Transactions 118 | 2014

Page 1


TRANSACTIONS OFTHE

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

No.118

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SOCIETY

ORGANIZED APRIL 2, 1885

INCORPORATED JUNE 21, 1909

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

2014

TRANSACTIONS OFTHE

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

No.118

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SOCIETY

ORGANIZED APRIL 2, 1885

INCORPORATED JUNE 21, 1909

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

2014

1885-1886 1886-1889

1889-1894

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2011 -

PREsIDENTS

OF THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 1885-2013

Wilmot Gibbes deSaussure

DanielRavenel

W. St. Julien Jervey

BenjaminK. Neufville

Dr. Robert Wilson

Thomas W. Bacot

WilliamC. Miller

AlfredHuger

C. BissellJenkins

Charles S. Dwight

General CharlesPelot Summerall

SamuelGaillardStoney

The ReverendEdward GuerrantLilly

WilliamLucasGaillard

St. Julien RavenelChilds

Dr. Pierre Gautier Jenkins

Major Francis D. Dundas

Horry Frost Prioleau

J. Ross Hanahan

Thomas E. Myers

Henry RavenelDwight,Jr.

Edward BrailsfordGuerry

deRosset Myers

Theodore Bogert Guerard

John Miles Horlbeck

Thomas Oregon Lawton, Jr.

ArthurManigaultWtlcox

Henry Spann Laffitte

DanielRavenel

Gordon H. Garrett

David Maybank, Jr.

Eugene Patrick Corrigan ill

Robert Means Prioleau

John Edward Cuttino

OFFICERS 2013

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

President: John E. Cuttino TRANSACTIONS No. 118

First Vice President: Ford Prioleau Menefee

Secretary: Helga Preston Wrenn Billings

Treasurer: John E. Huguley, Jr.

Vice Presidents

Charleston: Russell B. Guerard

Goose Creek: Charlton deSaussure, Jr.

Orange Quarter: Dianne Watts Ressinger

French Santee: Daniel Ravenel, MD

St. John's Berkeley: John B. Williams

Purrysburg: J. Palmer Gaillard III

New Bordeaux: Charles B. Upshaw III

Chaplain: The Reverend Philip G Porcher

EDITORIAL STAFF

Harriott Cheves Leland

STAFF

Executive Director: Renee LaHue Marshall

Archivist/Researcher: Harriott Cheves Leland

Registrar: Dorothy Mercer Huff

COPYRIGHT ©2014 by The Huguenot Society of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina

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Layout Nicole DeNeane

Benjamin Godfrey: Englishman or Frenchman? by James P. Hand ......... 1

Bazile Lanneau of Charleston, South Carolina by David Clyde Jones ... 16

The La Verdure Family: Refugees and Pirates by WilliamFrancisGouveia ................................................................ 22

A Journey Through France in Search of Huguenot Origins by Susan Baldwin Bates and Harriott Cheves Leland ..........................

BENJAMJN GODFREY: ENGLISHMAN OR FRENCHMAN?'

James P.Hand 2

This is the story of a case of mistaken identity and a genealogical error that has stood for over a century. The central character is Benjamin Godfroy, who is mentioned briefly in most histories of Cape May, New Jersey. He has been identified as one of the county's earliest European settlers and the first town meeting was held at his house. As far back as the late 1800s and up to the present time, Cape May historians have assumed that Benjamin Godfroy was an Englishman and the progenitor of the Godfrey family of Cape May. My research suggests that though he sailed to America from the English port of Gravesend in the employ of an Englishman, he was, in fact, Benjamin Goddefroy, a Frenchman. To be more precise, he was a Huguenot (French Protestant) refugee, one of the tens of thousands that fled oppression at the hands of the French government and the Roman Catholic majority of that country during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

The story begins in 1688, the year Benjamin Godfroy arrived in America as an employee of Dr. Daniel Coxe. Dr. Coxe was a Royal Physician and a land speculator who by 1687 had become the largest landowner and Proprietary Governor of the Quaker dominated colony of West Jersey. He was also a

1 This article first appeared in The Cape May County New Jersey Magazine of History and Genealogy Vol. XII, No. 4, 2012. Acknowledgements: In addition to those mentioned in the article, the author would like to thank, Dr. Dan Stites, Joan Berkey, and Lois Bromell. Also Harriott Cheves Leland of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina and historian Glenn Bingham for their help.

2 James P. (Jamie) Hand is a native of New Jersey where he specializes in the restoration of early colonial buildings. He is also a master decoy carver and guide for water fowl hunters and, although he has not found any Huguenots in his lineage, has done much research regarding Huguenots in Cape May County and West Jersey. His article, "Doctor Coxe and the Cape May Huguenots," was published in Transactions #115 (2011).

benefactor to many of the Huguenots who were arriving in England at that time. 3 By 1688, Coxe had established a "plantation at Cape May" primarily to capitalize on the whale fishery at the Cape. Coxe never ventured to America, but relied on his agents, (including John Tatham and James Budd) at Burlington, West Jersey, to look after his interests in the Province.

Benjamin Godfroy's role in Coxe's venture may be best described as that of a mid-level manager. Extensive testimony in the Burlington Court Book reveals that Godfrey's duties included overseeing the doctor's workforce at Cape May. This workforce was made up of perhaps two dozen "French servants" and a lesser number of English employees, including George Taylor and Oliver Johnson. 4

I make the case that, due to a series of coincidences and assumptions, the county's historians have mislabeled this historic Cape May figure in regard to his name, his nationality and his religion. The story should be of particular interest to the thousands of "Godfrey" descendants who trace their lineage back to colonial Cape May County, New Jersey. In addition to the error regarding Benjamin Godfray' s nationality, my research reveals that he has been mistakenly identified as the first "Godfrey" in the County and as the common ancestor of the family in Cape May. After studying all of the available primary documents, I believe it is safe to say that the Quaker, Andrew Godfrey and not the Huguenot Benjamin Goddefroy was the progenitor of the Cape May Godfreys. No primary source that I have found shows any connection whatsoever between the two men, despite the many genealogies that list them as father and son.

The historical and genealogical errors regarding the life of Benjamin Godfray are a Cape May tradition in their own right. Early Cape May historian, Dr. Maurice Beesley, didn't say much about him, although he did erroneously place Godfroy's 210-acre plantation in the Upper Township when it was actually in the Lower Township "between the land of the sd. [Joseph] Whildin and the land of Thomas

Hand on the Cape Island. " 5

3 G.D. Scull, "Biographical Notice of Dr. Daniel Coxe," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VI, p. 317-326. 4 H. Clay Reed, ed., The Burlington Court Book: A Record of Quaker Jurisprudence in West New Jersey, 16801709 (reprint: Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1998), p. 103-120.

5 Maurice Beesley, "Sketch of the Early History of the County of Cape May," Geology of the County of Cape May, State of New Jersey (Trenton: True American, 1857), p. 184; Colonial Deeds, Liber B, p. 9.

2

Lewis Townsend Stevens, author of the classic 1897 History of Cape May County, may have been the first to record the genealogical error, when he wrote, '' .... All the Eldredges from Ezekiel Eldredge, all the Godfreys from Benjamin Godfrey, etc." 6

Dr. Jeffery Dorwart, in his "Cape May County, New Jersey" 1992, included Benjamin Godfray in his list of "35 Whaler Yeoman Families," although Godfray was neither a whaler nor a yeoman. Like Beesley and Stevens, he mistakenly listed Godfroy's plantation as being in the Upper Township. Dorwart did correctly identify Benjamin Godfray as a merchant which he became when his service with Dr. Coxe ended. 7

While writing the article, "Doctor Coxe and the Cape May Huguenots", for the 2009 The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy (The Blue Book), I repeated these mistakes and listed "Benjamin Godfrey" among the "English" employees of Doctor Coxe. 8 It never occurred to me that Benjamin Godfray might have been one of the Huguenots whom he supervised and with whom he sailed from England.

Sometime in the early twentieth century, to further complicate the story, an unidentified researcher apparently found it convenient to merge two families together - the English Quaker Godfreys and the French Protestant (Huguenot) Goddefroys. Quaker Thomas Godfrey and his family arrived in Philadelphia in 1686 and Benjamin Godfray arrived in Burlington by 1688.9

How did this historical and genealogical error come about? We all know that "hindsight is 20/20" and, in their defense, Beesley and Stevens did not have the resources that are available to modem researchers. The similarity in name alone could explain the error. Furthermore, Benjamin and Cesar Godfray were in the County for a relatively short time. Benjamin Godfray disappeared from the public record at Cape May about the year 1698. However, his brother Cesar was

6 Lewis T. Stevens, The History of Cape May County, New Jersey (Cape May City, NJ: Star of the Cape Publishing, 1897), p. 39.7 Jeffrey Dorwart, Cape May County, NJ: The Making of an American Resort Community (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 273.

8 See pages 41-58 in the cited publication or pages 21-38 in Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina #115 (2011).

9 Albert Cook Myers, Quaker Arrivals at Philadelphia, 1682-1750 (reprint: Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1978), p. 12.

10 William Nelson, editor, New Jersey Calendar of Wills, Vol. I, 1670-1730, p. 119.

listed as a creditor or debtor at Cape May as late as 1715.10 This was not long before Andrew Godfrey settled among the Quakers in the Upper Township of Cape May County. 11

Another factor that we might consider,aside from some personalmemoirs by members of the Learningfamily,is that more than a century had passed before any local historiansbegan examining the early history of Cape May County.

We can be certainthat this "identitycrisis" would not have been an issue in early Cape May. The Godfroys or anyone else at Cape May with a "foreign" accent would have "stuck out like a sore thumb." This would hold true not just for "foreigners,"but for English-speakingimmigrantsas well,whetherthey were ScotsIrish Presbyterians,English-IrishQuakers, or Baptists from Wales.

Most of Cape May's earliest settlers had emigrated from the English colonies to the north: Long Island, N. Y., East Jersey and New England. 12 Many of these were the childrenand or even the grandchildrenof Englishimmigrantsand had likely lost the various regional "English" accents of their parents. Only a few of the earliest families at Cape May had non-English surnames, Schellenger and Corson for example. Many members of these families had married into English familieslong before they came to Cape May and were themselvesBritish subjects.

A GENEALOGICAL ADVENTURE

I am hardly the first person to misidentifyBenjamin Godfray,but I should have known better. In that same issue of The Blue Book (2009), we included a set of early Cape May County court records that had never been published. 13 Amongthose casesdatingfrom 1705to 1712,one in particularcaughtmy attention:

"An action called Cesar Godfray plant. [Plaintiff]. Charles Robinson defend. [Defendant]. The writ and declaration and bill red. On the bill the defendant[s] plea is that the plant. is an alien and he ought not to have the benefit of the English laws. The Jurys charge given

11 West Jersey Deeds, Liber B, p. 176.

12 Joan Berkey, Early Architecture of Cape May Count, NJ: The Heavy Timber Frame Tradition (Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society, 2008), p. 1.

13 See pages 1-16 of 2009 The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy.

them, they go forth and they return, we find for the plant. With cost of sute, the court grants judgement according to the verdict." 14

At the time, I was aware of Benjamin Godfrey's role in early Cape May as an employee of Dr. Coxe, but I knew nothing about his family. I assumed that Cesar was Benjamin's son or brother. If that were the case, since Cesar Godfrey was a not an Englishman, then neither was Benjamin. I also knew that there were legal issues regarding "aliens" in the British colonies during this time: one of the Cape May Huguenots, Nicholas Martinaux, had become a naturalized citizen of Great Britain just prior to purchasing land at Burlington in 1698. 15

In 2011 after mentioning that court case to Godfrey descendant, Louise Vangilder, I decided to take a closer look at Cape May's Benjamin Godfrey. I gathered all of the primary sources that I could find including New Jersey deeds from researcher Ann Boldt of Trenton and Dianna Heavener, Records Manager at the Cape May County Clerk's Office. The deeds indicated that Benjamin and Cesar were in fact Godfroys, not Godfreys. The deeds also revealed that Benjamin's land was at Cape Island, that he sold half of that land, appointed a "power of attorney" and moved away. 16 I found copies of the original wills of Benjamin and Cesar at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 17 These wills which were indexed under the name "Godfrey" showed that the Goddefroy brothers left most of their estates to their Huguenot relatives, the Allaire family, in the French settlement at New Rochelle, New York. Neither will mentioned any wives or children or any relatives other than these cousins. In particular, neither will mentioned the Andrew Godfrey family back on the Jersey Cape.

An internet search established the link between the Goddefroys and the Allaire family in France. 18 More importantly, I found a posting to a genealogical forum by another Godfrey descendant, Leslie Forrest Cucino, in which she pointed out some of the very same errors in the Godfrey genealogies that were becoming apparent to me. Leslie related to me that back in 2006, while planning a trip to England, she had discovered errors in the Godfrey Parchment. The Godfrey Parchment, created by her father's aunt, Eva Budd Bodine in 1927, tied the

14 Ibid, p. 9.

15 New Jersey Colonial Deeds, Vol. AAA, p. 325-326.

16 Cape May County Deeds, Liber B, p.9; Liber A, p. 86.

11 Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Wills, 1682-1819, Book U, p. 82; Book K,p. 92.

18 "Early New Netherlands Settlers" on-line database at Ancestry.com.

Cape May Godfreysto a prominent Godfreyfamily of Kent County,England. It is an elaborate family tree, complete with coat of arms and historical annotations, which recordsGodfreydescendantsfrom the early 1900sback to Andrew Godfrey of Cape May (d.1736).19 From there it traces one branch of the Godfrey family of Kent County, England back to the fifteenth century. As Leslie pointed out, the information shown on the Godfrey Parchment appears to be correct back to Andrew Godfrey.At that point the author of the document took a wrong tum and incorrectlylisted Cape May's Benjamin and Cesar Godfray as Andrew Godfrey's brothers,along with other siblings,all siredby BenjaminGodfrey,Esquire,in Kent County,England.The Godfrey Parchment, (and the many genealogiesinfluenced by it), also statesthat this Benjamin Godfrey,Esquire, came to Cape May with his sons and then returned to his estate in Kent, England where he died.

Benjamin and Cesar Godfray were obviously Huguenots and, therefore, not the sons of BenjaminGodfrey,Esquire. Furthermore,I have found no primary source that tiesAndrew Godfrey to the Godfray brothers,or to Andrew Godfrey's allegedparents,BenjaminGodfrey,Esquire,and Mary Piggot, daughterof Baptist Piggot, Esquire, of Norton-court, Kent, England.

Ironically,the only Cape May connection to Benjamin Godfrey,Esquire, of Kent County,England is a remote one. His father-in-law,Baptist Piggot, (from whom Benjamin through his wife inherited Norton-court) witnessed and signed the will of Stephen Hand, glover, of Kent in 1623.20 Stephen Hand was the father of John Hand, "the immigrant," whose sons, Shamgar, Benjamin, and Thomas came to Cape May in the 1690s.

The Godfrey Parchment also listed Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, as the brother of Quaker Thomas Godfrey, husbandman, (small land owning farmer) who in 1686immigratedwithhisfamilyto PhiladelphiafromAshford,Kent,England. Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, did have a brother Thomas, but, according to text accompanying their father's "Domestic Chronicle," he never married and was deceased by 1696.21 Philadelphia's Thomas Godfrey (d. 1714) left England as a husbandman, which was one step below a yeoman in social status, whereas the

19 Copy on file at the Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society.

20 A copy of the original and a transcription can be found at http://groups.yahoo.com/ group/handcousins/.

21 Thomas Godfrey, Esq., "The Domestic Chronicle of Thomas Godfrey, Esq.," Topographer and Genealogist, 1853, Vol. 2, p. 450-467.

22 Myers, p. 12.

family of BenjaminGodfrey,Esquire,and his siblingswere landedgentry.22 Their father, Thomas Godfrey,Esquire, was a Member of Parliament and their brother Sir Edmund Berrie Godfrey had been knighted.23

The Thomas Godfrey who immigrated to Philadelphia in 1686 was the grandfatherof wellknown Philadelphiafigure,ThomasGodfrey,"the glazier"who was a friendof BenjaminFranklinand a memberof his club,known as "the Junto." He is best known as the inventor of the Quadrant, a revolutionary navigational instrument of the time.24 I mention this Thomas Godfrey because the Godfrey Parchment notes that "the glazier" left a legacy (1749) to Philip Godfrey of Cape May, (who was a son of Andrew Godfrey).This could be a possible link between Cape May's Andrew Godfrey to the line of Quaker Godfreys in the Philadelphia area. However,this raises anotherproblem:Thomas, "the Glazier'' died intestate, without a will in which to leave a legacy to Philip Godfrey. We don't know where the author of the Parchment found his information,but there could possibly be an inventory of Thomas' moveable property that mentioned such a legacy.

Finally,I foundwhatmay proveto be the cinchpieceof the puzzleregarding these genealogical errors. During an internet search for "Benjamin Godfrey," I found the family tree from which the Godfrey Parchment was copied in the 1830 English history County Genealogies: pedigrees of the families of the county of Kent. 25 I almost couldn't believe my eyes - here was the same Godfrey genealogy (complete with coat of arms) of Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, his ancestors, his siblings, his wife Mary Piggot and their children; John, Baptist and Catherine. There were no other children listed for the couple, not a Benjamin, Cesar or Andrew to be found. This finding helped to clarify the British histories that I had seen that described the end of the life of Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, as" .... and dyingin 1704,was buriedin thischurch;he lefttwo sons,John andBaptistsurviving, and a daughter Catherine,... ".

It appears that by the early 1900s some one had inserted the names of Benjamin Godfrey, Cesar Godfrey and Andrew Godfrey into the pedigree of a prominent Godfrey family of Kent, England. The Godfrey Parchment contains the same informationas that found in the Godfreyfolder in the "Campion"files in

23 Berry, p. 450-467.

24 Harold Gillingham, "Some Early Philadelphia Instrument Makers," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. LI, 1927, No. 3, p. 291-293.

25 William Berry, County Genealogies. Pedigrees of the Families in the County of Kent (London: Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper, 1830), p. 146-147.

the genealogical library of the Cape May County Museum. This misinformation is also the basis for most, if not all of the Godfrey genealogies that trace the Cape May and Philadelphia lines.

MY CONCLUSIONS

We may never know who first fabricated the Godfrey family genealogical "story" in the early twentieth century. Fortunately for us, the original author chose to "tie in" to an English family that has a well documented pedigree, so the inaccuracies can be identified and corrected. I believe that we owe it to future generations to correct genealogical and historical errors when primary sources make them obvious. There is much we know about the early Cape May Godfroys and Godfreys, and much we don't know. Some of the details that we can be reasonably sure of are as follows:

- Brothers Benjamin & Cesar Godfroy were Huguenot immigrants and don't appear to have left any descendants at Cape May or anywhere else in America.

-Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, of Norton-court, Kent, England (the alleged ancestor of the Godfreys of Cape May), was in Kent, England while Huguenot, Benjamin Godfroy, Merchant, was at Cape May or Philadelphia.

- Andrew Godfrey was the real progenitor of the Godfrey family of Cape May, but was not the son of Benjamin Godfrey Esquire, of Kent, England. He may have been related to the Quaker, Thomas Godfrey, who came to Philadelphia in 1686 or he may have immigrated independently as many single Quaker men did in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

- The Quaker, Thomas Godfrey, husbandman, who, (with his family and son-inlaw) arrived in Philadelphia in 1686 and died in 1714, was most likely not the Thomas Godfrey, Jr., (brother of Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire) who reportedly never married and was dead by 1696.

- The Philadelphia Godfreys and the family of Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, were from the same area of Kent, England, so they may be related in some way.

- The Godfrey Parchment, though a beautiful document, does not relate the pedigree of Cape May's Andrew Godfrey or that of his three sons and four daughters and their many descendants throughout the United States.

For the sake of clarity in this complicatedstory,the followinglist reveals some of the informationthat I was able to find by focusingon primary sourcesand ignoring secondary sources and un-sourced genealogies.

BENJAMIN AND CESAR GODFROY

-Most "Godfrey" genealogies show a father, "Benjamin" and sons, "Benjamin and Cesar" coming to Cape May, while the records suggest that only the brothers Benjamin and Cesar Godfroy,and possibly a third brother,Peter (Pierre)came to America.26

- In all historic documents found to date, Benjamin and his brother Cesar always used the French spelling, or a shortened version of their surname; Goddefroy, Godefroy,Godfroy.

-All documents recorded prior to the brothers' deaths; Benjamin in 1746 and Cesar in 1753, refer to them as "Godfroy", never Godfrey. (Despite this fact, in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania, their wills and deeds are indexed under the name "Godfrey")

- The English Quaker Godfreysof Philadelphiaand vicinitywere always referred to by the "English" spelling, as was the first by that name in Cape May County, Andrew Godfrey, as were Andrew's many children, grandchildren,etc. down to the present time.

- No legal documenthas been found to date that ties Benjamin and Cesar Godfroy to Cape May's Andrew Godfrey in any way.

- Benjamin Godfroy arrived in Cape May about 1688 and disappeared from the record in Cape May after 1698. The date his brother Cesar Godfroy arrived in America isn't known, but primary sources show him in Cape May between the years 1704 and 1715.27

- Neither Benjaminnor Cesar Godfroy served on juries while at Cape May, which may indicate that they were not citizens of Great Britain.

- Both Benjamin and Cesar Godfroy became merchants and neither recorded cattle "earmarks" in Cape May, as did almost all of the early settlers on the Cape.

26 Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, Vol. 3, p. 239-240.

27 Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy, 2009, "First Book of Court Records of Cape May County," p. 1-16; Will of Arthur Cresse, Sr. (1715); Will of Abraham Hand (1715).

- Neither Benjamin nor Cesar Godfroy appear to have ever married or had children and both men appear to have lived out their lives as bachelor merchants in Philadelphia after they left Cape May.

-Upon his death in 1746, Benjamin Godfroy bequeathed most of his estate to his brother Cesar and to his Huguenot cousins theAllaires of New Rochelle, N. Y.

-Six years later, Cesar Goddefroy left most of his estate to the same Allaire cousins (or their surviving children) with smaller bequests to others in Philadelphia.

-Both brothers left bequests to 'The poorof Christ's Church in the City of Philada.", (Anglican). In the absence of a French Protestant congregation, Huguenots often joined Dutch Reformed congregations (in New York & vicinity) and Anglican congregations elsewhere, as was the case with Benjamin and Cesar Godfroy.

ANDREW GODFREY

-In 1713, an "Andrew Godfrey" was granted a certificate to join the Salem [N. J.] Monthly Meeting. 28 The record does not list any wife or children nor does it record the Monthly Meeting from which he transferred. This could possibly be the Andrew Godfrey who settled in Cape May County.

- In 1715 Andrew Godfrey witnessed the will of John Townsend of the Upper Precinct, Cape May County

- The first reference to Andrew Godfrey in the Cape May County court records is: "1719 March ye 21 st Andrew Godfrey at attorney for Daniell Donahoo entered a plea against John Thackry [Thackery] .... not found. " 29

- In 1720, Andrew Godfrey registered his earmark for cattle with Cape May's county clerk: "Formerly [the mark of] WtlliamNickools', he deserting the county."30

- In 1721 Andrew Godfrey, yeoman, purchased a 224 acre plantation in the predominately Quaker Upper Precinct of Cape May County. The tract was located, "along Abraham Benors [Baner] line." The land was purchased from The West New Jersey Society for "the sum of forty pounds, six shillings, & four pence, three farthings."

28 William Hinshaw, Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1960-1973), Vol. 2, p. 533.

29 Minute Book, 1715-1723, Cape May County Court Records. [Cape May County Clerk's Office]

3° Cape May County Clerk's Office, Earmark Book A.

- In 1730, Andrew Godfrey purchased two additional tracts of land totaling 804 acres on the Great Egg Harbor River, Gloucester County, New Jersey from a Quaker widow by the name of Mary Tomkins of "the Borough of Chester, Chester County province of pensilvania." This tract was located on the west bank of the Great Egg Harbor River adjoining the lands of Peter Steelman.3 1

- There doesn't appear to be any surviving marriage record for Andrew and his wife, Elizabeth, or any primary source that mentions her maiden name.

- Andrew Godfrey died in 1736, only fifteen years after he purchased his plantation in Upper Township. In his will he left moveable property to "Elizabeth Godfrey my dearly beloved wife" and daughters, Anne, Tabitha, Rebecca and Rachel. Andrew left his plantation in Upper Township, Cape May County, "where we now live" to his wife during her widowhood and then to their son James Godfrey. He left his sons Phillip and Andrew Godfrey, "the tract at Great Egg Harbor to be divided between them." The will mentions no family other than his wife and children, though Benjamin and Cesar Godfroy were still alive and well in Philadelphia. 32

1688, 6 December

Benjamin Goddefroy, & other Huguenots sailed from the port of Gravesend, England for Burlington, West Jersey.

