Biophilic Design in the Residential Environment

in the

a pattern book resource

biophilic design

residential environment

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INTRODUCTION Biophilic design is a topic that is currently becoming popular in the design profession. It is praised for its benefits to human well-being and its importance to the future of design, but also raises many questions as to what exactly “biophilic design” is and what it means in the architectural profession. Questions are brought forth as to how it differs from sustainability, what its actual benefits are, and what makes it a design “practice” and not just the addition of landscape elements. It is commonly described as a practice that facilitates a connection between humans and nature through the built environment, but what does this really mean?

Biophilia, a term that has been around for less than 60 years, refers to the inherent human inclination to affiliate with nature due to the evolutionary connection between humans and the natural environment. Biophilic design, then, refers to any design approach or element that works to facilitate this connection between humans and aspects of the natural environment that were influential in evolutionary development. It is not just focused on landscape and plants, but also encompasses daylighting strategies, ventilation strategies, incorporation of water and natural materials, and so much more. Biophilic design is thought to be important because the connection it provides with nature provides a multitude of health and wellness benefits for human beings, including physical, mental, and behavioral. It is thought to increase our immunity, boost natural circadian rhythms, regulate temperatures, and inspire relaxation and tranquility for human inhabitants as a result of this inherent connection to nature first described by Edward O. Wilson in his book Biophilia.

Due to the praise this design strategy receives for potential wellness benefits, its most notable use has been focused on large-scale architectural works or office buildings as a way to improve the lifestyle of humans at work. The application of biophilic design is severely lacking, however, in the place where people spend the vast majority of their life: their home. Residential applications for biophilic design practices can provide the widespread benefit of the human-nature connection in a place where people often spend most of their time, but implementation at this level is not often prioritized and leaves most homes distinctly “non-biophilic”.

Biophilic design, as a practice, is achievable in every home, in different applications, and knowledge for implementation should be made accessible to all people, so that they may also have the opportunity to benefit from the environment around us. The goal of this book is to provide a resource on ways in which biophilic design is applicable in the residential environment. It includes 72 different “patterns” of biophilic design across three different categories: Direct, Indirect, and Space & Place. Each page is complete with a description of the pattern, any limitations or opportunities associated with its application in the residential setting, examples of how it can be implemented in the home, and a list of benefits associated with the pattern. Additionally, each pattern is categorized by a difficulty level to implement of between one and four, a cost level to implement of between $ and $$$$, ideal climate zones for implementation, and a list of any similar patterns to reference, along with an organized index of patterns and where they fall within the previously mentioned categories. This pattern book is intended to be a resource for anyone interested in implementing biophilic design in the home, regardless of their design background, so as to make this design practice more accessible and exemplify ways it can be implemented in any home, regardless of economic status, location and climatic conditions, and dwelling type.

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iii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CATEGORIES

3-4

PRACTICES DIRECT

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability

INDIRECT

Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry

v

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

INDIRECT (cont.)

Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time

SPACE & PLACE

Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

CONCLUSION

40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

77

INDEX DIFFICULTY INDEX COST INDEX CLIMATE ZONE INDEX SIMILARITIES RESOURCES

79-81 83-85 87-103 105-109

112

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CATEGORIES This book is organized into 72 different “patterns” of biophilic design. Like a traditional pattern book, this resource compiles all 72 patterns and serves as a guide on how to implement each one in a home. In this context, pattern is predominately used to describe the different types of application for biophilic design. It is used interchangeably with the word “practice”, as in “a practice of biophilic design”. The definition that describes this context most clearly is:

PATTERN (or PRACTICE)

the actual application or use of an idea or method

Another important aspect of understanding biophilic design is the concept of biophilic design categories. These categories help organize different patterns or practices of biophilic design by filtering them into overall topics that are easier to understand. The patterns in this resource are broken down under three overarching categories: DIRECT, INDIRECT, and SPACE & PLACE. These titles are in reference to the three categories of biophilic design defined in Nature By Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design by Stephen Kellert, which are:

Direct Experience of Nature Indirect Experience of Nature Experience of Space & Place All of the patterns in this book fall under one of these three categories and are organized with Direct patterns first, followed by Indirect, and then Space & Place. The Direct category is generally the most obvious applications of biophilic design and contains 19 patterns. The Indirect category is usually less obvious forms of biophilic design and contains 21 patterns. Space & Place, the third and final category, is a much more ambiguous form of biophilic design and contains 32 patterns.

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These categories are defined as:

DIRECT Experience of Nature

refers to actual contact with the basic features and characteristics of the built environment (Kellert, 2018)

INDIRECT Experience of Nature

refers mostly to images or other representations of natures, features of the natural world transformed from their original state, and particular natural patterns and processes that were influential in human evolution (Kellert, 2018)

Experience of SPACE & PLACE

refers to the spatial setting, including the ecological context of the built environment and how people manage and organize their environmental circumstances (Kellert, 2018)

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DIRECT NATURAL LIGHT LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

As this practice relies on the amount of natural sunlight available, homes that are not aligned with the natural orientation of the sun, or that do not already have windows or openings will be at a disadvantage for achieving this practice. With the strongest sunlight coming from the south, openings with this orientation are most ideal in achieving this practice. Eastern and western facing openings will also provide ample light, while northern facing openings will provide the least.

I

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, natural light can be achieved most easily through the addition of windows and openings. As most homes already have these features, it is an easier practice to implement.

To best take advantage of natural light, ensure that these openings are able to be clear of obstructions that may block the light, such as having operable shades or curtains, and look to southern facing openings for the most benefit. In addition to sunlight, other natural light sources can include firelight, moonlight, and starlight.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the accessibility of natural sunlight in a space. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing natural light into the built space and typically works to create views to exterior spaces as well. It reduces the need for artificial lighting and takes advantage of the natural benefits that sunlight provides. The practice provides lighting options for a space that occur naturally and has been linked to positive circadian rhythm functioning and better performance and mood (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS positively impacted circadian system functioning

filtered & diffused light

increased visual comfort and performance

simulating natural light & air

increased mental function and memory recall

reflected light

reduced headache symptoms

5

SOUTH

WINDOW

CLIMATE

DIRECT FILTERED & DIFFUSED LIGHT LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This is one of the easier practices to achieve, as most homes already have windows and openings, and elements to control light in a space can be found at relatively low costs. In reference to location and climate zone, there are few restrictions, as there are many forms or natural light, and it is likely you will have access to at least one type in any location. This practice can be implemented in the design of the home or at any time after, but considerations should be made as to which openings will provide ample light.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, filtered and diffused light can be achieved by the use of shades, screens, and treatments on windows and openings in the home to control the distribution of light in a space. Additionally, benefits are seen with this practice when a home is receiving daylight from multiple angles and when ambient and accent lighting is achieved from natural light sources. As previously mentioned, these other natural light sources can include firelight, moonlight, and starlight.

DESCRIPTION

COST

$ - $$

0A - 8

SHADE

BENEFITS increased visual comfort and performance

I

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the modulation and control of light in a space. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by using the built environment to emulate the natural patterns, variations, and conditions of light that we would encounter in the exterior environment. It reflects the dynamic lighting conditions of nature and is facilitated by the creation of movement and the management of the way light enters into and affects a space. This practice is found to have positive effects on performance and well-being (Browning et al. 2014).

positively impacted circadian system functioning

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES natural light

stimulated observation and feelings of connection

simulating natural light & air

positively impacted concentration and cognitive performance

reflected light

6

DIRECT AIR LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is limited to environments where airflow is prevalent and where exterior conditions are tolerable to the occupants of the home, making it most ideal for moderate and mild climates. It is possible for this practice to be achieved in any climate or location, however, it is important to be aware of exterior conditions when deciding on best method of implementation and when to use operable conditions. In terms of price, there are opportunities available for a range of costs, from expensive systems to existing windows.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, air can be achieved through ventilation, in the form of natural or controlled strategies. This is most simply done in the form of operable windows and openings that enable cross-ventilation through a home. Additionally, the incorporation of vents and exterior rooms or spaces, such as porches and balconies, will allow for successful implementation of this practice. Mechanized strategies also exist which control openings, allowing for the opportunity for ventilation without any effort from the occupant.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8

This practice refers to the opportunity for airflow and ventilation in the built environment. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing occupants to experience the benefits of the natural movement of air and creates a relationship to the feeling and thermal conditions of the exterior environment. This practice relates to the experience of temperature, flow and humidity of air and is connected to positive productivity outcomes and concentration (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS improved concentration and increased short-term memory

thermal variability

positively impacted comfort

simulating natural light & air

enhanced productivity and improved testing scores

non-rhythmic sensory stimuli

helped reduce headache symptoms, sickness absences and doctor visits

7

WINDOW

SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION

WINDOW

CLIMATE

DIRECT WATER LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice has many options for implementation, making it possible in any home, regardless of climate zone or location.

