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The idea of creating a synthetic consciousness has fascinated the human imagination for many a century. These range from the ancient Pygmalion s Galatea, the mythological golem, Victorian automatons, to our more recent fancies computers, robots and other Turing machines. Perhaps the reason for this preoccupation with artificial intelligenceis actually a quest to better understand our own consciousness. At first sight, the question Can a machine be conscious? appears deceptively simple. However, the answer to this question is entirely dependent on how we define consciousness. We can embark by defining consciousness in an Aristotelian fashion by its function. Generally philosophers use the term consciousness mainly to describe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... If we can only observe the behavior of others objectively, how can we be certain that they are conscious? Everyone around us could just as easily be a philosophical zombie, with all the functions and responses of a conscious being, but with no understanding or awareness of their responses. Thus, a metaphysical solipsist could very easily say that discussing whether a machine can be conscious or not is obsolete, because the concept holds no existence in anything but our own mind.
The Turing test is a method conceived by Allan Turing to determine whether a mind is conscious. Supposing we create a machine that has been programmed to responds in the exact way that humans do. In the Turing test, both the machine and a human are asked the same questions. A person listening to their answers without knowing which of them was responding each time has to discern which answers are given by the machine. His premise is that if the answers of the machine and the human are indistinguishable, there would be no difference between machine and human in terms of consciousness. However, the Turing test only determines whether we think a machine is conscious by its superficial behaviors, and does not determine whether it is actually conscious Furthermore, we have no evidence that the human we are comparing the machine to in the test is conscious either the Turing test only measures computational ability. Similarly, a neural activity scan could
J.R.R. Tolkien is one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. His works are greatly influential in modern times. Certain character traits allowed him to expand his intelligence and write the works he has created. The to main character traits that were the greatest part of Tolkien were his perfectionism and the fact that he is outgoing. Tolkiens perfectionism made it so that he would constantly revise anything that he is writinguntil he was satisfied. One example of Tolkien s perfectionism would be after he wrote the main part of Lord of the Rings and it is said that, Yet even now he did not finish. He revised, niggled, and corrected earlier chapters, spending so much time at it that his colleagues came to regard him as lost to philology (203) Even after Tolkien was done revising the main work and showed it to the publishers he would continue to revises it and go through the entire story again and again. He revised the work for several months before it began to be published and printed. Another example of his perfectionism would be after he got a publishing deal for The Hobbit and ... he decided that he ought to make substantial revisions to several parts of the book, for he had let the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... He would even do this after the original work he submitted was approved. A final example of Tolkien s perfectionism would be after he retired and began to work on The Silmarillion again and it is said
Facilitating learning: Teaching and learning methods
Authors: Judy McKimm MBA, MA (Ed), BA (Hons), Cert Ed, FHEA Visiting Professor of Healthcare Education and Leadership, Bedfordshire Hertfordshire Postgraduate Medical School, University of Bedfordshire Carol Jollie MBA, BA (Hons) Project Manager, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London This paper was first written in 2003 as part of a project led by the London Deanery to provide a web based learning resource to support the educational development of clinical teachers. It was revised by Judy McKimm in 2007 with the introduction of the Deanery s new web based learning package for clinical teachers. Each of the papers provides a summary and background reading on a core topic in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The changing NHS: what does this mean for teachers and learners? In the Theory and Practice paper you looked at some of key learning theories and how these might be used in clinical teaching. There have been some huge shifts in recent years in the NHS and Higher Education which have changed the cultures of both. Without going into long sociological explanations, it is useful just to think of some of the key changes and look at how these have impacted on the role of and expectations from clinical teachers. Since the late 1990s, when national initiatives to reform undergraduate and postgraduate medical education were introduced, medical education (which includes clinical training) has gradually placed greater expectations and more responsibilities on clinical teachers. The Department of Health initiative UMCISS (Undergraduate Medical Curriculum Implementation Support Scheme) which supported the reform of all undergraduate curricula in response to Tomorrow s Doctors (GMC, 1993) had a huge impact on undergraduate medical education. New teaching and learning methods were introduced into courses such as problem based learning, video teaching and web based learning and the courses themselves became less informal and more structured in terms of design, delivery and evaluation. Courses were expected to clearly define aims and learning outcomes, modes of delivery and assessment and the national agencies responsible for
Today s customers are more aware and empowered, and have more bargaining power due to the exponential increase in competition direct, indirect or substitute. In retailing, they want hassle free shopping, have less time at their disposal to locate the shop and the merchandise and are reluctant to keep waiting. The modern format retail stores are doing their best to anticipate the customer s demands and are going all out to redesign their store interiors, offer more choices in varieties and assortments, and are giving as many services as feasible.