1690

Benj. Godfroy testified on numerous occasions at the Burlington Court, regarding labor disputes between the Huguenot "servants" at Cape May, and Dr. Coxe's agents. At one point the court ordered the French to return the next morning with their contracts (with Coxe) translated into English and later one Frenchman served as interpreter for the rest. Benjamin Godfroy obviously spoke French as the court testimony recorded details as to what Godfroy "told" his workers or "heard' them say.

31 Colonial Deeds, Book DD, p. 150.

32 NJ Wills, #85E.

33 Compiled by the author from various deeds, court records, and other public records.

1690

Benjamin Godfray petitioned the court at Burlington that "hee might have what wages hee deserves for his service to Doctor Coxe, and that hee may bee dismist." Godfray and two other Huguenots testified that there was, "noe contract between Doctor Coxe and him, and that hee came not over as a country servant but by letter of recommendation from Doctor Coxe." The Burlington Court ordered "onely that hee stay one Moneth in order to sett the affaires of the Doctor at the Cape in order. ... "

1690, 30 June

George Taylor, Carpenter sold on behalf of Daniel Coxe, to Benjamin Godefroy, 210 acres "lyeing & being at Cape May" for twenty pounds.

1692, 10 May

''The Acts of ye Assembly or Lawes made last November attBurlinton. Published Publickly att a town meeting att ye hous of Beniamin Godfray on Cape May with the commissions for Justises & sherrif."

1693, 7 May

Jeremiah Basse, of Cohanzy, Gent[leman], on behalf of the West Jersey Society of England, gave new title to Benjamin Godefroy, of Cape May, Merchant, for the same 210 acres listed above.

1694, 11 April.

"Ben Godfray and Thom Hand" were witnesses to the sale of "their house & lot, sittuate in the town of Portsmouth [New England Town/Town Bank], in the County of Cape May," of Caleb and Elizabeth Carman to Jacob Spicer.

1696, 2 September

At the French Church in New York, Godfray served as godfather at the baptism of "Suzanne .... , daughter of Gabriel LeBoyteulx and Constance Lebrun .... , She was presented for Holy Baptism by Mr. Benjamin Godeffroy and Miss Suzanne Papin, wife of Mr. Elie Boudinot, the godfather and godmother." He signed the record, B. Godefroy.

1696

Back in England, Benjamin Godfrey, Esquire, of Norton-court memorialized the death of his brother, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey: "In 1696 Godfrey's brother Benjamin repaired the tablet above the grave of their [Benjamin and Edmund Berry's] younger brother [ 1628-40] in the East cloister of Westminster and added a Latin inscription giving the date of Sir Edmund's murder."

1697, April 6

Benjamin Godfray appointed his neighbor,Ezekiel Eldredge his power of attorney, " .I Beniamin Godfray of Cape May in the province of West Jersey, Merchant.

...... apoynte Ezekiell Eldridge of Cape May my true & lawfull attorney .... To ask demand & receive all whatsoever is due mee att Cape May by bill, bond, or accompt & apon nonpayment of the persons oweing to mee money or other effects " Witnesses, John Jervis, Sarnll Crowell, signed "B. Godfray."

1698,April 8

Godfray had the same document notarized by Samuel Crowell and again signed, "B. Godfray."

1697, May 1

Benjamin Godfray sold one half of his plantation at Cape Island to his neighbor, Joseph Whilden, "Beniamen Godfray of Cape May, in the province of West Jersey Merchant. Joseph Whildin of the place & province aforesaid, For numerous good causes & considerations him their unto moving but especially for & in consideration of the full & just some of fourteen pounds" ... signed "Ben Godfray."

1698

At the Cape May County court: "Cape May, 11th 8br 1698. William Jacoks [Jacocks], aged about two & fortey years, complains that "on Thirsday the 6th of this Instant October," he being compelled; by Beniamin Godfory, Marchant, for to move his sloop called The Joseph; out of a safe harbor called the Greene Creek; into the town creek att Cape May; where hee hath Received Much Damage; boath in the sloop & goods; that are belonging to ye said Beniarnin Godfray; by Reason of stress of werther we Received there. John Jervis, Quorum. Willm Jacoks" "John Pagget aged about twenty years testifieth the same before Mee."

John Jervis, Quorum [only one justice necessary to rule on a case.]

1704

Cesar Godfroy is listed as a debtor, (along with a good portion of the population of Cape May County) to the estate of deceased Mariner/Merchant, John Stubs. Cesar Godfroy's name first appeared in the Cape May records at this time, but I find no mention of Benjamin Godfroy at Cape May in the 1700s. It seems that Benjamin was content to stay in Philadelphia and let his brother handle his affairs at the Cape.

1707, 1709

Benjamin's brother, Cesar Godfroy filed suit to collect debts against John Cresse and Joseph Bouldin, at the Cape May Court, "held at the house of William Shaw."

1708, 17 December

"Cesar Godeffry" attended the wedding of "Josiah Crowell, of the county of Cape May & Mary Whellding [Whildin], daughter of Mr. Joseph Whellding of the same place."

1711

At the Cape May Court, Cesar Godfroy sued Charles Robinson," ..... The jury called and swome. The writ and declaration and bill red. On the bill the defendant [Robinson] plea that the plaintiff [Cesar Godfroy] is an alien and he ought not to have the benefit of the English laws." Whether Cesar Godfroy was an alien or had become a naturalized citizen of Britain, (as did many non English immigrants) wasn't recorded, but the court found for the plaintiff and Robinson was ordered to pay the debt.

1715

Inventories show payments to Cesar Godfroy, from the estates of Arthur Cresse Sr. and Abraham Hand at Cape May.

1724, 15 October

The Provincial Council [Philadelphia] appointed Benjamin Goddefroy and other merchants "to a committee to investigate goods seized from two wrecks (by crew) & brought to Philadelphia by [Cape May's] Jonathan Swain (Master, Two Brothers) & his vessel seized."

1746, 3 April

Benjamin Godfroy wrote in his will; " .I Benjamin Goddefroy of the City of Philadelphia, Merchant. ... .I give, bequest. ... to my brother Cesar Goddefroy five hundred pounds lawful money of Pennsylvania, to my cousin Henrietta Allaire who lives with me two hundred pounds and such part of my plate and china .... ".

Godfroy also left bequests to "the poor of Christs Church in Philadelphia" and to his cousins Catherine Allaire Barbaria, Alexander, Peter and Andrew Allaire in New Rochelle, New York. TheAllaires were a prominent founding family of the Huguenot settlement of New Rochelle, New York. He named his brother, Cesar Goddefroy, executor of his estate. Proved 12 June 1746.

1753, 5 July

Cesar Godfroy's will reads in part;" ... I give devise and bequeath unto Catherine [Allaire] Barberrie of New Rochelle in the province of York, Widow, the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds ...unto Alexander Allaire Sr. of New Rochelle ... fifty pounds ... unto Henrietta [Allaire] Marcelluis ... unto the poor belonging to the congregation of Christ Church, Philadelphia ... Thirty pounds." Cesar appointed Alexander Allaire Jr. "of Philadelphia" his executor. He also left small bequests to various friends and associates.

BAZILE LANNEAU OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

David Clyde Jones 1

Bazile Lanneau of Charleston was born Bazile La Noue, November 13, 1746 in l' Acadie/Nova Scotia. 2 His great grandfather, Pierre La Noue, was a person of means, born in the Brittany region of France in 164 7 in a long line of Huguenots stretching back to the formative years of the French Reformed Church in the sixteenth century. According to the family history, "Pierre lived during a period of religious and political strife between Catholics and Huguenots and was forced to renounce his protestant religion as the price of keeping his lands and wealth-and possibly his head." 3 No particulars are cited, however, so Pierre La N oue' s change in religious profession remains something of a mystery.

In any case, it was as a Roman Catholic that the twenty-year-old La Noue scion immigrated to the French colony of Port Royal/Annapolis Royal in 1667. Begun in 1604 by Huguenot merchant Pierre du Gua de Monts under an exclusive charter by the French (and former Huguenot) King Henri IV, the colony was officially and predominantly Roman Catholic, though tolerant of the Protestant minority. Both a Catholic priest and a Huguenot minister were included in the expeditions of 1604 and 1606. It appears that the colonists got along better than their clerics whose theological discussions at times included fisticuffs. 4

1 David Clyde Jones is Emeritus Professor of Theology and Ethics at Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri. He recently wrote an article for The Huguenot Herald Vol. 23 #1 (Spring 2013) on "The Lanneaus of Charleston and Greenville, SC."

2 British name changes are in italics.

3 Susie R. Mowbray and Charles S. Norwood, Bazile Lanneau of Charleston, 1746-1833: A Family History (Goldsboro, NC: Hilburn) 1. Cited hereafter as Family History.

4 John Mack Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland (New York: Norton, 2005), 19. Faragher cites legendary explorer and navigator Samuel de Champlain who accompanied de Monts on the original exploratory expedition. This work is far and away the best modern treatise on the historical context and contemporary moral significance of the state-imposed removal and dispersal of the Acadians.

Pierre La Noue is listed as a barrel maker by trade in theAcadian census of 1671.5 In 1681 he married Jeanne Gautrot, a nativeAcadian (b. Port Royal, 1664), also of Huguenot descent. Their only son, Pierre II (Bazile's grandfather), was born in Port Royalin 1682.He marriedfellowPort RoyalnativeMarieGranger in 1702.They became the parentsof six sons and two daughters.Their fourth son, Rene La Noue (Bazile's father), was born in Port Royal in 1710. He married Marguerite Richard (b. 1712, Port Royal) in Grand Pre in 1732. Bazile, one of seven sons, was born November 13, 1746,in Balisle,L' Acadie,and duly baptized in the Roman Catholicfaith.For the record, "all the births,deaths and marriagesin his familyfor three generationsare well documentedin Catholicparishregisters."6

Bazile's father,Rene, died in Port Royal in 1751.The British expulsionof the French Acadians (Le Grand Derangement - The Great Upheaval) followed four years later in 1755. Bazile was only nine years old when he and his mother, Marguerite, and his brothers, Jean Baptiste and Fran9ois, and probably also Gregoire and Pierre, were loaded on board a ship bound for Charleston, almost certainlythe Hopson. Somewherealong the way,the family name was misspelled "Lanneau," presumably by a ship's clerk whose knowledge of French was imperfect.The destinationof the older brothers,Amand and Joseph, is unknown; eventuallythey returnedto Acadiaas did also Pierreand Gregoire.Bazile'smother, Marguerite, and his younger brother, Fran9ois, both died of fever in the year followingtheir arrivalin Charleston.Jean Baptiste,whose name was shortenedto John, was given a home on the Vanderhorstplantation and at some point became a member of St. Philip's (Anglican)Church.Never married,he died withoutissue in Charleston on August 24, 1781 and was buried in the St. Philip's churchyard the followingday.7

5 Family History, l. The official census total was 400, including many of mixed French and Mfkmac ancestry. Though Huguenots exercised a considerable cultural influence on the colony, there is no record of a surviving Protestant congregation in 1671. Chapman J. Milling, Exile Without an End: [The Long-forgotten Story of the Acadians in South Carolina] (Columbia, SC: Bostick & Thornley, 1943) 6-7. (Subtitle supplied from a clause in the Acknowledgements, ix.)

6 Family History l. Cf. the parish registers of St. Jean-Baptiste, Annapolis Royal, 1702-1755. St. Jean-Baptiste was established in 1613 and is said to be Canada's oldest Roman Catholic parish. Port Royal was renamed Annapolis Royal when the territory was ceded to the British by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.

7 Milling, Exile Without an End 59; Family History 5.

17

An orphan in a strange new city at age ten, Bazile was taken under the wing of Henry Laurens (1724-1792), a prosperous Charleston-born Huguenot merchant and planter who later achieved fame as a Revolutionary War statesman. 8 Both Henry's grandfather, Andre Laurent ( 1667-1715), and father, Jean Samuel Laurent (1696-17 4 7), were born in La Rochelle, France. The family immigrated to America via Ireland, settling first in New York before migrating to South Carolina in 1716. Henry's father, whose name was Anglicized to John Laurens, married Staten Island native Esther Grasset from another family of Huguenot refugees. In Charleston, the Laurens family joined St. Philip's (Anglican) church. John Laurens prospered as a saddler; it is reported that his business expanded to become the largest of its type in the province. When he died in 174 7, he bequeathed to his 23year-old son, Henry, a large estate. On receipt of his patrimony, Henry, who had been sent abroad for business training in London, entered into a partnership with prominent Charleston merchant George Austin. The firm of Austin and Laurens had business all over the world: London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Rotterdam, Lisbon, Madrid, Havana, Jamaica and other islands in the West Indies. Sad to say, the firm's largest and most profitable trading commodity was African slaves. 9

The widespread Huguenot practice of slavery seems strange for a community of which many members had been made royal galley slaves on account of their faith. The Huguenot Synod at Rouen in 1637 condemned the slave trade but did not prohibit owning or trading slaves on the part of its members. 10 The opportunity to become a wealthy landed aristocracy in the New World, particularly in South Carolina where the land was good and the tracts were large and the

8 The standard biography of Laurens is David Duncan Wallace, The Life of Henry Laurens, with a Sketch of the Life of Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens (New York: Putnam, 1915; Russell & Russell, 1967).

9 Wallace, Life of Henry Laurens 55; James A. Rawley, "Henry Laurens and the Atlantic Slave Trade," in London: Metropolis of the Slave Trade (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003) 82-97. In the 1750s, the firm of Austin and Laurens led Charleston in the number of cargoes of African slaves (88). At the Revolution, Henry Laurens personally owned 797 slaves and was the author of a stipulation in the negotiated peace that "British troops should carry off no negroes or other property" (cited 94).

10 Jon Butler, "South Carolina: Refugees in Slavery's Elysium," The Huguenots in America: A Refugee People in New World Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 100. The national synod meeting at Alern;on in 1637 confirmed the canon of the provincial synod of Normandy to which Butler refers.

18

produce much in demand-especially such exquisite crops as Carolina gold rice and Sea Island cotton-overrode considerations of justice and humanity.

The partnership of Austin and Laurens lasted from 1748 until 1762 when Austin withdrew for health reasons. Laurens carried on the business for another eight years, but turned increasingly to the more prestigious vocation of a planter. He amassed extensive holdings in land-an estimated 20,000 acres mainly in the South Carolina lowcountry and along the Georgia coast. 11 The best known of his properties was Mepkin Plantation, a proprietary grant of some 3,000 acres along the Cooper River that Laurens bought in 1762 from a descendant of one of the original Lords Proprietors. Mepkin became the main residence of Henry and his wife Eliza Ball, who had grown up on neighboring Comingtee Plantation.

It is possible that Bazile resided at Mepkin for a period of time-he would have been 16 at the time of the purchase and Charles Henry Lanneau's "Recollections of My Father" seems to imply as much. "Either through his own industry or Col. Laurens' generosity, he learned to make shoes and boots." 12

Eventually he learned to tan his own leather and expanded his business by building a tanning factory at the corner property of 1 Pitt St., one of six lots between Beaufain and Wentworth streets that he purchased in 1778 in the undeveloped area known as Harleston Green. Bazile built a house at 3 Pitt St. to provide a family residence next to the factory. The tannery was eventually torn down to make way for a house built by Bazile's son, Charles Henry. Both residences are extant in restored condition.

Bazile and his first wife, Suzanne Frizelle, were members of the French Protestant Church in Charleston. Suzanne arrived in Charleston from England along with other French Protestant refugees in 1764. There is no documentary record of their marriage, but circumstantial evidence indicates it was probably by 1770. All five of their children died of yellow fever; they and their mother, who died between 1790-1793, were buried in the churchyard of the French Protestant (Huguenot) Church of Charleston where Bazile served as an elder in 1788 and 1790.13After his second marriagehe became affiliatedwith the IndependentMeeting House that eventually became the Circular Congregational Church. Bazile and Hannah (nee Anne) Vinyard were married October 27, 1796 in the Parish of St.

11 Wallace, Life of Henry Laurens 130

12 Family History 7.

13 Family History 17.

No. 118

James Goose Creek. All of their children were baptized in the Circular Congregational Church between 1798 and 1813. Bazile and Hannah were buried side-by-side in the church's historic graveyard. The epitaph on the tombstone of their mother, erected by their four children, bears eloquent witness to her robust evangelical faith which they sought to emulate. Of the four children who survived to adulthood, the eldest, Emma Louisa, married Benjamin Gildersleeve, a Presbyterian evangelist and editor. Their son, Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve, became a prominent classical scholar at Johns Hopkins University. Charles Henry, the eldest son, took a leadership role in Charleston's First Baptist Church after his marriage to Sophia Caroline Stephens; he was eventually ordained to the gospel ministry by First Baptist Church in Greenville, South Carolina. Bazile Rene was an active supporter of the Bible and Tract Societies and founder of the Charleston YMCA. John Francis, the youngest son, served as a Presbyterian missionary in Jerusalem and Beirut. is

Sacred to the Memory of BAZILE LANNEAU

Who was born at Balisle N.S., 1744

In 1755 he became a prisoner of war And was transported to this city

Where he was left A Stranger and an Orphan.

Where he filled with honor and integrity

Many important and responsible stations And sustained the relation Of Husband, Father and Friend With distinguished fidelity

Sincere affection and rare benevolence. And where he died, Nov. 9, 1833

Leaving an afflicted Widow and four children

To hold his name and many virtues In Affectionate Remembrance.

Sacred to the Memory of HANNAH LANNEAU

Consort of Bazile Lanneau Who departed this life 29th April 1847

In the Seventy Ninth Year of her Age In health and in sickness, in life

And in death, she was sustained By the consolations of the religion Of Jesus which she long professed; And which she fully exemplified In her daily walk and conversation For her "to live was Christ"- to die gain. This stone is erected to her Memory By her Four Children

Who hope they have obtained "Like precious faith"

And who still live to cherish her Meek Christian example And maternal virtues In sacred and affectionate Remembrance.

Portraits and epitaphs reproduced from Bazile Lanneau of Charleston (1744- I 833): A Family History. Bazile's year of birth is two years off on his tombstone.

THE LA VERDURE FAMILY - REFUGEES AND PIRATES

William Francis Gouveia 1

This is the story of my ancestor, Pierre De La Verdure, a seventeenth-century Huguenot refugee, and a few of his descendants. Pierre De La Verdure was born about 1608 in La Rochelle, France - a Protestant stronghold. By way of background, on 24 August 1572, St. Bartholomew's Day, the massacre of thousands of French Protestants (Huguenots) was carried out by French Catholic Royalists. On 13 April 1598 King Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes which authorized toleration for French Protestants, but at the instigation of Cardinal Richelieu in 1627, the Huguenot city of La Rochelle was placed under siege and 22,000 of the 27,000 city occupants died from disease and starvation. La Rochelle fell in October, 1628, prompting Pierre De La Verdure to immediately flee to England. 2

In England, Pierre De La Verdure met 17 year old Priscilla Melanson and in 1630 they were married in York, England. She may have been a native of Yorkshire or French herself and probably met her future husband in England where many Huguenot immigrants lived and worked. The only known official record of Pierre De La Verdure's stay in England occurred when he was listed as the godfather of Judith Dempure at her baptism in the French Church of London, Threadneedle Street, 18 February 1651. Pierre and Priscilla were themselves parents of three sons, Pierre (born 1632), Charles (born 1643 and my ancestor) and Jean (born 1651). 3

1 The author is an Associate Member of the French Protestant Church of Charleston and lives in Florida. He has a degree in history from the University of Miami and has journeyed to France and Canada in search of his Acadian and Huguenot roots. This year he will conclude a thirty year career as a law enforcement officer and is looking forward to a retirement that will allow him to pursue additional genealogical research.

2 Melanson, Margaret. The Melanson Story - Acadian Family, Acadian Times, (University of Toronto Press 2003) pp 10-11.

3 Ibid., pp 13. 14. Register of the French Church of Threadneedle Street, Quarto 13, p 127 b.

In 1654 England gained control of the French colony of "Acadie" (present day Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and New Brunswick, Canada). 4 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, appointed Colonel Thomas Temple, (later Sir Thomas Temple) as the new governor of Acadia. Pierre De la Verdure, his wife Priscilla and their three boys accompanied Sir Thomas Temple to Port Royal, Acadia in the spring of 1657, sailing on the ship Satisfaction commanded by Captain Peter Butler.5

Pierre De La Verdure

Protestant Chapel in La Rochelle, France and his family were allowed to settle along the St. Jean River where a fort was constructed and a small garrison was stationed. In 1665 Pierre's sons settled at Poutrincourt on the north bank of the river a short distance from the fort. La Verdure's two oldest sons, Pierre and Charles, marriedAcadian Catholic girls, Marie Dugas and Marguerite Mius d'Entremont, respectively, and soon renounced their Protestant faith. 6

In 1667 the Treaty of Breda forced England to cede Acadia back to France. Pierre De la Verdure, his wife Priscilla Melanson and their youngest son Jean elected not to live under the new French administration and refused to abandon their Huguenot faith. In 1670 they moved to Boston, Massachusetts "for shelter from the wrath of his (Pierre's) countrymen papists. " 7 Their two oldest sons,

4 Melanson, op. cit., p 33.

5 Arsenault, Bona, Histoire et genealogie des Acadiene, (Ottawa Lemeac 1978), Vol. 2, p 686.

6 Melanson, op. cit. pp 18, 34 and http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ns/melanson/ natcul/Dunn.aspx

7 D'Entremont, Clarence, French Canadian & Acadian Genealogical Review, Vol. V & VI, pp 53-55.

Charles and Pierre, changed their surname to their mother's surname of Melanson for some unknown reason. Both became prosperous landowners and my ancestor, Charles "La Ramee" Melanson, established the Melanson Settlement which is now a Canadian National Historic Site, officially dedicated 3 August, 2004.

Curiously, Charles Melanson' s daughter Marie moved to Boston to live with her grandfather, Pierre and, after changing her name from Melanson back to La Verdure, she married a Huguenot, David Basset. 8 Pierre De La Verdure and his wife Priscilla Melanson appear to have settled into an uneventful life in New England. Not so their son Jean who became infamous as John Laverdure, the Pirate!

In 1675 when the Indian uprising known as King Philip's War was raging throughout New England, Major Richard Waldron of Dover, New Hampshire, mandated Henry Lawton, a merchant from Piscataqua, Maine, to capture all Indians who might have pillaged towns or villages. Lawton chose Huguenot John Laverdure to assist him. On 9 November 1675 they hired a vessel, the Endeavour, and enlisted the ship's captain and small crew to accompany them. The crew had no real idea of the purpose of the trip, having been told that they were to load fish and oil in Maine to deliver at Faial Island in the Azores, then on to Madeira and Barbados from whence they were to return to Boston. Their first stop was in Machias, Maine. There they brought nine Indians on board. They then sailed on to Cap Sable, the most southerly point of what is now Nova Scotia. There three or four more Indians came on board. To give them the impression that this was to be a friendly outing, John Laverdure who could speak their language, invited them into the kitchen where they spent the day. In the evening, they set foot on the coast and brought back some more Indians on board among whom were the Sagamo chief and his wife. It has been said that there were 17 Indians in all, men, women and children. When everything was ready, they sailed to the Azores where they sold their Indian captives. 9

Two New England ships in the Azores observed what happened and, upon their return to Boston, they warned the authorities. It did not take very long for John Laverdure to be arrested on charges of piracy and jailed in the summer of

8 Melanson, op. cit., p 52.

9 Roy Family Genealogy, 19 March 2005. "John Laverdure-The Pirate" - translation of an article written by Father Clarence D'Entremont which originally appeared in the Yarmouth Vanguard of April 11th 1989. D'Entrement, Clarence, "Historire du Cap-Sable" (Hebert Publishing 1981) Vol. 3, Chapter 17. 24

1676. He was freed on £100 bail which was supplied by his mother who borrowed the money from her landlord. On date set for the trial, John Laverdure jumped bail. He went on to engage in other acts of piracy along the New England coast. 10 John Laverdure was apparently the sole support of his elderly parents and his disappearance put them into a panic. Elderly Pierre De La Verdure journeyed to Acadia in an attempt to locate his son, but was unable to find him. According to one researcher, "not hearing of, or seeing his son John, nor knowing what was become of him, that had been the staff of his age, & only support by his labours to be maintained, being very aged it went to his heart." The frustrated old Huguenot returned to Boston brokenhearted and died there during the winter of 1676-1677 . 11

On 2 May 1677 listing herself as the widow of Pierre De La Verdure, Priscilla Melanson, submitted a petition to a Boston court pleading for debt relief. She signed the petition with her initials "PM," indicating that she was probably illiterate. She requested the governor of Massachusetts and his council that the £100 she had put up as bail for her son John Laverdure not be forfeited, but she lost this and three subsequent petitions. The transcript of her petition of 3 May 1677 to the Supreme Court of Suffolk County, Boston follows:

Humble petition of Priscilla Laverdure desolate widow of the deceased Peter Laverdure. I am an Englishwoman widow of the said Peter Laverdure a Protestant Frenchman who having lost all of their belongings and having lived in great poverty have come to live in this government to flee the anger of their papist neighbours at the St-John river Fort. The unhappy affair of our son John weighed heavily on my husband's heart and brought him to seek out another one of his sons who had stayed in those regions, in the hope of finding him and his brothers and making them see reason. But to his great sorrow, not getting word of him, unable to find him, not knowing what had happened to him - he who had been the support of his old age - this struck his heart and left your poor supplicant a poor and desolate widow. P. M.

