WELCOME TO OUR Health&Med
Dear Readers,
We hope this message finds you in good health and high spirits As we navigate through these times, your well-being remains our top priority.
In this inaugural edition, we are excited to present a collection of insightful articles showcasing the latest advancements in health and medicine. Our content covers a wide array of topics, ranging from cutting-edge research to practical wellness tips.
Our dedicated team of experts has worked tirelessly to curate content that empowers you with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions about your health. We firmly believe that an informed and engaged community is the cornerstone of a healthier society.
Thank you for joining us on this journey. Together, we are working towards a brighter, healthier future
Warm regards,
Founder and Executive Director
MEET OUR LEADERSHIP TEAM
Victor Li, Chief Writer Founder and Executive Director
Eric Yang
Editing Director
Bryan Shao
Social Media Director
Melody Liu Writing Director
Daniel Chai Aritistic Director
MEET OUR CONTENT TEAM
Carson Ou
Alex Lin
Aidan Parker
Kurtis Tse
Kevin Lei
Kevin Chuang
Joseph Chan
Tyler Zhen
ANTIBODY DRUG CONJUGATES FOR TREATMENT OF CANCERS
Author: Victor Li Editor: Joseph Chan
One of the mainstays of cancer treatment is chemotherapy Despite the widespread use of various chemotherapy medications in clinical settings, significant obstacles such as side effects and drug resistance persist. Many attempts have been made to boost the effectiveness of cytotoxic medications, including the use of extremely strong agents and the combination of various chemotherapeutic medications.Their limited therapeutic window and systemic toxicity, however, restrict their clinical usage. The development of monoclonal antibodies has made it possible to target medicine delivery by taking use of their unique binding property Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are created by conjugating cytotoxic medicines with antibodies, based on this idea Because they might potentially combine the benefits of targeted therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy by delivering very effective cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells that display a pre-defined cell surface target, ADCs are unique in this regard.As a result, ADCs are agents of precision oncology. By utilizing these targeting characteristics, drugs that would normally be too toxic for usage can have their therapeutic index significantly increased. ADCs, sometimes known as the "homing missiles" of contemporary drug research, are made up of three essential parts: (1) a cytotoxic drug payload; (2) a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to an antigen on the surface of tumor cells; and (3) a cleavable or non-cleavable linker
Chemical structure of an ADC: An antibody that binds a tumor-associated antigen, a
cytotoxic payload, and a linker that joins the two make up an ADC Figure 1 depicts a typical ADC Different ADCs may differ in any one of these three components, which could result in differing pharmacological and clinical characteristics[2].
ADC mechanism of action: The binding of antibodies to the target antigen, internalization into the cell that follows, breakage of the linker, and release of the intracellular payload are all part of the mechanism of action of ADCs. Unlike other medications used in contemporary cancer treatment, ADCs need the activity of cancer cells to function at their best. Precision medicine compounds such as "biological homing missiles," or ADCs, can precisely target tumor cells and cause cell death. This results in greater drug delivery to targeted tumor cells
Figure 1
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with the added benefit of fewer off-target occurrences. ADCs work by binding a monoclonal antibody to a target antigen that is specifically expressed on the tumor cell. The tumor cell then internalizes the ADC, fuses it with lysosomes, and releases a cytotoxic that targets either microtubules or DNA, ultimately causing cell death or apoptosis (Figure 2).
An integral component of ADC design is the selection of the right antibody and the choice of antigen. First, the molecular target is taken into consideration while choosing the antibody. Since ADCs are made to deliver their lethal payload to any cell that expresses the target antigen, it is ideal that the antibody recognize an overexpressed target only at the tumor site in order to prevent delivering the payload inappropriately to nontarget regions For instance, compared to non-cancer tissue, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is expressed more than 100 times in tumor tissues. The payload, when ingested, causes the tumor cell to undergo significant cytotoxicity. High potency cytotoxicity or DNA damaging chemicals are needed to destroy the cancer cell's DNA and cause the cell to die, so they can be employed as payloads. Linkers serve as a crucial link between the antibody and the payload,
ensuring both the stability of the ADC and the payload release profiles. Because cleavable linkers are engineered to degrade and release the cytotoxic payload of the ADC in response to tumor-associated variables, the payload is delivered precisely and guided by taking advantage of differences between tumor cells and the systemic circulation. Thus, a few distinct characteristics, either internal or external to the target cell, can affect how cleavable linkers degrade These characteristics include glutathione reduction (disulfide linkers), specific lysosomal proteases (protease-cleavable linkers), and external pH (acid-labile linkers)
With a 5-year survival rate of only 10%–20%, lung cancer, the most frequent thoracic malignancy, is the primary cause of cancerrelated deaths globally.3 About 85% of instances of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), making it the predominant subtype. Many different types of cancer, including lung, ovarian, colorectal, and salivary gland tumors, are linked to HER2 overexpression. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) was approved in 2022 to treat NSCLC with HER2 mutations, highlighting the clinical significance of ADCs in NSCLC treatment plans
Figure 2
INNOVATIVE CANCER TREATMENT
Author: Victor Li Editor: Eric Yang
Cancer is responsible for one in six deaths worldwide Conventional treatment of cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy The most conventional cancer treatment approaches, at an early stage of disease progression, include surgical resection of the tumors followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Radiotherapy effectively eradicates tumor cells using high-energy radiation such as X or γ. Radiation therapy with x-rays can damage healthy cells, organs, and tissues. Chemotherapy primarily combats tumors by impeding cell proliferation using drugs. Chemotherapy damages healthy cells, especially rapidly dividing and growing cells. It has notable side effects on normal proliferating cells Drug resistance, a phenomenon wherein cancer cells that initially were suppressed by an anti-cancer drug develop resistance to the drug, is another major problem with chemotherapy Among the obstacles of cancer, drug resistance and its delivery systems are the most problem in cancer cure. To solve the issues and develop safe and efficient cancer treatment therapy, various novel cancer treatments have been developed. We only introduce a few innovative treatments such as targeted therapy and gene therapy that have successfully been applied for cancer treatment.
