0
E-b
Dagahaley Adult School
A-11
B-5
C-3
D-1
E-a
B-6
Family Life C-4 Centre 1 Graveyard
D-2
F-b
Unity Pri. Sch.
C-5
D-3
Community Center Graveyard
F-a
C-9
Community Sec. Sch.
Borehole 3
DAGAHALEY POPULATION: 87,170 IN 20,587 HOUSEHOLDS Established 1992 AREA 8.2km2 42,189 female 41,992 male IFO 2 established in 2011 to decrease population settling in outskirts. Currently approximately 1000 households living in outskirts. 7 primary schools, 2 secondary schools. Primary enrollment 33.9%. 1 adult literacy, Four clinics, 1 hospital - 28,000 per clinic, (standard is 10,000). 2 primary heath posts, 1 hospital (2 health posts and antenatal closed due to security risks) Existing community empowerment as sections and blocks have two elected leaders each and two camp chairpersons.
"Unregulated self-settling causes issues in supplying basic services. Supply a framework that refugees can understand the need for as opposed to a dictatorial grid, explain the why, not just the what"
35
LEGEND
Camp block Camp facility
d aa T o Da
Greenbelt Main road
Ifo Sec. Sch.
CARE Compound
b
Feeder road
1KM
Islamic School Welding Shed
LWF/DWS ICRC NCCK
Borehole 1
36
UNHCR Field Office
Family Life Centre 2
Registration Centre
IFO POPULATION: 84, 181 IN 17, 873 HOUSEHOLDS Established 1991 (Oldest) AREA 12.3km2 42,189 female 41,992 male IFO 2 established in 2011 to decrease population pressure caused by war and famine. 8 primary schools, 2 secondary schools
1 adult literacy, 1 youth vocational training centre,
Four clinics, 1 hospital - 28,000 per clinic, (standard is 10,000). 6 primary heath posts, 1 hospital
Existing community empowerment as sections and blocks have two elected leaders each and two camp chairpersons.
"Green belts attempt to restrict expansion. Combining these with community gardens/allotments will improve the condition of the environment, encourage community empowerment, lower tensions between regulators and refugees AND restrict expansion" 37
G-10 G-9 GIZ Firewood store
G-7
WTK
Umoja Pri. Sch.
LWF Livelihood
S-1 ICRC MSF
Police Post
Petrol Station F-1
K-3
F-4
K-7
E-4
Islamic School
Undugu Pri. Sch.
F-8
K-10
C-2
Iftin Pri. Sch.
I-3
GTZ Tree Nursery
I-2 I-1
LWF compound
Borehole 1
B-1
Police Post
C-3
D-5
Islamic School CFS D-7 C-5 Al Hudd Private School
E-9
Al Bushra PRivate School
C-4
B-3 B-4
Islamic School A-3
C-7
D-10
J-2
A-4
Upendo Pri. Sch.
C-8 C-9
Mosque L-1
J-3
A-5 Health Post A6
B-7
Slaughter Slab & Waste Disposal Area
A-2 J-1
B-5 D-9
L-2
J-4 J-5
C-10
B-9
M-3
A-8
N-2
L-5
J-7
A-9
M-4 Health Post L6
J-8
A-10
N-1
M-2
L-4
A-7
B-10
M-1
L-3
B-8
Borehole 3
Community Sec. Sch.
A-1 JAB Family Life Centre
D-8
E-10
I-5 I-4
B-2
E-8
F-10
H-1
C-1
E-7
F-9
Borehole 4
D-4
Health Post E6
I-9 I-7 Amani Pri. Sch.
H-2
Al Amin Private School
Family Life Centre 1 Graveyard
D-3
E-5
F-7 K-9
D-2
H-5 H-4
H-3
Borehole 2
Mosque
Alharamain Central Pri. Sch.
D-1
Family Life Centre E-3
F-5
K-8
H-7 Family Life Centre 4
Library E-2
H-8
Reception Centre
Market
E-1
H-9
G-2 G-1
Bus Park Oromo
F-3
K-5
G-3
Borehole 6
UNHCR Field Office
F-2
K-4
G-5 Health Post G6 Islamic School
G-4
Hagadera Hospital Hagadera Sec. Sch.
K-1
G-8
N-4
L-7
J-9
N-3
M-5 M-6 N-5
J-10
L-8
L-9
N-6
LEGEND Camp block
New Borehole
Self-settled areas Camp facility Greenbelt Main road Feeder road
1KM
Welding Shed
CARE
S-1 MSF ICRC
Police Post
Hagadera Hospital
Hagadera Sec. Sch. UNHCR Field Office Petrol Station
Food Distribution YEP Centre Centre NCCK
Reception Centre Bus Park
Oromo
NRC
Mosque
Market
Handicap International
E-1
Alharamain
Library Central Pri. Sch.
D-1
Al Amin Private School Family Life Centre 1
38
100M
I-8
H-11
HAGADERA POPULATION: 103,091 IN 24,959 HOUSEHOLDS Established 1992 (Third Oldest) AREA 8.7km2 Largest 53,733 female 52,032 male 10,000 individuals relocated to Kambioos to decongest as 20,000 have settled outside designated camp area in ‘Hagadera Outskirts’ 7 primary schools, 2 secondary schools, Classrooms built to hold 100-120 students, common level is 40. Only 37% enrollment at primary, 14.8% at secondary. 1 adult literacy, 1 vocational training centre, 1 ICT training centre. Four clinics, 1 hospital - 28,000 per clinic, (standard is 10,000). Some existing community empowerment as sections and blocks have two elected leaders each.
"Town centers are powerful places, placing services on peripheries creates a US VS THEM distance between camp organisers and refugees. Environments are easier to manage when they are understood from within"
39