May 29, 1677. Petition Rejected. 12

10 Roy Family Genealogy, op. cit.

11 Melanson, op. cit., p.46.

12 Archives of Superior Court of Mass., V.18, May, 1677.

Priscilla Melanson continued to provide residence for her granddaughter, Marie De La Verdure, who was raised in the Protestant faith. When Priscilla died in January 1692, her granddaughter had already been married to David Basset for ten years. Basset was as ardent a Protestant as his wife and he supported the family with his earnings as a privateer. [Note: A privateer was the owner of a merchant ship operating under commission to attack enemy shipping.] In Bassett's case, he was working for the British attacking French ships, Britain's long-time enemy. In 1687 he had facilitated the escape to Boston of two Huguenots from the French Fort at Placentia, Newfoundland. In this and subsequent forays against the French Canadians, Basset was assisted by his father-in-law, Charles Melanson, Marie's Catholic father. Melanson was still living in Acadia and was a British agent spying on the French. Ironically, Pierre De La Verdure's other son, Pierre Jr., acted as a French agent spying on the British. 13

During the 1755 Grand Deportation of Acadians, Pierre De La Verdure's grandson Charles Melanson, Jr. led a successful mutiny of prisoners on the British deportation ship Pembroke. Charles and his family jumped ship and hid in Quebec until an amnesty was proclaimed a few years later. During that time his elderly father Charles Melanson, Sr. died. Pierre

Gertrude La Verdure Melansonphoto taken in New Brunswick , Canada prior to her emigration to the U.S.

13 Melanson, op. cit., pp. 52, 55, 118.

De La Verdure's other son, Pierre Melanson and his family were not so lucky. They were deported to the West Indies and later to Louisiana. Another descendant of Pierre De La Verdure and his wife Priscilla Melanson played a small part in Longfellow's epic poem Evangeline which immortalized the Acadian Deportation. Rene

LeBlanc, a Protestant and the husband of Pierre's other granddaughter, Elizabeth Melanson, was the notary who witnessed Evangeline's marriage prior to her tragic deportation. 14

My direct ancestor was Charles Melanson, Pierre De La Verdure's son. My La Verdure roots traveled on in the Melanson genes when my great grandmother, Gertrude Laverdure Melanson, emigrated from New Brunswick, Canada to New Bedford, Massachusetts in the early twentieth century. She died during the 1940s before I was born, but as a child I learned a lot about my La Verdure ancestors from her daughter, my grandmother Agnes Melanson Breault. One anecdote revealed that Gert spoke a French-Acadian dialect that contained antiquated words no longer in modem French usage. In addition, she included some words borrowed from the Miqmaq Indians, the ancient allies of the Acadians during their torturous relations with their British overlords. Needless to say this resulted in some humorous miscommunications with other French Canadians in the community.

I find it admirable that, despite living with one foot in the modem world and the other in a forgotten Acadian past, Grandmere Melanson never forgot her La Verdure roots.

NOTES:

From the website of the Melanson Settlement (doesn't agree with what is cited from Melanson).

During the Deportation, most of the residents were put on the Pembroke destined to go to North Carolina. Charles Belliveau, who had grown up in the Melanson Settlement, and others managed to overpower the crew and took the ship to the St. John River. From there, most of them made their way to Quebec. Subsequently some died from a smallpox epidemic, including Charles Melanson and his brother Ambroise andAmbroise's wife, Marguerite Comeau. Both men were elderly. Two years after the Deportation, a British officer described the scene along the lower river as he approached Annapolis Royal withAcadian villages in ruins, with large numbers of pear and apple trees bending under the weight of their unpicked fruit.

14 Ibid, pp 104, 152-4.

A JOURNEY THROUGH FRANCE IN SEARCH OF HUGUENOT ORIGINS

Susan Baldwin Bates and Harriott Cheves Leland 1

Our planned trip to France in the spring of this year to learn more about the origins of a large number of French familieswho came to South Carolinafrom the coastal Poitou-Charentesregion around La Rochelle turned into a pilgrimage through the French countryside.What began as an archival research trip quickly became a journey of discovery as we found and explored the small villages and towns where French Protestant (Huguenot)refugees to Carolina had once lived.2 We refocused our time and effortsinto visiting as many of the identifiedplaces of origin as we could, sometimes finding houses and chateaux, some seemingly untouched by time, which could have belonged to the ancestors. We didn't have exact addresses, of course, but we did have the names of towns, villages and, in some cases,crossroads.Aidedby our almostunflappableGPS "Garmine,"Cheves' eloquent French and white knuckled driving, Susan's extensive research into the old provinces and towns of rural France and the friendly,welcomingnature of the Frenchpeople,we recordeda memorablejourney throughthe southwesternFrench countryside.

1 The authors have published three books on the Proprietary Records of South Carolina and their book on the Huguenot settlement at French Santee will be published in March 2015. They both live in McClellanville and are cousins as well as Independent Scholars. Miss Leland also works for the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. Their trip was originally planned as a means of looking for "letters from Carolina," like the ones written by from Charles Towne in 1686 by Jean and Jacques Boyd and from French Santee by (probably) Henri Auguste Chastaigner in 1688 and Jean Franc;ois Gignilliat in 1690. Although they still hope to find such letters somewhere, conversations with researchers and archivists in France indicate that there are no such letters in the French archives.

2 The information cited on Huguenots in South Carolina in this article is taken from the 1697 Liste des Francois et Suisses Refugiez en Caroline qui Souhaittent d'Etre Naturalizes Anglois in Anne Baker Leland Bridges and Roy Williams III, St. James Santee Plantation Parish, History and Records, 1685-1925 (The Reprint Company, Publishers, Spartanburg, SC, 1997, pp 337-350) by Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, From New Babylon to Eden (University of South Carolina Press, Columbia SC, 2006); the registers of the French Churches in London published in the Quarto volumes by the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland and from the authors' upcoming book on French Santee. 28

Beforewe left,we spentmonthsarrangingour itinerary,studyingthe PoitouCharentes regions where many of the French who settled in Carolina originated, finding places to stay and contacting people. Our original plan of two weeks of research in archives morphed into a combination of sight-seeing and exploring, with research mainly in La Rochelle. Our objectiveswere to find the hometowns of the ancestors, as well as to learn how to use the French archives and to return still speaking to each other.We were accompaniedon the first part of our journey by Susan's daughter Liz and granddaughter Addie who made sure we did not forget to have fun.

Sunday April 6, 2014 - From the Carolina Lowcountry to Paris, France. Our journey began with an overnight flight from Charleston,SC to Paris. There was little sleep to be had on the flight and Paris is five hours ahead of the USA, so we quicklyregrettednot having allowedone unplannedday to recuperate from ourjourney.We had a great little apartmentin the Latin Quarter - a fifth floor walk-up, and we were glad we had brought small carry-onbags! One full and two part days in Paris flew by. We did not have time to go to the National Archives of France, housed in several buildings in Paris, one formerly owned by the Guise family who instigatedthe St. Bartholomew'sDay Massacrein 1572,but we did fit in an afternoon at the Societe de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Fran~ais (SHPF), not far from our apartment.3 The staff there was very helpful, explaining that the SHPF has been gathering records of the towns and parishes of France, so a great deal of work can now be done at their facility.In addition,they publish a periodical (available at the Huguenot Society of South Carolina (HSSC) in Charleston), which contains many useful early records, as well as articles and reviews. When researching in France, it is important to remember that in the 1790s the French government reorganized the provinces of France into departments and regions. The localparishregisterswereplacedin 100newlycreated"departmentalarchives," and copies of all new church registrations of baptisms, marriages, and burials were ordered placed in the departmental archives and in the town halls (mairie).

3 54 rue des Saints-Peres; website: www.shpf.fr; telephone: (33) 1.45.48.62.07; hours vary. Push a buzzer to open the door, painted Huguenot blue, then climb the stairs at the back of the hall. There is a daily fee of 5 euros or a weekly rate of 13 euros. Copies can be made there for a small fee and the some of the staff speak English. They were very helpful and friendly and we regretted not having more time to explore the collections.

Additionally,registrationof births,marriages,and deathshad to be made in duplicate by the mayors or their representatives, with copies going to the same places. These are the actes d'etat civil and they containan incredibleamountof information for genealogists. Often the documents are indexed under the name of the notary (similar to a local Justice of the Peace), rather than under the names of the parties involved. The names of the notaries in different areas are usually available at the departmentalarchives.

WednesdayApril 9th - Paris to Brive-La-Gaillarde.

Weleft Parisby trainin the afternoon,travelingsouththroughbrightyellow fields of rapeseed (Brassicanapus) and we saw a number of wind turbinesdotting the countryside as well. Our rail journey ended in the town ofBrive-la-Gaillarde where we spent the night at a bed and breakfast. It was a short walk from the station, but we learned that the Michelin interactive maps on-line don't include elevation changes - we were glad our bags had wheels, but the last hill was a bit steep. We had a whole little cottage to ourselves, a good night's sleep and a huge breakfast with country ham, eggs, bread, croissants, hard sausage,jams, local honey, fresh fruit and strong coffee- more than enough to fortify us for our first venture in a rental car.

ThursdayApril 10th - The Dordogne,Lascaux,lunch overlookinga Templar keep and a fifteenth-century chateau near Angouleme.

We picked up our car (a Peugeot five speed which handled the curving, twistingcountryroads wonderfullywell, much to the delightof Cheves and Addie and a bit to Susan's dismay). We headed off through the Dordogne, also called the Black Perigord, to Lascaux to see cave drawings made by our very earliest ancestors.4 The original cave is not open to tourists,but a replica called Lascaux II is quite impressive. The vivid colors and massive drawings made this definitely worth the detour. Named for the Dordogne River, this area contains farms and many, many old chateaux. Friends who live in Marquay provided lunch on the patio of their fifteenth-century farmhouse overlooking a twelfth-century castle. The stone walls behind us, vines twining overhead, wine, homemade lentil soup and bread, salad and a delicious tarte for dessert, plus cheese and coffee captured the essenceof Francebeautifully.Unfortunately,we didn't have timein our itinerary to explore the Dordogne more fully or to hike across the valley to the neighboring

4 This has not been documented!

castle and visit a small, local cave at the foot of the hill. We did examine a strange little round structure with a conical roof and a tiny opening in one side in a field behind the house. Known as garriottes,cazelles,or boriesthey dot the countryside and were once used by shepherds as shelters.

We drove on into the Poitou-Charentes region, home to many of the French who escaped to England and then to Carolina, where we planned to concentrate our research efforts. This is an administrative region in central western France comprising four departments, Charente, Charente-Maritime, Deux-Sevres and Vienne, and each department has its own departmental archives. We entered the region from the south and spent the night in a fifteenth-century chateau, the

POITOU-CHARENTES REGION 5

The historic province of Poitou, centered on the city of Poitiers, is now part of the departments of Deux Sevres and Vienne.

To the west and south are the departments of Charente and CharenteMaritime which include the old provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. This area includes the shipping ports of La Rochelle, Rochefort and Royan, now know for tourism, oysters and salt production. The coastal islands of Ilede-Re and Oleron, as well as many smaller islands, are also part of this area. There are departmental archives in Angouleme, La Rochelle, Niort and Poitiers.

Domaine de Montboulard, in Soyaux just outside Angouleme. Our evening meal in a small restaurant on the road to Angouleme was quite good and we managed to find our way back to the chateau without much trouble after dark.

5 Map from GEOATLAS.com ®Graphi-Ogre

Friday April 11th -Montigne, Villedieu, St. Jean d' Angely, Mauze-sur-leMignon and Rivedoux on Ile-de-Re.

Morning brought another bountiful meal, definitely more than what is called a "Continental breakfast" in America, and we left our "chateau for a night" en route to La Rochelle. We had discussed visiting the departmental archives in Angouleme which could have provided useful information on several of the Protestant families who came to Carolina, but we were anxious to find the villages on our list (and not ready to tackle the traffic in a city). Even the thought of Angouleme's renown as a center of chocolate-making wasn't enough to lure us and we by-passed the traffic and headed northeast through Rouillac to reach the village of Montigne, one possible site of the home of Auguste Mernin who was a gunsmith in Carolina. According to the Liste, he was the son of Jean Mernin and Marye Masiot and was born at "la Forge Nossay en Poitou." No town of this name was found on modem maps, but La Forge was a common name for villages. We were looking for one where a castle is thought to have been built for a family member, N ossay, Sieur de La Forge. The castle was described as an isolated building south of the village of Montigne, in the department of Charente. 6 As we drove into the village we spotted a sign, Fontaine du Temple, next to a small water source. 7

Montigne turned out to be a charming little farming village of no more than twenty houses surrounded by fields, pastures and vineyards with a Catholic Church at its center. We met a friendly dog and a delightful gentleman who looked over a neighboring stone wall and asked if he could help us. He retrieved the key to the church and showed us its interior and told us about the renovations on the building that he remembered. Based on the architecture of the building, we suspect that it

6 A second possible location for La Forge Nossay was found in a reference to the Sieur De la Forge de Nossay 1697-1771 at Tillou, southeast of Niort and just south of Melle in Deux Sevres, Poitou-Charentes, in several books and on Geneanet.org.

A third possibility is La Forge northwest of Chabanis (on the Vienne River) and west of Limoges in the department of Charente in the Poitou-Charentes Region.

7 Temple is the term used by French Protestants for their religious building where services are held. The church building in Montigne was simple and could well have been a Protestant temple before it became a Catholic church. As we found in many of the smaller towns, the Town Hall (La Marie) was only open one or two days a week and it was closed the morning we were there. We have e-mailed to ask if anyone can tell us more about the area.

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could have been the Protestant temple.8 We did not find the castle or any mention of Mernin, but it was an interesting first stop on our journey and reassuring to be welcomed so warmly in the countryside.The records in the Angouleme archives might shed more light on the home town of Auguste Mernin.

We then droveinto the Departmentofla Charente-Maritimeto La Vtlledieu, a small town near Aulnay where, according to the Liste, Abraham and Pierre Michaud, sons of Jean and Catherine Michaud, lived. We parked in the center of town at the CatholicChurch which had a pump outside and which turned out to be a stop on Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle (the French part of El Camino de Santiago in Spain). The pump was marked eau potable (drinking water), no doubt for pilgrims on the Way and the church was open. There was a registrationbook containingnotes and the names of those who had passed through the village.After walking around the block and venturingdown severalstreets,we struck up a conversationwith two women in their vegetablegarden who said there were no families by the name of Michaud residing in the town, but they thought there had been some in nearby Saint Leger, unfortunately not on our route which led south to Saint Jean d' Angeley, a pretty old town with cobblestone streets in what was formerly known as the province of Saintonge. Saint Jean d' Angeley is east of Rochefort on the river Bou tonne and is known for its historic medieval quarterwithhalf-timberedhouseswhichsurrounda squarewith a statueto Reginaud de St. Jean d' Angeley.Many of the town's historic buildings, including the clock tower, were built in the fifteenth century and its narrow winding streets made us feel as if we had gone back in time. Huguenots in Carolina who originated there were: Elie Bisset, son of Abraham Bisset and Marye Bitheur and a shammydresser in Carolina by 1691;Daniel Durouzeau, son of Daniel Durouzeaux and Marye Souchard, also a shammy-dresser and in Carolina by 1693; Jeanne Prioleau, daughter of Elie Prioleau and Jeanne Burgeaud; and Jean Thomas, born in "St. Jean D' Angeley en St. Onge," son of Jean Thomas and Anne Dupon, a surgeon in England in 1684 and in Carolina by 1692.

We left this beautifullittle town reluctantly,drivingon in order to reach the island of Ile-de-Re that afternoon. Our route took us northeast through Mauze-

8 Very old, unadorned Catholic churches such as this one may have at one time belonged to Protestants, but most of their temples were destroyed by the Catholic Church beginning in the mid-fifteenth century. Later on when token reparations were made, some Catholic churches, mostly vacant and unused, were offered to the Protestants.

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sur-le Mignon. Many of the old names of towns have been modified to now include descriptive phrases such as this one meaning "Mauze on the [river] Mignon," to distinguish them from other towns with similar names. We felt compelled to stop briefly at this site of great Huguenot persecution and perseverance. The old marketplace (les Halles) in the center of town where the French Protestants had worshiped enplein air had been destroyed, but several plaques in the town referred to Protestant teacher Jean Migault whose journals add personal insight to the Protestant struggles during the period of the Revocation. We wandered through small streets and alleys which revealed walled gardens and many wonderful

There are ten towns on Ile-de-Re. From east to west they are RivedouxPlage, la Flotte, Saint-Marie-de-Re, Saint-Martin-de-Re, le Bois-Plage-enRe, la Couarde-sur-Mer, Loix, Ars-enRe, Saint-Clement-des-Baleines and les Portes-en-Re.

seventeenth-century buildings.

Leaving Mauze we continued driving east towards the coast, in late afternoon finally crossing the bridge from La Rochelle to the island of Ile-de-Re, which lies just off the western coast of France in the Bay of Biscay. We had rented an apartment in Ri vedoux, home of the Bruneau family, for three days to use as a base while we explored the island which was home for many of the refugees in Carolina. The main town and port of Saint-Martin de Re was fortified in 1681 as part of a system of defenses along the coast from Rochefort to La Rochelle. We knew we would not be able to visit every part of the island and the museum was closed for the weekend, but despite limitations of time and endurance, we were pleased with how much we did see and do, from visiting several local residents to sampling homemade Pinaud and eating just gathered oysters at Rivedoux.

Saturday April 12th - Tour of Ilede-Re, meeting with Robert Bene, walks on the beach.

Saturday we drove from Rivedoux toward the lighthouse at the western tip of the island. Outside La Flotte, the twelfth-century Cistercian Abbey of Notre Dame de Re, its ruins just beyond Fort de la Pree, was hauntingly beautiful as the early

Ruins of the Cistercian Abbey

morning sunlight hit it and roosters from the nearby farm announced the coming day as we passed. We drove through St. Martin-de-Re, the largest town on the island, with its harbor full of colorful boats, past towers which had been windmills or guard posts to the Phare des Baleines (Lighthouse of the Whales) which stands on the very end of western tip of the island. It was easy to imagine rowboats carrying those escaping by water from the island to waiting ships which delivered them to Holland or England before they began their sea voyage across the Atlantic to Carolina. We returned through the town of Ars where the Saturday market was bustling and we marveled over displays of seafood, salt, tapenades, open bags of colorful and tantalizing spices, local cheeses and wines, fresh vegetables, fruits and eggs, as well as clothes, baskets, cognac, homemade toys and innumerable other items. We drove back through La Couarde-sur-Mer, Le Bois-Plage-enRe, La N oue and Sainte Marie-de-Re, took a much needed nap and beach walk and then drove to Sainte Marie-de-Re to meet Robert Bene.

Needless to say, we got completely lost and had to telephone Robert who met us on his bicycle and led us to his house. He has written a series of romans policiers (murder mysteries) set on Ile-de-Re, as well as Les Aventuriers de I 'Ile-de-Re, a partially documented story of four of the more well-known Retais, as the islanders are known. Cheves' translating skills were put to the test when we were served a generous glass of Pineau made by M 111 e Bene's brother. 9 It was good and probably enhanced the translations. M. Bene has been to the Society's office in Charleston and is very interested in encouraging a celebration of the Retais who left the island for America. He mentioned in particular Isaac Mazyck who was born in St. Martin-de-Re, though his parents were Flemish, and Arnaud Bruneau, 7 5 years of age when he escaped with his son Paul and grandson Henri. Cheves presented our gift of Carolina Gold rice and McClellanville sea salt, a gift that had not only added further weight to our carry-on luggage, but had raised eyebrows at airport security checks along the way. Happily, the gift was received with appreciation and laughter, as Ile-de-Re is a famous salt producing area. After a wonderful conversation and another glass of Pineau, we not only managed to find our way out of St. Marie, we even negotiated the narrow streets back to our 9 Pineau is a French aperitif made from lightly fermented grapes and Cognac eaude-vie. Mme Bene explained that her brother makes Pineau every year and that he thought this year's had too much alcohol. We thought it was fine.

house where we had local oysters harvested that morning by our landlord, quiche, salad and a good bottle of local red wine. 10 We all slept well that evening.

Sunday,April 13th - Return to Ars, St. Martin-de-Re,salt ponds and oyster culture,

The market in Ars was busy again, so we walked through it, sampling different wares and buying salt with all sorts of wonderful seasonings. Two of us climbed the 100 plus steep, winding steps of the tower of the church in St. Martin. The view was quite rewarding and worth the climb past the bells which chimed after we reached the top. Our descent was made even more exciting because some visitors started up while we were only part-way down. Deep breaths, lots of them. The four of us then rode to the town of Loix past empty salt ponds, but we found out that the ponds are flooded once the weather is warmer and then, as the

Tour d'Hastrel in Rivedoux water evaporates, the jleur de sel is carefully raked off the top and later the larger salt crystals are harvested. We found all sorts of salt products in the market and shops and brought back plenty of kilos in our luggage. We wondered if Arnaud Bruneau bought what is now known as Murphy's Island at the mouth of the Santee River because he saw its potential for harvesting salt and oysters. Its coastline no doubt reminded him of his island home some 3,000 miles away and the daughters he had left there, safe with their Catholic husbands. Back in Rivedoux, we walked to the Tour d'Hastrel, named after the Bruneau son-in-law whose wife received it when her parents divided their estates before escaping to

10 Oyster culture on Ile-de-Re and up and down the coast of France is done by putting old shells encased in metal or plastic sleeves on top of short stands made of rebar which are placed in rows on mud flats and to which young oysters attach and grow. The oysters we ate were good, but had a slight metallic taste to them.

England in 1685. We were looking at the tower when two women walked up and one turned out to be its present owner. She graciously showed us the ground floor and pointed out what is now a small cave or wine cellar which leads to a tunnel connecting the tower and Fort de la Pree about a kilometer away on the coast. We thought of a hasty flight underground and under the cover of darkness to the fort and then across the mud flats to waiting boats. The tower shows quite clearly in a small sketch of the Bruneau property at Rivedoux and we imagined that the tunnel could have played a part in the family's escape from the island, although the owner said it was used during attacks by the British after 1685. We know the family wrote to each other and we still hope that letters between them will be found and increase our understanding of life in early Carolina, as well as giving more information about the various members of the Bruneau family.

Later that afternoon Cheves met with an interesting couple who have a family house built on an acre in the middle of La Flotte with an incredible library of the family history and genealogies of many of the island's residents and, although nothing turned up to help with our research, his stories and their "kiss me not" bonnet were entertaining and fun, as was the open-air flea market found on the way out of town. We ended our day with dinner overlooking a quai in St. Martinde-Re and a walk through town as the sun was setting.

The list of French refugees from Ile-de-Re is long, containing the names of many merchants who also owned homes and conducted business in La Rochelle. Our research in the French Archives revealed how closely related by marriage many of these families were. It is likely that some of them traveled together to England and perhaps on to the colonies in the New World.

Monday April 14th - Marans, Deux Sevres and a delicious dinner in Sepvret.

We were up before sunrise to take Liz and Addie to the airport in La Rochelle. After a quick trip back to the island to pack the car, we drove a last time across the bridge connecting us to the mainland. 11 Our drive east into what was the old province of Aunis took us past a sign for Puilboreau, now an industrial area outside La Rochelle. "Sieur de Puilboreau" was one of the titles used by Arnaud

11 Before it was built in 1987, people had to rely on car ferries. Now travel to Ilede- Re is much easier and the island has changed due to the influx of visitors and off-island owners.

FRENCH PROTESTANTREFUGEES TO CAROLINAKNOWN TO HAVE TIES TO ILE-DE-RE

Pierre Bertrand (Berterand)born 1668, in Carolina 1692.

Sara Bertomeau(Bertoneau)born 1645 daughter of Jacques Bertomeau and Elizabet; widow of Eli Jaudon (Jodon); wife of Pierre Michaud; children

Ester Jaudon (married Abraham Michaud) and Daniel Jaudon, both born on Ile de Re; in Carolina 1690.