Targeted drug therapy: Targeted cancer therapies are drugs or other substances whose mechanism of action is by interfering with growth molecules which leads to blocking the growth and spreading of cancer Tumor initiation and progression are determined by the tumor microenvironment (TM) of an atypical tumor. There are various signaling mechanisms and pathways that tumor microenvironment (TM)-forming cells dynamically interact with the cancerous cells which are suitable for sustaining a reasonably high cellular proliferation. Selectively treating cancer cells with conventional chemotherapy is difficult since the cancer cells are similar to normal cells. Modifying TM and targeting TM for drug delivery for effective treatment are two strategies that can be used for the treatment of cancer Targeted therapy drugs work differently from standard chemotherapy drugs treatment They attack cancer cells while doing less damage to normal health cells
The targeted cell agents can be classified based on the mechanism of their work or their target site. Some targeted therapies inhibit enzymes that are signals for cancer cells to grow. These drugs are called enzyme inhibitors. Blocking these cell signals can inhibit cancer from getting bigger and spreading. Some targeted therapies are called apoptosis-inducing drugs because they are aimed right at the parts of the cell that control whether cells live or die These agents stop the tumors from making new blood vessels which helps cut off the tumors’blood supply so that tumors cannot grow
Types of target agents: Effective therapeutic modalities including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drugconjugate (ADC, refer to the ADC introduction
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in this issue, July, 2024 edition), and radionuclide antibody conjugate (RAC, refer to radiopharmaceutical introduction in April, 2024 edition) have been used and demonstrated markedly increased the survival rate. Small molecule inhibitors/drugs can simply translocate through plasma membranes and can be taken orally. Their main function is interrupting cellular processes by interfering with the intracellular signaling of tyrosine kinases which leads to the inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling and initiates a molecular cascade that can lead to the inhibition of cell growth, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in malignant tissues A few examples of small molecule inhibitors are gefitinib, erlotinib, and Osimertinib which inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase and EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, respectively. Lapatinib and sorafenib act on the inhibition of EGFR/Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2) for ERBB2-positive breast cancer and VEGFR kinase, in renal cancer. While small molecule inhibitors are small organic molecules (molecular weight around 500 Da) and patients can take them orally, biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are large molecules with a molecular weight around 150 kDa Antibody drugs including monoclonal antibodies, ADC, and RAC are man-made versions of immune system proteins administered intravenously to attack certain targets on cancer cells Their attack mechanisms of action are recruiting host immune functions to attack the target cell, binding to ligands or receptors thereby interrupting essential cancer cell processes, and carrying a lethal payload, such as toxin (for antibody-drug-conjugate) or radioisotope (for radionuclide antibody conjugate), to the target cell. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies targeting immune cells and pericyte therapy have proven to be highly effective approaches Keytruda® (pembrolizumab) and OPDIVO® (nivolumab) are two examples of monoclonal antibodies
They have been approved by FDA for the treatment of many oncology indications. Former President Jimmy Carter had metastatic melanoma. He was cancer free after the treatment with pembrolizumab. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201, Enhertu® ） is an example of ADC for treating breast cancer.
Gene therapy is the insertion of a normal copy of a defective gene in the genome to cure a specific disorder The introduction of precision medicine significantly changes the treatment practice This approach involves sequencing and analyzing the genomes of cancer patients to identify causative genes, thereby enabling the development of personalized cancer treatments for individuals This personalized approach maximizes cancer treatment efficacy while minimizing toxic side effects. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA, refer to siRNA introduction in October, 2023 edition) is a promising avenue within precision medicine. siRNA interference, commonly referred to as gene silence, is a biological mechanism that inhibits gene expression in disorders and blocks the production of a target protein by silencing disease-related genes Advantages of siRNAbased drugs are safety, high efficacy, specificity, and few side effects
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO ENHANCE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumor and the leading cause of non-accidental mortality in children and adolescents Currently, molecular subtyping is the only effective means of risk stratifying medulloblastoma. The 2021 fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5) mandates robust molecular subtyping in medulloblastoma, emphasizing its critical role in advancing clinical care.
However, current molecular subtyping tests, including RNA sequencing or DNA methylation analysis of tumor tissue after surgery, have problems of complexity and high cost, which poses a huge challenge to medical centers around the world, especially in resource-limited areas This in turn leads to global health disparities and hinders the exploration of novel subtype-specific treatment opportunities
Recent research evidence suggests that patient radiographic images contain mineable information, including subtle features beyond human visual perception that can be identified by machine learning (ML) to predict clinical outcomes in multiple cancer types. However, the few studies that have used imaging data and machine learning methods in medulloblastoma have been largely inconclusive due to small sample sizes and limited recognition of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features
On June 27, 2024, Dr Yan-Ran (Joyce) Wang of Stanford University and others published a research paper titled: Advancing presurgical
Author: Victor Li Editor: Eric Yang
non-invasive molecular subgroup prediction in medulloblastoma using artificial intelligence and MRI signatures in the journal Cancer Cell The study developed an artificial intelligence (AI) model that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features to enhance the preoperative molecular subtype prediction of medulloblastoma (MB) This method provides a non-invasive, low-cost molecular subtype prediction solution. This breakthrough has opened new avenues for non-invasive molecular subtype diagnosis of tumors and precision medicine for medulloblastoma.
Worldwide, the study of medulloblastoma is hampered by the general inaccessibility of molecular subtype testing and lack of data. To fill this gap, the research team established an international molecular signature dataset covering 934 medulloblastoma (MB) patients from 13 medical centers in China and the United States The dataset includes magnetic resonance imaging, demographic data, clinicopathological characteristics, treatment variables, and survival information
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Using this huge dataset, the research team proposed an artificial intelligence (AI) system model based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive and low-cost preoperative prediction of molecular subtypes. The research team demonstrated the effectiveness of the model as a general molecular diagnostic classifier through a validation strategy of cross-validation, external validation, and continuous validation The detailed analysis of MRI features supplements the understanding of medulloblastoma through a nuanced radiological perspective More importantly, the research team has made this comprehensive dataset public to advance global medulloblastoma research Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of machine learning methods based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to enhance existing molecular subtype predictions and provides a possible new avenue for preoperative non-invasive molecular diagnosis of medulloblastoma.
On May 13, 2024, Dr. Yan-Ran (Joyce) Wang and others published another research paper titled "Screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease using artificial intelligence-enabled cardiac magnetic resonance imaging" in the journal Nature Medicine
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is the gold standard for cardiac function assessment and plays a vital role in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the heavy resource burden of CMR interpretation limits its widespread application. To address this challenge, the research team developed and validated a computerized CMR interpretation for screening and diagnosis of 11 cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 9719 patients The study proposed a two-stage paradigm, including CVD screening based on noninvasive cine imaging, followed by diagnosis based on cine imaging and late gadolinium-enhanced imaging The screening and diagnostic models performed well in both internal and external datasets (areas under the curve of 0 988±0 3% and 0.991±0.0%, respectively). In addition, the diagnostic model outperformed cardiologists in diagnosing pulmonary hypertension, indicating that artificial intelligence (AI)-supported cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can detect previously unrecognized CMR features.