Service firms are increasingly using customer service to develop sustainable competitive advantage through value generation as well as differentiation. This... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The model is indicative for the service marketer of the requirements for providing high quality service.
Knowledge gap This is the difference between customer expectations and the service firm s perception of the customer s expectations, needs etc. Standards gap This indicates the difference between the service provider s perception of the customer s expectations and the customer service standards it set. Delivery gap This is the difference between the firm s service standards and the actual service provided to customers. Communication gap This is the difference between the actual service provided to customers and the service promised in the firm s promotions and external communications.
According to the model, the four gaps add up to the service gap. It implies that a method to reduce the service gap could be to reduce the four gaps, called the company gap.
Knowledge Gap
Standards Gap Service Gap
Deliver Gap
Communication Gap
Source : Adapted from A. Parasuraman, Valerie Zeithaml, and Leonard Berry, A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research, Journal of Marketing, 49 (Fall 1985)
Chapter 2: Literature Review In this chapter, we discuss a brief introduction of neural network and biometrics . Traditionally, the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. Neural networks are inspired by our brains. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus, the term has two distinct usages:
2.1 Biological Neural Network generally, a biological neural networkis consists of a set or sets of chemically linked or functionally linked neurons. The human brain owns about 1014 synapses and 1011 neurons. A neuronconsisting of a soma (cell body),dendrites (receive signal) and axons (send signal). A synapses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... (See Figure (2 5)) .
Figure( 2 5): Supervised Learning Rule [1]
2.Unsupervised learning Network works to calculate the output without a previous expectation, Where we offer network only inputs and it is find target And working on a self organizing data Where it competes neurons to get a signal and the neuron Winner we get it on the output and this is called self regulation of the network neurons . (See Figure (2 6)). Figure(2 6):Unsupervised Learning Rule [1]
2.3.3. Transfer Function In behavior of an ANN depends in each of the weights and the input output function (transfer function) that is selected for the units. This function usually located into one of three types[10]: Linear (or slope): The output activity is commensurate to the total weighted output (see Figure (2 7)).
F(X)=X ; for all x
Figure( 2 7): Linear activation function Threshold: The output is appoint at one of two levels, depending on whether the total input is less or greater than than some threshold
For many centuries the original inhabitants of Canada, the Aboriginals, have suffered at the hands of the government. From unrightly abducting their land to racial discrimination and forcing them to comply with Euro Canadian culture, Indigenous people had every right to be enraged. Indigenous, or Aboriginal people is a title given to the original settlers and their descendants of North America. Indians (or First nations), Metis and Inuit, are 3 groups of distinct peoples with unique histories, languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs, and it is unfair to call them one. In Canada today, more than 1.7 million people identify themselves as an Aboriginal person. Amongst the many first nations communities here in Canada, The Algonquin people are the most recognized since their historic land deal with the federal and provincial government back in October 2016. Originally living in southern Quebec and eastern Ontario, today, Algonquin people have adapted to living in urban communities across these areas. Due to the changing in lifestyle, aboriginal people have had to adjust. To them land is much more than something you buy and own, it s the thing that governs their spirituality intertwining their lives deeply with nature. With a switch in the way they feed themselves, clothes themselves, and protect themselves, it is destined for them to feel a sense of emptiness in their hearts. Most of Crown owned land has still to be returned today, and the loss of their
Circumcision has been a debating procedure for many years. It is a procedure that means cutting off the foreskin, or ring of tissue that covers the head of the penis. Circumcision is said to have started many years ago and is a big part is some religions. For example, according to the book of Genesis in the Torah, god made a covenent with Abraham (a Jewish patriarch) in which Abraham and his decendents would be given great land riches, and success. There was only one catch, Abraham, his descendants, any slaves purchased or born in his house hold by the eighth day of life. If any failed to do so then they would be separate from his people and live without the favor of god. Untill this day Jewish people have lived by that and is a strong religious belief. This procedure on the Jews was called a bris or brit milah. Even though circumcision was practiced in different areas of the world, it was first documented in art form by the Egyptians. They circumcised because they believed it was a method of purification. It later started making its way to other cultures, but nobody really knows why the practice spread nor why it even started.