Opportunities arise, however, in locations with proximity and views to natural water features, allowing for occupants to benefit directly from these occurrences. This is not a requirement of the practice, as there are many constructed ways to incorporate water in a home.

Limitations arise in exterior applications, like pools, that may not be applicable or enjoyable in every climate.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, water can be achieved by any introduction of water in a space, such as through fountains or ponds. These can be additive features or ones that are incorporated in the building design, and can provide additional benefits if they facilitate water sounds. Waterwall features, aquariums, and pools are some other constructed ways to implement this practice, but it can also be achieved through views of natural water features, such as rivers, creeks, lakes, or oceans.

DESCRIPTION

COST

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 WINDOW

BENEFITS reduced stress, increased feelings of tranquility, lowered heart rate and blood pressure improved concentration and memory restoration

observed preferences and positive emotional responses

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the presence of water as a design feature. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing occupants to experience the natural element of water in the interior environment, through sight, sound, and touch. It capitalizes on the multi-sensory aspects of water to allow for a more immersive experience and is more captivating and compelling than most other practices. Water is found to have positive effects on self-esteem and improve memory and concentration (Browning et al. 2014).

enhanced perception and psychological responsiveness

DIFFICULTY

RIVER

SIMILARITIES auditory stimuli haptic stimuli non-rhythmic sensory stimuli

8

DIRECT FIRE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice has applications that range in difficulty, offering easy options, such as firepits you can buy and place at the home, and more difficult options, like the incorporation of a fireplace into the design of the home. Additionally, there is a wide cost range, with some being much more affordable than others. This range allows for some option of implementation in any home, but limitations may occur depending on which application is preferred. In terms of location and climate zone, however, there are few limitations.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, fire can be achieved through the introduction of fireplaces or firepits in the home. These can be exterior or interior applications and can be constructed using natural materials, such as stones. For most benefit, these applications will encourage interaction, through activities such as heating, cooking, or energy production. In the home, fireplaces, or hearths, have been central features for years, and provide the most straight-forward application of this practice.

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the exploitation and control of fire in the built space. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing occupants to experience a natural form of heat and light, that occurs in the environment and was crucial to the evolution of human beings. It is accomplished through design that highlights the properties of fire and creates moments of interaction with this element. This practice is linked to positive effects on the mind, like increased creativity (Wolf 2020).

BENEFITS enhanced creativity and imagination

thermal variability

increased feelings of calmness and relaxation

filtered & diffused light

reduced stress

natural light

9

DESCRIPTION

FIREPIT

DIRECT ANIMALS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As animals are present in every climate zone, location has little affect on the implementation of this practice. There are many other aspects that may limit the use of animals, however, such as occupant preference, allergies, and the work that goes into this implementation. Often animals require a lot of care, upkeep, space, and money, so if this is something that a home does not have or an occupant is not willing to provide, this practice would not be preferred in the home.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, animals can be achieved by the introduction of animals in the home, usually in the way of pets or the addition of spaces that promote animal life. This can include the incorporation of aquariums, ponds, gardens, and aviaries, and can be on the interior or exterior of the residence. Additionally, domesticated pets are the most obvious implementation of this practice, but farm animals or livestock also fall under this topic, as long as occupants are interacting with them on a regular basis.

DESCRIPTION

II - III COST

$$ - $$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the presence of living animals in the home. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by connecting occupants to living creatures that find their home in the outdoor environment or, in the case of domesticated animals, ones that once did. With this practice, it is important to create practical, non-hostile environments for animal life and occupants should be aware of additional work required. As a result of this practice, however, occupants are known to experience positive effects on creativity and empathy (Wolf 2020).

0A - 8 WINDOW

BENEFITS increased feelings of calmness and relaxation increased creativity, stimulation, and emotional interest

SIMILARITIES haptic stimuli animal & vertebrae motifs

positively impacted companionship and empathy provoked satisfaction and pleasure

DIFFICULTY

POND

sensory variability

10

DIRECT PLANTS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

For this practice to be most effective, it is important to take into account the needs of the plants you chose with consideration to your climate zone and the amount of sunlight you receive in your home.

Not all plants will thrive in any condition, and some are especially sensitive, so in order to best achieve this practice, it is important to be aware of these needs. Other than this, it is possible to grow plants in every climate zone, so location should not have much effect on the implementation of this practice.

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IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, plants can be achieved through the introduction of vegetation in the home. These can either be potted plants or plants in built-in planters or growing spaces. Gardens can be another way to achieve this practice and all of these applications can be both interior and exterior applications. For maximum benefit, native plants provide a greater connection to the occupant’s sense of place and are better acclimated to climate, making them most likely to thrive in this application.

$ - $$

0A - 7 SIMILARITIES

11

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the incorporation of plants and vegetation in the home. It facilitates a direct connection of nature by the inclusion of naturally-growing elements in the built space. This is a relatively simple biophilic practice that is achievable in almost any home. Plants are easy to implement and are beneficial for their airpurifying effects and temperature control, but also provide benefits for their occupants such as increased comfort and health (Wolf 2020).

BENEFITS

WINDOW

CLIMATE

increased feelings of comfort and minimized stress

greening

increased productivity and performance

evoking nature

positively impacted health and mood

botanical motifs

reduced stress and increased pain tolerance

GARDEN

DIRECT GREENING LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is one that will most likely require outside installation. For exterior applications, it is best to rely on native plants that are already acclimated to your climate conditions. This limits the type of vegetation that can be used, however, this is a practice that can be implemented in a wide range of climates, with the exception of those that are extremely hot or extremely cold. For interior applications, make sure you are aware of the sunlight and climatic needs of the plants you are implementing.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, greening can be achieved through the implementation of vegetative facades or walls, or green roofs. Living walls can be used in the interior of the building and can be done simply, by the hanging of multiple planters on a wall, or by expert installation. Green roofs or vegetative facades would most likely need to be implemented into the initial design of the home or would require expert consultation to implement in an already established residence.

DESCRIPTION

increased feelings of comfort and minimized stress

II - IV COST

$$ - $$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the introduction of vegetation in designed building elements. It facilitates a direct connection of nature by the use of naturally-occurring vegetation incorporated into the built space to relate to that of the outdoor environment. Greening usually relies on native plants in its applications and it can be implemented in both interior and exterior conditions. This practice is linked to minimizing the effects of stress and increasing performance and productivity in occupants (Wolf 2020).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

1A - 6B GREEN ROOF

SIMILARITIES

increased productivity and performance

plants

positively impacted health and mood

evoking nature

provoked interest and satisfaction

botanical motifs

12

DIRECT GEOLOGY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice can be achieved anywhere, as the use of stone materials on the interior and exterior of your home is not affected by location or climate zone. If an occupant wishes to implement this practice through the viewing of geological features, however, location is critical for the success of this practice. Your home must be located in the vicinity of geological structures in order to facilitate these views, which limits the practice for many people who do not have access to such features.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, geology can be achieved most simply through the use of stone furnishing and materials in the home.

This could be stone tiling, a stone fireplace, rocks in your garden, etc.

This stone can be from anywhere, but it is most beneficial if it is local, and it is crucial that is it naturally-occurring. In addition, this practice can be achieved by the creation of views to surrounding earthen or rock structures, with the easiest way of achieving this being through the use of windows and framed views.

$ - $$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

13

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the connection of geological features achieved through the built space. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by creating a link between prominent geological features and the home. Buildings that implement this practice are often referred to as rooted or grounded. It can be achieved by views to these geological features or use of geologic materials in the space, and is linked to improved creativity and feelings of safety and relaxation (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS decreased diastolic blood pressure

geomorphy

improved creative performance and imagination

natural materials

improved feelings of comfort

views & vistas

increased feelings of safety and relaxation

STONE

CLIMATE

DIRECT WEATHER LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES While this practice can be implemented anywhere, it is important to note that certain climate zones will limit your experience with weather due to instances of extreme climate. This is important to consider if an occupant is looking to incorporate exterior applications.