This proof-of-concept study has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency and scalability of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) interpretation, thereby improving screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT LB.1, THE NEW COVID VARIANT
Author: Korin Miller Reprint
While government data that tracks COVID-19 isn’t as robust as it used to be, it’s clear that we’re in the middle of a summer wave Contributing to the uptick is the newest COVID variant, LB 1
Right now, emergency room visits due to the virus are up more than 23% than they were during the previous week and hospitalizations are up more than 13%, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The latest variant hasn’t gotten a lot of attention so far, but it’s been steadily causing issues in the U.S. since late spring. So, what is LB.1 and does it have unique symptoms? Infectious disease experts break it down
What is the latest COVID variant, LB.1?
LB 1 is the third most common COVID-19 variant in the U S right now, per CDC data
It’s a descendant of JN 1, along with common variants KP 2 and KP 3, according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
“LB.1 is another Omicron variant,” says Amesh A. Adalja, M.D., infectious disease expert and
senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security It’s also a FLiRT variant, along with KP 2, KP 3, and KP 1 1, he points out
“It’s a little bit different from KP 2 and KP 3 in that it has a deletion in the spike protein,” says Thomas Russo, M.D., professor and chief of infectious disease at the University at Buffalo in New York. (In case you’re not familiar with it, the spike protein is what SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, uses to attach itself to your cells and infect you.)
LB.1 first emerged as a blip on the CDC’s radar back in April but has become more dominant over the past few weeks.
Is LB.1 more transmissible?
It’s hard to say at this point “There is some lab data to suggest it may be more infectious than KP 2 and perhaps KP 3,” Dr Russo says “It appears to be more immune-evasive ”
But Dr Adalja points out that there seem to be fewer COVID-19 cases caused by LB 1 in the latest CDC surveillance data released than in the previous round of data.
“ It seems to be more common in the East and
Southeast,” Dr. Russo says.
LB.1 symptoms
There is chatter online about people having a really intense sore throat with COVID-19 lately, and it’s possible that’s due to LB.1 (although tricky to know for sure). But doctors say that COVID-19 symptoms are largely the same as they’ve been over the past year or two.
“There’s not enough data to report any differences in symptoms,” Dr Adalja says “Each variant has certain symptoms anecdotally attributed to it, but they are mostly all still part of the same spectrum of illness of all versions of the virus ”
According to the CDC, those symptoms may include:
Fever or chills
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Fatigue
Muscle or body aches
Headache
New loss of taste or smell
Sore throat
Congestion or runny nose
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea
Do vaccines protect against LB.1?
It depends on how you look at it Dr Russo notes that the COVID-19 vaccine is “imperfect” at keeping people from getting the virus However, it can help lower the risk you’ll end up getting seriously ill, being hospitalized, and dying from the virus.
Dr. Adalja agrees. “The current vaccine is not very effective at durable protection against infection and that has been the case for some time with the current slew of variants, though it is protective against severe disease,” he said. That’s why Dr. Russo still recommends getting the updated COVID-19 vaccine, if you haven’t already “It will afford more protection than not being vaccinated,” he says
How to prevent LB.1
The best way to lower your risk of getting LB.1 is the same as it’s always been, although the steps to take really depend on your risk tolerance, Dr. Adalja says.
“High-risk individuals should keep up to date with vaccinations and the extremely high-risk immunocompromised individuals should discuss the monoclonal antibody Pemgarda with their physician,” he says If you’re high risk for getting sick meaning you’re pregnant, an older adult, immunocompromised, or have certain underlying health conditions it’s also a good idea to mask up in crowded indoor settings, like when you go to the grocery store, Dr Russo says “You’ll also want to avoid indoor settings where you can’t wear a mask, like restaurants, until we’re on the back side of this wave,” he adds.
Dr. Rusos says it’s likely that the summer wave won’t die down until the end of the season. Soon after, a new COVID-19 vaccine that’s better targeted to the FLiRT variants like LB.1 should be available.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Author: Victor Li Editor: Kevin Lei
The cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention is lifestyle modification and maintaining healthy behaviors, particularly regular physical activity Evidence consistently shows that physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiometabolic factors and adverse clinical outcomes For individuals with cardiovascular disease, engaging in physical activity can slow disease progression, reduce the risk of other chronic diseases, and improve quality of life and physical strength. Recognizing its importance, the American Heart Association includes physical activity in its "Eight Essentials for Life" to monitor the cardiovascular health of the population.
Throughout life, even short-term reductions in physical activity can accumulate and lead to increased susceptibility to cardiometabolic risk factors and a higher risk of nonfatal or fatal cardiovascular disease events, associated comorbidities, or premature death
Physical exercise and cardiovascular disease prevention throughout the life course
Intrauterine: Cardiovascular disease prevention can begin as early as fetal development Besides genetics, fetal health depends on maternal health, environment, and behavior Aerobic and resistance exercises are recommended for nonhigh-risk pregnant women, with some modifications to reduce high-volume and weight-bearing activities in later pregnancy stages. However, resistance exercises in the supine position are generally not recommended due to increased risks to the fetus. Studies have shown that exercise during pregnancy can enhance fetal heart rate variability and other markers of autonomic function, with these benefits potentially continuing post-birth
Infancy (up to 5 years of age): The family and childcare environment significantly influence physical activity levels during infancy A meta-
analysis found a U-shaped association between birth weight and cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. Infants with low birth weight (<2500 g) and high birth weight (>4000 g) are at higher risk, whereas those weighing 3000-4000 g have the lowest future cardiovascular risk. Rapid weight gain in the first two years is associated with later-life obesity, with prevalence rates around 9% for high body weight in children under two and 14% by preschool age Overweight preschoolers are more likely to be obese in adolescence, and childhood obesity is linked to hypertension in later years Thus, physical activity is crucial in this stage to combat childhood obesity and reduce cardiometabolic risks
Childhood and Adolescence (6-17 years): During this critical stage, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in the U.S. is about 15%, with obesity being a strong predictor of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Approximately 15% of children and 22% of adolescents have abnormal cholesterol levels. Physical activity during childhood and adolescence is essential for preventing or delaying risk factors like obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that accelerate cardiovascular disease development Blood pressure measures during this stage are associated with adult carotid IMT, a predictor of future myocardial infarction and stroke
Young Adults (18-44 years): While the prevalence of diabetes in young adults is relatively low (3% to 5%), the prevalence of prediabetes has reached 27.8%. Studies like the Diabetes Prevention Program have shown that physical activity interventions improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Hypertension affects about 25% of individuals aged 20 to 40. Meta-analyses indicate that aerobic exercise or combined aerobic and resistance training can reduce blood pressure by an average of 3 to 4 mmHg Leisure-time physical activity shows a dose-response
relationship with reduced hypertension risk and beneficial effects on triglyceride levels and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol.