Pierre Bontecou,from Saint Marie on Ile-de-Re; wife Marie; in Carolina 1685, in NY 1688. (Margaret Bontecou with children Rachel, Margaret, Sarah, Peter and Daniel) who arrived in 1685 on the Margaret, could be his family.)

JeanneBurgeaud,of Ile-de-Re (no parents given); wife of Eli Prioleau; in Carolina 1687.

PierreCollin,son of Jean Collin and Judith Vasleau; merchant; in Carolina 1695.

Jeremie Cothoneau born 1645, a cooper in Carolina by 1690.

Marie Courcier of La Flotte & Arson Ile-de-Re; wife of Daniel Jouet, daughter of Gehan (Jean) Coursier and Anne Perrotau; her two eldest children Daniel and Pierre J ouet born Ile-de-Re; in Carolina 1695.

Anne Coursier of Ile-de-Re; in Carolina 1685; wife of Rene Rezeau.

Rachel Fanton (origin/parents unknown) sister-in-law of Daniel Garnier of Ile-de-Re, came on the Margaret with his family, as did her husband

Isaac Caillabeuf; in Carolina 1685; children born in Carolina.

ElisabethFanton (origin/parents unknown) wife of Daniel Garnier ofllede-Re, came on the Margaret with her husband and children ( see Garnier), in Carolina 1685.

ArnaudFranceand wifeAlamazett, sons Arnold and Paul; on the Margaret, in Carolina 1685

DanielGarnier,son of Daniel Garnier and Marie Chevallier; wife Elisabeth Fanton; their children Etienne, Elisabeth (married Daniel Horry), Sara (thought to have married Josias DuPre.), Rachel, Margueritte, Anne, all born on Ile-de-Re; came on the Margaret, in Carolina 1685. Traveling with Garnier were his "servants" Daniel Constantine, Anne Coleman and Mathew Spadfoe.

Daniel Jouet of Rivedoux and La Flotte on Ile-de-Re, son of Daniel Jouet and Elisabeth; wife Marie Coucier; sons Daniel and Pierre, both of Ile-deRe; sail maker, in Carolina 1695.

Daniel Jaudon (Jodon) born 1683 on Ile-de-Re, son of Elie Jaudon and Sara Bertomeau.

Ester Jaudon (Jodon) born 1672 on Ile-de-Re, daughter of Elie Jaudon and Sara Bertomeau; wife of Abraham Michaud, their children born in Carolina.

Moyse LeBrun (Breun) born at Ile-de-Re; son of Moyse LeBrun and Marie Tauvron.

Isaac Mazyck (Mazicq) born 1661 in town of St. Martin on Ile-de-Re, son of Paul Mazicq and Helesabeth Vanewick; merchant; fled to Amsterdam 1685, in Carolina 1686.

Pierre Mounier born on Ile-de-Re, son of Louis Mounier and of Elisabeth Martineaux; wife Louise Robinet and their daughter Sara Mounier; on the Margaret with two servants Jacques and Jean Benoit, in Carolina 1685.

Rene Rezeau of Ile-de-Re; in Carolina 1685; went to NY.

Louise Robinet (no origin given) daughter of Louis Robinet; wife of Pierre Mounier of Ile-de-Re, in Carolina 1685.

Etienne Tauvron, born on Ile-de-Re, son of Jacques Tauvron and Marie Brigaud; daughter Madeleine born Ile-de-Re, Ester born in Plymouth; Cooper, in Carolina 1692.

Marie Tauvron born on Ile-de-Re, daughter of Jacques Tauvron and Marie Brigaud; widow of Moyse LeBrun, with son Moyse in Carolina 1694.

Bruneau of La Rochelle and Rivedoux and the seventeenth-century description said it was a market town, but we were too early to tell if it retains any of its seventeenth-century charm. Our first stop was Marans, located just northeast of La Rochelle and connected to it by a canal. Originally built on a limestone island in a marsh, its location protected it from invasion. The marsh was drained and its picturesque islands and canals now draw tourists. The town was built around a castle and the church of Saint-Etienne, the ruins of which are an historic monument. Once a fishing port on the Sevre Niortaise River, it is now a harbor for sail and motorboats.

The town also is famous for the Marans chicken whose meat and dark brown eggs are prized in France. (There are descendants of these chickens in our coops in McClellanville.) We were struck by the beauty of the old houses along the banks of the river and the old town market. Members of the BoudinotandGendron families from Marans settled in Carolina and Eli Boudinot, born on Ile-de-Re was identified as a merchant of Marans. He was in Carolina in 1687 with his wife Susanne Papin, widow of Benjamin d'Harriette, whom he married in London 17 Nov 1686. From Carolina Boudinot and his wife traveled to New York where they settled. 12 Jean and Philippe Gendron were the sons of Caterine Saniot and David Gendron, Sieur de l'Isleau. Their father, a merchant in Marans, was deceased by 1680. By 1690, Jean and his brother Philippe were in Carolina where Philippe later married Magdelaine Chardon, widow of Louis Pasquereau. 13

From Marans we drove to Cramahe near Cour<;on. "Sieur de Cramahe" was the title used by Henri Auguste Chastaigner who settled in French Santee with his brother Alexandre Thesee Chastaigner, Sieur de l'lsle. Although we knew from our research that the Chateau de Cramahe was south of La Rochelle (more about it later), we wondered if there may have been some relationship to this village named Cramahe as well. A signpost marked a winding road through fields which led us to the beautiful stone buildings of an old farm, but there was no one there to ask and no indication of any connection to the Chastaigner family.

Our destination for the day was La Mothe-Saint-Heray where a Protestant temple had been built in 1538 and then burned in 1568. It was rebuilt only to be again demolished and the town was the site of numerous battles during the Wars of Religion (1562-1598) in France. We were scheduled to meet a group of genealogists and researchers there for lunch. The meeting was instigated by M. Pierre Nivelle from Bordeaux who was not able to attend and was organized by MmeDaniele Billedeau, President of the Cercle Genealogique de Deux-Sevres and Paulette Thibaux of Sepvret. The French researchers were studying the families who suffered great losses during the persecution of the Protestants. Cheves had

12 Mention of Eli Boudinot, "merchant of Marans," and his family was found in the archives. His estate was listed in a liquidation of estates that included Eli Nezereau, the Thauvet sisters, David Papin and Suzanne Papin, widow of Benjamin d'Harriette. "Extracted estate liquidation ... properties of the RPR" TT232 (5) pp 910-930, Archives Charente-Maritime.

13 Moreau, Pierre, Notaire aLa Rochelle (3 E 59/205-237] Feulliets of 1632-1664, Reveles v Bachelier, Archives departmentales de la Charente-Maritime.

made contact with this group and several other individualsbefore we left and sent them the names of the families who had left towns in their area and come to South Carolina. Since their research was mainly focused on the Protestant families who had remained in France, they were eager to meet with us and trade information. They wanted to know what had happened to the relatives who had left France and we wanted to know their family stories prior to their emigration.After lunch we drove to the Centre Jean Rivierre at La Couarde. This modem, well-equipped research center houses the records of Jean Rivierre ( 1904-1992), a Protestant minister who spent fifty years copying town and parish registers concerning the Protestants of the area. We spent several hours there going over the registers and Pasteur Rivierre's texts and Cheves gave a presentation on the Huguenots of Carolina,using her laptop and sharingpictures of South Carolina and information about the families who came here. The group was most helpful, very generous with their time and as excited as we were when we found a name we recognized.

We visited the Temple of La Couarde next to the Centre and then Paulette Thebaut gave us a tour of the Museum of Protestant Poitou (Musee du Poitou protestant) in Beaussais, including a moving documentary on the life and journal of Jean Migaultaboutwhom we had learnedwhilein Mauze.Migaultwas a teacher who was exiled in Holland where he wrote a journal for his children so they would know what had happenedin their homeland.The documentarywas professionally done and is housed in the Templeof Beaussais,a twelfth-centuryRoman Catholic church,rededicatedas a Protestanttemple.In additionto the museum,documentary and temple, there are several low stone monuments in a small graveyard on land that was once the backyardof a Protestantfamily's home. During the persecutions, Protestantswere forbidden to bury their dead in Catholic graveyardsor during the day and many buried their dead in backyard plots or in fields in simple,unmarked graves to prevent the authorities from finding them. There are still small plots in some yards which contain the graves of ancestors; more recent ones are marked with low stone monuments. 14 Some graveyards did have separate areas where Protestantscould be buried, but many of the Protestantgraveyardswere destroyed when the temples were tom down duringthe seventeenthand eighteenthcenturies.

We were also given a tour of the area, driving through La Foret de I'Hermitain (the Hermit's Forest)in which Protestantsheld worshipserviceswhen they were forbidden to meet together. They either met in the woods or in nearby

14 There is a society to protect family graveyards in France called the Association Pour La Sauvegarde des Cimetieres Familiaux Protestants.

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fields from which they could quickly scatter into the woods if trouble arrived in the form of dragonnades or spies. Today, there are organized outings several times a year au pas des Huguenots (in the footsteps of the Huguenots). As we drove, the occasional distinctive pins parasols (parasol pines) were also pointed out to ussolitary witnesses said to mark the spot where there was a place of refuge and welcome for Protestants being followed or chased. Parasol pines have also been found growing in the Cevennes, Ariege and Dordogne and are said to have been planted to mark a Protestant safe house. We drove through several towns associated with Huguenot families in Carolina and had dinner at the home of Paulette and Michel Thebaut in Sepvret, home of Jeanne Broussard, wife of Pierre Guerri who was from the nearby town of La Granerie. Our visit to La Granerie was most amusing. There were only a few houses and old stone farm buildings visible on the small dirt road. We walked to the twentieth-century Guerri family graveyard which was in a field surrounded by a wire fence with a gate attached to it which was laced shut - we found out why once we'd unlaced the straps and opened it, closing it behind us. The tombstones were at the end of the field and as we turned to leave, we were joined by three small donkeys which Cheves insisted on calling burritos. They were quite friendly, to the point of trying to join us as we squeezed back through the gate which we re-lashed, leaving the Guerris resting in peace and watched over by their three companions. Dinner followed in Sepvret where we were joined by several other guests. It was a wonderful meal of homemade soup, followed by fresh asparagus from the hosts' garden, followed by a pot roast, followed by salad, all accompanied by bread and wine and followed by a tarte and cheeses. We passed on the coffee and welcomed our beds when we were delivered back to the hotel in La Mothe-Saint-Heray. We were each given a parting gift of local chocolates and two loaves of tourteau fromage, a sweet goat cheese cake with a charcoaled crust that is a specialty of the region. We can attest that it is a real treat and travels well.

Tuesday,April 15th - Tumulusffumuli and Windmills, from La Mothe-SaintHeray to La Rochelle.

Following a night in Le Corneille, a comfortable old hotel in La MotheSaint-Heray, we set out to explore this area in the Deux-Sevres Department, named for the two rivers, the Sevre Nantaise (of Nantes) and the Sevre Niortaise (of Niort), in the Poitou-Charentes Region. So harsh was the persecution in this area that many Protestant families converted or fled from the small villages and small towns around La Mothe-Saint-Heray. We began our day with an interesting

detour to the Bougon Tumulus Museum, the site of five Neolithic burial mounds dating from4,700 BC. Cheves had read about the tumuli, but we thought they were far from our route. It was rather fun to find them just after we'd stopped to photograph and marvel at about twenty tall wind turbines which lined the horizon. The windmills' juxtaposition with old the stone walls which lined the road and hillsides seemed almost anachronistic, even more so when we saw the sign for Bougon - a melange of the twenty-first century with 4000 BC. After walking through the tumuli, we returned to our itinerary and drove to Sainte-Soline, where fruit trees and roses bloomed beside a river and wonderful stone walls and iron gates opened onto a field of wildflowers. An ancient stone building with steps leading down to the river served in centuries past as the place to wash la bughaille or brin de bois. Sainte-Soline was the home oflsaac Caillabeuf, son of Louis Caillabeuf and Marie Charuyer, and Rachel Fanton, his wife, who arrived in Carolina in 1685 on the Margaret.Returning to the car we continued on, stopping in Melle, where we had lunch in a small bistro which served an eclectic crowd of townspeople and which overlooked the town square with colorful, fanciful mosaics and an iron bridge. Our original plan had been to stop in Poi tiers, the capital of the Vienne Department further east (once the old province of Poitou) and visit the departmental archives and then to go to Niort to the archives for the Deux-Sevres Department. 15 Pierre Girrard, a merchant in Carolina by 1690 and the son of Pierre Girrard and Judith Fruschard, was born at Poitiers. Assured by the Cercle Genealogique that the Centre de Genealogie Protestante at La Couarde had all the resources available in the area, we did not visit these two archival holdings. After working at the archives in La Rochelle, we think we should have, but since we would have had at most a few hours in each, it is probably better that we left them for another trip or for someone else.

In place of the archives, the old town of Saint Maixant, now called SaintMaixent-l'Ecole, beckoned. Itis in a valley of the river Sevre Niortaise and its narrow winding streets, an ancient abbey and old guard towers captured our imaginations. The fertile valley is now known for the production of maize, sunflowers, flax, tobacco and wine, as well as several specialty goat-milk cheeses. The excavation of the limestone used for the buildings in Saint Maixant resulted in vaulted cellars underground and reminded us of the porous limestone found on the banks of the Santee River which was used for building foundations by the first

15 Archives Departementales de la Vienne, Poitiers, email archives@cg86.fr and Archives Departementales des Deux-Sevres, Niort, email archives@cg79.fr.

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French Protestant refugee settlers. Daniel Seneschaud (Ceneschaud), son of Jonas Seneschaud and his wife Jeanne, was of "St. Maixant in Poitou." He and his wife Magdeleine Ardouin were in Carolina by 1697. From Saint Maixant we traveled west to Cherveux near Niort. As we approached, we were immediately

de Cherveux captivated by the fifteenthcentury Chateau de Cherveux which at one time belonged to the Protestant Saint Gelais family. It is situated on a hill above the town and we wondered whether Pierre Gaillard, a stone cutter born in Cherveux, had learned his trade repairing the walls and buildings. We followed winding streets and alleyways and the old town was a delight to explore. Online research revealed that the village was once a resting place for pilgrims en route to Saint-Jacques de Compostelle and was later a Protestant stronghold, converted to Catholicism by the dragonnades in 1681. The town was named for the hemp (chanvre) grown in the region where many people traditionally made their living as weavers and rope makers. It was not until we were leaving that we came across an old Protestant temple on the outskirts of the town, but now closed to all but the birds flying in

Protestant temple - Cherveux and out of the broken windows and nesting in the broken stones. We were later told that if the temples are not used several times during a year, they revert to the government and we wondered what would become of the Cherveux temple - an official notice was posted forbidding anyone to enter the building for safety reasons. Two Huguenots in Carolina came from "Cherneux en Poitou," probably a misspelling for Cherveux. Pierre Gaillard, son of Pierre Gaillard and J acquete J olain, was in Carolina in 1696. His wife Elisabeth

Chateau

LeCler (LeClair) was the widow of Jean Melet. Pierre Gaillard may have been the same person as Pierre Gaellaert who arrived on the Margaret in 1685 with his wife Magdalen. The other Carolina refugee from Cherveux was Georges Juin, son of Rene Juing and Judith Pie. Louis, Rene, Elisabeth (wife of Philippe Normand) and (perhaps) John Juin were all in Carolina and could have been his siblings. Georges Juin's wife Suzanne Le Riche, daughter of Jean Le Riche and Anne Ferment, was born in London in 1677 and probably traveled to Carolina on the Richmond with her father in 1680.

After a wonderful day on the back roads, we returned to the coast and La Rochelle, the capital of the Charente-Maritime region and a centuries old fishing and trading port from which a large number Protestant merchant families fled to Carolina. The Hotel La Marine overlooking the old city harbor looked charming online, but had its drawbacks. The maze of narrow one-way and restricted streets in the old town (particularly at rush hour) and the search for the hotel and a multilevel underground parking garage taxed even Garmine' s abilities, but we managed to find someone who directed us through the maze and after a few u-turns and somewhat harrowing escapades, we were safely parked and ready for the city. No one had warned us that we would have to walk the long blocks back to the hotel, but after bumping our suitcases down streets, over cobbles and paving stones, we emerged on the old port where ancient towers and harbor walls and fifteenth-century buildings took us back in time (except for the modern yachts and boats which filled the harbor). At the hotel we traded in the very small room in the back of the hotel which looked out on, not the promised green space, but a small light shaft, for a spacious room overlooking the harbor and busy street life. La Rochelle is called "little Paris" and it has numerous high-end shops, as well as hotels and restaurants. We found it to be every bit as engaging and vibrant as Paris with sidewalk cafes, street musicians and people from around the world, as well as the local French population. The stone walls of old buildings, small alleyways and larger than life public buildings made the effort of staying in the historic district worthwhile. Paying the higher tariff for a larger room with a view was well worth it, too, even though it meant one less night in the city. Our first evening there, after a brief walk, we realized we were exhausted and defied the hotel rules, sitting in chairs by the window with our feet on the iron balustrade, a glass of wine beside us, bread, cheese and some fruit where we watched as the sun turned the stone towers guarding the harbor entrance pink and mauve as it set. We discussed the ancestors whose names we hoped to find in the records of the departmental archives and reminded each other of their intertwined relationships.

Wednesday,April 16th -Departmental Archives of Charente-Maritime at La Rochelle.

The Departmental Archives of La Charente Maritime which house the records of La Rochelle as well as all other areas of the department, is located far enough from the center city to make transportation a must. 16 After a welcome breakfast in our room and remembering the traffic and one way streets of the day before, we opted for a taxi ride from the harbor to the archives building which is located near the university. The staff was welcoming and helpful and after a short time looking around and sorting through indices and registers, Susan began searching the birth, death and marriage records which are indexed and either abstracted or transcribed into notebooks by town name. These are much easier to read, and find, than the sixteenth and seventeenth-century script found online at the archive's website where the scanned originals can be found. Cheves requested the handwritten, leather-bound volumes listing the many Protestants who were absent du royaumepour fait de religion(absent from the kingdom forreligious reasons), often called "fugitives who had left ... [their hometown]." Some of the records list their confiscated property and charges against their estates. These documents were more difficult to read and we happily spent a day and a half making notes and taking photographs. There is a wealth of material still to be uncovered and we thought about finding a cottage in the French countryside and spending weeks examining documents and then more weeks piecing everything together. We encourage others to set aside time to examine the records in the French departmental archives and wish we had had more time to do so. Please share your notes and research if you do have an opportunity to do this.

We came to several general conclusions after our research. The first is that many of those leaving France often escaped with more than one family member and sometimes with several, not all of whom made it to Carolina, or who came, but did not leave records. Much of our knowledge of the Huguenots who came to Carolina is based on the 1697 list of those seeking naturalization in Carolina (the Liste) which was compiled as much as ten years after the arrival of many of the immigrants. Those listed were generally young to mid-aged adults (often married), but the lists of those fleeing France between about 1679 to 1689 have the names of other family members who left at the same time- siblings, in-laws, cousins and parents. It is quite likely that larger family groups left together, some settling or dying elsewhere or coming to Carolina only to die before the Liste was compiled.

16 Archives Departementales de la Charente-Maritime; archives@cgl7.fr.

HUGUENOTS IN CAROLINA FROM LA ROCHELLE:

Allard Belin (possibly the son of Jacques and Jeanne Belin); Jacques Belin;

Jeanne Berchaud, daughter of Elie and Jeanne Berchaud and wife of Jean Boyd;

Antoine Bonneau, son of Jean Bonneau and of Catherine Roi, and (possibly) his wife Catherine de Bloys and their sons Anthoine and Jean Henri Bonneau born in France;

Arnaud Bruneau (also of Ile-de-Re), his son Paul and grandson Henri; Pierre Buretel, son of Charles Buretel and Sara Bouhier, his wife;

Elisabeth Chintrier and their daughter Elisabeth born in France; Henri Auguste Chastaigner, son of Roch Chastaigner, deceased, Ecuyer, and Jeanne, and his brother Alexander Thesee Chastaigner (both also of Salles-sur-Mer);

Jeremie Cothonneau, son of Germain Cothonneau and Elisabeth Nombret, and (possibly) Marye Billon, his wife, and Germain and Pierre their children born at La Rochelle; Benjamin d'Harriette;

Margueritte Huger, daughter of Daniel Huger and Marguerite Perdriau; Auguste Jay; Andre Laurens;

Peter and Gabriel Manigault (also of La J arrie ), sons of Gabriel and Marie Manigault;

Cesar Mose/Moze and (possibly) his wife Jeanne Elisabeth;

Etienne, Louis and Pierre and Margueritte Perdriau, daughter of Orei Perdriau and Marguerite Gourvin; Henri Peronneau;

Suzanne, Jeanne and Marie Thauvet, daughters of Andre Thauvet and Suzanne Faneuil;

Etienne Thibout; Pierre Videau, son of Pierre Videau and Madelaine Burgaud, and (possibly) his wife Jeanne Elizabeth.

One example of this is the Cothonneau or Cottoneau family. Jacques Cothonneau, merchant of Ile-de-Re, was listed as "absent from the kingdom" and left an estate valued at 3,250 livres. On the same list were the names of Elie Cothonneau "also fugitive and went to a foreign country and left Ile-de-Re" and Guillaume Cothonneau and Judith Graton, his wife, all of whom left estates which were claimed by their sister, Jeanne Cottoneau (wife of Pierre Brault) in an act of 1689 in which the relatives making the claim had to prove their "catholicity." Also listed as absent from the kingdom were Jacques Guyon and Marie Cottoneau who had left together by 1689. Their estate was claimed in 1690 by Jacques Guillaudeau. The inventory of the goods of Germain Cothonneau, merchant of La Rochelle, dated 4/5/1661, was also found. Elisabeth Nombret, his wife, was named guardian and curator of their children "apres son deces comme appert dans the testament fait ce jourd 'huy" (after his death as it appears in his will made this day) in the presence of M. Guillaume J aroson, Procureur au Siege Presidia! of La Rochelle. Out of all the members of this extended family, only the name of Jeremie Cothonneau, born at La Rochelle, son of Germain Cothonneau and Elisabeth Nombret his wife, appeared in the records of Carolina. He was on the Liste which also included his wife Marye Billon, two sons born in La Rochelle and a daughter born in Carolina. Germaine [sic] Cottoneau 's marriage to Marie Billon was recorded at La Rochelle 7 Sept 1678. The other Cothonneaus who escaped were his cousins, some of whom settled in New Rochelle, NY 17

The second thing which became very clear to us is that many of those who came, although of different surnames, were related by marriage in their own generation or previous generations and those bonds in France (and in exile) were very strong. The Mazicq family of St. Martin de Re and La Rochelle is an example. Paul Mazicq, a merchant, was born in Maaseyck and lived in Liege (Belgium) and Maastricht (The Netherlands) until he and his wife Helesabeth Vanewicq (van Eyck), from Flanders, moved to Ile-de-Re where their children were born and baptized in St. Martin. Their sons Girard, Etienne, Isaac and Paul were born and grew up there with their sisters Judith, Marie, Anne Susanne and their older brother

17 J Series, Cl41 Archives Departementales de la Charente-Maritime. Pierre Gaillard, Anne Gaillard, and Jeanne Cottoneau also claimed the estate of relative Anne Merlet who had fled the kingdom. Liste # 60; 3E 59/234 (1661) NC and La Rochelle Marriages 1668-1684: 48J 807-35, Archives Departementales de la Charente-Maritime. See History of the Cuttino Family by G. P. Cuttino for more details on this family.

Pierre, who was born on the mainland. In the Charente Maritime records of confiscated estates, Isaac Mazicq of Ile-de-Re, Paul Mazicq and his wife Charlotte Ayrault of Ile-de-Re, heir of Paul Mazicq, and Etienne Mazicq and his wife Sara Leraud were listed as fugitives. Their estates were claimed by Jacques Mazicq of Re and by Anne Mazie, wife of ArnaudFranceof Re, and Pierre Mazie of St. Martin. Etienne Ayrault

LA ROCHELLETABLESOF BAPTISM

PROTESTANTRECORDS1668-1689[48J 30]

[This list gives some of the names we checked in one of fourteen registers for La Rochelle. Only the date was given, no other information.]

Belin,Allard 18 Dec 1678

Belin, Jacques 26 Feb 1677

Belin [eight additional entries]

Berchaud [several entries, no Jeanne]

Bonneau [several entries, no Antoine]

Buretel,Elisabeth 30 Avril 1673

Buretel [nine additional entries between 1668-79]

Cottineau [several entries, no J erernie]

Laurens [several entries]

Perdriau [two Maries, no Margaret or Etienne]

and "la Brousse" his wife of Ile-de-Re were also fugitives. Arnaud France, merchant of Ile-de-Re, who put in a charge against Isaac Mazicq's estate, left France at a later date. Jacques Mazie of Re also claimed the estate of Ester Gratton (sic) who was listed as a fugitive and who was probably related to Judith Graton, wife of Guillaume Cothonneau. Pierre Ayraud (Was this Pierre Erault, husband of Jeanne Cothonneau who had claimed her brother's estates?), master apothecary ofllede-Re, also left France. Jacquine Mazicq, a daughter of Paul Mazicq, may have remained in France where her name appeared in a charge against another estate. 18 Similar records were found for many other families, including the Boudinots, Papins and d'Hariettes who came first to Carolina and then settled in New York, and the Nezereaus who ended up in the West Indies.