Interior implementations of this practice are possible in any climate zone and most homes already have windows that facilitate this connection, making this a simple practice that can be successful anywhere.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, weather can be achieved on the interior through operable windows and openings. On the exterior it can be achieved through terraces, balconies, or porches, that can be screened-in, covered, or open. The main goal of this practice is to be able to experience that weather of the exterior environment surrounding your home, and this can be done visually or audibly, from the interior of your home or exterior, in both sheltered and nonsheltered spaces.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

I - III COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to exposure to weather conditions and natural elements in the built space. It facilitates a direct connection with nature by allowing occupants the opportunity to experience the natural conditions of the exterior climate, even from the interior of a space.

Weather is known to have powerful effects on human biology and consciousness and this practice takes advantage of that by allowing occupants to interact with this natural process in our built environment (Wolf 2020).

0A - 8

BENEFITS enhanced positive health responses

SIMILARITIES

shifted perception of environment

auditory stimuli

reduced stress improved feelings of comfort

PORCH

natural systems air

14

DIRECT VIEWS & VISTAS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice relies on the availability of nature views, so the location of the home will affect the ability to achieve this practice. Homes in urban settings or ones with limited access to natural landscapes are at a disadvantage for this practice, while ones in rural settings or ones surrounded with nature have more opportunity to utilize it. These views can also be simulated digitally or through images, however, actual views are most beneficial, therefore, location is critical for achieving this practice.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, views and vistas can be achieved through the use of windows and framing. These views need to allow the visual connection to meaningful aspects of nature, preferably uninhibited environments, or ones that are not simulated.

These views should be free from any obstructions. This practice can also be achieved through the formal and structural design of a home, in a way that directs you to these views, such as a large framed view at the end of a directed pathway in the space.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES natural landscapes & ecosystems images of nature natural systems

15

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the views of natural environments facilitated through design. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by the creation of a visual connection with the natural environment, which can include nature, living systems, and natural processes.

The practice is more difficult to achieve in areas that are densely urban, but is possible in almost any environment. It is known to have a positive impact on parasympathetic activity and stress reduction (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS helped lower blood pressure and heart rate improved mental engagement and attentiveness positively impacted attitude and overall happiness reduced stress and positively affected emotional functioning

LANDSCAPE

WINDOW

CLIMATE

DIRECT NATURAL LANDSCAPES & ECOSYSTEMS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is generally harder to achieve because it incorporates the creation or simulation of natural landscapes, which is difficult to achieve artificially. Additionally, if occupants choose to achieve this practice through views of natural landscapes and ecosystems, this would have to already be present in the areas surrounding the home or, again, would have to be constructed by the occupant. While not impossible, this practice requires more effort than most other practices.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, natural landscapes and ecosystems can be achieved through the creation of artificial landscapes, such as constructed wetlands or botanical gardens.

In addition to the creation of landscapes, this practice can also be implemented by the viewing and integration of naturally-occurring landscapes and ecosystems, such as through the use of pathways and viewing areas into these spaces, or views created from the interior of the home, such as though windows.

DESCRIPTION

COST

$ - $$$$

LANDSCAPE

shifted perception of environment

WINDOW

0A - 8

BENEFITS

SIMILARITIES views & vistas natural systems

increased feelings of comfort and safety improved attention and productivity

I - IV

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the relationship to the interconnection of plants, animals, water, soil, rocks, and geological forms in natural scenery in the built environment. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing views to or replicating the landscapes and environments that we find in our natural surroundings. These landscapes are typically selfsufficient and ecologically coherent and this practice is most beneficial when these spaces allow for human interaction in a respectful way (Wolf 2020).

enhanced positive health responses

DIFFICULTY

DECK

ecological connection to place

16

DIRECT NATURAL SYSTEMS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

As natural systems are occurring everywhere, there are few limitations with the implementation of this practice according to location or climate zone. If choosing to construct a wildlife habitat, opportunities arise in the addition of ones that are common or naturally-occurring in the surrounding location, however, this is not a necessary aspect of the practice and does not impose any limitation on successful use.

Additionally, windows are commonly implemented in every home, providing an additional opportunity for this practice.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, natural systems can be achieved by the incorporation of wildlife habitats, such as birdhouses, gardens, apiaries, and ponds. Additionally, this practice can be achieved through the viewing of natural systems, such as weather patterns, natural water infrastructure, diurnal patterns, and natural plant and animal behavior. This viewing, like most other practices, can be achieved through the placement of windows that allow for views of these systems in action.

$ - $$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the creation of a relationship to the greater whole of natural properties and processes in the built space.

It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing the user to view and recognize relationships within our natural environment and the way it functions, within our built space. The practice is related to the seeing and understanding of nature. It is known to enhance environmental stewardship of occupants and is linked to positive health outcomes (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS enhanced positive health responses

views & vistas

shifted perception of environment

natural landscapes & ecosystems

improved feelings of comfort

weather

17

DESCRIPTION

WINDOW

CLIMATE

reduced stress

GARDEN

DIRECT NON-RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice is one that occurs to some degree in every environment, there are few limitations to where or how this can be implemented in the home. Because this practice references our unconscious experience of nature, it is most beneficial to take advantage of the naturally-occurring instances through the use of operable windows and openings, however, it is just as possible to simulate these experiences through machines. As a result, location has little effect on the implementation of this practice.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, non-rhythmic sensory stimuli can be achieved by the introduction of fragrant plants, machines that produce nature sounds at random intervals, or diffusers that mechanically release plant oils into a space. Additionally, you can take advantage of the environmental stimuli for this practice by allowing natural airflow and sounds into the space through operable windows and the creation of views to the exterior, where you can observe naturally-occurring movement, such as that of wild animals.

DESCRIPTION

observed and quantified behavioral measures of attention and exploration positively impacted mood and productivity

COST

$ - $$

0A - 8 WINDOW

positively impacted heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and sympathetic nervous system activity

I

CLIMATE

This practice refers to exposure to the creation of brief distractions and interactions with natural stimuli in the built environment.

It facilitates a direct connection to nature by simulating the experience of nature through the use of momentary instances similar to ones you would encounter in the environment, such as breezes or leaves rustling. These instances are typically subtle and are done intermittently to simulate their natural occurrences to provide maximum benefit (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES sensory variability simulating natural light & air auditory, haptic, olfactory and gustatory stimuli

18

DIRECT AUDITORY STIMULI LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is most beneficial when utilizing naturally occurring sounds, so homes in a location that facilitate this are at an advantage. Additionally, it is necessary to have either operable openings or outdoor spaces when the opportunity for natural sound is available. However, as this is something that can also be achieved by the simulation of nature sounds, this practice can be implemented virtually anywhere. Because of this, location of the home is not critical for implementation

I

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, auditory stimuli can be achieved with nature sound machines or through the addition or elements that facilitate running water, such as fountains. The use of operable windows or outdoor spaces to allow for the experience of naturally-occurring sounds can provide for greater benefit, but are only necessary if the opportunity for sound is available at the location of the home. These natural sounds can include breezes, animals, insects, weather, water, etc.

$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES non-rhythmic sensory stimuli sensory variability water

19

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the exposure to or incorporation of nature sounds in the built environment. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by using naturally-occurring sounds to simulate the experience of being outdoors, such as running water or birds chirping. It takes advantage of our sense of hearing to create a reference to nature and its systems, and is linked to positive effects on psychological wellbeing and cognitive performance (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS

WINDOW

CLIMATE

reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and stress hormones positively impacted cognitive performance and increased shortterm memory accelerated physiological and psychological restoration reduced cognitive fatigue and improved motivation

RIVER

DIRECT HAPTIC STIMULI LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice can be implemented in any climate zone, as it is not inhibited by exterior conditions. Limitations occur, however, in the physical nature of this practice. As it is one that requires active participation and effort of occupants, this will have to be something that the occupants are willing to participate in repeatedly in order for it to be effective. This is one of the few practices that requires the participation of the occupants for the practice to be beneficial, and if that is not present, this is not a good implementation.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, haptic stimuli can be achieved by the introduction of natural elements that incorporate the sense of touch. This can include gardens, where occupants will be physically tending to them, or water features that you can touch or run your hands under. Additionally, this practice can be achieved by any touching of natural or living things, such as petting live animals or touching plants in a space. Essentially, any physical connection to nature in your home constitutes as part of this practice.

DESCRIPTION

COST

$

0A - 8

BENEFITS

SIMILARITIES PETS

increased feelings of calmness and improved mental health and tranquility reduced fatigue and perception of pain

reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormones

I

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the facilitation of a physical touch interaction with nature in the built environment. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by using our sense of touch to actively immerse us in aspects of nature, through acts such as petting a dog or tending a garden. It uses this physical connection to create a reference to nature and its systems and is believed to engender environmental stewardship along with providing positive mental and physical health benefits for users (Browning et al. 2014).

positively impacted cognitive performance

DIFFICULTY

GARDEN

non-rhythmic sensory stimuli sensory variability animals

20

DIRECT OLFACTORY STIMULI LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is not limited by location or climate zone. It is important to be aware of climatic conditions, however, if choosing to grow fragrant plants for the implementation of this practice, due to the required growing and sunlight needs of each specific plant. It is important to be aware of these requirements in order to implement this practice successfully. Not all applications require growing, however, and others, such as the use of plant oils, are completely independent of location, making this practice possible to implement anywhere.