Midlife (45-64 years): Cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases become increasingly prevalent during midlife, with significant rates of coronary artery disease (>40%), diabetes (~20%), hypertension (~60%), and severe obesity (~10%) Men and postmenopausal women experience complex atherosclerotic lesions that may lead to myocardial infarction or stroke Physical activity can slow disease progression and reduce cardiovascular risk factors in midlife
Older adults (≥65 years): CVD and its major risk factors are highly prevalent in the elderly. Hypertension affects nearly 65%, clinical or subclinical CVD affects about 65%, and conditions like atrial fibrillation, moderate to severe valvular disease, and heart failure affect 5% to 10%. Engaging in physical activity of any intensity is associated with a lower risk of CVD in this age group.
In summary: Physical activity offers significant benefits at all ages, but goals and target levels of activity vary across life stages Maintaining regular physical activity is vital for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease, promoting overall health, and enhancing quality of life throughout the lifespan.
LASER TISSUE WELDING: PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE
Author: Daniel Chai Editor: Tyler Zhen
Sutures have existed essentially as long as surgeries have existed After all, the simplest way to combine two pieces of flesh would seem to be tying them together And it has been the best way for hundreds of years
However, suturing is not without its downsides
During vital and time-sensitive procedures, achieving proper sutures that won’t come apart with pressure in fluid-filled and many times small and awkward-to-work-in cavities can be a challenge and potential point for complications. That brings us to lasers. It might seem a little far-fetched and sci-fi-esque, but the usage of lasers to join tissue has been studied as early as the 1960s! Almost all of these earlier studies were related to ophthalmology, and understandably so; trying to connect tissue within the patient’s eye definitely isn’t easy by hand To date, laser eye surgery is still one of the more common uses of laser tissue welding
The late '70s saw Jain and Gorisch demonstrate the first-ever successful laser anastomosis of small blood vessels This major step would pave the way for laser tissue welding into skin, intestinal tissue, nerves, and other areas where the gaps, scars, or variability of suturing are not tolerable.
Depite around 50 years passing since then, we still do not know the exact variables and mechanisms behind laser tissue closure. One popular explanation of the mechanism behind this is that the immense heat generated by the focused laser denatures the proteins of the target tissue, achieving some reaction that results in the bonding of collagens in the region
A relatively modern advancement in tissue welding is the advent of tissue solders Several studies have noted the increased integrity of blood vessel anastomoses performed with albumin solder solutions The solders have
proven to be particularly advantageous compared to bare welding in cases where watertight sealing is required at the closure
Another such advancement is chromophores being used to direct the laser’s thermal energy at specific target sites This reduces the potential damage to surrounding tissue caused by the usual high temperatures the target region is exposed to during welding by concentrating the energy and reducing its spread.
With the quick adaptation of machines such as the da Vinci robot and the expansion of laparoscopy, laser tissue welding could see much more development and interest with the possible advantages it poses over general suturing in a compact and less accessible region. Alternatively, laser welding could also continue to gain traction in the world of plastic surgery, where it has already accumulated interest over the years due to its potential for relatively smaller scarring and lower chances for inflammation as a result of the laser’s heat Though developmental interest isn't quite as much as it was since the last century when lasers were on the cutting edge of science, the increasing interest in minimally invasive procedures and surgery on the microscale promises laser tissue closure a place on the cutting, or more appropriately, welding edge of medical science.
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Author: Eric Yang Editor: Kevin Chuang
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors It is a spectrum disorder due to its wide range of symptoms and severity The causes of autism are complex and multifaceted, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Research has identified several genetic mutations associated with autism, but no single cause has been pinpointed. Environmental influences, such as prenatal exposure to toxins or complications during birth, may also contribute to the development of autism. Symptoms of autism often appear in early childhood and vary widely among individuals Common symptoms include challenges in social interactions, such as difficulty understanding social cues and forming relationships, communication difficulties, including delayed speech development and trouble maintaining conversations, and repetitive behaviors like hand-flapping or insisting on routines Sensory sensitivities, such as an aversion to loud noises or bright lights, are also prevalent. Treatment approaches for
autism have evolved significantly over time In the past, people with autism were often institutionalized and subjected to harsh treatment Today, early intervention and tailored therapies are recognized as crucial Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a widely used therapy that improves specific behaviors through reinforcement techniques. Speech and occupational therapy can also be beneficial in addressing communication and daily living skills. Medication may be prescribed to manage co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or ADHD. Public perception of autism has shifted dramatically over the years. Historically, individuals with autism were misunderstood and stigmatized The rise of advocacy and awareness campaigns has led to greater acceptance and understanding The portrayal of autism in media and the efforts of self-advocates have played significant roles in changing societal attitudes Despite progress, challenges remain, including ensuring access to appropriate services and combating stereotypes As awareness grows, the goal is to foster an inclusive society that supports and values individuals with autism for their unique
contributions.
However, in the thought-provoking piece "Haunted by the Future -- Autism and the Spectre of Prison," two poignant case studies illustrate the harrowing decisions faced by African American mothers grappling with the prospect of seeking autism diagnoses for their children. These mothers, driven by the fear of incarceration and other dire consequences, choose to avoid formal diagnoses, highlighting the intersection of race, disability, and systemic injustice The first case study features a mother who is acutely aware of the societal prejudices her son already faces due to his race She fears that an autism diagnosis would exacerbate these challenges, making him more vulnerable to disciplinary actions and interactions with the criminal justice system. Her reluctance is rooted in the historical context of African American men being disproportionately targeted by law enforcement, a reality that looms large in her decision-making process. By avoiding a diagnosis, she hopes to shield her son from further stigmatization and the increased likelihood of being perceived as a threat rather than a child in need of support The second case
study delves into the experiences of a mother who has witnessed firsthand the punitive measures often employed against African American children with behavioral differences. She recounts stories of peers whose children were funneled into the school-to-prison pipeline following diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disorders. The fear that her son's behaviors, misunderstood as defiance or aggression, could lead to his criminalization, drives her to forgo seeking an autism diagnosis She strives to protect him from a system that she perceives as quick to punish rather than to support, reflecting a profound mistrust in institutional responses to disability These case studies underscore a critical issue: the intersectionality of race and disability can compound the marginalization faced by African American families. The mothers' decisions, while heartbreaking, reveal a deep-seated fear of systemic bias and its potential to devastate their children's lives. Their stories call for a reevaluation of how society supports and perceives individuals with autism, particularly within marginalized communities, and highlight the urgent need for equitable, compassionate approaches to diagnosis and intervention
THESE 4 TYPES OF FOOD CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE RISK OF GOUT
Author: Aidan Parker Editor: Joseph Chan
On May 21, 2024, a study published in JAMA Network Open explored the potential relationship between plant-based diets and the risk of gout. Conducted by researchers from prestigious institutions such as the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Kennedy School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, this prospective cohort study utilized data from two large adult populations in the United States: The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS, 1986-2012) and the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, 1984-2010)
The study involved nearly 123,000 participants, with an average age of 54 for men and 50.9 for women. Over approximately 2.8 million personyears of observation, 2,700 participants reported new episodes of gout. The researchers examined the association between different plant-based dietary patterns overall plantbased diet index (PDI), healthy PDI (hPDI), and unhealthy PDI (uPDI) and the incidence of gout in this large sample population. At the outset, none of the participants had gout
In the hPDI group, participants in the highest quintile had a 17% lower risk of gout compared to those in the lowest quintile Conversely, in the uPDI group, the risk of gout increased by nearly 20% from the lowest to the highest quintile Notably, the reduction in gout risk associated with a higher hPDI was more pronounced in women. In the uPDI group, women experienced a nearly 33% increased risk of gout, while this increase was not significant in men.