Many other countries removed the foreskin because they believed it marked entrance into adulthood, to humiliate enemies, to identify those with higher social status, to enhance or limit sexual pleasure. Also having your penis circumcised helped make it easier to maintain clean. Normally circumcision was done at the age where they thought was
Human civilizations throughout history have had much in the way of influences from the past, which served as a basis in their establishment. One of the most influential groups deriving from ancient Mesopotamia era of 1500 B.C. known as the Sumerians contributed in the ways of agriculture, technology, writing, farming and politics. Advances in agriculture allowed cities and occupations to form and as a result enabled cities to construct complex forms of government, religion, economy, and languages. Because of these advances even though much good may have come from them some in the way of bad have resulted. Therefore, larger populations were flourishing, war, illnesses, and political corruption all developed and had a lasting effect on human... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It was noted as the first civilization of Southern Mesopotamia. There is little evidence provided as to the origins of the civilization. The evidence that has been found has been artifacts of clay pottery and art depicting stories behind the Ubaid society. The traces suggest that the Ubaids dwelled in multicomplex village homes. Additionally, the Ubaids invented not only methods of construction as seen with the villages, but irrigation systems, metal tools, agriculture through farming and livestock and coin currency use. The Uruk period was quickly followed by the Ubaid dynastic period from 4000 3100 BCE. The Uruks were founded by King Enmerkar and eventually ruled by King Gilgamesh who is best known for the tales of his immortality as king of Uruk. The Uruk society gave rise to the development of language in the region known as Aramaic. Contributions also include the invention of writing, architecture in the development of the ziggurat, which was dedicated to the God Anu and cylinder seal. The political system was also invented as the Uruks had a centralized form of government where each city was governed by its own God.
The contributions of the Sumerians firstly gave way to the invention of agriculture techniques. The Sumerians created the first mono cropping system which allowed a single plant to be grown year after year. As a result, the Sumerians harvested barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat,
August Vollmer and his accomplices recommended training and education as two of the main components in professionalism in policing (Bohm Haley, 2014). When Vollmer advocated for training he begun to hire more qualified and educated people that were able to perform the job more effectively. In the past, there were no requirements for individuals to start the job so the candidates weren t fitting the job. Vollmer also wanted the politics and policing separated (Bohm Haley, 2014). His reform was used to to eliminate political influences, gain control of officers, and establish crimefighting priorities (Bohm Haley, 2014, Pg. 147). Vollmer s reform had a great impact on the department and made great changes such as: limiting the policefunctions to law enforcementrelated functions only, enforced... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Community Policing took a different perspective on crime than August Vollmer. It shows that even though police officers are trained and respond to crimes on time, it doesn t effect the crime rates. In the past foot patrol was in place but it quickly failed due to poor management and not enough funds for the program (Bohm Haley, 2014, Pg. 147). Community Policing was an idea to form a bond between the police and the citizens. If the police paid more attention to the minor problems in
SQLite is an Open Source database. SQLite supports standard relational database features like SQL syntax, transactions and prepared statements. The database requires limited memory at runtime (approx. 250 KByte) which makes it a good candidate from being embedded into other runtimes.
SQLite supports the data types TEXT (similar to String in Java), INTEGER (similar to long in Java) and REAL (similar to double in Java). All other types must be converted into one of these fields before getting saved in the database. SQLite itself does not validate if the types written to the columns are actually of the defined type, e.g. you can write an integer into a string column and vice versa.
SQLite is embedded into every Android... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Other more familiar database engines run great once you get them going. But doing the initial installation and configuration can be intimidatingly complex.
Server less
Most SQL database engines are implemented as a separate server process. Programs that want to access the database communicate with the server using some kind of interprocess communication (typically TCP/IP) to send requests to the server and to receive back results. SQLite does not work this way. With SQLite, the process that wants to access the database reads and writes directly from the database files on disk. There is no intermediary server process.There are advantages and disadvantages to being server less. The main advantage is that there is no separate server process to install, setup, configure, initialize, manage, and troubleshoot. This is one reason why SQLite is a zero configuration database engine. Programs that use SQLite require no administrative support for setting up the database engine before they are run. Any program that is able to access the disk is able to use an SQLite database.
On the other hand, a database engine that uses a server can provide better protection from bugs in the client application stray pointers in a client cannot corrupt memory on the server. And because a server is a single persistent process, it is able control database access with more precision, allowing for finer grain locking and better concurrency.