I

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, olfactory stimuli can be achieved through the use of plant oils or the introduction of fragrant vegetation in a space. Essential oils that are all-natural and derived from plants can be used within a space and provide additional benefit if they are mechanically released at random intervals to promote the non-rhythmic experience of scents in nature. Fragrant vegetation, like flowering plants or aromatic herbs, provide naturally-occurring scent that connects directly back to nature.

$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES non-rhythmic sensory stimuli sensory variability curiosity & enticement

21

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the exposure to or incorporation of natural scents in the built environment. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by using naturally-occurring smells to simulate the experience of nature, like the scent of fragrant flowers or herbs.

It takes advantage of our sense of smell to create a reference to nature and its systems and is linked to both calming and energizing effects and the triggering of powerful memories (Browning et al.

2014).

BENEFITS increased working memory and positively impacted on cognitive performance reduced mental stress and improved mental health and tranquility reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormones positively impacted healing process and human immune function

FRAGRANT PLANTS

CLIMATE

DIRECT GUSTATORY STIMULI LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice often relies on exterior space for growing or raising animals, so climate may play an role in which implementations a resident is able to achieve at their home. It is important to be aware of requirements for different implementations, such as sunlight, temperature, or spatial needs, if this is a practice that an occupant wants to achieve. Some of these applications are possible to implement inside of the home, making these applications easier to achieve in the widest range of locations.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, gustatory stimuli can be achieved by the incorporation of edible elements in a space, like fruiting plants. This can be accomplished through the addition of gardens or through individual instances, like a fruit tree or edible plant. Additionally, this practice can be implemented by enabling the natural production of edible elements, such as through a honeybee apiary that produces honey or a chicken coop where you raise chickens for egg production.

DESCRIPTION

positively impacted cognitive performance perceived improvements in mental health and tranquility

COST

$

0A - 8 FRUITING PLANTS

reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormones

I

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the exposure to or incorporation of natural tastes in the built space. It facilitates a direct connection to nature by allowing users to experience and learn about nature through its edible elements, such as fruits and plants. It takes advantage of our sense of taste to create a reference to nature and its systems and is a way for users to directly benefit through nourishment. This practice is related to our natural curiosity and inherent need to seek out information as humans (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES non-rhythmic sensory stimuli CHICKEN COOP

sensory variability curiosity & enticement

22

DIRECT THERMAL VARIABILITY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice can be implemented anywhere due to the variety of ways it can be achieved and the fact that climatic conditions have little effect over the efficacy of the practice. It is important to be aware of which implementations are most effective in your location, as passive systems rely on the exterior climate conditions and some areas do not use HVAC as common practice. Because of this, the practice requires a bit more research for implementation as opposed to the majority of other practices.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, thermal variability can be achieved most simply through the use of an HVAC system. This is the most common and easiest application due to the control it holds over the thermal conditions of a home. Additionally, this practice can be achieved passively though solar heat gain, natural ventilation, and the use of shadow and shade. If achieving this practice passively, it is necessary to have operable openings to allow for control over letting air in and out of the home to manage conditions.

$ - $$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the control of thermal conditions and the opportunity for range in the built environment. It facilitates a direct connection of nature by allowing users to control the thermal comfort of their environment and simulate the thermal conditions of the outdoor environment. It is an evolution of the idea of natural ventilation and allows users to experience the sensations of airflow and variable thermal conditions that would be found in the natural environment. (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS positively impacted comfort, well-being, and productivity

air

positively impacted concentration

simulating natural light & air

improved perception of temporal and spatial pleasure

mastery & control

23

SHADE

CLIMATE

VENT

INDIRECT IMAGES OF NATURE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is achievable in any location or climate zone and is one of the easiest and most accessible practices to implement. As this is achieved through images, there is no specific requirements for the area surrounding the home and there is little cost associated with the inclusion of these pictures in the built space. It is an independent practice that does not have any additional requirements and there are no limitations that would hinder the application. Opportunities lie with the most benefit being derived from literal images.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, images of nature can be achieved through the addition of prints or photographs of natural elements, such as landscapes or vegetation. These images are most beneficial as literal photographs, however, they can be metaphorical or illustrated images and still successfully fulfill this practice. These images should be placed in locations where they will be easily viewed and can include many aspects of nature, such as flowers, trees, scenic landscapes, wildlife, etc.

DESCRIPTION

I COST

$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to incorporation of literal and metaphorical images of nature into a space. It facilitates an indirect connection of nature by creating a visual connection to outdoor scenes or natural elements that the occupant may not have access to in their location, but connects them to nature all the same. The incorporation in the home allows for repeated viewing of these images and is tied to stress reduction in viewers and found to be more beneficial than viewing images that are not nature-related (Browning et al. 2014).

0A - 8

BENEFITS

SIMILARITIES

reduced stress, anxiety, and fear increased pleasure response

DIFFICULTY

PICTURE

views & vistas

positively impacted attitude, concentration and stress recovery

animal & vertebrae motifs

observed view preference

botanical motifs

24

INDIRECT NATURAL MATERIALS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is not inhibited by location or climate zone because it is a mostly interior-focused application that is not affected by weather conditions. Opportunities arise for this practice, however, in the form of access to locally-occurring materials, such as local types of stone and wood that can be used in the home. Local materials provide the most benefit to the user, but any type of natural material is acceptable for successful implementation for this practice, so few limitations occur.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, natural materials can be achieved through the use of natural and local materials, like stone, wood, and leather finishes. These materials can also be used on furnishings, interior surfaces, accent details, and construction of the home and include any material that is naturally-occurring. Additional benefit is gained from locally-occurring materials because of the sense of place that they encourage for the user. Essentially, this practice promotes the use of real of natural materials over synthetic ones.

$ - $$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

25

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the use of local and naturallyoccurring materials in the built space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by using natural elements directly in the built space, simulating the experience of the natural environment. These can be used for both decorative or functional purposes and are typically processed for use inside. The use of natural materials is known to elicit different physiological responses in occupants and increased cognitive performance (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS decreased diastolic blood pressure

natural colors

improved creative and cognitive performance

natural textures

positively impacted attitude and mood

natural geometries

improved comfort and view preference

WOOD

CLIMATE

INDIRECT NATURAL COLORS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice is focused on color, its implementation is independent of any effect of climatic conditions or location. There are no specific opportunities or limitations for this practice, due to the fact that natural color schemes can be implemented in any way the occupant prefers, and that there are a wide-range of color schemes meeting this criteria. Maximum benefit can be felt when implementing color schemes derived from the natural environment of your surrounding location, however, this is not a necessary factor.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, natural colors can be achieved through the use of natural color schemes in the home.

This includes earth tone palettes, or ones that simulate natural landscapes, like the beach or a grassy meadow. Use of the color green, regardless of variation, has been proven as the most beneficial in a space. Additionally, this practice can be combined with the use of natural materials to provide maximum benefit for the occupants of the home.

DESCRIPTION

$

SIMILARITIES COLORS

decreased diastolic blood pressure

provoked feelings of calmness, attention, focus, and energy

COST

0A - 8

BENEFITS

improved comfort and view preference

I

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the use of natural color schemes that relate to landscape and nature elements in the built environment. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by referencing the colors we commonly see in the natural environment to replicate the experience of being outdoors. These color palettes can be derived from any natural landscape or environment and this practice is found to positively effect the psychological functioning and cognitive performance of occupants (Browning et al. 2014).

improved creative performance

DIFFICULTY

natural materials natural textures evoking nature

26

INDIRECT NATURAL TEXTURES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Because this practice is focused on textured finishes, there are few limitations in terms of climate zone or location. The only case where you will need to be mindful of these things is in exterior applications, due to the weathering of natural materials in certain climate and weather conditions. Weathering may have an effect on the natural textures of materials, so if the occupant is wanting to preserve texture and lives in a harsher climate, it may be best to rely on interior applications. Otherwise, this practice can be implemented anywhere.