18 More research could turn up information about how the family settled the estate of their father who died in 1670. Isaac and Paul Mazyck are known to have escaped, as did Arnaud France who was listed with his wife "Almazett" and sons Arnold and Paul as passengers on the Margaret in 1685. The identity of Jacques Mazie has yet to be determined. Etienne Mazicq may have been related to Claude Masique, a merchant of La Rochelle. Transactions 116: 12-17. Transactions 93: 36; J Series: Cl 41; List of Confiscated Estates TT232 (5) P 910-930, Archives Departementales de la Charente-Maritime.

Our research also underlined the fact that many of the noblemen such as Bruneau,Manigaultand Chastaigner,as well as some of the merchant families, had houses in the town of La Rochelle, as well as estates or houses in the countryside or on the nearby islands, so they could be identified as being from more than one place, meaning more than one set of registers to search. Arnaud Bruneau' s main estate was at Rivedoux on the island of Ile-de- Re, but he owned the markets of Puilboreau on the mainland near La Rochelle, as well as the Chateau of La Chaboissiere near La Villedieu south of Poi tiers, land in Lagord and Ure and a house at 6 rue de la Juifreerie in La Rochelle. 19 The Chastaigner chateau of Cramahe was at Salles-sur-Mer just south of La Rochelle. L'Isle was nearby and they were also identified as "of La Rochelle." Pierre and Gabriel Manigault are said to have been from La Rochelle, but one of the family estates was at La J arrie near Sallessur-Mer. After driving from town to town, we also now know that although the refugees were from many different villages, those villages may have been separated by only a few kilometers. The parish and town records at the archives yielded several significant marriage, burial and birth dates, as well as insights into family relationships. Many of these will be in our upcoming book on French Santee which contains biographical sketches for the more than 200 identified French refugees who settled there.

There were also a number of inventories of interest in the archives, such as these for the Chintrierand Belin families.We didn't have time to look at all of them, but the following two (translated and punctuated by us) will show the kind of information which can be found.

Inventaire 20/06/1656:

Inventory of the goods of Anne Girardeau, deceased widow of Jean Chin trier, merchant of La Rochelle, [made] at the request of Elisabeth Chintrier, Marie Chintrier widow of Sr. Richard Lasque, merchant, Jean and Jacques Chintrier, merchants "majuers," Suzanne Valleau, widow oflsaac Chintrier, merchant [and] guardian of Suzanne, Antoine and Isaac Chintrier, the children said deceased, all inheritors of said Chintrier and Girardeau their parents; house situated rue du Temple.

19 HSSC Vertical Files - Bruneau: Archives Departementales de la CharenteMaritime, C 141, fo 13.

Inventaire 23/03/1661:

Inventory of the goods of Marie Joslin, widow of Ozee Belin, the elder, living in La Rochelle, deceased during last January, at the request of Jacques, Simon and Allard Belin, merchants, of Sr. Jacques Massiot, merchant apothecary as administrator of Jacques Massiot his son, of the deceased Marie Belib, [sic] his first wife and Ester Suyre, widow of Ozee Belin the younger, merchant [and] guardian of the children of said deceased, all inheritors of their mother and grandmother, the house situated below (probably down the street) the butcher shop [sous la boucherie], parish of St Jean du Perrot. 20

At the archives, Susan, who loves old maps and land records, was drawn to several lists and a map giving names of towns in the region with the number of Protestants living in each during the late 1600s which we copied. Another particularly interesting find was a document dated June 1678 concerning"Prioleau,minister of Pons." The document stated that Brother Augustin Mayac, a Franciscan friar at the convent of Pons, went to hear Samuel Prioleau at the protestant church "to refute him following the custom and was surprised to hear in the place of the Sr Prioleau established minister ... his son ... at his first sermon." The nine page document, titled Samuel Prioleau and his Son Minister at Gemosac,lists the transgressions of Samuel and Elie Prioleau, giving the depositions of several witnesses and ending in 1683.21

We thoroughly enjoyed our time at the archives, although we bemoaned the fact that we didn't have more of it, but we also enjoyed having a few hours to wander around the port and explore some of the streets of La Rochelle in the late afternoon. Despite our well-laid plans, we had forgotten to contact the Protestant Museum and temple in the old city center which is open by appointment, so we only saw it from the outside. We also realized that we hadn't made time in our schedule to simply "be" in a place without meetings, research and commitments and the few hours of our last night in La Rochelle afforded us a chance to explore and enjoy the city to do this. After a walk to the towers and along the walls where spotlights outlined the buildings and the massive city gates, we found a small

20 The names of the parents of Elisabeth Chintrier and her birthplace were not given in the Liste, but these references may help establish who she was and could also identify some of her relatives. 3E 59/234 (1661) NC, Archives Departementales de la Charente-Maritime.

21 Register: 2 J 102 [bat A, niv 4, mag NE], Archives Departementales de la CharenteMaritime.

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restaurant on a side street near the port, but away from the crowds, as suggested by the concierge at the hotel. The food was delicious, the meal was relaxed, we watched neighbors greet each other, children rode bicycles outside a nearby bistro - it was a wonderful way to end the day and celebrate what we'd accomplished so far. Returning to the harbor and its hubbub of tourists at the much larger restaurants, we were very pleased with our choice.

Thursday,April

17th (lateafternoon)- Salles-sur-Mose/MozeMer,La Jarrie and Chatelaillon-Plage.

After another visit to the departmental archives at La Rochelle, we left in the late afternoon, driving south along the coast, anxious to visit several little towns before we stopped for the night. One place of special interest we wanted to find was "the bridge of the stone" and the nearby chateau of Cramahe at Salles-surMer, not far from La Rochelle in Aunis Province. During the mid seventeenth century the chateau was the home of Sieur Roche Chastaigner and his wife Jeanne. They had four sons, Henri Auguste Chastaigner,Sieur de Cramahe, (who went by the name Auguste in Carolina), Alexandre Thesee Chastaigner, Sieur de L'Isle, Hector Frarn;ois Chastaigner, Sieur des Roches, and Jean Hubert Chastaigner. Two of their sons, Auguste and Alexandre Thesee, came to Carolina where Auguste Chastaigner is believed to have been the author of the 1688 letter from Carolina in which he mentioned the "bridge of the stone" near Cramahe as a point of reference. Cheves spent quite some time before we left trying to figure out where the bridge was, if it still existed. A brief e-mail correspondence with the local librarian at Salles-sur-Mer yielded the location of a stone bridge on the "Road of the Stone Bridge," a few kilometers just outside of Aytre. There was even a website detailing the repair and overhaul of the bridge a few years ago, with photographs. Cheves was quite pleased and excited and ready to leave for France immediately after she found it. Reason prevailed, but "the bridge of the stone" had remained a destination and we anxiously scanned the road as we drove south. The bridge is so small that we drove across it without realizing we were there and only saw it when we turned around in a field. Even though it is not a large, impressive bridge, it was pretty special to find it, knowing that it was a landmark for Auguste Chastaigner when he wrote his letter from French Santee. The bridge spans a narrow canal a few kilometers from Salles-sur-Mer and still has a worn stone center post with carvings on it. From the bridge we followed the road to the chateau of Cramahe which was rebuilt in the late eighteenth century. The historical marker stated that the land had gone out of the Chastaigner family

when the last of the heirs left in 1685. We knew we had the "rest of the story' as we drove through Salles-sur-Mer. We ventured on to La Jarrie, but were too tired to explore, so we returned to the coast where we found supper and a bed in the seaside resort of Chatelaillon-Plage. We sat beneath an umbrella on the beach at a small open-air restaurant and laughed as we looked across the bay and saw the towers of La Rochelle in the distance - we could almost see the walls we'd walked the evening before.

Friday, April 18th - Salles-sur-Mer, La Jarrie, Rochefort, Soubise, Saint Nazaire, Port-des-Barques, Marennes and La Tremblade.

In the morning we drove back to the town of Salles-sur-Mer, unable to resist the urge to tell the present inhabitants about the Carolina branch of the Chastaigner family. The library was closed, but we saw several people standing in front of the town hall waiting for it to open and we found them to be a receptive audience. We told them our story and gave them a copy of the 1688 letter thought to have been written by Auguste Chastaigner and information about his descendants in South Carolina. We also left a salt-shaker with salt harvested from Bull's Bay for the librarian. Once again, the salt, since it's a regional specialty, was the source of good-natured laughter. As we left, someone in the group we'd talked with in Salles-sur-Mer pointed out that the Chateau de Cramahe was for sale, so if any Chastaigner descendants (through Broughton, Izard or Mazyck) are interested, you might be able to acquire a piece of your heritage in France - it's large enough for good-sized house parties.

As we drove out of town, we passed a signpost with the name L' Isle (one of the Chastaigner titles) on it, no arrows or other information, just the old signpost almost buried in a hedgerow. Our route took us back through La J arrie, a small village southeast of La Rochelle, historically part of the province of Aunis, but now in the department of La Charente-Maritime. It was said to be the home of the Manigault brothers, Pierre and Gabriel, who were in Carolina by 1695. They were sons of Gabriel and Marie Manigault and although we did not find any references to the Manigault estate in La J arrie, we did find several references to the family in the death records. The town hall at La J arrie was closed that morning so we were unable to further our inquiries and the one person we asked about the family, an older woman, said she had never heard the name. We drove across country through beautiful fields and cow pastures toward the coast and the town of Rochefort, through the old province of Saintonge which covered most of the present department of the La Charente-Maritime. Its chief city was Saintes and in

1684 the Regiment de Saintonge was created from this province, a regiment which later served in America in the American Revolution under Count de Rochambeau.

Rochefort is a port near the coast on the Charente River and was fortified as a harbor for the royal French Navy in 1665. Part of the reason for its choice was to counterbalance the rebellious Protestant stronghold at La Rochelle to the north. Louis XIV had a

PERSONS ON THE LISTE FROM SAINTONGE WITH NO TOWN GIVEN

Francois De La Tour, a merchant of Saintonge, in Carolina by 1700.

Etienne Tample (Tam.pie), born in "Xaintonge," son of Etienne Tample and of Jeanne Prinseaud; in Carolina in 1696 with his wife Marie Du Bose and possibly his father.

Marie Sauvagot, native of "Alleurs en Saintonge" (a town not found on modem maps), a daughter of Jean Sauvagot and Madelenne Potet and the wife of Soloman Bremar, native of Anseme in Picardie -in Carolina by 1686.

"Corderie Royale," built in Rochefort to make ropes for the French warships. At the time it was the longestbuilding in Europe and there was also an arsenal and royal forge to supply the navy. This must have drawn skilled rope makers, sail makers, shipbuilders and ironsmiths from all over southwestern France. In Rochefort we happened upon the harbor where L'Hermione, the impressive replica of the 1779 frigate that carried Lafayette and his troops to America, is being built by hand. We really did happen upon it, turning down a street to look for something else, and there she was. The next town on our route was Soubise, situated on the left bank of the Charente River opposite Rochefort. Soubise was the home of Charles Faucheraud who was born in there in 1645,just a few miles upriver from Port-des-Barques,birthplace of his wife Anne Vignaud and their children Anne and Gideon. He was superintendent of the "Grandes Forges du Roi" (royal ironworks), but was in England by 1681 where his wife and three children were sick. Identified as ship's anchor smith, Faucheraud was in Carolina in 1683 and had died by 1691.

Possibly traveling with Faucheraud was Pierre Poinset, an anchor smith also born at Soubise and the son of Pierre and Marie Poinset. Identified as "the elder," he married Sara Faucheraud, with whom he had at least four children by mid-December 1681 when they also began receiving aid from the French Church of Threadneedle Street in London. In 1685 Pierre Poinset and his son Pierre were on the list of passengers aboard the Margaret which arrived in Charles Towne,

Carolina, in the spring of that year and Peter Poinset and his wife Sara were listed on a Denization List dated 10 July 1696. Sara had evidently died by the time the Liste was compiled in 1697, but Pierre, the elder, and his son, Pierre Poinset, the younger, with his wife Anne Go bard, were listed, as was Catherine, daughter of Pierre Poinset (the elder) and his wife Sara Faucheraud (Foucherau). Catherine was listed with her second husband Abraham Lesueur. She had married Jean Chevalier 22 June 1687 in London and she was still there 16 Sept 1694 when she witnessed the baptism of Jacques Simon Morisseau at the French Church of La Patente, Spitalfields. Also in London was her brother Joel Poinset and his wife Suzanne Martineau whose daughter Suzanne was baptized 3 March 1701, also at the French Church of La Patente Spitalfields, although he was not present at her baptism. The fourth Poinset child, Jeanne, was in Carolina by 1697 when she and her husband Eli Bisset were included on the Liste with their children, Anne and Catherine, both born in Carolina.

It was Good Friday, but we didn't see any evidence of services in the local Catholic church and there wasn't a Protestant one, so after Cheves stopped to investigate an intriguing garden with chickens and a rooster behind a tiny house, we left Soubise, driving west on a coastal peninsula beside the Charente River, the marshes and river banks not unlike the marshes and creeks of the Chaisente River near Soubise Carolina lowcountry. It was comforting to realize that the land the ancestors chose as a refuge welcomed them in that small way. Saint Nazaire, now Saint-N azaire-sur-Charente, located at the mouth of the Charente River, was not far from Soubise. Huguenots in Carolina who came from this village were: Susanne Bouquet, born 1674 in either SaintNazaire or Port-des-Barques, the daughter of Frarn;ois Bouquet (who escaped with his wife and five children). She was the wife of Pierre Desserx (Dassex) and was in New York in 1681 and in Carolina by 1702. Fram;ois, Mathurin and Pierre Guerin (Guerrian), probably all sons of Pierre Guerin and Jeanne Billebaud, were also from Saint Nazaire. Fran~ois married Anne Arrine and was a laborer in Carolina inl 691. Mathurin married Marie Nicollas (Nicholas), native of La Chaume in Poitou, daughter of Andre Nicholas and Fran~oise Dunot. He was a gardener in 55

Carolina in 1691. Pierre Guerin was first recorded as being in Carolina in 1710. There was a graveyardin Saint Nazaire with a number of fairly recent tombstones for members of the Guerin family. Not far down the road was Port-des-Barques or Port aux Barques on the tip of the peninsula, about 24 kilometers southwest of La Rochelle. The village provides access to Ile Madame just off the coast by way of a dirt cow path acrossthe mud flats,all floodedat high tide.The main occupation of this pleasant little village appeared to be gathering seafood and most of the houses were low, whitewashed stone buildings. Refugees in Carolina who came from here were: Elisabeth Faucheraud who was in Carolina 1683. Anne Vignaud, parents unknown, was the wife of Charles Faucheraud. Their children Anne and Gideon Faucheraud were born in Porte-des-Barques and their daughterMarie Faucheraudwas born in England. They were in Carolinaby 1683.

From Port-des-Barques we traveled south along the coast and then the road took us inland several miles to the old citadel of Brouage. At a short stop along the way,we found canals and a familiarsite- a trunk similarto the ones used to regulatethe flow of waterinto and out of the rice fieldsin the Carolinalowcountry. We wonderedwhen the practice of using and making trunks began in the area and watched a small herd of cattle grazejust across the canal before continuingon our way. Brouage was once a port and salt producing region on the gulf of Saintonge, but the area silted in over time. The town was fortified in the mid-seventeenth century and the well-preserved, historic bastion is now surrounded by marshes, fields and salt ponds and is open to tourists. Shops and restaurants line the streets and the forge with its tall, centralchimneynow houses an art gallery.It is also close enough to have possibly been the royal ironworks of which Charles Faucheraud was superintendent, if he was not at Rochefort, and we hope someone will find records to properly document him. After a pleasant interlude on the ramparts, during which we saw a stork nesting on a nearby chimney pot, Garmine took us on to Marennes,a town on the Seudre River.It stillproduces salt from the marshes that surround it and oysters from the Charente, the Seudre and the Gironde rivers and is famous for its seafood. This was the home of Jean Boisseau and possibly Jacques and Judith Boisseau. Jean Boisseau,born at "Maraine," son of Jacques Boisseau and Marie La Court, was in Carolina in 1689 where he married Marie Postel of Dieppe. Off the coast is the Ile d' Oleron which, like Ile-de-Re,is known for its fishing, old villages with "lime-washed houses," vineyards and beaches. Carolina Huguenots from the island were Jean Heraud, born there in 1670 and in Carolina by 1697, and Gabriel Guignard, born 12 Dec 1708. Guignard was a cooper in Charles Towne who in his will mentioned his first wife

[possibly a Bonneau] and son, both buried in the French churchyard in Charles Towne. He also referred to his sister Anne Guignard and her son John Taff ord on the Ile d' Oleron, and cousins in Pennsylvania.

We went from Marennes to La Tremblade, a small town on the southwest coast in an area also known for its oysters and salt. The harbor of La Greve at the mouth of the Seudre River is more like a narrow canal. It is lined with one room huts and docks of the oyster farmers near its mouth and with pleasure boats large and small closer to the village center. Next to each dock are piles of iron frameworks, mesh Harbor of La Greve bags and empty oyster shells used to re-seed the oysters in the river and the Bay of Biscay. There are several restaurants and numerous shacks where oysters can be purchased fresh or steamed. The harbor was so reminiscent of our hometown of McClellanville that we felt a kinship with these families struggling to make a living on the water. We explored the town a bit and ended a long day with a snack in our room at Le Heron Cendre Hotel, since none of the restaurants opened until later and we were tired.

Saturday April 19 th - La Tremblade area in the company of Danielle and Jean Rigo IIet.

After another good breakfast, we met Daniele Riogollet and her husband Jean, she a retired Protestant minister and both good photographers and authors. Cheves had found them through the Internet and they had offered to introduce us to La Tremblade and the surrounding area. We spent a wonderful day with them, not only visiting the Protestant temples in the area, but also touring the Protestant and Catholic Cathedrals in Royan. It was nice to be driven through the countryside by someone who knew the way and what we were seeing. As we drove out of town, Daniele suddenly turned into the parking area of a small building which turned out to be a Cognac distillery called Domaine des Claires owned by the Guillan family, Protestants fromArvert. We were given a tour of the facility which was in the process of being enlarged and then we went next door to the family farm and met M. Guillan who was busy setting out lettuces. He gave us a tour of

the garden and showed us the tombstones marking the graves of members of the previous owners of the land, snuggly set behind a hedge near the house. The vineyards stretched down the slope behind them and flowed across the fields in orderly rows, all the plants just beginning to send out new leaves for the corning season. A short walk brought us to his house where we sat outside on the terrace and sampled the family Pineau, produced the old way, not with modem machines and calculations. A vigne vierge Tombstones in Arvert (literally a virgin vine, one which does not set grapes) furnished shade over the terrace with its intertwined vines and emerging leaves. We felt very much at home and, once again, could only have been in France. We took with us good memories and a gift of several bottles of excellent Pineau and Cognac. As we drove to the Temple of Etaules, Daniele explained that services are usually held in each temple several times a year and that the ministers travel from one to another, except on major holidays when one large service is held. In nearby Momac-sur Seudre, the town market (les Hall es) dates from at least 1664 and is possibly much older. Brightly colored shutters and bright white houses lined the street to the docks and back around the village and worn stone steps with lichen and fems led into small courtyards with geraniums in pots. The hollyhocks for which the town is known were almost ready to bloom and figs covered a large tree we passed. Today, like many of the small towns along the coast, oysters and salt are the main livelihood of the residents. A blight which affected the oysters several years ago has been eradicated and the area is slowly recovering. Our next stop was Royan. Like La Tremblade, the city was almost completely destroyed by Allied bombs during World War II and little of the seventeenth century remained. We drove to the Catholic Cathedral which stands on a hilltop looking like the prow of a huge ship cresting a wave. It was built of steel reinforced concrete in 1958 and is more than 120 feet long and 60 feet wide and can hold more than 2,000 people. The Protestant temple and center are a few blocks away. Built of concrete and steel in 1956, the building reflects the simplicity of design and clean

lines of the older temples which still survive. A white bell tower rises 60 feet above the temple and a parasol pine grows at its entrance.

We returned to La Tremblade, driving back along the coast. There were large houses and hotels on one side of the road and coves with beaches dotted with short docks with fishing nets hanging from them on the other side. Daniele told us that a lot of the docks are no longer used much, but no one wants them tom down. Our drive took us through pine forests and sand hills and ended at the Protestant temple in La Tremblade. Most of the temples are simple, square buildings, some have a Bible verse above the door and all are unadorned on the interior, with wooden pews and pulpits. After a long day, Susan opted to rest and Cheves had simple meal with some members of the Protestant congregation of La Tremblade, organized by the Rigo lets. They met at the home of MmeRobert, not connected to Pierre Robert of Switzerland and Carolina. She gave us her recipe for the dessert she'd made, a Galette Charentaise,which reminded us of shortbread. Huguenots in Carolina who came from La Tremblade were: Susanne Couillandeau and her half-brother Pierre, his mother Marie Fougeraut (widow of both Pierre Couillandeau and Moyse Brigaud); possibly Jacob (Le) Roux; and Elisabeth Le Clerc, widow of Jean Me let, a sailor, and wife of Pierre Gaillard.

Sunday April 20th (Easter) - Service at Protestant Temple and travel to Bordeaux.

We had a final good breakfast at Le Heron Cendre before checking out. Our leisurely French breakfasts had been a great pleasure with cafe au lait,fruit et jus de fruits, pain au chocolat, croissants, baguettes, beurre and confitures. We drove to Easter Service at the Protestant temple in Arvert. The wooden pews were filled with members of all ages and a few families with children from the surrounding towns. Two ministers, one about to leave and the other taking over from him, served the congregation. A bouquet of Temple at Arvert garden flowers was on the altar

and a simplekeyboard accompaniedthe choir and congregation.The simplicityof the building was matched by the simplicity of the service. Communion was held with the congregation forming a large circle around the room and serving each other the bread and wine. Announcements at the end of the service included a group of scouts who thanked the congregationfor their gifts to help restore a boat. Chevesintroducedus and offeredgreetingsfrom the Societyand from theirbrothers and sisters in Christ in the United States. Two things in particular made a lasting impression on Susan: our gracious welcome into the congregation and the way voices swelled and filled the church with old familiar hymns, drowning out the simple keyboard organ with their enthusiasm.

After the service we headed south. Our plan was to have lunch on the road and reach Bordeaux in time to visit M. Pierre Nivelle in the afternoonand we wanted to stop in several small towns along the way. This was our last day and of course we found there was not enough time to visit severalof the places of interest to us. On the coast just south of Royan was Talmont-sur-Gironde. Originally called Tallemont and referred to on the Liste as "Tattemont," the village is on a small cliff at the mouth of the Gironde River with beaches at its base. Parts of the old wallsthat once enclosedthe villageremain.It was the home of JeanGirardeau, son of Pierre Girardeau and Catherine Lareine, who was in Carolinaby 1696.We passed to the west of Chalais, located southeast of Pons and home to Jacques Nicholas "dit petit Bois," said on the Liste to be a native of Chalais in Saintonge, the son of DanielNicholasand of Leonore Gast and a merchantin Carolina 1685.22 Driving southeast through the wine growing regions surrounding Cognac and Bordeaux, we traveled along another of the routes of the pilgrims walking to St. Jacques de Compostelle and came to the town of Pons, home of Elie Prioleau, one of the first ministers in Carolina (by 1687).23 Pons is a town in the CharenteMaritime Departmentsurroundedby the vineyardsand farms of the Seugne River valley. Its name is the Latin word for bridge from Roman times. Near a round-

22 His relationship to Jacques Nicolas of la Tremblade, Saintonge who made his reconnaissance of 1701 in the Church of West Street in London is not known. Quarto 32: 91.

23 Eli Prioleau, born 1659 in Saintonge, son of Samuel Prioleau and Jeanne Merlat, married Jeanne Burgeaud, born on Ile-de-Re. Their daughter Jeanne was born in St. Jean d' Angely. One source says Prioleau and two deacons of his church, Mathieu Colineau and Jean-Lord Sarasin ofFrignac, escaped to England from Pons, Saintonge. Liste #1; Trans. 75: 97.

No. 118

aboutwithpilgrimstatuesin its centeris the twelfth-centurypilgrim'shospicewhich welcomed those following the route to Spain. Narrow streets wind upward past seventeenth-centuryhomes and alleywaysleadingto a twelfth-centurycastle,now the town hall, and a dungeon built by one of the Lords of Pons on the top of a hill in the center of town.