Most SQL database engines are
What do you know about global climate change? Do you think we create this problem in the twentieth first century to damage our planet. This problem started at the beginning of civilization and became worse during the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. Older generations generated more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. More carbon dioxide had a negative impact on the ecosystems of the planet. And the scientific definition of global climate represents changes in the earths weather and temperature. When higher greenhouse gasconcentrates in the atmosphere, the earth becomes warmer. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are the gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. Pollution of the earth causes damage to the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and it s easy for the sun rays to pass in the earth. Global climate changecauses a negative impact on the environment and the world s oceans. Global climate change causes many problems for the planet. The population growth of earth is 7.125 billion. Can anybody imagine how much greenhouse gas we produce in the atmosphere? Because they re more people on the earth, we need more natural resources in daily life. People destroy more natural resources like trees to live. Human beings produce more man made pollution on the land and the ocean environments. For example, coal powered plants, automobiles, and industrial facilities make a higher percent of carbon dioxide compared
The Massachusetts General Hospital is a healthcare hospital located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts and is proclaimed to be one of the leading healthcare providers in the nation, with it having the prestige of being the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and a biomedical research facility and the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts. When first observing the website, one of the main things that is stated on the first page and is clearly stated in big bold letters is the proclamation of the achievement that the hospital holds. It is stated that the Massachusetts General Hospital has been named among the top hospitals in America and it has been ranked among the top three of hospitals... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Massachusetts General Hospital uses Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and LinkedIn. The knowledge and use of twitter is something that is very noticeable with the use of many different hashtags for all the events and messages that the organization is trying to get out while also maintaining a relationship with other organizations and individuals through the use of retweeting techniques. While the use of Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube is generally positive, the most prominent social media use is located on the public Facebook page. Unlike all the other social media mediums, the Facebook group is something that you can find all the latest and up to date information on this organization and their partners by looking at the Facebook page that is updated a few times a day. With all the information that I have gathered, I think that the website is very manageable and user friendly and the social media accounts are mediums that you can get a good in depth material on the organization that is
I have been fortunate enough through my travels to have trans versed the Great Wall of China, which was constructed by Qin Shihuang in order to unify the six states, he ordered General Meng Tian to connect the existing walls and to extend them further as a front line defense against possible invasion, it was an exhilarating experience, the piece of the wall I started to ascend, it was extremely steep with four levels, the configuration of the wall was unusual, in the design of the steps, they were built in a non uniform format. The steps ranged in various sizes, from approximately 4 to what seemed like 12 , so in turn , it made the climb very uncomfortable, it also showed me that I was defiantly out of shape, but I did eventually make it to the second level, and looking over the mountain terrain, and along the hillside where it was built, I had a rush of adrenaline and realized that the Wall of China, was every bit as exhilarating to me today, as the day it was constructed. This engineering, of the Qin dynastywas truly an amazing feat. I will examine some key elements, while comparing the Qin, and Han dynasties, to The Roman Empire. Both cultures had implemented an impressive, society by introducing engineering wonders, an extensive political system that managed vast amounts of people, and a military to rule over their territories. While looking at the Han, Qin, and Roman structures, one interesting tidbit of information was that the great WALL of Chinais the only
A chemical reaction is a chemical change that occur when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken. The substance that goes into a chemical reaction is the reactant, and the substances produced produced at the end of the reaction are known as products. Chemical reactions are all around us constantly occurring, anything from a candle burning to the rusting on a fence are examples of a chemical reaction Chemical reactions can be noticed by Chemical Change some example of chemical change are change in temperature, change in color, bubbles, precipitate, light, and odor.
Chemical reactions such as combustion or fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compounds are formed by combination of atoms in simple ratios to give compound atoms. The theory was the basis of modern chemistry Dalton s theory provided a basis for understanding the results of earlier experimentalists, including the The Law for Conservation of Matter and the Law of Constant Composition, which stated all samples of a substance have identical elemental compositions. These theory s and experiments defined the concept of chemical reactions.
Thousands of known chemical reactions occur in living things, in industrial processes and in laboratories. To more easily predict the outcome of chemical reactions a basic system of classification was put in place for chemical reactions. The system categorized the reactions into five different groups Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement Reaction, Double Replacement, and Combustion reactions.
When scientists are creating new compounds from other substances, chemists say they are synthesizing a new material. A synthesis reaction is a reaction where two or more elements or compounds combine to from one compound. This reaction type fallows this general form A + B = AB Where A and B can be either compounds or elements. For example 2Na + Cl = 2NaCl These reactions are