I

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, natural textures can be achieved by the use of naturally-occurring textures on the finishings or facade of your home. This practice can be achieved in both interior and exterior applications and refers to textures such as wood grain and rough stone. While naturally-occurring textures provide the most benefit, these can also be textures that simulate nature, such as a wavy texture that simulates water or a grainy texture that simulates sand or dirt.

$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

27

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the incorporation of naturallyoccurring textures in the built environment. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by referencing the natural textures of materials and elements generally found outdoors to simulate the feeling of being in nature while you are in the home. The idea is that the textures use in the home will be derived from natural elements, therefore creating a connection between nature and built space (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS observed view preference

natural colors

reduced stress

natural materials

enhanced concentration

natural geometries

positively impacted attitude and mood

WOOD

CLIMATE

INDIRECT NATURAL GEOMETRIES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice has potential being implemented in the form, which could limit this application to occupants who are building their home, if that is the implementation they prefer. If not, however, this practice is also able to be successfully achieved through interior aspects, which makes it accessible in almost any application. This practice is independent of the effect of climate zone and location, making it applicable anywhere. It requires knowledge of natural geometries, so additional research may be required for application.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, natural geometries can be achieved through the use of fractals and hierarchically organized scales in design. This can be achieved through the implementation the Fibonacci Sequence (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 35, ...) and the Golden Ratio (1:1.618) proportions in form or interior aspects. This can be achieved through the structural system, the arrangement of accents and detailing within the space, or furniture and wall decor details.

DESCRIPTION

reduced stress enhanced concentration positively impacted attitude

COST

$ - $$$

0A - 8

GOLDEN RATIO

observed view preference

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the incorporation of naturally-occurring mathematical properties into the built space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by referencing natural geometric properties and their resulting effects in nature and trying to replicate this in the home.

These geometries are usually artistically expressed in the home and may be applied in more subtle ways, where they are not recognizable immediately. The use of this practice is known to have positive effects on focus and concentration (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES natural materials natural textures hierarchically organized ratios & scales

28

INDIRECT NATURALISTIC SHAPES & FORMS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice can range in difficultly depending on application.

As this is a practice that can be implemented in building design, this specific application relies on being incorporated into the initial home design, limiting it for users whose homes are already built. The interior applications, such as patterns, can be implemented in any home, and are independent of the constraints of building design and climate zone or condition. Ultimately, this practice can be implemented anywhere, but chosen application will affect limitations and opportunities.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, naturalistic shapes and forms can be achieved through the implementation of natural patterns on the interior of the building or through the use of organic shapes and forms in building design and interior elements. This can be accomplished through patterns that mimic nature, like botanical patterns, or ones that follow specific arrangements of natural elements, like the spirals of plants and shells. Right angles and straight lines are discouraged in this practice.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the inclusion of shapes and forms inspired by nature in the built environment. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by referencing the growing patterns and natural forms of the surrounding environment to provide representational design elements for the home. It takes advantage of the naturallyoccurring expressions of form as inspiration for design and uses shapes and pattern from nature to influence and inform decoration and ornamentation. (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS observed view preference

natural geometries

reduced stress

organic shapes

enhanced concentration and creativity

arches, vaults, & domes

positively impacted attitude

29

NATURAL FORMS

INDIRECT SIMULATING NATURAL LIGHT & AIR LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As most homes already have artificial light and controlled air, this is an easy practice to implement. It is achievable in any location or climate zone and is more reliant on the participation of the occupant than any exterior condition. The limitation with this practice is seen when the occupant of the home is not willing to adapt the controls of the lighting and air features to mimic the natural environment, which allows for the current static qualities of these elements and defeats the purpose of the practice.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, simulating natural light and air can be achieved through the two things that are most likely already in place in the home: artificial light and controlled air. This practice focuses more on the way these elements are used. Artificial light should mimic the dynamic qualities of light, with different intensities, and a range of colors. Controlled air should mimic qualities of natural ventilation, through the option for different temperatures, airflows, and humidity.

DESCRIPTION

I - II COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8

LIGHT

This practice refers to the use of artificial light and processed air to mimic natural circumstances in the built space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by allowing for the experience of the natural qualities of light and air to be produced in a controlled way.

This differs from the current use of light and air because it works in a way that combats the static conditions of these features and imitates their presence in the exterior environment, which is more dynamic and spectral (Calabrese and Kellert, 2015).

DIFFICULTY

BENEFITS positively impacted cognitive performance and productivity

SIMILARITIES

enhanced feelings of comfort

filtered & diffused light

improved overall psychological and physical health

air VENT

thermal variability

30

INDIRECT REFLECTED LIGHT LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is not limited in terms of location or climate zone.

Difficulty and cost are also low, making this a relatively achievable practice with few limitations. Some considerations are whether or not exterior applications would provide any benefit from reflected light, and how intense the reflected light will be in a space. While this practice is focused on bringing more light into the space, it shouldn’t be too intense and should provide a more subtle experience. Otherwise, this practice should be easy to implement.

I

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, reflected light can be achieved through the use of light-colored or reflective materials in or on the home. This can be implemented in both interior or exterior applications, however, it is most effective on the interior as it allows for more control over the light. Light-colored materials can be used on facades, walls, ceilings, and floors and can be achieved as easily as choosing a lightcolored paint. Additionally, the incorporation of water can be used to reflect light within a space.

$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the use of reflective materials to enhance light penetration of a space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by emulating the natural reflective qualities of light in nature, such as reflections off of water features. It is related to practices that take advantage of natural light, but is more focused on the indirect application of this light, rather than the direct application.

This practice enhances lighting designs and allows for more light penetration in a home (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS positively impacted circadian system functioning

natural light

increased visual comfort and performance

filtered & diffused light

improved overall psychological and physical health

simulating natural light & air

31

DESCRIPTION

WINDOW

CLIMATE

INDIRECT EVOKING NATURE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As a practice that requires metaphorical references to nature, it is one that is more difficult to achieve due to the in-depth thought that goes into its application. Also, its meaning is more vague, making it more difficult to discern what constitutes implementation.

Opportunities arise in the fact that climate zone and location have very little effect on its application, however, due to the complicated nature of the practice, it will likely require collaboration with an expert and can be costly.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, evoking nature can be achieved through a wide range of applications. Similar to some other practices, it can be achieved through organic forms and shapes that reference nature, but can also be more literal, through design elements or additive features that mimic natural elements or processes. Some examples include stained glass windows that mimic fractal geometries of nature and patterned artwork that mimics the natural variation of plant heights.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the creation of imaginative depictions of the experience of nature in the built space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by emulating the experience of nature through representations that draw from principles encountered in the natural environment. These are likely not literal representations of natural elements and are not direct applications of designs that are naturallyoccurring, however, they are based on the characteristics of the natural world (Calabrese and Kellert, 2015).

STAINED GLASS WINDOW

0A - 8

BENEFITS observed view preference

SIMILARITIES

reduced stress

biomorphy

enhanced concentration

botanical motifs

positively impacted attitude

PATTERN

animal & vertebrae motifs

32

INDIRECT BOTANICAL MOTIFS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is one of the easier practices to achieve. Location and climate zone have little effect on its implementation, as it mostly consists of interior applications that are not reliant on the surroundings of the home. Cost and difficulty levels are low, making this application simple for occupants to achieve on their own and at low price points.

Overall, there are few limitations that stand in the way of achieving this practice and it is one that can be implemented in almost any home, in any location.

I

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, botanical motifs can be achieved through additive features, such as artwork, wallpaper or decor, that depict botanical elements or refer to them. These can be more literal, like representations of foliage or flowers, which is the easier application of this practice, but it can also be achieved through representations that are more figurative. Forms and patterns that are pulled from or refer to botanical elements also fall under this practice and its implementation.

$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the inclusion of shapes, forms, and patterns derived from vegetation in design. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by using depictions and representations of the botanical elements of nature to reference the actual botanical elements of nature and the feelings that they encourage within the natural environment. This practice can be achieved both literally and metaphorically within the built environment and is used frequently in design (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS reduced stress

naturalistic shapes & forms

increased pleasure response

natural geometries

positively impacted concentration, imagination, creativity, and stress recovery

biomimicry

33

observed view preference

BOTANICAL

CLIMATE

INDIRECT ANIMAL & VERTEBRAE MOTIFS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As application for this practice is very similar to the previous practice, this practice is one that is easier to achieve in the home.

It is a more interior-focused practice that is not reliant on exterior conditions, so climate zone and location have little effect on its implementation. Cost and difficulty levels are both low as well, which makes it easy for occupants to achieve on their own. Ultimately, there are very few limitations that interfere with the application of this practice.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, animal and vertebrae motifs can be achieved in almost the same way as the previous practice. It is mostly done through additive features, such as wallpaper, decor, and artwork, that depict or refer to animals or vertebrae. These can be literal representations of these creatures, but can also be achieved through shapes and forms that reference them, such as animal prints or parts of animals, such as their claws or their heads.