Four food groups were associated with significantly lower gout risk: whole grains reduced gout risk by 7% per serving, tea and coffee by 5% per serving, and dairy products by 15%. In contrast, fruit juices and sugary drinks increased the risk of gout by 6%, and sugary drinks increased the risk by 16% per serving. Healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes were not associated with an increased risk of gout.
Figure 1: Pooled Associations of Each of the 18 Food Groups Comprising the Plant-Based Diet Indices and Incident Gout (HR: hazard ratio)
In conclusion, the results of this study provide additional evidence for current gout dietary recommendations, which recommend increasing the intake of healthy plant foods and reducing the intake of unhealthy plant foods to reduce the risk of gout Including eggs and dairy products in a vegetarian diet has been shown to reduce serum uric acid levels and thus reduce the risk of gout
TOP 6 KETO SWEETENERS
Author: Brierley Horton Reprint
What kind of sweetener is okay for keto?
Sweeteners are sugars (a type of carbohydrate) added to food and drinks to make them sweet. Stevia and erythritol, which have little to no carbohydrates, are sweetener substitutes that are keto-friendly.
The keto diet is a low-carb diet, so you'll need to limit many foods that have sweeteners The goal of this diet is to promote a state of ketosis, in which the body burns fat for fuel rather than carbohydrates Ketosis can promote weight loss Read on to learn what sweeteners are ketofriendly and what ones to avoid 1. Stevia
Stevia or stevia leaf extract is a low-carb sweetener. The stevia plant is native to South America and is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, but it's grown all over the world. You'll see stevia on grocery shelves under brand names such as Truvia and PureVia. The sweetener is also generally recognized as safe (GRAS), which also makes it a good alternative to table sugar in food and drinks. Possible risks include bloating, dizziness, nausea, and numbness
Stevia may lower blood sugar, which can be dangerous for people with diabetes who take insulin. Stevia might also lower blood pressure. You'll want to talk a healthcare provider before trying stevia if you take a blood pressure medication.
Stevia works well in coffee and tea. Keep in mind that stevia is about 200–400 times sweeter than table sugar (sucrose), so it might not work in large quantities, such as in baked goods
2. Monk
Fruit
Another keto-friendly sweetener is monk fruit (Luo Han Guo) Monk fruit comes from a plant that's native to China You'll see monk fruit in the grocery store under brand names like Monk Fruit in the Raw and PureLo.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes monk fruit as safe.This sweetener is about 100–250 times sweeter than table sugar but contains no calories. One teaspoon (tsp) contains 0.5 grams (g) of carbs.
Mogrosides are compounds in monk fruit that give it sweetness. Some evidence suggests that mogrosides can act as prebiotics, which helps
feed healthy gut bacteria. More research is needed, however, to determine the effects of monk fruit on the human body. Monk fruit can help decrease the number of carbs you eat. You can use monk fruit in salad dressings or other recipes that call for sugar. Monk fruit extract can also sweeten drinks and baked goods since it's heat stable. You might notice that baked goods made with monk fruit have a different texture, which can be unpleasant to some
3. Erythritol
Erythritol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol (polyol) found in fruits like grapes and watermelon You can also find erythritol in some fermented foods like cheese and soy sauce
Erythritol has zero calories and is about 60% to 80% as sweet as table sugar. The FDA considers erythritol to be safe.15 This sweetener does not cause blood sugar spikes or promote tooth decay.16 Some evidence suggests that erythritol might help decrease how much sugar you consume, which prevents diabetes and obesity. More research is needed, however, to find out how erythritol can benefit human health
It takes the body longer to absorb and break down sugar alcohol than table sugar Some sugar alcohols can cause digestive issues as a result Erythritol might cause fewer problems than other sugar alcohols
You can use erythritol as a substitute for table sugar in beverages and several recipes. Keep in mind that erythritol has a cooling effect on the tongue, which might be unpleasant in large doses. You might avoid using erythritol in recipes for baked goods as a result.
4. Xylitol
Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that's as sweet as table sugar but has fewer calories and carbs.8 The FDA notes that xylitol is safe to consume Sugar alcohols generally do not raise blood sugar in the same way that table sugar does
That's because the body absorbs sugar alcohols slowly. Xylitol, like erythritol, might cause cramps and diarrhea if you consume too much.8 Sugar alcohols also do not result in tooth decay like other sweeteners do.
You can use xylitol to sweeten coffee, smoothies, and tea. Xylitol might not work well in some recipes due to its possible moisture absorbency. A study published in 2022 found that the sweetener absorbs moisture when used in making milk chocolate
5. Maltitol
Maltitol, like erythritol and xylitol, is a sugar alcohol This sweetener is about 75 to 90% as sweet as table sugar but has fewer calories You'll often see maltitol in "sugar-free" products, such as gum, mouthwash, and toothpaste.
Maltitol has fewer calories than table sugar, so it can be helpful for weight loss. Some evidence suggests that maltitol might also improve dental health, but results are mixed. You might develop cramps, diarrhea, and gas, however, if you consume too much maltitol.
The sweetener is commonly used as a lowcalorie, sugar-free ingredient in baked goods and hard candies Maltitol also has a lower melting point than sucrose, but some evidence suggests that it's an ideal sweetener for ice cream
Healthcare
6. Yacon Syrup
Yacon syrup is made from the roots of the yacon plant, which is commonly grown in South America. This sweetener contains nearly half the calories of table sugar and is a source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS).