The document we found in the La Rochelle archives referred to Samuel and Elie Prioleauas ministersof both Pons and "Gimosac."The villageof Gimozac is located only a few kilometers west of Pons and is probably the town named as "Gemoset in Xaintonge" where MagdelaineArdouin, daughter of Daniel and MarieArdouin,lived. She was the wife of Daniel Seneschaudwho was in Carolina in 1697.

We traveled past vineyards all afternoon and reached the town of Portets just south of Bordeaux for an all-too-short visit with M. Pierre Nivelle who had arranged our visit to the Centre Jean Riverre in La Coudre. He plied us with wine and tales of his travels and family in Californiaand introducedus to his neighbors. His house and yard were interestingand his caged birds were delightful,but as the afternoon faded we had to leave and return to Bordeaux and the airport. Some of our favoriteHuguenotsin Carolinawho providedus with severallettersand sketches from Carolina came from Bordeaux and the surrounding countryside where the Boyd family, originally from Scotland, had settled by 1600.At the end of March 1686, brothers Jacques, Jean and Gabriel Boyd, sons of Jean Boyd, merchant of Bordeaux,and his wife Jeanne Pascaud, arrivedon a ship carryingother French refugees as chronicled in their letters. With them was Jeanne Berchaud of La Rochelle who married Jean Boyd and had three children born in Carolina. Also from Bordeaux was Pierre La Salle, son of Charles La Salle and Susanne Hugla. La Salle, a merchant in Carolina, and his wife Elisabeth Messett were in Carolina by 1690.We knew severaladdresseswhere the Boyd familyhad lived in Bordeaux and the surrounding area, but we had to have supper and return the car to the rental office on time and we were a bit intimidatedby the traffic,so we saved them for the next trip. Our hotel near the airport was clean and convenient, though lacking in French charm and, after repacking our suitcases, we were able to sleep a few extra minutes before leavingfor our early-morningflight.

Monday April 21 st - Paris to Atlanta to Charleston to McClellanville.

We flew from Bordeaux to Orly, outside of Paris and then took the train to Charles De Gaulle Airport. Second-guessing ourselves, we wished we had followed our first inclination which had been to spend our last night at Roissy, a

small village built near CDG Airport, which has a lot more character than the area around the Bordeaux airport, but our flights were all on time and we had an easy trip home. Unpacking our suitcases took a lot less time than organizing our notes and photographs and we have spent many pleasurable moments remembering things from the trip. We met some wonderful people. We learned how to use the Frencharchivesand,evenknowinghow much more informationthereis to uncover, we were well-pleased with all we accomplished and with the information we did find. We aren't ready to go back quite yet, but we would like to see what else is in the different departmental archives in France and to share what we know with other Protestant societies there.

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

IN MEMORIAM 2013

Gloria Mosley Bentley

Elizabeth Black Capers

James Walker Coleman, Jr.

Betty-Ann Darby

Zadock Monroe Dismuke, Jr.

Charles Wills DuBose

James A. Grimsley, Jr.

John Keitt Hane, Jr.

Eugene Gordon Hay

Selina Parker Stoddard Hopkins

Henry Critchfield Hutson

Pepita Lorraine Urbina Kauffman

Clara Jane Dart Maunsell

Marie B. Harvin McDuffie

Richard Alexander Pregnall

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SotITH CAROLINA

Elinor Ruth Tyler Richardson

Helen Huckins Rickenbacker

Blanche Ellen Darr Smith

Mollie Bothwell Burdell Taylor

Eugenia Cogswell McCuen Thomason

Van Noy Thornhill

Howard Frierson Vincent

Elizabeth Gamble Webber

NEW MEMBERS 2013

DonaldMurrayAllen ....................................................... VirginiaBeach, VA

Pierre Manigault and Judith Giton

Kenneth WalkerAyers ............................................................. Charlotte, NC

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

Sandra McAlister Ayers ........................................................... Columbia, SC

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

Julia Linden RobertsonBarnes .............................................. Honea Path, SC

Pierre David and Anne Dutartre

SamuelMichaelBell ................................................... La Coumeuve, France

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

JacquelinKing StevensonBennett .......................................... Charleston, SC

Louis Contesse

ElizabethFraser Demetree Benzal ............................................... Wilmette,IL

Daniel Huger and Marguerite Perdriau

AlexanderHamiltonBoykin Mt. Pleasant, SC

Henri deSaussure and Madeleine Brabant

MelanieLouise ClinkscalesBuscovich.................................... Alexandria,VA

Jean de Jarnette

GabriellaDavis Carsten Waxhaw, NC

Pierre Manigault and Judith Giton

KatherinePrioleauChisolmColeman ..................................... Charleston, SC

Elie Prioleau and Jeanne Burgeaud

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

TRANSACTIONS No. 118

S. Devlin Curl ........................................................................... Florence, SC

Pierre Bacot and Jarquine Mercier

Eleanor McFarlane Cuttino ...................................................... Columbia, SC

Jeremie Cothonneau and Marie Billon

ThomasArmstrongCuttino ...................................................... Columbia, SC

Jeremie Cothonneau and Marie Billon

CurtisWilkinsonDu.Bose............................................................ Taylors, SC

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

Thomas Durward DuBose, Jr.......................................... Winston-Salem,NC

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

Harold Douglas Ford ..................................................... Stone Mountain, GA

Marie Sauvage

Carroll Eugene Garrison ......................................................... Warrenton, VA

Benjamin Simons and Mary Esther DuPre

Clary Clark Herman ............................................................... Lewisburg, PA

Isaac DuBosc and Susan Couillandeau

Lewis LeRoy Hill .................................................................... Savannah, GA

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

Sarah Alston Elizabeth Harden Hooker ........................................ Mobile, AL

Pierre Bacot and Jacquine Mercier

Barbara Clinkscales Huddle ................................................... New Bern, NC

Jean de Jarnette

Mary Dianne Legare Hufnagle ................................................... Elkridge, MD

Franrois Solomon L' Egare and Anne Lanrois

No. 118

Kathryn Schaller Richburg Kindred Charleston, SC

Claude Philippe de Richebourg and Anne Chastain

Joseph Charles Kresse .................................................... Redwood City, CA

Pierre Robert and Jeanne Bayer

Mary Barnwell Lawrence ..

Josias DuPre

Mt. Pleasant, SC

Robert Oliver Maguire ........................................................... Charleston, SC

Abraham Michaud and Ester Jaudon

Lawrence Edward Manry, Jr . .................................................. Columbus, GA

Anthoine Poitevin and Gabrielle Berou

SylviaLeighStarlingMarrs ......................................................... Temple, TX

Thomas Lenoir

Anna Elizabeth Marshall ........................................................... Rock Hill, SC

Antoine Bonneau and Catherine de Bloys

Margaret McCown Marshall .................................................... Rock Hill, SC

Antoine Bonneau and Catherine de Bloys

Katie DuBose Martin ................................................................... Purvis, MS

Isaac DuBosc & Susanne Couillandeau

ldaLucillePhillipsMassey ......................................................... Granite, OK

Benjamin Marion and Judith Baluet

Lewis Keith Macfarlane Taylor Maxey .......................... Sullivan's Island, SC

Jean Pierre Bondurant and Anne Faure

Barbara I. Miller Waynesboro, GA

Etienne Mounier and Marie --67

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF

MarshaMiller ..................................................................... Waynesboro, GA

Etienne Mounier and Marie

Katherine Diane Painter Morgan Moore, SC

Isaac DuBosc and Susanne Couillandeau

JefferyDavid Murrie ................................................................. Florence, SC

John Gasque

Alice Cheatham Parker .......................................................... Charleston, SC

Benjamin Simons & Mary Esther DuPre

Caroline Claiborne Parker ..................................................... Charleston, SC

Benjamin Simons & Mary Esther DuPre

Helen Claiborne Cabell Parker ............................................... Charleston, SC

Benjamin Simons & Mary Esther DuPre

ElizabethPennewill............................................................. Mt. Pleasant, SC

Isaac Porcher and Claude de Cherigny

EdwardB. Poiteventll ...................................................... New Orleans, LA

Antoine Poitevin and Gabrielle Berou

Heyward Ravenel Porcher .................................................. Edisto Island, SC

Isaac Porcher and Claude de Cherigny

Percival Ravenel Porcher ....................................................... Charleston, SC

Isaac Porcher and Claude de Cherigny

David Howard Posey ................................................................... Salem,AL

Anthoine Poitevin and Gabrielle Berou

BreelynNicole Richburg ........................................................ Charleston, SC

Claude Philippe de Richebourg and Anne Chastain

WtlliamEdwardRichburgll ................................................... Charleston, SC

Claude Philippe Richebourg and Anne Chastain

WtlliamEdwardRichburg, Sr ................................................. Charleston, SC

Claude Philippe de Richebourg and Anne Chastain

Linda Cliff Roberts ................................................................ Charleston, SC

Antoine Bonneau and Catherine de Bloys

Richard C Simons ................................................................... Osterville,MA

Benjamin Simons and Mary Esther DuPre

Richard Gregory Simpson ................................................ Pawleys Island, SC

Jean de Jarnette

William Shaw Simpson ill ...................................................... Charleston, SC

Jean de Jarnette

Marion Ellen Manry Stark ..................................................... Chapel Hill, NC

Antoine Poitevin and Gabrielle Berou

Nancy Anna Sinnett Tharpe ................................................. Mooresville, NC

Louis Mouzan and Elizabeth--

David Moore Thomas ............................................................. Savannah, GA

Benedict Bourquin & Jeanne Judith Chatelain

Caroline Joy Upshaw .................................................................. Raleigh, NC

Pierre Michel LeRoy and Marie Michel Lebrun

Mary Katherine Upshaw Raleigh, NC

Pierre Michel LeRoy and Marie Michel Lebrun

PaulAshleyWalden ............................................................... Alexandria,VA

Andre Rembert and Anne Bresson

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSACTIONS No. 118

Julie GaillardMiles Walters .................................................... Charleston, SC

Joachim Gaillard and Ester Paperel

CourtneyTimothyWhitney ............................................................ Huger, SC

Pierre Guerri and Jeanne Broussard

MINurEsOF THEA.NNuAL MEETING

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

APRIL 13, 2013

The 128th Annual Meeting of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina was held this day at four o'clock in the afternoonin the auditoriumof the Charleston Museum, 360 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina.

PresidentJohn E. Cuttino called the meeting to order and asked Chaplain Philip Porcher to offer the invocation as well as prayers for those members who died since our last AnnualMeeting. ReverendPorcherprayedfor God's continued presencewith, and blessingsupon, this Society,gave thanks for our new members and thanked God for the lives of deceased members.

In the absenceof TreasurerStuartDawson,Board Member Ford Menefee presented his statement to the membership. Mr. Dawson reported that 2012 had been a good year with total income of $162,701,includingendowmentsupportof $15,500. The importance of membership dues and contributionsto the financial health of the Society was strongly stressed as they provide 78% of our income. At year's end, 2012, the Endowment stood at $577,451, an increase of $53,583. Earlier this year, the Society received a $100,000 bequest from the estate of Jack Strang, held in a separate fund to be used for an annual Strang Lecture. We are now preparinga monthlybudget. This along with startingthe year with $22,000in our bank account should allow us to achieveour objectiveof balancedfinancesin the future. Our goal of financial health for 2013 remains the same as in 2012 and Mr. Dawson feels that the budget this year is realistic.

Mr. Palmer Gaillard,Chairmanof the ScholarshipCommittee,announced the 2012 recipient of the $1,000 Mary Mouzon UndergraduateScholarship,Jack Leland Largess, a student at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His paper will be published in Transactions. Mr. Gaillard, in Mr. Largess' absence, read excerpts from his thank-you letter to the Society. Mr. Gaillard went on to remind the membership that we are not obligated to offer the scholarship each year and reiterated the high academic standards required to win it.

Past PresidentDaniel Ravenel, Chairmanof the NominatingCommittee, presented the 2013 proposed slate of officers of the Society,remarking that Jack Huguley, Vice President of St. Johns Berkeley, had agreed to run for Treasurer upon StuartDawson's retirementthis year and John B. Williamsagreed to run for Vice Presidentin Mr. Huguley's former position. The followingwere nominated:

President, John E. Cuttino; First Vice President, Ford P. Menefee; Secretary, Helga W. Billings; Treasurer, John E. Huguley, Jr.; Chaplain, The Reverend Philip G Porcher; and the Vice Presidents: Orange Quarter, Dianne W. Ressinger; Goose Creek, Charlton deSaussure, Jr.; French Santee, Daniel Ravenel, M.D.; St. John's Berkeley, John B. Williams; New Bordeaux, Charles B. Upshaw, III; Pun:ysburg, J. Palmer Gaillard, III; and Charleston, Russell B. Guerard. There being no nominations from the floor, a motion to accept the slate as read was seconded and passed unanimously.

John E. Cuttino, President, after welcoming the members and guests to the meeting, asked everyone to reflect on the mission of our Society as set forth in our 1885 Constitution, as follows: to perpetuate memories, to foster and promote Huguenot principles and virtues, to commemorate meaningful events in Huguenot history, to discover, collect and preserve all documents relating to Huguenot genealogy both globally and specifically in South Carolina, to strengthen and expand our research library, and to cause to be prepared and read before us subjects of Huguenot history or genealogy. He informed the members that at year-end 2012, the Society had 1,655 members, which number was thirty fewer than at the end of 2011. Only 984 of our members, approximately 60%, live in South Carolina. He urged each member to encourage an eligible friend or family member to become part of the Society. A healthy membership number is vital to our success, financially, as well as with good ideas and energy. He was pleased to report that our financial health remained good. The 2012 Annual Fund, chaired by Palmer Gaillard, was a success, although the contributions realized during last year's Campaign were less than in prior years. However, we are grateful for so many made gifts. He said that even though we have an Endowment, the dues and contributions provide 78% of the money used for routine operating expenses. To insure the safety of our Endowment Funds, they are invested professionally and the Board works closely with our financial advisor, Park Dougherty, of Wells Fargo Advisors. Our objective remains to achieve conservative growth and income. Through the work of our Executive Director, Renee Marshall, we applied for and received a $10,000 operating fund grant from the Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust. We were fortunate to receive the grant for a second year running. In addition, we received a $1,000 grant from the Post and Courier Foundation here in Charleston which will be put toward the development and improvement of our new website, currently in development. This has been and remains a major undertaking and in 2012 we hired a local firm, Little Highrise, to design our site, which is well underway and should be operational later this year. We expect it to enhance our ability to 72

communicate not only with our present members but to attract new members and raise overall awareness of our Society. In conjunction with our mission to publicly commemorate principal events in Huguenot history, May 2012 was the 450 th anniversary of Jean Ribault's landing near Jacksonville, Florida, and his subsequent establishment of the Huguenot settlement at Charlesfort at Parris Island, South Carolina. On May 1, at the invitation of the City of Jacksonville and its Historical Society, Mr. Cuttino participated in a series of events which were part of the city's larger "French Week" celebration. Events began with the rededication of the Ribault Column at Fort Caroline, attended by the Consul Honoraire of France from Jacksonville, the Consul General of France from Miami, and direct descendants of Jean Ribault and Rene de Laudonniere, among others. A 23 rd generation descendant of Jean Ribault presented the City of Jacksonville with a gold coin from the year 1562 which had been passed down through those generations. Later Mr. Cuttino attended a tree planting in Huguenot Memorial Park and the unveiling of a newly restored mural entitled, "Ribault's Landing," inside the Jacksonville Library. Lastly, he spoke to 200 guests and delivered greetings from the Huguenot Society of South Carolina, telling them about the Society and our work. Later in the month of May, a commemoration service was held on Parris Island in honor of Ribault's landing there, made possible by the United States Marine Corps and :financiallysupported by several groups including the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. Special thanks go to Past President Robert Prioleau who helped organize the distinguished event. Memorial wreaths were presented by the sponsors of the event and a new poster was unveiled as part of the new National Historic Landmark series, "Defending our Cultural Heritage." The Reverend Philip C. Bryant of the French Protestant (Huguenot) Church of Charleston gave the benediction. On the home front Mr. Cuttino offered special recognition and thanks to our Executive Director Renee Marshall, our Archivist, Cheves Leland, and our Membership Registrar, Dot Huff, for their work on our behalf. He offered his personal thanks to outgoing Treasurer Stuart Dawson, who has served ably for the last three years. Mr.Dawson unfailingly provided us with wise counsel and guidance, tended to our finances as if they were his own, and is owed a deep debt of gratitude. His dedicated and tireless work has made and will continue to make a positive difference. Further, Mr. Cuttino noted with sadness the passing of Dr. J. Sanders Pike last year. Known to us as "Sandy," he was the husband of former Board member, Mary Upshaw Pike. Sandy was beloved by those who knew him, elected an "honorary" Huguenot, and along with Mary was devoted to the mission of our Society. For decades, he gave generously 73

TRANSACTIONS No. 118

of his time and resources to us and we are better because of that. He was a wonderful man, and we will miss him. Mr. Cuttino also noted the passing of our late member Mr. John P. "Jack" Strang of New York City. Jack passed away in 2012 and in his will be bequethed the Society the sum of $100,000 to be used to fund an annual lecture in his memory. We are grateful for his generosity. in part due to this generous bequest, there will be some changes to next year's Annual Meeting that include: a new time (Thursday afternoon/evening in April) and a new location (Founders Hall at Charles Towne Landing). Look forward to receiving more information from us on this point. The Annual French Service will be conducted at the Huguenot Church tomorrow at 10:30 am. We strongly encourage you to attend.

Board Member Charlton deSaussure, Jr. introduced our speaker, Palmer Clarkson Hamilton, a native of Alabama and a member of the Society since 2006. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1970 and Duke Law School in 1973. He is in private practice with Jones Walker where he serves as head of the Washington, DC office. However, it is not his impressive vocation, but his equally impressive avocation, that brings him to us today. Mr. Hamilton is the author of articles in Transactions about his family, having researched them thoroughly both in South Carolina and in France. As an historian and a Huguenot, he follows in the footsteps of his grandfather, John Gaillard Hamilton, an early member of the Huguenot Society, having joined in the 1890s, and of his great-great-great grandfather Thomas Gaillard, lawyer, planter and early historian of Huguenots in South Carolina. Today, the title of his lecture is: ''The Gaillard and Mazyck Families' Flight From France and Lessons Learned." Assuring us that we would thoroughly enjoy Mr. Hamilton's ability to personalize and bring to life those who came before us and whose virtues and principles we seek to perpetuate, he presented us Mr. Palmer Clarkson Hamilton. Mr. Hamilton's lecture was based on his articles "Escape from Annonay" published in Transactions 114, and "Paul and Isaac Mazyck: Laying a Foundation in the Midst of Turbulence" in Transactions 116.

President Cuttino offered thanks to Mr. Hamilton for his most enjoyable lecture, thanked everyone for coming and thanked the members for allowing him to serve them as President this past year. He invited everyone to a collation in the Museum on the main floor.

Reverend Porcher offered the Benediction and a motion to adjourn was seconded and passed unanimously.

Respectfully submitted,

PRFsmENT'sAoo~

ANNuALMEETING 2013

JOHN EDWARD CUITINO TRANSACTIONS No. 118

As your President and on behalf of the Board of Directors, I welcome you to the 128thAnnual Meeting of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. Before I report on the status of the Society and our activities oflast year, it is worthwhile to reflect upon the objects of our Society as set forth in our 1885 Constitution. Our purpose is as follows:

First, to perpetuate the memory and to foster and promote the principles and virtues of the Huguenots, Secondly, to publicly commemorate at stated times the principal events in the history of the Huguenots,

Thirdly, to discover, collect and preserve all existing documents, monuments, etc ...relating to the genealogy or history of the Huguenots in America in general, and of those of South Carolina in particular,

Fourthly, to gamer by degrees a library for the use of the Society, composed of all obtainablebooks, monographs, pamphlets, essays, etc ... on Huguenot history , genealogy and collateral subjects

Fifthly, to cause to be prepared and read before the society papers, essays, etc on Huguenot history, genealogy, and collateral subjects

As your President, it is my privilege to report on the state of the Society and some of our significant activities during 2012. At the end of 2012, the Society had 1655 members, which was 30 fewer than at the end of 2011. Interestingly, only 984 of our members, or approximately 60%, live in South Carolina. I take this opportunity to urge each of you to encourage an eligiblefriend or family member to become a member of our Society. A healthy membership number is vital to our success not only financially, but in the accumulation of the good ideas and energy that are required to sustain an organization like ours. Our staff will assist applicants for membership in every way possible.

The last several years have presented financial challenges to many

individuals, businesses, and organizations, but I am pleased to report that your Society's financial health remains good. Our 2012Annual Fund Campaign was chaired by board member Palmer Gaillard and was a success. Not surprisingly, the contributions realized during the 2012Annual Fund Campaign were a bit less than in prior years. Even so, we are grateful that so many of you made gifts, both large and small. While we do have an Endowment, the simple fact is that your dues and contributions provide the vast majority of the money we use for the routine operating expenses of the society.

As regards our Endowment, our Endowment funds remain strong and are invested professionally. The Investment Committee of the Board works closely with our professional financial advisor, Park Dougherty of Wells Fargo Advisors, to monitor the performance of our investments and make changes to our strategy when necessary. Our objective remains to achieve conservative growth and income so that we can, with prudent risk, continue to grow and generate funds to support ourprograms.

You may recall that through the work of our Executive Director, Renee Marshall, in 2011 we applied for and received an operating support grant of $10,000 from the Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust. I am delighted to report that we again applied for a grant in 2012 and were fortunate to again receive another $10,000 grant from the Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust. We are most grateful for this grant. In addition, we received a $1,000 grant from the Post and Courier Foundation here in Charleston which will be put toward the development and improvement of our Society's website which is currently in development.

A committee of Board Members and staff has been hard at work developing a new website for the Society. This is a major undertaking. In 2012, funds were raised for the project, and at the end of the year a local firm, Little Highrise, was hired to design the new website. Development of the new site is well under way and the site should be operational later this spring. The new website will greatly enhance our abilities to keep in touch with our members, and will increase overall awareness of the Society and its mission.

A major objective of our Society is to publicly commemorate principal events in the history of the Huguenots. May 2012 was the 450th anniversary of French naval officer and Huguenot Jean Ribault's landing in 1562 near the May River in Jacksonville, Florida and his subsequent establishment of the Huguenot settlement at Charlesfort at Parris Island, South Carolina. As your President, I represented the Society at several significant events in both Jacksonville, Florida and Panis Island in commemoration ofRibault's landing. On May 1, at the invitation

of the City of Jacksonville and the Jacksonville Historical Society, I participated in a series of events in Jacksonville which were part of its larger "French Week" celebration. Among those in attendance were the Consul Honoraire de France from Jacksonville, the Consul General de France from Miami, and direct descendants of Jean Ribault and Rene de Laudonniere.

Representing our Society, I attended the rededication of the Ribault Column at Fort Caroline, a property operated by the U.S. National Park Service. As part of the ceremony, a 23rd generation descendant of Jean Ribault presented the City of Jacksonville with a gold coin from the year 1562 which has been passed down through generations of Ribaults. I attended a luncheon at the Ribault Club, a tree planting in Huguenot Memorial Park, and the unveiling of a beautiful and newly restored mural entitled "Ribault's Landing'' inside the Jacksonville Library. Lastly

I attended the Jacksonville Historical Society's presentation of "Readings from Ribault' s Journals." As part of that event, I was introduced to the more than 200 guests in attendance, brought greetings from the Huguenot Society of South Carolina, and spoke about our Society and its work.

On Friday, May 25, 2012, a commemoration service was held on Parris Island, South Carolina in honor ofRibault's landing there. This outstanding service was made possible by the United States Marine Corps, and was financially supported by several other groups, including the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. Special thanks go to Immediate Past President Robert M. Prioleau who was the Society's liaison to the committee which organized this distinguished event. Memorial wreaths were presented by the sponsors of the event and the Rev. Philip C. Bryant, Pastor of the French Protestant (Huguenot) Church of Charleston gave the benediction.

2012 was successful for many reasons, and largely due to the excellent efforts of our Executive Director, Renee Marshall, our Archivist, Cheves Leland, and Membership Registrar, Dot Huff. We thank them all for their work on our behalf. I also would like to offer special recognition, and my personal thanks, to outgoing Treasurer, Stuart DawsonJ who has served us ably over the past three years. Being the treasurer of a non-profit organization in difficult financial times is no small task. Stuart unfailingly provided us with wise counsel and guidance, tended to our finances as if they were his own, and we owe him a deep debt of gratitude. His dedicated and tireless work has made, and will continue to make, a positive difference.