DESCRIPTION

observed view preference

VERTEBRAE

reduced stress

COST

$

0A - 8

BENEFITS increased stimulation and emotional interest

I

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the simulation of animal life in design.

It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by using depictions of animals and animal forms to connect occupants to living creatures that are found in the outdoor environment, without the need for actual live animals to be present in the built space. It can be entire creatures or only animal parts and is usually highly stylized. This practice is less common than its botanical counterpart, but is done with similar implementation techniques (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

provoked satisfaction, pleasure, imagination, and creativity

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES animals botanical motifs images of nature

34

INDIRECT SHELLS & SPIRALS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Similar to the previous two practices, this practice has a more interior-focused application and is one that is easier to implement. It is not inhibited by climate zone or location and is not reliant on the exterior conditions of the home. Cost and difficulty levels are generally low, however, they can be made higher if occupants choose applications that are integrated in the form or structure of the building. These applications are usually more costly and will likely require collaboration with an expert.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, shells and spirals can be achieved through both additive features, like decor and art, or through formal features. Like the previous practices, interior decor that incorporates spirals or naturally-occurring spirals, like shells and plants form, is the simplest way to achieve this practice. Formally and structurally, spirals can also be incorporated into the layout of the home, through certain design features, or through the implementation of spiral staircases.

$ - $$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the simulation of invertebrate creatures in design features. It simulates an indirect connection to nature in the same way as botanical and animal motifs: by using representations and depictions of invertebrate creatures and incorporating these in the built environment to reference this life form in nature. These depictions are usually seen in the form of shells or spiral shapes in widespread design features (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS observed view preference

natural geometries

reduced stress

naturalistic shapes & forms

enhanced imagination, creativity, and concentration

botanical and animal & vertebrae motifs

35

SPIRAL STAIR

CLIMATE

INDIRECT TREE & COLUMNAR SUPPORTS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice is commonly structural, it is likely that it will be more difficult to achieve and can be more costly. Due to the nature of the practice being one that is incorporated into the design and integrity of the structure, it will likely require collaboration with an expert and will be difficult or impossible for occupants to achieve on their own. Location and climate zone have little effect on the implementation of this practice, however, as it is mostly an interior application and is not reliant on exterior conditions.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, tree and columnar supports can be achieved most simply by the implementation of columns within the home. These columns can be structural, but they do not have to be. The columns can be basic, round columns or can be more artistic and organic in form to reference the natural growth of trees.

The addition of leaf capitals at the top of these columns reinforce their connection to trees and can add to the beneficial effects of the practice.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

III COST

$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the incorporation of tree-like shapes that act as aesthetic or support features. It facilitates an indirect connection with nature by simulating the feeling of being within a forested space in the case of multiples, and by referencing trees, which were vital natural features affecting human evolution. It is a common practice that takes advantage of already necessary structural supports to reference the appearance of natural elements and provide benefits to occupants of the home (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

0A - 8

BENEFITS

SIMILARITIES

enhanced imagination, concentration, and creativity

arches, vaults, & domes

reduced stress

COLUMNS

observed view preference

naturalistic shapes & forms botanical motifs

36

INDIRECT ARCHES, VAULTS, & DOMES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is very limited in that it most likely will need to be implemented in the design phase of the form of the home. As these elements are structural and the intent of the practice is for them to serve the same purpose in the built environment as in nature, they would need to be integrated structurally into the home. Climate zone and location would have no effect on implementation, however, this practice is costly and will be very difficult to achieve, making it one of the more limited practices.

II - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, arches, vaults, and domes can be achieved through the addition of these elements in the home, usually structurally, but also in applications that emulate structural intent. Some of these features, such as arches, can be implemented after the home is designed, as artistic features, but mostly this practice will need to be implemented by a professional during the design phase.

These forms should resemble forms in nature, such as nests, beehives, cliffs, shells, etc.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the use of structural elements that emulate forms found in nature. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by copying or resembling natural forms to emulate their existence in the outdoor environment. It can be achieved in both decorative and functional applications and is focused on the structural applications of these forms, as opposed to just copying the organic shapes that nature produces (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS observed view preference

naturalistic shapes & forms

reduced stress

organic shapes

enhanced concentration

tree & columnar supports

37

DOME

ARCH

CLIMATE

INDIRECT ORGANIC SHAPES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is very flexible in terms of application. Because of the nature of its implementation, it is not limited to certain climate zones or locations, and it is achievable in a range of cost points and difficulty levels. Limitations would be in the type of application the occupant chooses. If the occupant prefers the formal implementation, application would be limited to homes in the design phase or those that are willing to do construction. In the ornamental or decorative application, there are no limitations.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, organic shapes can be achieved through the inclusion of rounded forms, that resist straight lines and appear as if they are naturally-occurring. This practice can be implemented in the design phase, through the inclusion of elements such as rounded walls, but can just as effectively be achieved through the inclusion of furniture, objects, fixtures, and decor which appears to have an organic form. It can be both formal or ornamental in application.

DESCRIPTION

observed view preference

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the inclusion of forms that resist straight lines and edges in order to evoke natural geometry. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by using the built form to emulate natural form through resembling the natural tendency to avoid hard edges and angles. It often consists of forms that could be described as sinuous, flowing, and adaptive, and may appear as though they are responding to natural forces in some way (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

DOME

ROUND WALLS

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

reduced stress

natural geometries

enhanced concentration

naturalistic shapes & forms arches, vaults, & domes

38

INDIRECT BIOMIMICRY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is more difficult to achieve due to the complex understanding of natural systems and processes that is required to mimic them successfully. While some of these applications will be simple, and may not be very costly, they will require mental effort from the occupants or professionals who will implement them. Location and climate zone are not critical for this practice due to the range off applications and cost points can be accommodated with different applications as well.

III - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, biomimicry can be achieved by the use of features that make use of natural technologies to achieve a similar purpose in the built space. This includes things like down feather insulation, spider web glass, and termite mound ventilation systems. Solar panels recreate the process of plants collecting sunlight for energy, and are another form of biomimicry that can be implemented in the home. The possibilities of this practice are endless, but requires the use of natural processes and technology in the design.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

39

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the use of unique features of other species in design. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by making use of the functionality of nature in the built environment, referring to the natural processes and systems, but adapting them to the artificial space. It uses the knowledge of bio-mimetic properties and mimics them with technology to provide similar results and benefits for human occupants within their homes (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS fostered intellectual stimulation

botanical motifs

observed view preference

biomorphy

positively impacted concentration and productivity

natural systems

reduced stress

SPIDER WEB GLASS

CLIMATE

INDIRECT BIOMORPHY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is also one that is more difficult to achieve, due to the unintentional and abstract nature of the implementation.

The effect of climate zone and location on this practice is also very little due to the range of applications and will have to be evaluated per method of implementation. It will likely require a great deal of thought and mental effort from the occupants or professionals who will work to implement the practice. It will also range in cost, from little to very expensive depending on application.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, biomorphy can be achieved through the use of natural shapes and patterns, that can be described as organic and that can be related to natural elements such as bacteria, plants, or animals. This can be achieved best through the form of the home, such as using rounded walls or features. It can be both interior and exterior applications and is successfully achieved when the practice refers to natural elements, but does not directly reference or depict them.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

III - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the use of architectural forms that are viewed as organic without a deliberate natural inspiration. It facilitates an indirect connection with nature by creating an unconscious connection to natural or living things, without the intentional or specific relation to these things. It provokes observers to apply natural or animal or plant labels, even when these forms are not intentionally incorporated.

This practice produces interesting results, but is difficult to achieve (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

0A - 8

BENEFITS observed view preference

SIMILARITIES

reduced stress

evoking nature

enhanced concentration

biomimicry

positively impacted attitude

WAVY WALLS

WAVE PATTERN

naturalistic shapes & forms

40

INDIRECT GEOMORPHY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is more difficult to achieve due to the technical level of its application. It is easiest to implement during the design phase of the home, making it a more limited practice because of its higher cost requirements and the collaboration required with an expert.

Climate zone and location come into effect with exterior applications, where consideration must be given to surroundings in order to create connections to ground and local geology. Interior applications will also need to consider surroundings, but are not as reliant on them.

III - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, geomorphy can be achieved by the introduction of elements, usually in the design phase, which reference or mimic naturally-occurring geological features, This can be done through the introduction of varying topography in the floor of the home, or the introduction of organic, rock-like forms into the walls or floors. Additionally, exterior applications can include the mimicking of shapes and colors of surrounding geological forms, like mountains, to create the appearance of assimilation with the environment.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

41

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the mimicking of geology and geological forms in design. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by emulating natural formation in the built environment. It is linked to the connection of the home to the ground and can evoke a sense of solidarity in terms of structure. This practice is known to make built structures appear integral with their environment and geological context, working to seamlessly blend the two (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS observed view preference

geology

reduced stress

biomorphy

enhanced concentration

geological connection to place

positively impacted attitude

FLOOR

INDIRECT SENSORY VARIABILITY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As there are many simple ways to interact with nature that engage multiple senses, this practice is easier to implement than many others. Cost can range depending on which application is chosen, but many applications of this practice are available that can be achieved at low cost. Climate zone and location have little effect on the ability to implement the practice, however, effort is required on the occupant’s part to participate in this interactive application in order for it to be beneficial.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, sensory variability can be achieved through the introduction of natural elements that require or facilitate interaction within the home. This can be done through the introduction of a garden, where you see, touch, smell, and taste within the process, or a water feature, that you can hear, see, and touch. Pets, or animals, are another way to implement this practice, as you can touch, hear, smell, and see them, and some, such as chickens or bees, produce products you can also taste.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

I - II COST

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the creation of conditions that evoke the use of multiple senses in the built space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by emulating the human interaction with the sensuous and variable natural environment within the constructed environment. This practice must be interactive in implementation and multiple senses must be evoked at once for this practice to be successful, including touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

0A - 8

BENEFITS

SIMILARITIES

reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormones

non-rhythmic sensory stimuli

positively impacted cognitive performance perceived improvements in mental health and tranquility

RIVER

PETS

positively impacted satisfaction and well-being

information richness GARDEN

auditory, haptic, olfactory and gustatory stimuli

42

INDIRECT INFORMATION RICHNESS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

As this practice is mostly interior-focused, its application is not restricted by location or climate zone. Difficulty and cost of implementation ranges, but this practice has opportunities to be achieved simply and at lost cost points, making it very accessible.

Limitations do occur, however, if occupants choose more formal or structural applications of this practice, as these aspects are part of the building design and will likely require collaboration with an expert in the field.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, information richness can be achieved through the ornate detailing of the home. As this practice refers to the depth of nature’s detail, it goes beyond decor and incorporates a variety of different colors, patterns, textures, shapes, and images to create a cohesive layer of additional information in a space. It is typically achieved through ornamental implementation, however, formal and structural elements can also work in conjunction to successfully accomplish this practice.

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the incorporation and representation of nature’s detail and diversity in the built environment. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by the reflection of the richness of the natural environment within the home. Nature is one of the most intellectually challenging environments known, so this practice takes advantage of that fact and tries to emulate it within the built space through features such as variety, texture, details and patterns.

(International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS reduced blood pressure

sensory variability

positively impacted mood and productivity

complexity & order

improved overall health

natural geometries, colors, and materials

observed view preference

43

PATTERNS & COLORS

INDIRECT AGE, CHANGE, & THE PATINA OF TIME LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice can be achieved in any location or climate zone, however, attention must be given to exterior applications, as the material choices and their interaction with local weather and climatic conditions will create different effects. Interior applications do not have these limitations and can be achieved anywhere, but the application of this practice in general requires specific thought as to what material choice will display evidence of natural aging and life cycles.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, age, change, and the patina of time can be achieved through the use of natural materials in the home, which either have the ability to show wear and age, or have already aged and are being repurposed. This can include materials such as wood and stone. Additionally, this practice can be achieved with man-made materials, such as certain metals or concrete, that have the ability to display the effects of natural processes, such as weathering, oxidation, or patina.

DESCRIPTION

AGED WOOD

encouraged appreciation for environment

COST

$ - $$$

0A - 8

BENEFITS observed view preference

I - II

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the representational interpretation of the metabolic stages of organic life in the built space. It facilitates an indirect connection to nature by the use of representations of the natural process of aging to reference the exterior environment. It emulates the dynamic progression of change over time through design features and displays the patina of natural materials to create a relationship to the natural world. This practice is linked to feelings of familiarity within your environment (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

evoked senses of familiarity and satisfaction

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES natural materials natural systems growth & efflorescence

44

SPACE & PLACE PROSPECT & REFUGE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is not limited in terms of climate zone or location because it is more reliant on form than exterior conditions, however, it is one that is more difficult to achieve for this exact reason. Areas of prospect and refuge are often ones that have to be thought of and incorporated into the initial design of the space, making this more difficult to implement in an already built home. It is possible to construct spaces of prospect and refuge, however, it may be costly and will require more effort from the occupants.

III - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, prospect and refuge can be achieved by the incorporation of alcove spaces or nooks that provide protection or privacy, while also allowing for unobstructed focal paths.

Focal paths can be created through the use of transparent materials, open floor plans and clear pathways, and views to surrounding environments. This practice can be broken down into elements of prospect or areas of refuge, but is most beneficial when the two elements are combined.

$$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

45

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the mimicking of natural moments of prospect and refuge in the built space. It relates to the experience of space and place by using the recreation of spaces similar to those humans experienced in their evolution as a species. These spaces create vantage points to open space, while also generating feelings of safety and control. This practice is linked to visual preferences and spatial habitat responses, with positive effects on concentration and feelings of comfort (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS reduced stress and lowered heart rate

curiosity & enticement

reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue

views & vistas

improved concentration and attention

security & protection

increased comfort and perceived safety

NOOK

CLIMATE

SPACE & PLACE FEAR & AWE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice can range in difficulty and cost due to the wide range of applications. It is likely that many features of this practice will need to be implemented into the design of the home, so it is not one of the easier practices to achieve. Climate zone and location have little effect on the implementation of this practice as most of the applications of this practice are not reliant on or affected by exterior conditions, making it a practice that can be implemented in any location.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, fear and awe can be achieved through the introduction of impressive features that can also be perceived as a threat in the home. Threats in this case can be anything that increases physical and mental awareness. This practice can be accomplished through the use of cantilevers and overhangs, double-height spaces with balconies or catwalks, and the use of transparency in unexpected places, such as railings, walls and floors.

DESCRIPTION

II - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the designing of peril and adventure into the built environment. It relates to the experience of space and place by taking inspiration from human’s inherent fear of nature and awe of the natural world and simulating these feelings within the home. It is related to the feeling of appreciation for powers greater than ourselves that is often felt in nature and can be achieved through the praise of majestic natural features in the built space (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

0A - 8

BENEFITS resulted in strong dopamine or pleasure responses

DIFFICULTY

LOFT

SIMILARITIES

observed view preference

mystery

reduced feelings of sadness

security & protection curiosity & enticement

46

SPACE & PLACE CURIOSITY & ENTICEMENT LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is affected by climate zone and location depending on the application that is chosen. Exterior applications will have to consider climate to determine if they will be usable and beneficial to occupants. Interior applications are not reliant upon exterior conditions, therefore, they are not limited by these elements.

Difficulty level and costs range in terms of this practice because applications vary, with the opportunity that some aspects may already be present in the home and some may need to be designed.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, curiosity and enticement can be achieved through spaces that encourage engagement from the occupants, such as hidden rooms and labyrinths. Partially obscured spaces or objects draw attention from occupants and are one application of this practice. The layout of the home can also have a large effect on application and floor plans that are more closed and that have winding or indirect pathways are often more effective in achieving this practice.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES exploration & discovery mystery prospect & refuge

47

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of feelings of curiosity, exploration, and discovery of nature and natural processes through the built space. This relates to the experience of space and place by the stimulation of the human need for exploration, discovery, mystery, creativity, and problem-solving in their environment, which was inspired by their experience of nature. These spaces engage human intellect and imagination (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS observed view preference encouraged exploration and discovery engaged human intellect and imagination

HALLWAY ROOM

SPACE & PLACE GROWTH & EFFLORESCENCE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice has a wide range of application types, there are a range of difficulty and cost levels as well. This practice is not overly expensive to achieve, however, with the most involved application being the spatial variability. Most other applications are easy to implement but may vary in cost levels. Climate zone and location have little effect on the implementation of this practice, making this practice able to be implemented anywhere and in any home.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, growth and efflorescence can be achieved through both additive and formal applications. The use of natural materials that show signs of aging or the use of finishes that weather or change over time are some of the more superficial applications. Ornamentation that references the maturation process falls under this category of implementation. Formally, this practice can be achieved through the variation of spaces within a home, which represents the process of change.