FOS is a type of soluble fiber, which your body does not digest. Soluble fiber helps lower cholesterol, which might prevent heart disease. FOS is an oligosaccharide, and, like sugar alcohols, may cause bloating, cramps, and diarrhea in some people
Yacon syrup works well in coffee and tea, as well as salad dressing FOS breaks down at high temperatures, so you might not want to use it in recipes for cooked or baked goods
Other Low-Carb Sweeteners
Replacing sugar with a low- or no-carb sweetener can be helpful when you are on the keto diet. Other low-carb sweeteners include:
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH)
Isomalt
Lactitol
Mannitol
Sorbitol
Just because a beverage or food contains lowcarb sweeteners does not mean the item is ketofriendly You'll often find stevia, monk fruit, and erythritol in foods and drinks labeled "sugar-free" or "low-sugar " These foods and drinks may contain other carbs, so make sure to check the nutrition fact label The results may vary when it comes to weight loss on the diet in general. Research has found
that people on the keto diet lose weight in the short term. It may be hard to maintain the keto diet for long periods due to the diet's restrictions.
Sweeteners To Avoid
The keto diet is a low-carb diet, so you'll need to avoid sweeteners that are high in carbs. Highcarb sweeteners can interrupt ketosis and negatively affect weight loss on the diet Make sure you check the nutrition facts label for these common natural and artificial sweeteners
Natural Sweeteners
Natural sweeteners include:
Agave nectar
Fructose, or naturally occurring sugar in fruit (e g , coconut, date palm, and grapes)
Honey
Maltose, which is commonly used in beer and bread
Maple sugar
Molasses
Sugar beet
Sugarcane
Artificial Sweeteners
Some of the most common artificial sweeteners include:
Acesulfame K
Advantame
Aspartame
Dextrose, which is often used in hydration products
Neotame
Saccharin
Sucralose
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO VITAMIN B12
Author: Eric Yang
Editors: Tyler Zhen
Introduction to Vitamins
Vitamins are essential nutrients divided into two main categories: water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K The primary watersoluble vitamins are the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C Among the B-complex vitamins, vitamin B12 stands out due to its unique properties.
What is Vitamin B12?
Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin distinguished by its cobalt content. Unlike other vitamins, vitamin B12 cannot be synthesized by plants or animals; only microorganisms possess the capability to produce it
Physiological Functions of Vitamin B12
1. Enhancement of Folic Acid Utilization: Vitamin B12 works synergistically with folic acid in the synthesis of methionine and choline This process is crucial for the formation of methylcobalamin and coenzyme B12, which are essential for synthesizing purines and pyrimidines and participating in vital methylation processes. A deficiency in vitamin B12 impairs methyl group transfer from methyl tetrahydrofolate, leading to functional folic acid deficiency.
2. Nerve Myelin Sheath Maintenance: Vitamin B12 is critical for the metabolism and function of the nerve myelin sheath A deficiency can result in neurological disorders, spinal cord degeneration, and severe psychiatric symptoms In children, early signs of deficiency include emotional abnormalities, dull expressions, and slow reactions, potentially leading to anemia
source: Gaples Institution
3. Red Blood Cell Development: Vitamin B12 facilitates the conversion of methylmalonylCoA to succinyl-CoA, a component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, integral to heme synthesis. This process promotes the development and maturation of red blood cells.
4. DNA Synthesis and Metabolism: Vitamin B12 plays a role in DNA synthesis and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, enhancing the production of nucleic acids and proteins
Diseases Associated with Vitamin B12 Deficiency Deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to various health issues, including:
1. Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia)
2. Menstrual irregularities
3. Jaundice and skin abnormalities
4. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and weight loss
5. Oral health issues, including pale gums and bleeding
6. Neurological symptoms like headaches, memory loss, and dementia
7. Depression
8. Spinal cord degeneration and demyelination
9. Mucosal inflammation of the tongue, mouth, and digestive tract
10 Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
Methods of Vitamin B12 Supplementation
1. Dietary Sources: Animal-based foods like liver, kidneys, beef, pork, chicken, fish, eggs, and dairy products are excellent sources of vitamin B12. For vegetarians, certain fermented foods may contain trace amounts of vitamin B12. Ensuring a diverse diet with moderate consumption of these foods is crucial for adequate intake.
2. Oral Supplements: If dietary intake is insufficient, vitamin B12 tablets or multivitamin B supplements can be used under medical supervision Mecobalamin tablets, an endogenous coenzyme B12 form, can aid in nucleic acid metabolism and nerve cell repair Dosage and usage should follow medical advice
3. Intravenous or Intramuscular Injections:
In cases of severe deficiency or when oral supplementation is ineffective, vitamin B12 can be administered via intravenous or intramuscular injections for rapid replenishment.
By understanding the critical roles and proper supplementation methods of vitamin B12, individuals can maintain optimal health and prevent the adverse effects associated with its deficiency
Healthcare
WHICH SPORT SHOULD I CHOOSE?
Author: Kevin Chuang Editor: Kevin Lei
Regular and planned physical activity not only boosts physical fitness but also significantly improves mental health The consensus is clear: maintaining a balanced diet and regular physical activity ("controlling your diet and moving your legs") is crucial for overall wellbeing However, choosing the right type of sport and determining the appropriate duration and frequency of exercise often pose challenges.
Two significant studies published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine and The Lancet provide valuable recommendations for optimizing physical and mental health through exercise.
Physical Health Benefits of Different Sports
A study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine analyzed the sports participation of over 80,000 British adults, revealing that certain sports are highly effective in reducing the risk of all-cause mortality:
Racket Sports (e.g., table tennis, badminton): These sports can reduce the all-cause mortality rate by 47%.
Swimming: This activity can lower the all-cause mortality rate by 28%.
Aerobic Exercise (e.g., aerobics): These exercises can decrease the all-cause mortality rate by 27%.
Why Racket Sports Excel? Racket sports are particularly beneficial due to several factors:
Muscle Engagement: These sports engage the muscles of the arms, shoulders, and back, strengthening the upper limbs They also enhance body coordination and leg muscle strength
Cognitive Benefits: The fast-paced nature of racket sports require quick thinking and reaction, promoting brain health and potentially preventing cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer's disease
Eye Health: Continuous focus on the ball improves blood circulation and metabolism in the eyes, enhancing eye function.
Social Interaction: Racket sports facilitate social interaction, which is crucial for mental health, as it helps reduce stress and improve mood.
Other Beneficial Sports:
Swimming: Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by 41% and involves full-body muscle coordination and improved lung function, making it ideal for individuals with joint issues Aerobic Exercises (e g , Zumba): These exercises are convenient, requiring less time and space, and are effective in enhancing cardiovascular health when performed at moderate intensity
A comprehensive study published in The Lancet examined the impact of various sports on mental health, surveying data from 1.2 million U.S. adults over five years. Key findings include:
General Benefits: Exercisers experience 43.2% fewer days of poor mental health compared to non-exercisers, highlighting the mental health advantages of physical activity.