I would like to note the passing of Dr. J. Sanders Pike, husband oflong time board member Mary Upshaw Pike. Sandy was an honorary member and 77

deeply devoted to our Society.

Perhaps the most significant item of 2012, and certainly the most unexpected, was the receipt of a substantial financial bequest. Mr. John P. "Jack" Strang of New York City was a descendant of Huguenot refugees who settled in New Rochelle, New York. A professional photographer, film maker, and entrepreneur, he also founded an organization called ''Huguenot Heritage," to research and inform the public about the cultural, scientific,artistic, and technical contributions of the descendants of the Huguenots. Jack was a friend of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. He had periodic contact with us, and held us in high esteem. He passed away in 2012, and in his will bequeathed the sum of $100,000 to our Society "to be used to fund an annual lecture which shall be known as ''The Strang Lecture." We have received his bequest and will utilize it in accordance with his wishes.

In part, due to the generosity of Mr. Strang's bequest, and in part due to our own desire for improvement, there will be some changes to next year's Annual Meeting. Specifically, the board has decided to hold the 2014 Annual Meeting on a Thursday afternoon/evening in April. Additionally, we will be changing our location to Founders Hall at Charles Towne Landing. Look forward to receiving more information from us on that point.

As a reminder, the Annual French Service will be conducted tomorrow at the French Protestant Church on Church Street beginning at 10:30 am. This is always a marvelous experience for the Huguenots and I strongly encourage you to attend.

It has been a pleasure and a privilege to serve as your president this past year, and I look forward to next year. Thank you.

OPERATING INCOME AND EXPENSES

2013

Income

Contributions

Membership dues

Fees

Endowment Support

Net Rental Activity

Net Merchandise Activity

TOTAL INCOME Expenses

Payroll

Professional Fees

Transactions

Printing & Reproduction

Annual Meeting

Website Project

Insurance

Computer Expenses

Postage

Office Supplies

Utilities

Maintenance & Repairs

Other

Depreciation

Scholarship

Library

TOTAL EXPENSES

NET (deficit)

$47,362 58,275 6,998 16,550 11,340 3,646 $144,171 $89,243 5,169

7,799 14,494 2,380 3,221 2,780 8,094 3,337 2,495 8,018 1,000 488 $164,446 ($20,275)

ASSETS

BALANCE SHEET DECEMBER 31, 2013 Current Assets

Inventory of Merchandise Fixed Assets (after depreciation)

Endowment Accounts Total Assets LIABILITIESAND EQUITY

LIBRARY ACQUISTIONS 2013

Clark, Thomas Boyle, Sr. A Collection of Various Records Relating to the Family History of the Descendants of Thomas Boyle Clark, Sr. and Glady Tenhet Clark (The Red Book - CD). (Privately printed, Marion, SC, 1991.) Gift of Mary Joe Clark Ferguson.

Estebe, Philippe and Janine Garrisson. La Revocation de L' Edit de Nantes. (Editions "Le Phare," Belgium.) Gift of Tolly G Sheldon.

Guide to Research Materials in the North Carolina State Archives: County Records. Eleventh Revised Edition. (NC Department of Cultural Resources, Raleigh, 1997.) Gift of Renee La Hue Marshall.

History of the Huguenots. American Sunday School Union, Philadelphia, 1844). GiftofMrs. William McIntosh ill.

La Sainte Bible Qui Contient Le Vieux et Le Nouveau Testament, Expliquez des Notes de Theologie & de Critique fur la Verfion ordinaire des Eglifes Reformees, revue sur les Originaux, & retouchee dans le langage: Avec des Prefaces particulieres sur chacun des Livres de l'Ecriturefainte, & deux Prefaces generals fur l'Ancien &fur le Nouveau Teftament. Par David Martin, Pajteur de l'Eglife Walloone d'Utrecht. Porcher Family Bible. (Henry DesBordes, Pierre Mortier, Pierre Brunell, Amsterdam, MDCCVII. Gift of Percival Ravenel Porcher IV.

Le Dour, Olivier and Gregoire Le Clech. Les Huguenots Bretons enAmerique du Nord, Volumes 1 and 2. (Les Portes du large, Rennes, 2012 and 2013.) Watts Fund purchase.

Leland, Isabelle Gaud. Charleston, Crossroads of History. A Story of the South Carolina Low Country. (Windsor Publications, Woodland Hills, CA, 1980.) Gift of Caroline Taylor Leland.

Ligon, William D., Jr. The Ligon Family and Connections. (Bond Press, Hartford, CT, 1947.) Gift of John Denny Evans.

Miller, Earl C & May. De Jamette and Allied Families in America. CD. (Privately printed, California, 1954.)

Prioleau, Horry Frost, Jr. Prioleaus and Carolina History- IO Generations of Descendants of Rev. Elie Prioleau. (Lulu.com, Piedmont, CA, 2013.) Gift of the author.

Seguy, Pierre, alias Stein-Schneider, Herbert. Resistance - Memoirs of a French O.S.S. Operative 1939-1945. (Privately printed, 1991.) Gift of the author's family.

Simpson, William C., Jr. The Huguenot Trail - The Life and Descendants of The Reverend Claude Philippe de Richebourg and his wife Anne Chastain, Volumes One and Two. (Southern Heritage Press, New York, 2008.) Gift of William Edward Richburg, Sr.

1685 SOCIETY

as of year end 2013

George SmithAdams

Lisa Jones Atkins

HelgaWrennLeRoy Billings

George June Boan

John Edward Cuttino

Eugene Patrick Corrigan III

Mary E.S. Hanahan

Charles Owen Johnson

Harriott Cheves Leland

Renee LaHue Marshall

WtlliamAllenMarshall

Arthur M. Mazyck

Louisa M. Montgomery

CharlesE. Montgomery

Scott L. Peeler, Jr.

Mary ElizabethUpshaw Pike

Patricia Green Prioleau

Robert Means Prioleau

DanielRavenel

I. Mayo Read

Judith C. Rembert

May Hall PinckneySandlin

GeorgiaTollyGilmerShelton

CONTRIBUTIONS 2013

No. 118 and also through the ExxonMobil Foundation

Fleur de Lys $10,000+

The Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust

Normandy $1,000-$4,999

David Maybank, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. William McGowan Matthew

Mary Upshaw Pike

The Post and Courier Foundation

Robert M. Prioleau

Ile de France $500-$999

Ladson Ad ville Barnes, Jr.

Helga Wrenn Billings in memory of David E. Billings, M.D.

E. Patrick Corrigan ill

Mrs. Roger P. Hanahan

Charles E. Hubbard

MildredD. Kitchell

Daniel Ravenel

May Hall PinckneySandlininmemoryojberhusband Col. David W. Sandlin,USAF

John B. Williams in memory ojEmma B. Williams

Poitou $200-$499

Lisa Jones Atkins in memory of Josephine Jones

Joseph Peyton Bailey ill

Joseph Peyton Bailey N

Margaret Mac Kinnon Bailey

Hodges Bell in memory ofRaymond Bell, Jr.

John C. Blackman

Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Braun

Bradley Charles Campbell in memory ofTheodore Verdity and in honor of Charles Edgar Campbell

Diane Copeland

John E. Cuttino in memory ofRev. Dr. Thomas E. Cuttino

Betty-Ann Darby

Charlton deSaussure, Jr.

John Denny Evans in memory a/Elizabeth Gamble Webber

Peter G. Gourdin in honor ofDr. & Mrs. Theodore Gaillard Gourdin

Elizabeth Ravenel Harrigan in memory of Arthur Ravenel, Sr.

Don W. Haskins

John E. Huguley, Jr.

Lenora S. Kessler

William Turner Legare

Mollie M. Lunsford in memory ofMarie Harvin McDuffie

Allison Hanna McCarthy

Jessie Louise Oliver Osten in memory of Gordon Howard Oliver

Sarah D. Pope

Daniel Ravenel, MD

Stephen De Veaux Ravenel in memory of Stephen De Veaux Ravenel ID

Judith C. Rembert in honor of Joseph C. Greenfield, Jr. M.D.

Henry M. Richbourg

Thomasine H. Rogas

Dr. & Mrs. Hudson C. Rogers

Maurice H. Rogers in memory ofEdna Rogers Fain

Virginia Hurtes Rouse

Tolly Gilmer Shelton in memory a/Georgia Lee Muldrow Gilmer and Lois Thompson Doscher

James M. Simons

Richard Bacot Stall

Charles Bell Upshaw ID

John C. von Lehe, Jr.

Walter B. Wall, Jr.

Col. Robert E. Welch, USAF (Ret.) in memory of Cecilia Royall Welch

Robert M. Wilcox, Sr.

Elizabeth M. Guerard Wright in memory a/Theodore B. Guerard

Dauphine $100-$199

George Smith Adams in honor a/Thomas Peter Smith

William G.Albergotti III

Frances Sparkman Satterlee Alexander

Fitz Allison

Dorothy M. Anderson in honor of Marion Cato

Henry Parrott Bacot, Jr. in memory ofLt. Henry Parrott Bacot, Sr., USAAC

Mr. & Mrs. N. I. Ball III

Carroll Ball

Richard Fishburne Barnhardt in memory ofMabel Fishburne Barnhardt

Mrs. Henry E. Barton

William Reick Bates, Jr.

Paul Gervais Bell, Jr.

Ann Boardman in honor of Clayton Boardman, III

C. B. Branan III

C. Vincent Brown in memory of Catherine Vincent Brown

S. Lindsey Butler

Marion Rivers Cato

Anne M. Clardy in honor ofThe Rev. Dr. & Mrs. Robert E. H. Peeples

Barbara Pringle Claypoole in memory of Dr. Robert A. Pringle, Sr.

Capt. John R. Condon in memory ofFrances DuTart Condon

Corrigan & Chandler

Audry E. Coulliette

Gladys Gamble Cousar in memory ofElizabeth Gamble Webber

Mary M. Crawford

Joseph R.Cross, Jr. in memory ofJ. Russell and Julia Rogers Cross

Edward E. Cuttino

Martha, Jim, & Rick Davis in memory ofMarie Harvin McDuffie

Patrick Demere

Dr. William Perry DuBose III in memory of Capt. Peter DuBose 1778

Elisabeth F. Ervin

James Edwards Fayssoux

Wiley S. Flannigan, Jr.

Laurens W. Floyd, Jr.

Henley F. Gabeau

George S. Gaillard III in honor ofWilliam E. Gaillard

Stephen F. Gates

Gail C. Gibson

Edward Freer Girardeau

Nicholas W. Glover

Capt. George S. Grove, USN (Ret.)

Russell Bogert Guerard

Herbert Bailey Guerry

Mark D. Guerry

Harry J. Halley in memory ofRuth B. Thomas & Mary B. Halley

Dale F. Halton

Margaret S. Hamner

William Kent & Caroline Prioleau Haydock

Elizabeth W. Henry

Lewis LeRoy Hill

Pringle Claypoole Jackson

C. Owen Johnson in memory ofLaura Owen Johnson

Llewellyn H. Kassebaum

MayrantAlexander Lojewski

Dolores H. Manning

Lucille P. Massey in honor ofBrad Campbell

Dr. Arthur Mazyck

Dr. W. Legare McIntosh, Jr. in memory ofMr. & Mrs. W. Legare McIntosh, Sr.

Cathy and Bern Mebane

Benjamin Allston Moore, Jr.

Edward R. Moore

Willard H. Nettles, Jr.

Mabel B. Pace

Felix C. Pelzer

Mr. & Mrs. Joel P. Porcher

Margaret D. Porcher

Philip G Porcher

Horry Frost Prioleau, Jr.

Arthur Ravenel, Jr.

Paul Rembert

Lanning Parsons Rischer

Lynn Horres Rogers

Diana E. Rosen

Wade H. Sherard III

William Pressley Steele, Jr. in memory ofWilliam Pressley Steele, Sr.

Harriette S. Stogner

Constance M. Thompson

Thomas S. Tisdale

John Huger Tison 87

Robert W. Trezevant

Robert S. Troth

SeanD. Tyler

Raymond F. Willeford in memory ofMuriel H. Willeford

Andrew Douglas Wright

Nos Amis $1-$99

George Smith Adams

Sybil S. Aronson in honor ofDaniel Trezevant

Natalie Salter Baggett

Mary and Ivan Barineau

Pamela R. Baugh in honor of Cora Fletcher

Mary W. Beaty in memory ofEmma B. Williams

Helga Wrenn Billings in memory ofDaniel Francis Dougherty, Jr.

Helga Wrenn Billings in memory ofKatherine Moore McMurray Wilcox

Helga Wrenn Billings in memory ofMargaret Hemminger Brice

James Benjamin Black III

Thomas W. Black

Anne M. Blanton

Alexis W. Bomar

Rev. Dr. Stephen B. Bondurant

Walter M. Bonner, Jr.

Julian V.Brandt III

Dr. Steve & Rev. Cynthia Brasington

Mr. & Mrs. James D. Brice in memory ofDan Dougherty and in honor of Paula Wrenn Dougherty

Elizabeth M. Britton

Dr. & Mrs. James H. Brunson, Jr. in memory ofElizabeth Black Capers

Susan Klavohn Bryant

David Williams Burgher

MichaelD. Cannon

Mr.& Mrs. John A. Chalmers in memory ofBlanche Ellen Darr Smith

Esther B. Cleveland

Dr. J. Robert Cockrell in memory ofEugenia Cleo Wescoat Sandlin

Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Coen

W. Riley Covin

Michael F. Creamer

88

C. Stuart Dawson, Jr.

Martha Langford Derrick

Maeve Dilley-Barbaglia

William Albert Dotterer, Jr.

Elizabeth Simons Dovell in memory ofBetty-Ann Darby

Thomas Marion Dozier, Jr.

Carroll J. Dubose

Charles Wills DuBose

Diane Easter DuBose in memory of Charles Wills DuBose

Daniel T. DuBose, III

Edward M. DuBose

Mrs. John E. Duvall in memory of John Emack Duvall

Dr. & Mrs. Frederick R. Faust in memory ofMarie Harvin McDuffie

Ernestine Cannon Fellers in memory ofEdwin McDonald Mikell

Joanna Feltovich

Nell B. Ferguson

Archibald Campbell Fetner III

Robert P. Fishburne, Jr. in memory ofL' Artigue G. Fishburne

John and Eleanor Simons Flowers in memory ofThomas Oregon Lawton, Jr.

Linda B. Foster

Louis B. Frye

Lynn Fitch Furgurson

J. Palmer Gaillard III

Thomas W. Gaillard

Mr. and Mrs. Gordon H. Garrett

Mrs. Anne Porcher Chalmers Goforth in memory ofBlanche Ellen Darr Smith

Barbara and David Graves in memory ofMarie Harvin McDuffie

Janet Porcher Gregg in memory ofMr. P. Porcher Gregg, Jr.

W. LeGrand Guerry in honor ofRobert Todd Guerry

Sarah Leland Bridges Hales in memory of J arnes Leland Bridges

Henry H. Harn, Jr.

Waring Mikell Hazlehurst

Margaret B. Hill

W. Edward Hooker III

John W. Horlbeck

Ozey and Sarah Horton in memory ofMrs. Blanche Ellen Darr Smith

Marie McKnight Huber in memory ofMary Elam Kimsey Rudy

Margaret Bentley Huger in memory of Alfred Huger

Jack and Betty Huss in memory ofMarie Harvin McDuffie

Michael J. Hutson

John W. Jenrette, Jr.

Beverly Stoney Johnson in memory ofher DuBose, Middleton & Stoney family

HarriottM. Johnson

Mary B. Kessler

Richard and Beverly LaHue

John R. Langley, M.D.

Dr. Jane L. LaRoche in memory of John Alt

Sarah Parrott Lathrop

Daniel 0. Legare

Daniel D. LeLong

Henrietta M. Lowndes

Jason Scott Luck

WilliamP.Lunger

Mary WilliamsonMacmillan

Dr. Warren H. Marrow in memory ofElizabeth T. Marrow

John & Jodie McDougall in memory ofMarie Harvin McDuffie

Sarah Ellis McKay

DavidB. Meseroll, Jr.

Ned & Louisa Montgomery in honor of our Huguenot Ancestors

Thelma L. Muckenfuss in memory of Myrtle T. Gatch

DeRossett Myers, Jr.

George G. L. Palmer

Verner & Renata Pike

Alfred Gaillard Pinckney

Catherine T. Porter

Mary Jane Quattlebaum

Lt. Col. Charles W. Rians III (Ret.)

William Shepard Rose, Jr.

Brenda C. Rush

Jane Craver Schenck in memory of William E. Craver and in honor of Jane M. Craver

Lawton Webber Scott in memory ofElizabeth Gamble Webber

Jasper Monroe Smith

Linda Dayhoff Smith in honor ofDoris Legare Dayhoff

90

TRANSACTIONS No. 118

Richard N. Smith

Harriet M. Smoak

Mrs. Henry D. Southerland, Jr.

Mary Jo Spence in memory of Joseph Haynsworth Darr

Marianne S. Stein in memory ofElla Heyward Palmer

SarahRice SandlinStenderin memory ofhermother Eugenia CleoWescoatSandlin

Nancy Stockton in memory of John Porteous De Veaux

Anne R. Swanson

Nettie H. 0. Sweet

Susanne Hughes Trainer

Charles B. Upshaw, IV in memory ofDr. J. Sanders Pike

HarrietM.Walker

Bradish J. Waring

R. Patten Watson III

Barry G.Webster

Allison and Jo Williams in honor a/Elizabeth Henry

George Franklin Williams

Patricia Maxcy Wilson

Richard T. Wright in honor a/David Maybank, Jr.

Harriet T. Yarbrough in memory ofHarriet Dwight Travers Roberts

Thomas E. Young

MARY MOUZON DARBY (UNDERGRADUATE) SCHOLARSHIP

The Mary Mouzon Darby Scholarship was established by Miss BettyAnn Darby in honor of her mother Mary Mouzon Darby. This $1,000 undergraduate scholarship is awarded annually to a descendant of a French Protestant. Complete guidelines for the Mary Mouzon Darby Scholarship can be obtained from the Huguenot Society of South Carolina, 138 Logan Street, Charleston, SC 29401 (843 723-3235) or from the website at www.huguenotsociety.org on-line. The deadline for scholarship applications is 31 December of each year.

ELIZABETH TIMOTHY

Jack Leland Largess 1

As a Christmas gift last year, my aunt completed the research and paperwork necessary for me to become a member of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. My application lists my membership by right of descent from a cooper named Antoine Bonneau and his wife Catherine Du Bloys, who sailed to South Carolina from France (via England) in 1685. My maternal grandfather was their descendant. After applying, I continued to read more about my Huguenot heritage and discovered that I have other Huguenot ancestors through both my maternal grandfather and my maternal grandmother. One of my grandmother's ancestors especially intrigued me. She was Elizabeth Timothy, the first woman to edit and publish a newspaper in America. It seems that that side of my family may have inherited not only her religious heritage, but also her love of the written word. My mother is a well-known journalist, as was her mother.

Elizabeth Timothee (asher name was originally spelled in French) and her husband Louis and their four young children (ages one to six) were among hundreds of French Protestants who fled to the New World because of religious persecution. I was surprised to learn that even the name their opponents called them - Huguenots - was in those days a term of derision by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1731, the Timothee family immigrated to Philadelphia, where Louis Timothee offered himself as a French tutor "to young gentlemen or ladies" in an advertisement in the PennsylvaniaGazette. The editor of the newspaper was none other than Benjamin

' Jack Leland Largess is presently a student at The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Franklin. The two men became acquainted and Franklin was impressed with the new immigrant who was fluent in French, German, English and Dutch. Franklin offered Timothee a job as editor of a new German-language newspaper, Philadelphische 'Zeitung, the first American newspaper printed in German. Though the newspaper was unsuccessful and folded after only two issues, Timothee continued to work for Franklin in the printing business and as librarian of the Philadelphia Library Company. Eventually, Franklin persuaded him to take over a newly-established newspaper in the port city of Charles Town in the colony of South Carolina. The two men signed a six-year agreement: Timothee would edit the South-Carolina Gazette and Franklin would get one-third of the profits.

Timothee moved to Charles Town in 1733. As editor of the Gazette, he reprinted stories from British newspapers and published news of the colonies. In the first few issues of the newspaper, his name as publisher and editor was listed as Louis Timothee, but eventually, as he and his family sought to acclimate within their new society, he changed his name to the Anglicized spelling of Lewis Timothy. The newspaper flourished under his leadership, but it was with the accompanying printing business that Timothee would make his family's fortune.

However, in 1738, after only five years as publisher, Lewis Timothy died of ''an unhappy accident.'' Under the terms of his agreement with Benjamin Franklin, Timothy's 13-year-old son, Peter, was to take over. Since he was still an apprentice learning the trade, Elizabeth Timothy instead assumed control of the newspaper.

"I take this Opportunity of informing the Publick, that I shall continue the said Paper as usual; and hope ... to make it as entertaining and correct as may be reasonably expected," she wrote in her first issue as editor, dated 4 January 1739.

"Wherefore I flatter myself, that all those Persons, who, by Subscription or otherwise, assisted my late Husband, on the Prosecution of the said Undertaking, will be kindly pleased to continue their Favors and good offices to his poor afflicted Widow and six small Children and another hourly expected .... "

Though the publisher was listed as Peter Timothy, Elizabeth Timothy is considered America's first female newspaper editor and publisher. Not only that, she turned out to be a much more savvy business person than her husband. During Lewis Timothy's term as editor and publisher, Benjamin Franklin never received any account of how the businesses were doing, other than his third of the profits.

Of Elizabeth Timothy, Franklin wrote in his autobiography, that she "manag' d the business with such success that she not only brought up reputably a family of children, but at the expiration of the term was able to purchase of me the printing house and establish her son in it." In addition to the newspaper, she was official

No. 118

printer to the colony until her son turned 21 in 1746 and took control of all the operations. In another remarkable tum-about, when Peter Timothy died in 1782, his widow took over the South-Carolina Gazette until their son BenjaminFranklin Timothycame of age.

AlthoughPeterTimothyis consideredone of the most prominentjournalists in the eighteenth-centurySouth, I find his mother's role as editor and publisher for eight years far more remarkable, given the times. Her role was finally recognized when ElizabethTimothywas inductedinto South CarolinaPress AssociationHall of Fame in 1973 and a plaque in her honor now hangs on Queen Street near East Bay Street in Charleston.

ElizabethTimothy's love of writing appearsto have passed down through the generations.My maternalgrandmother,IsabellaMiddletonGaud Leland,wrote articles for the Charleston News and Courier and the Charleston Evening Post. She was also the author of a history of Charleston, Charleston: Crossroads of History, in which she wrote, "To the forty-fiveFrench Huguenots who arrived in 1680 aboard the Richmond, suffering in a New World was far preferable to the 'hot persecution time' at home." My grandmother's description of those early Huguenots could just as easily have been written about Elizabeth Timothy: "a valuableadditionto the young colony."My mother,alsonamedElizabeth,followed my grandmother'sand ElizabethTimothy'sexample,becomingan award-winning journalist and author in Charlotte, North Carolina, where I was born. I, too, love to write. Though I hope to get a degree in college in Environmental Science and Engineering,I plan to minor in creativewriting.

THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

GRADUATE SCHOLARSHIP

The Huguenot Society of South Carolinaoffers a scholarshipto a student working toward a graduate degree in history. The winning submission will be published in Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina, and the author will be awarded $1,000.00.

The essay must be a work of scholarship on a Huguenot topic. It may examineany aspectof thereligious,political,economic,social,or intellectualhistory of the French or Walloon Protestants from the sixteenth century to the present. The essay may deal with any appropriate geographical area.

The essaymustfollowspecificguidelinesprovidedby the Societyregarding length,format,documentation,and footnotes. Text shouldnot exceed twenty-five double-spaced, typed pages, excluding footnotes and illustrations. Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition is to be used as a guide for writing the essay.

The essay must be original and never before published. It can, however, be a paper prepared as part of a graduate course requirement.

All essays must be submitted no later than December 31st. The winner willbe announcedat the Society'sAnnualMeetingthe followingApril. Scholarships will be awarded according to the decision of the judges and may not be awarded every year.

PleasecontactThe HuguenotSocietyof SouthCarolina,138Logan Street, Charleston, SC 29401-1941 for additional information.

BOOK REVIEWS

Jane McKee and Randolph Vigne, Editors. The Huguenots - France, Exile and Diaspora. Sussex Academic Press. Bright-Portland-Toronto,2013. 255 pages.