Group Sports: Activities such as basketball, badminton, and dancing provide the most psychological benefits due to the added social support, reducing stress and depression
Optimal Exercise Duration: The ideal exercise
Healthcare
duration for mental health benefits is 30-60 minutes, with 45 minutes being optimal. Excessive exercise (>90 minutes) can lead to diminished mental health benefits.
Optimal Exercise Frequency: Exercising 3-5 times per week yields the highest mental health benefits. Exercising less frequently or too frequently is associated with increased mental health burdens
Practical Recommendations
For those seeking to improve their physical and mental health through exercise, consider the following:
Choose Enjoyable Activities: Engage in sports you enjoy, such as badminton, table tennis, swimming, or aerobics.
Manage Exercise Duration: Aim for sessions around 45 minutes to maximize mental health benefits. Maintain Consistent Frequency: Exercise 3-5 times per week for optimal results.
Listen to Your Body: Adjust your exercise routine based on how your body feels and progress gradually
Sticking to a well-planned exercise regimen can significantly enhance both physical and mental health, leading to a better quality of life
WHICH VITAMIN DEFICIENCY CAUSES HAIR LOSS?
Many factors can contribute to hair loss, including genetics, childbirth, and certain diseases Hair loss can result from a lack of nutrient-rich foods, restrictive eating, sudden weight loss, low-calorie intakes, and obesity all of which can lead to nutritional deficiencies
Excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals can also disrupt your hair growth cycle and contribute to hair loss.
Changing your diet and using supplements (or decreasing others) may help slow or even reverse hair loss. Research has found that plantrich diets like the Mediterranean diet, which focuses on foods rich in antioxidants and antiinflammatories, stimulate hair growth and can reduce hair loss.
If you struggle with hair loss, it may be helpful to consider your nutritional status and address areas where you may be lacking
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies That Cause Hair Loss
The role that vitamin and mineral deficiencies play in hair loss is not yet well understood, but more and more evidence suggests that having certain deficiencies may lead to hair loss in some people.
Vitamin D
As a steroid hormone and fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin D plays a role in your body's calcium absorption, bone mineralization, and immune system function. It may also play a role in hair health
Vitamin D might affect your hair growth cycle
Vitamin D deficiency has also been linked to hair loss in people with rickets (bone softening and weakening due to extreme vitamin D deficiency) and people with alopecia areata, an
Author: Sherri Gordon Reprint
autoimmune disease that attacks the hair follicles
B Vitamins
Many people assume that a lack of biotin (B7) contributes to hair loss However, biotin deficiency is rare and usually caused by an inherited condition. There's little evidence that supplementation prevents or treats hair loss in people who are not biotin deficient.
Low B2 (riboflavin), B12, or folate has also been linked to hair loss, but little research indicates whether supplementation can promote hair regrowth.
Iron
Some research shows that iron plays a role in hair growth by regulating various genes in your hair follicles Iron deficiency and anemia can cause telogen effluvium (rapid hair loss) It's common in people assigned female at birth who experience hair loss
Anemia is low red blood cells or hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen The most common cause is low iron. Menstruating (especially heavy periods) can also increase your risk.
Additional research is needed to develop iron supplementation guidelines for people experiencing hair loss due to iron deficiency.
Vitamin C
Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C plays several important roles in the body For example, it helps your body absorb iron For this reason, people with hair loss due to an iron deficiency will likely need to supplement with vitamin C or ensure they get plenty in their diet.
Scurvy is the medical term for Vitamin C deficiency. It has been linked to anomalies in body hair including:
Corkscrew hairs: Twisted or coiled hairs
Follicular hyperkeratosis: Follicles (tiny openings on the skin through which hairs grow) contain excessive keratin, the protein that helps form hair5
Swan neck hairs: Hairs that bend in multiple places
However, there’s still no clear evidence linking vitamin C with hair loss
Zinc
Zinc deficiency can cause telogen effluvium as well as thin, white, brittle hair and other skinrelated issues. One study of over 300 people with hair loss showed low zinc levels. However, research on zinc supplementation to treat hair loss is limited.
Taking too much zinc over an extended period can also lead to side effects like lowered immunity, reduced HDL (good) cholesterol levels, decreased ability to absorb magnesium, and a copper deficiency
Vitamins and Hair Health
Hair follicles go through four cycles or phases:
Anagen phase: Growth phase
Catagen phase: Transitional phase
Telogen phase: Resting phase
Exogenous phase: Release of hair
The anagen phase can last anywhere from 2-7 years. During this phase, 90% of your 100,000 hair follicles should be in the process of growing. This growth requires essential nutrients like proteins, vitamins, and minerals to produce
healthy hair efficiently Factors like a poor diet, sudden weight loss, or restrictive eating can shorten the anagen phase and lead to quicker hair loss
When you get plenty of essential vitamins and minerals, these nutrients can:
Reduce inflammation
Decrease oxidative stress
Improve immunity
Improve altered genetic expression (genetic causes of hair loss)
These factors can help prevent hair loss and restore hair growth However, more research is needed to fully understand the roles and benefits of specific nutrients in hair loss management
Can Too Many Vitamins Cause Hair Loss?
Taking excessive amounts of vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin E, and selenium can also result in hair loss.
Vitamin A
While adequate intakes of vitamin A are needed for healthy skin and hair, having too much in your system from retinoid skin treatments or excessive supplementation can cause unintended consequences like hair loss.
Once your body's needs for vitamin A are met, supplementation can become toxic and disrupt hair growth
Vitamin E
Little research exists on the role of vitamin E in hair growth, but some small studies show supplementation may help reduce hair loss
That said, excess supplementation can cause hypervitaminosis E (vitamin E toxicity) and can lead to hair loss, as well as an increased risk of bleeding and thyroid issues. One study found that people taking 600 International Units (IU) per day for 28 days 30 times the daily recommended intake experienced hair loss.
Selenium
There is a lack of research on whether selenium can prevent hair loss, yet many hair regrowth products contain this trace element Researchers in one review note that this is surprising given the fact that selenium's toxicity is well documented and can often lead to hair loss as well as skin lesions, gastrointestinal issues, and memory challenges if you take too much.
How To Find Out if You Are Deficient
Always consult a healthcare provider before trying a supplement, especially since supplementing with certain vitamins like D, A, K, and E can build up in your system and reach toxic levels A provider can address underlying factors that may be contributing to your nutritional deficiencies They can also run tests to determine your nutritional status
Blood, saliva, and urine tests can detect certain nutritional deficiencies Even your omega-3 status can be measured with a simple blood draw. These measurements can be affected by factors like infections, underlying medical conditions, and even stress. Therefore, your provider may need to consider these factors before recommending supplementation.
Treatment Tips
Other strategies can potentially help reduce hair loss and promote regrowth. Here are some things to consider if you experience thinning hair or more than normal hair loss
Medications and Other At-Home Treatments
Dermatologists typically treat hair loss
Dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in skin, hair, and nail conditions They may recommend the over-the-counter (OTC) medication Rogaine (minoxidil). This medication is applied to the scalp and can promote hair regrowth and prevent further hair loss. It can take about 6-12 months before you see results.
Other treatment options include the following:
Laser caps and combs: These devices use low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to stimulate cell activity While research is limited, one small study of 200 people found that using the laser devices three times a week for 26 weeks resulted in thicker and fuller hair overall.
Microneedling: This minimally invasive procedure involves using tiny needles to make shallow, repetitive punctures into the skin. It supposedly stimulates the healing process, causing the body to produce more collagen and elastin.
Platelet-rich plasma injections (PRP): This therapy involves injecting plasma from your blood into your scalp Early research indicates it may be useful for treating hair loss, but more evidence is needed before it's broadly recommended One study found that people with hereditary hair loss who used minoxidil twice a day alongside weekly microneedling experienced more hair regrowth than those using minoxidil only. Always consult a dermatologist before trying a device because they can worsen some scalp conditions.
When To See a Healthcare Provider for Hair Loss
See a board-certified dermatologist or a primary care physician if you notice sudden or patchy hair loss or more than usual hair loss when you're combing or washing your hair Hair loss can signal an underlying medical issue like a thyroid condition, stress, skin condition, scalp infection, menopause, and more
The earlier the cause of your hair loss is identified, the sooner you can begin treatment and the better your prognosis for hair regrowth. Depending on the underlying cause, many people who experience hair loss experience hair regrowth with the right treatment and interventions.
Antibody Drug Conjugates for Treatment of Cancers
[1] Niamh Coleman, Timothy A. Yap, John V. Heymach, Funda Meric-Bernstam, and Xiuning Le; Antibody-drug conjugates in lung cancer: dawn of a new era?; npj Precision Oncology (2023) 7:5; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-022-00338-9
[2] Nicolas Joubert , Alain Beck, Charles Dumontet, and Caroline DenevaultSabourin; Antibody–Drug Conjugates: The Last Decade; Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 245; doi:10.3390/ph13090245
[3] Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin (2021) 71(3):209–49. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
Innovative Cancer Treatment
[1]https://www.cancer.gov/aboutancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/monoclonal-antibodies
[2]Dejene T. D., Seke GY M., Kidist D. H., Maureen T. N., Betelhiem W. M., Dagimawi C. H., Sophia K. K. and Tsegahun M. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives, SAGE Open Medicine, Volume 9: 1–10, (2021).
Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Diagnosis of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
[1] Yan-Ran (Joyce) Wang, Pengcheng Wang, Zihan Yan, Lu Tian, Feng Wu, Jian Gong, Advancing presurgical non-invasive molecular subgroup prediction in medulloblastoma using artificial intelligence and MRI signatures, Cancer Cell, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2024.06.002
[2] Yan-Ran (Joyce) Wang, Kai Yang, Yi Wen, Pengcheng Wang, Yuepeng Hu, Yongfan Lai, Yufeng Wang, Kankan Zhao, Siyi Tang, Angela Zhang, Huayi Zhan, Minjie Lu, Xiuyu Chen, Shujuan Yang, Zhixiang Dong, Yining Wang, Hui Liu, Lei Zhao, Lu Huang, Yunling Li, Lianming Wu, Zixian Chen, Yi Luo, Dongbo Liu, Pengbo Zhao, Keldon Lin, Joseph C. Wu & Shihua Zhao, Screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease using artificial intelligence-enabled cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, 2024, 30, 1471-1480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02971-2
What You Need to Know About LB.1, the New COVID Variant
[1]https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a61687961/kp311-latestcovid-variant/ Physical Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease
[1] Perry AS, Dooley EE, Master H, Spartano NL, Brittain EL, Pettee Gabriel K. Physical Activity Over the Lifecourse and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2023;132(12):17251740.
Laser Tissue Welding: Past Present and Future
[1]Lawrence S. Bass MD, Michael R. Treat MD. Laser tissue welding: A comprehensive review of current and future First published: 1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.1900170402
[2] Yuxin Chen, Kehong Wang, Jun Huang, Xiaopeng Li, Yunfeng Rui. An extensive evaluation of laser tissue welding and soldering biotechnologies: Recent advancements, progress, and applications
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2024.100234
[3] Authors: Mia Talmor, Clifford B. Bleustein, and Dix P. Poppas. Laser Tissue Welding: A Biotechnological Advance for the Future. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.3.3.207
Autism Spectrum Disorder
[1] Mattingly, C., & Keeney Parks, S. (2022). “Haunted by the Future: Autism and the Spectre of Prison – Configuring Race and Disability in the African American Community.” In L. Meinert & J. Seeberg (Eds.), Configuring Contagion: Ethnographies of Biosocial Epidemics (First edition). Berghahn Books.
These 4 Types of Food Can Significantly Reduce The Risk of Gout
[1] Rai SK, Wang S, Hu Y, et al. Adherence to Healthy and Unhealthy Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Gout. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7（5）:e2411707.
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11707
[2] Foods to eat and foods to limit while living with gout https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315732
[3] Mary Anne Dunkin. Shopping List for Gout https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/more-about/shopping-list-for-gout
Top 6 Keto Sweeteners
[1] Brierley Horton, April 2024 https://www.health.com/weight-loss/keto-friendlysweetener
A Comprehensive Guide to Vitamin B12
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12
[2] Stephen Devries, MD. Do You Have a Vitamin B12 Deficiency? https://www.gaplesinstitute.org/vitamin-b-12-deficiency/ [3]Top 12 Foods That Are High in Vitamin B12 https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-b12-foods Which Sport Should I Choose?
[1] Oja, P. , Kelly, P. , Pedisic, Z. , Titze, S. ,Bauman, A. , & Foster, C. , et al. (2016). Associations of specific types of sports and exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular-disease mortality: a cohort study of 80306 british adults. Br J Sports Med, 51(10), bjsports-2016-096822.
[2] Chekroud, S. R. ,Gueorguieva, R. , Zheutlin, A. B. , Paulus, M. , Krumholz, H. M. , & Krystal, J. H. , et al. Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1·2 million individuals in the usa between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;5(9):739-746. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30227-X.
Which Vitamin Deficiency Causes Hair Loss?
[1] Sherry Gordon, May 2024. https://www.health.com/which-vitamin-deficiencycauses-hair-loss-8638100
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