This collection of articles was written, with one exception, for the Fifth International Huguenot Congress 2010, held at the University of Ulster, Derry/ Londonderry,Ireland, 2-5 Sept 2010. The essays provide interestingnew insights in to the life of French Protestants in France prior to 1685, their escape from persecution and search for new homes, and the problems, trials, successes which theyunderwent,as wellas theircontributionsto theirnewcommunities.Unfortunately for descendantsof Huguenots who escaped to the New World,none of the articles deals with that part of the diaspora,except peripherally,but there is still a wealth of informationto be gleaned for scholars and family historiansalike. [It is hoped that scholars both here and elsewhere will accept this challenge to present papers at future conferences and share the experiences of those immigrant ancestors who voyaged across the ocean.]

The essayswhichformPart L France of thisvolumeincludegeneralaccounts of resistance and reaction to persecution in France, as well as the stories of three familieswho escapedpersecution.The essayby ChristinaL. Griffithsdealswith the ideaof Christianunityas discussedand outlinedby PhilippeCanaye,Sieurde Fresnes, a convert to French Protestantantism, who lived in Constantinople in 1572. He criticizedboth Catholicsand Huguenotsfor a lack of confessionaltoleration.After becoming part of the retinue of Henri of Navarre (Henri IV of France), Canaye questioned,"Whethercivil war is a suitablemeans to reunitethe commonwealthin one holy Catholicreligion,or not." He concludedthat,"it followsthat civilwar is not suitableto bring about such a reunion ... One will have to count on God only, and not on humans." (p.39) Canaye reconverted to Catholicism in 1600 and died in 1610.

VivienCostellotells the storyof the familyof PierreLavie which arrivedin Irelandc. 1620and then of his son Henri who was born in Londonderryand became a merchant in Bordeaux. This article not only details the life of this one Huguenot refugeefamily,it alsoprovidesinsightsaboutthe situationfacedby many Protestant familiesin France. AlthoughLavie appearsto have had no connectionwith the New World,his situationin Bordeauxwas no doubt similarto familiessuch as that of Jean Boyd who also lived in Bordeaux and who was able to get at least four of his

childrento the safetyof England,before three came to Carolinain 1686. They then re-crossedthe Atlanticto Irelandwhere they could well have become reacquainted withHenriLavieand his family.

Part II, Exile examines the problems French Protestant refugees faced in leaving France, as well as those they encounteredin their chosen places of refuge. The essaysrange from escapeimmediatelyfollowingthe Revocationof the Edict of Nantes to hostilitytowardsthe CarnisardProphets who arrivedin England in 1706 to the difficultiesfacedby Catholicpriestswho had convertedto Protestantism.It is interestingto notethatthe hostilityshownthislattergroupin Englandwas mirroredat timesin the reactionsof the Frenchcongregationsin SouthCarolinato ministerssent to them by the Societyfor the Propagationof the Gospel- the congregationsseveral times insistedthat they did not want "Papish converts."

The thirdsection,Part Ill Diaspora, examinesthe lifeof Huguenotrefugees and their descendantsfrom the late 1600sto the nineteenthcentury. The networks, both of families and business relations,which they had been establishedin France were maintained and often strengthenedduring the Diaspora. Despite becoming "fullyintegratedinto theirnew environments.... they retainedan awarenessof their Huguenot identity,nurturedby narrativescelebratingthose who sufferedfor their faith,whichhas provedverydurable,evenintothe twenty-firstcentury."(p.3) Essays in this sectionrange from contributionsmade by Huguenotimmigrantsin Ireland, England,Germany,Prussia and SouthAfrica. Of particularinterestin the essay by CormacChesserwhichanalysesthe writtenaccountsof threefamilieswho settledin England and Ireland, the Duroures,the Dabsacs and the Arabins.

One quotationfrom the accountof HenryArabin,writtenin 1834,recounts the veryhard situationin whichfamiliesoftenfoundthemselveswhen somemembers chose to flee France and others either chose or had to remain. According to the account,the sister,who conformedto the CatholicReligion,and then refusedto help her brother when he was imprisoned,"sent word to him that he was a heretic,and if he was in Hell, and a drop of water from her finger could cool his mouth, she would refuse it." (p.211) Stories like this one often make twenty-first century readers uncomfortable,but sometimeswe need to be reminded of why we, descendantsof Huguenotrefugees,live where we do and why we have the freedom to worship,or not, as we chose.

This book offers insights into a variety of aspects of the lives of French Protestantfamilies,as well as providingthought-provokingtopicsfor ruminationor discussionon severallevels. It is availablefrom amazon.com.

CALLFOR PAPERS

The Huguenot Society of South Carolina publishes Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. The publication focuses on both Huguenot history and Huguenot genealogy.

Contributions to Transactions are encouraged. Articles, including genealogies, should be sumbitted by December 31 to be considered for publication the following year. All submissions must include footnotes and other necessary documentation and permission to publish when needed. Titles of works cited in the articles and notes should be typed in italics.

Please send a hard copy of the final draft and include a copy on CD in a Microsoft Word 2003 (or higher) format.

The editorial staff reserves the right to edit all submissions for spelling, punctuation, grammar and style. The editing will be based on the standards set forth in the Chicago Manual of Style, 16 th Edition.

Please address relevant correspondence to Transactions, The Huguenot Society of South Carolina, 138 Logan Street, Charleston, SC 29401-1941. You may also contact the Society using director@huguenotsociety.org.

Huguenot Society of South Carolina 138 Logan Street Charleston, South Carolina 29401-1941 (843) 723-3235

www.huguenotsociety.org

Renee LaHue Marshall, Executive Director, director@huguenotsociety.org

Harriott Cheves Leland, Archivist, archivist@huguenotsociety.org

A

Acadia 16, 23, 26

Allaire, Alexander 15

Alexander, Jr. 15

Andrew 15

Family 5

Henrietta 15

Peter 15

Allaire of New Rochelle, N. Y. 10

Alleurs en Saintonge, France 54

Amsterdam 39

Angouleme, France 31, 32, 33

Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 27

Anseme, France 54

Ardouin,

Daniel 61

Magdelaine 61

Marie 61

Ariege, France 42

Arrine,Anne 55

Ars, France 35, 36, 38

Arvert, France 57, 59

Ashford, Kent, England 6

Aulnay, France 33

Aunis Province, France 31, 52

Austin, George 18, 19

Ayraud, Pierre 49

Ayrault, Charlotte 49

Ayrault, Etienne 49

Aytre, France 52

INDEX

B

Ball, Eliza 19

Henry 19

Baner, Abraham 10

Barbados 24

Barbaria, Catherine Allaire 15

Basse, Jeremiah 12

Basset, David 24, 26

Bates,

Addie 29

Susan Baldwin 28

Beaussais, France 41

Beesley, Maurice 2

Belin,

Allard 47, 49, 51

Family 50

Jacques 47, 49, 51

Marie 51

Simon 51

Ozee 51

Belliveau, Charles 27

Bene, Robert 35

Benoit,

Jacques 39

Jean 39

Berchaud Family 49

Berchaud, Elie 47

Jeanne 47, 61

Bertomeau, Elizabet 38

Jacques 38

Sara 38, 39

Bertrand, Pierre 38

Bible and Tract Societies 20

Billebaud,

Jeanne 55

Daniele 40

Billon, Marye 47, 48

Bisset, Anne 55

Catherine 55

Eli 55

Brouage 56

Broughton 53

Broussard, Jeanne 42

Bruneau, Arnaud 35-37, 47, 50

family 34

Henri 47

Paul 47

Budd, James 2

Buretel 49

Buretel, Charles 47

Elisabeth 49

Pierre 47

Burgaud, Madelaine 47

Burgeaud, Jeanne 33, 38, 60

Burlington, NJ 3, 5, 12

Burlington, West Jersey 2, 11

Butler, Peter 23

C

Caillabeuf, Isaac 38, 43

Louis 43

Cap Sable, Nova Scotia 24

Cape Island, NJ 2, 5, 13

Cape May County, NJ 2

Cape May, NJ 1-4, 6-10, 12-14

Cardinal Richelieu 22

Carman,

Caleb 12

Elizabeth 12

Centre de Genealogie Protestante 43

Centre Jean Riverre 41, 61

Cercle Genealogique de Deux-Sevres 40

Cevennes Mountains, France 42

Chalais, France 60

Chardon, Magdelaine 40

Charente River, France 54, 55

Charente-Maritime region 45

Charuyer, Marie 43

Chastaigner 50

Chastaigner,

Alexandre Thesee 40, 47, 52

Auguste 53

family 53

Hector Frarn;ois 52

Henri Auguste 28, 40, 47, 52

Jean Hubert 52

Jeanne 47, 52

Roche 47, 52

Chateau de Cherveux, France 44

Chateau de Cramahe, France 40, 50, 52-53

Chateau of La Chaboissiere 50

Chatelaillon-Plage, France 53

Cherveux, France 44

Chester, PA 11

Chevalier, Jean 55

Chevallier, Marie 38

Chintrier, Antoine 50

100

Elisabeth 47, 50, 51

Family 50

Isaac 50

Jacques 50

Jean 50

Marie 50

Suzanne 50

Circular Congregational Church 19, 20

CistercianAbbey, Ile-de-Re, France 34

Cognac, France 60

Cohanzy, NJ 12

Coleman,Anne 38

Colineau, Mathieu 60

Collin, Jean 38

Pierre 38

Comeau, Marguerite 27

Comingtee Plantation 19

Constantine, Daniel 38

Corderie Royale, France 54

Cothonneau, Elie 48

family 48

Germain 4 7, 48

Guillaume 48, 49

Jacques 48

Jeanne 48, 49

Jeremie 38, 47, 48

Marie 48

Pierre 47

Cottineau 49

Coucier, Marie 39

Couillandeau, Pierre 59

Susanne 59

Count de Rochambeau 54

Cour9on, France 40

Coursier, Anne 38

Jehan 38

Marie 38

Coxe, Daniel 1, 3, 5, 11, 12

Cramahe, France 40

Cresse, Arthur, Sr. 14

Cresse, John 14

Cromwell, Oliver 23

Crowell, Josiah 14

Crowell, Samuel 13

Cucino, Leslie Forrest 5

DDeBloys, Catherine 47, 92

De La Tour, Franc;ois 54

De La Verdure, see also Laverdure

De La Verdure, Charles 22-24

Jean 22

Marie 26

Marie Dugas 23

Pierre 22-25, 27

Priscilla 23

Dempure, Judith 22

Deportation 27

Desserx, Pierre 55

Deux-Sevres Department, France 42, 43

Dieppe, France 56

Donahoo, Daniell 10

Dordogne Department, France 30, 42

Dorwart, Jeffrey 3

101

Dover,NH 24

Du Bose, Marie 54

Du Gua de Monts, Pierre 16

Dunot, Frarn;oise 55

Dupon,Anne 33

DuPre, Josias 38

Durouzeau, Daniel 33

E

EastJersey 4

Edict of Nantes 22

Eldredge, Ezekiel 3, 13

Endeavour 24

Erault, Pierre 48, 49

F

Faial Island, Azores 24

Faneuil, Suzanne 47

Fanton,

Elisabeth 38

Rachel 38, 43

Faucheraud, Anne 56

Charles 54, 56

Elisabeth 56

Gideon 56

Marie 56

Sara 54, 55

Ferment, Anne 45

Flanders 48

Fort de la Pree, France 34, 37

Fougeraut, Marie 59

France, Alamazett 38

Arnaud 38, 49

Arnold 38, 49

Paul 38, 49

Franklin, Benjamin 7, 92, 93

French Santee, SC 50, 52

Frignac, France 60

Frizelle, Suzanne 19

Fruschard, Judith 43

G

Gaellaert, Magdalen 45

Pierre 45

Gaillard, Pierre 44, 45, 59

Galette Charentaise 59

Garnier, Anne 38

Daniel 38

Elisabeth 38

Etienne 38

Margueritte 38

Rachel 38

Sara 38

Gast, Leonore 60

Gautrot, Jeanne 17

Gemosac, France 51

Gendron, David 40

Jean 40

Philippe 40

Gignilliat,Jean Fran~ois 28

Gildersleeve, Benjamin 20

Basil Lanneau 20

Gimosac/Gimozac, France 61

Girardeau, Anne 50

Jean 60

Pierre 60

Girrard, Pierre 43

Gobard,Anne 55

102

Gobard, Catherine 55

Goddefroy,

Benjamin 2, 11, 14

Brothers 5

Cesar 10, 15

Godfrey, Andrew 2, 4-11

Anne 11

Baptist 7

Benjamin 3, 6, 7, 8, 13

Catherine 7

Elizabeth 11

John 7

Phillip 7, 11

Rachel 11

Rebecca 11

Shamgar 6

Edmund Berry (Sir) 7, 13

Tabitha 11

Thomas 3, 6-8

Thomas, Jr. 8

Godfrey Parchment 5-8

Godfray,

Andrew 7

Benjamin 1-15

Cesar 3-9, 11, 14, 15

Peter (Pierre) 9

Gourvin, Marguerite 4 7

Gouveia, William Francis 22

Grand Deportation, Acadia 26

Grand Pre, Nova Scotia 17

Grandes Forges du Roi, France 54

Granger, Marie 17

Grasset, Esther 18

Graton,

Ester 49

Judith 48, 49

Gravesend, England 1, 11

Graveyard 41, 42, 56

Great Egg Harbor River, NJ 11

Greene Creek, NJ 13

Guerin,

Fran~ois 55

Mathurin 55

Pierre 55, 56

Guerri, Pierre 42

Guignard, Anne 57

Gabriel 56

Guillaudeau, Jacques 48

Guillan family 57

Guise family 29

Guyon, Jacques 48

H Hand, Abraham 14

James P. 1

John 6

Stephen 6

Thomas 2, 12

Harleston Green 19

Hariette, d' 49

Benjamin, d' 40, 47

Heavener, Dianna 5

Heraud, Jean 56

Hofmeister, Liz 29

Holland 41

Hopson 17

Horry, Daniel 38

Houldin, Joseph 14

Huger, Daniel 47

Marguerite 47

Hugla, Susanne 61

Huguenot Synod at Rouen 18

IIle d'Oleron 31, 56, 57

Ile Madame 56

Ile-de-Re, France 31, 33, 34, 3840, 47-50 56, 60

Indians 24

Izard 53

J

Jacoks [Jacocks], William 13

Jaroson, Guillaume 48

Jaudon, Daniel 38, 39

Elie 38, 39

Ester 38, 39

Jay, Auguste 47

Jervis, John 13

Johns Hopkins University 20

Johnson, Oliver 2

Jolain, Jacquete 44

Jones, David Clyde 16

Joslin, Marie 51

Jouet,

KKent County, England 6

King Henry IV 22

King Philip's War 24

L

La Brousse 49

La Charente-Maritime, France 53

La Chaume, France 55

La Couarde, France 41, 43

La Couarde-sur-Mer, France 35

La Coudre, France 61

La Court, Marie 56

LaFlotte, France 34, 37-39

La Foret de l' Hermitain, France 41

La Forge, France 32

La Granerie, France 42

La Greve, France 57

LaJarrie,France 47, 50,53

LaMothe-Saint-Heray 40, 42

La Noue, Ile-de-Re, France 35

LaNoue, Bazile 16, 17

Frarn;ois 17

Gregoire 17

Jean Baptiste 17

Pierre 16, 17

Elisabeth 39

Pierre 38, 39

Juin, Daniel 38, 39

Georges 45

John 45

Juing, Rene 45

Junto 7

Pierre, II 17

Rene 17

La Rochelle, France 18, 22, 28, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 43, 45, 48-54, 56, 61

LaSalle, Charles 61

Pierre 61

La Tremblade, France 57, 58, 59

La Villedieu, France 33, 50

Lafayette 54

Lagord, France 50

Lanneau 17

Bazile 16, 18, 19, 20, 21

Bazile Rene 20

Charles Henry 19, 20

Emma Louisa 20

Hannah 20, 21

John 17

John Francis 20

Lareine, Catherine 60

Lascaux, France 30

Lasque, Richard 50

Laurens 49

Andre 47

Henry 18

John 18, 19

Laurent,

Andre 18

Jean Samuel 18

Laverdue

see also De La Verdure

Laverdure, John 24, 25

Lawton, Henry 24

Le Bois-Plage-en-Re, France 35

Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle, France 33

Le Clerc, Elisabeth 45, 59

Le Grand Derangement - The Great Upheaval 17

LeRiche, Jean 45

Suzanne 45

Learningfamily 4

LeBlanc, Rene 26

LeBoyteulx,

Gabriel 12

Suzanne 12

LeBrun (Breun), Moyse 39

Lebrun, Constance 12

Leland, Harriott Cheves 28

Isabella Middleton Gaud 94

Leraud, Sara 49

Lesueur,Abraharn 55

L'Hermione 54

Liege, Belgium 48

L'Isle, France 50, 53

Loix, France 36

London, England 55

Long Island, N. Y., 4

Longfellow 26

LouisXIV 54

M

Maaseyck, Belgium 48

Maastricht, The Netherlands 48

Machias, ME 24

Madeira 24

Manigault, Gabriel 47, 50, 53

Marie 47, 53

Peter 47

Pierre 50, 53

Marans, France 39, 40

Marcelluis, HenriettaAllaire 15

Marennes, France 56, 57

Margaret 38, 39, 43, 45, 49, 54

Marquay, France 30

Martinaux, Nicholas 5

Martineau, Suzanne 55

Martineaux, Elisabeth 39

105

Masique, Claude 49

Massiot, Jacques 51

Marrye 32

Mauze 41

Mauze-sur-le Mignon, France 33

Mayac, Brother Augustin 51

Mazie, Anne 49

Jacques 49

Pierre 49

Mazicq,

Anne Susanne 48

Etienne 48, 49

Girard 48

Isaac 48, 49

Jacques 49

Jacquine 49

Judith 48

Marie 48

Paul 39, 48, 49

Pierre 49

Mazyck 53

Mazyck (Mazicq), Isaac 35, 39

Melanson,

Ambroise 27

Charles 26, 27

Charles, Jr. 26

Charles "LaRamee" 24

Elizabeth 27

Gertrude Laverdure 26, 27

Marie 24

Pierre, Jr. 26

Priscilla 22-26

Melanson Settlement 24, 27

Melet, Jean 45, 59

Melle, France 32, 43

Mernin, Auguste 33

Jean 32

Mepkin Plantation, SC 19

Merlat, Jeanne 60

Messett, Elisabeth 61

Michaud,

Abraham 33, 38, 39

Catherine 3 3

Jean 33

Pierre 33, 38

Migault, Jean 34, 41

Miqmaq Indians 27

Mius d'Entremont, Marguerite 23

Montigne, France 32

Morisseau, Jacques Simon 55

Momac-sur Seudre, France 58

Mose/Moze, Cesar 4 7

Mose/Moze, Jeanne Elisabeth 47

Mounier,

Louis 39

Pierre 39

Sara 39

Murphy's Island, SC 36

Museum of Protestant Poitou, France 41 N

New Bedford, MA 27

New Brunswick, Canada 27

New Rochelle, NY 5, 15, 48

New York 49

Nezereau 49

Eli 40

Nicholas, Andre 55

Daniel 60

Pierre 60

Nickools, William 10

Nicollas, Marie 55

Niort, France 43, 44

Nivelle, Pierre 40, 60, 61

Nombret, Elisabeth 47, 48

Normand, Philippe 45

Norton-court, Kent, England 6, 8, 13

Nossay, Sieur de La Forge 32

Nova Scotia 23, 24

p

Pagget, John 13

Papin 49

David 40

Susanne 40

Suzanne 12

Paris, France 29, 61

Pascaud, Jeanne 61

Pasquereau, Louis 40

Pembroke 26, 27

Pennsylvania Gazette 92

Perdriau 49

Etienne 47

Louis 47

Marguerite 47

Margueritte 47

Orei 47

Pierre 47

Peronneau, Henri 47

Perrotau, Anne 38

Phare des Baleines, France 35

Philadelphia Library Company 92

Philadelphia, PA 3, 610, 14, 15, 92

Philadelphische Zeitung 92

Picardie, Provence, France 54

Pie, Judith 45

Piggot,

Baptist 6

Mary 6, 7

Pineau 58

Pineau, France 35

Pins Parasols 42

Piscataqua, Maine 24

Placentia, Newfoundland 26

Plymouth, England 39

Poinset, Jeanne 55

Joel 55

Marie 54

Peter 55

Pierre 54

Sara 55

Suzanne 55

Poitiers, France 31, 43, 50

Poitou, Province, France 31, 43, 55

Poitou-Charentes Region 28, 29, 31, 32, 42

Pons, France 51, 60, 61

Port Royal, SC 17

Port Royal/Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 16

Port-des-Barques, France 55, 56

Portets, France 61

Portsmouth, ME 12

Postel, Marie 56

Potet, Madelenne 54

Prinseaud, Jeanne 54

Prioleau,

Elie 33, 38, 51, 60, 61

Jeanne 33, 60

Samuel 51, 60

107

Puilboreau, France 37, 50

Q

Quebec 26, 27

R

Regiment de Saintonge 54

Reginaud de St. Jean d' Angeley 33

Rezeau, Rene 38, 39

Richard, Marguerite 17

Richmond 45

Richmond, VA 94

Riogollet, Daniele 57

Jean 57

Rivedoux, Ile-de-Re, France 34, 36, 39,50

Rivierre, Jean 41

Road of the Stone Bridge 52

Robert,

Mme 59

Pierre 59

Robinet, Louis 39

Louise 39

Robinson, Charles 4, 14

SaintMaixant, France 43, 44

Saint Marie, Ile-de-Re, France 38

Saint Nazaire, France 55, 56

Saint-Maixent-l'Ecole, France 43

Saint-Martin de Re, France 34

Saint-N azaire-sur-Charente, France 55

Sainte Marie-de-Re, France 35

Sainte-Soline, France 43

Saintes, France 53

SaintongeProvince,France 31, 33, 53, 56, 60

Salem, NJ 10

Salles-sur-Mer, France 47, 50, 52, 53

Saniot, Caterine 40

Santee River, SC 43

Sarasin, Jean-Lord 60

Satisfaction 23

Sauvagot,

Jean 54

Marie 54

Scotland 61

Seneschaud (Ceneschaud), Daniel 44, 61

Jeanne 44

Rochefort, France 33, 34, 53, 54, 56 Jonas 44

Roi, Cathereine 4 7

Roissy, France 61

Rouillac, France 32

(Le) Roux, Jacob 59

Royan, France 57, 58, 60

s

Sagamo Tribe 24

Saint Gelais family 44

Saint Leger, France 33

Sepvret, France 40, 42

Seudre River, France 56, 57

Seugne River, France 60

Sevre Nantaise River, France 42

Sevre Niortaise River, France 39, 42

Shaw, William 14

Sieur de Cramahe 40, 52

Sieur de l'Isle 40

Sieur de l'Isleau 40

Sieur des Roches 52

108

Slaves 18

Societe de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Fran~ais 29

Soubise, France 54, 55

South-Carolina Gazette 92, 93

Soyaux, France 31

Spadfoe, Matthew 38

Spicer, Jacob 12

St. Jean du Perrot 51

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 29

St. Jacques de Compostelle, France 44,60

St. Jean d' Angely, France 33, 60

St. Jean River, Canada 23, 27

St. Maixant 44

St. Martin-de-Re, France 35-37, 48,49

Stephens, Sophia Caroline 20

Stubs, John 14

Suyre, Ester 51

Swain, Jonathan 14

T

Tafford, John 57

Talmont-sur-Gironde, France 60

Tample, Etienne 54

Tatham, John 2

Tauvron, Ester 39

Etienne 39

Jacques 39

Madeleine 39

Marie 39

Taylor, George 2, 12

Temple ofBeaussais, France 41

Temple of Etaules, France 58

Temple of La Couarde, France 41

Temple, Thomas 23

Thackry [Thackery], John 10

Thauvet,

Andre 47

Jeanne 47

Marie 47

Sisters 40

Suzanne 47

The Joseph 13

Thebaut, Michel 42

Thebaut, Paulette 40-42

Thibout, Etienne 47

Thomas, Jean 33

Tillou, France 32

Tunothee, Elizabeth 92

Louis 92, 93

Tunothy, Benjamin Franklin 93

Elizabeth 92, 93, 94

Peter 93

Tombstones 58

Tomkins, Mary 11

Tour d'Hastrel, Ile-de-Re, France 36

Tourteau Fromage 42

Townsend, John 10

Treaty of Breda 23

Two Brothers 14

u

Ure, France 50

Valleau, Suzanne 50

Vanderhorst 17

Vanewick, Helesabeth 39

109

Vanewicq, Helesabeth van Eyck 48

Vangilder, Louise 5

Vasleau, Judith 38

Videau, Pierre 4 7

Vienne Department, France 43

Vignaud, Anne 54, 56

Gideon 54

Vinyard, Hannah (nee Anne) 19

w

Waldron, Richard Major 24

West Indies 26, 49

West Jersey Society of England 12

West New Jersey Society 10

Whilden, y

Joseph 2, 13, 14

Mary 14

YMCA, Charleston, SC 20

York, England 22

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