DESCRIPTION

evoked senses of familiarity observed view preference encouraged appreciation for environment

COST

$ - $$$

0A - 8 AGED WOOD

provoked pleasure and satisfaction

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the incorporation of aging and maturation processes in design. This relates to the experience of space and place by the use of temporal and transitional representations of maturation and age to emulate these natural processes within the built space. It creates a dynamic quality in a space and gives off the feeling of being within a living environment. These spaces are thought to be more appealing to occupants and encourage satisfaction (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES age, change, & the patina of time natural materials natural systems

48

SPACE & PLACE COMPLEXITY & ORDER LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice has a wide range of applications, so cost and difficulty levels will vary. Opportunities arise from this, however, as there are ways to implement this practice at any cost or difficulty level, making it more achievable. Climate zone and location have little effect on the implementation of this practice, as most applications are interior-focused. Limitations occur if occupants choose the more difficult applications of this practice, as strategies that incorporate structural elements will likely require collaboration with an expert.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, complexity and order can be achieved through a variety of different applications. Complex ornamentation on the interior or exterior of the home can be an example of this practice if it is done in a disciplined way. Additionally, exposed structure can be an implementation of this practice as it is a rigid and complex system in itself. Lastly, organizational systems, such as shelving or storage, can be an application of this practice when they are installed in systems or groups.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of detail-rich environments in a structured and orderly way. This relates to the experience of space and place by the imposition of structure and organization in the built space, in a way that reflects the occurrence of detail and variability in the natural environment. This is successfully accomplished when the space stimulates the desire for variety in a way that appears controlled and comprehensible (Browning et al.

2014).

BENEFITS positively impacted perceptual and physiological stress responses

information richness

observed view preference

sensory variability

fostered a sense of control and comprehension

natural geometries, colors, and materials

evoked feelings of calmness and awe

49

GRID

SPACE & PLACE SECURITY & PROTECTION LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is often reliant on aspects of the design, meaning most of its applications will be of a higher difficulty level.

Rooms and spaces such as those facilitated by this practice will often have to be incorporated into the design with the collaboration of an expert and can be costly. Opportunities arise when alcove spaces are already present in the home, making implementation of this practice very easy. Climate zone and location have little effect on implementation.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, security and protection can be achieved through the introduction of sheltered and secure spaces in the home. These can be spaces such as alcoves or nooks, and are usually enclosed on three sides to encourage the feelings of protection. These spaces are not necessarily meant to isolate from the natural world, so they should not be completely closed off from the exterior environment, or should facilitate views of nature from at least one vantage point.

DESCRIPTION

reduced stress and lowered heart rate improved concentration and attention

COST

$ - $$$

0A - 8 WINDOW NOOK

fostered a senses of safety and control

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the creation of feelings of protection through the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by exacerbating the original intention of the built space as an element of protection for humans against the threatening forces of nature. It is difficult to achieve because, while our homes must provide this protection, it is equally important that they do not isolate or insulate their occupants from the natural world (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES fear & awe prospect & refuge bounded spaces

50

SPACE & PLACE MASTERY & CONTROL LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

As thermostats and window coverings are already present in most homes, these applications of the practice are easiest to implement. Some other applications, like constructed landscapes, may require more effort and money to achieve. These applications are also more dependent on climate zone and location, as some ecosystems will not survive if the home is located in a harsher climate, or if the location is not hospitable to plant growth. Interior applications can be applied anywhere, however, and are not limited by location.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, mastery and control can be achieved through elements that exert control over your environment, such as through the use of thermostats to control temperature and shades and technology to control light. In terms of natural elements, control can be exerted through the creation of manufactured landscapes, like constructed wetlands or gardens, in which the occupant was responsible for the creation and maintenance of these spaces.

$ - $$$

SIMILARITIES

BENEFITS enhanced mastery and problem-solving skills

complexity & order

improved critical thinking and cognitive development

security & protection

fostered feelings of self-confidence

patterned wholes

51

This practice refers to a reflection of the human desire for control over their environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by facilitating this feeling within the built space to fulfill a need that is typically felt in nature. The practice is accomplished by the mastery of nature facilities in the home and is known to satisfy human ingenuity and cleverness, which can lead to improved self-confidence and self-esteem for occupants.

(Heerwagen et al. 2008).

LIGHT

0A - 8

DESCRIPTION

SHADE

CLIMATE

GARDEN

VENT

SPACE & PLACE MOBILITY & WAYFINDING LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As most homes are built with circulation in mind, this practice may already be present, with no cost or effort required on the occupant’s part. If the layout of the home does not facilitate this practice, however, it can be one that is complicated to implement and may require changes to the design, which will likely be costly and will require collaboration with an expert. As this is a largely interiorfocused practice that is not reliant on outside conditions, location and climate zone have little to no effect on implementation.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, mobility and wayfinding can be achieved by the distinction of clear pathways through the home and obvious points of entry and exit. This practice relies more heavily on the layout of the home, making it more difficult to implement in the cases where it is not already present. Pathways can be established by wall and furniture placement and, in some cases, flooring materials. Entries and exits are most beneficial from this practice when they are unobscured.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the facilitation of easy and clear movement through a space. This relates to the experience of space and place by emulating the need for humans to move freely between diverse and complicated spaces in nature and facilitating this movement within the built space. It is known to positively affect occupants’ wellbeing and comfort, and fosters mobility and feelings of security. The absence of this practice is linked to the creation of feelings of confusion and anxiety (Calabrese and Kellert, 2015).

0A - 8

BENEFITS reduced feelings of sadness, anger, and stress

SIMILARITIES

positively impacted attitude and attention

spaciousness

observed view preference

transitional spaces

decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure

DOOR

DOOR

linked series & chains

52

SPACE & PLACE EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice becomes reliant on climate zone and location depending on which method of application the occupants prefer. These elements have little effect on interior applications, however, the exterior applications, like constructed ecosystems, will be limited in some cases by location and climate. Cost and difficulty levels range, but it is possible to implement this practice easily and at a lower budget.

Additionally, some applications, like transitional spaces, may already be present in the home.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, exploration and discovery can be achieved through the introduction of constructed or natural landscapes or ecosystems that allow for discovery about natural processes. These can be things such as gardens, rain gardens, or ponds. In the built space, this practice can be achieved by observational spaces of the natural environment, like porches or decks, or through transitional spaces, like hallways that obscure and reveal spaces within the home.

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the inclusion of opportunities for exploration and discovery of natural processes in the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by referencing the information-rich and intellectually stimulating natural environment in the design of the home to elicit interest from occupants. This can be done in representational ways that reveal environmental elements in the space (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS elicited interest and appreciation

curiosity & enticement

provoked intellectual stimulation

mystery

encouraged mobility and fitness

transitional spaces

53

DESCRIPTION

LANDSCAPE HALLWAY

DECK

SPACE & PLACE ATTRACTION & BEAUTY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is not limited by location or climate zone because most applications are focused on the interior of the building and are not reliant on exterior conditions. Some applications, such as meditation gardens and flowering plants, would benefit most from moderate or warmer climate zones, however, this isn’t required.

Cost and difficulty levels range from low to high depending on implementation method, with plants being a more affordable aspect and spatial manipulation being a more expensive one.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, attraction and beauty can be achieved though visually appealing aspects of design, such as natural color schemes, differing heights of spaces, and symmetry and proportions derived from natural geometries. Spaces that elicit feelings of connection to nature and spirituality, such as meditation gardens, are another way to implement this practice. Finally, the incorporation of beauty aspects of nature in a space, such as flowering plants, fosters an appreciation for the natural world.

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of an aesthetic appreciation for nature and natural processes through the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by the use of the home to foster an appreciation for natural processes and form as a way to simulate the human aesthetic attraction to nature. As this is one of the strongest inclinations of the human species, this practice is known to engender some of the most successful homes (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

DIFFICULTY

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8

NG

LI

I CE

BENEFITS WALL

fostered curiosity, imagination, and exploration

SIMILARITIES

improved creativity and problem-solving

affection & attachment

encouraged feelings of harmony and symmetry

reverence & spirituality FLOOR

natural colors

54

SPACE & PLACE AFFECTION & ATTACHMENT LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Depending on the application chosen, this practice can range in difficulty and cost. As windows and openings are likely already present in most homes, this specific application would be easy and cost nothing, whereas introduction of water features and meditation gardens will require some planning and can be more costly. Location becomes relevant for this practice when considering views of nature because homes in more urban or constructed environments may not have access to these views.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, affection and attachment can be achieved through visual connections to surrounding natural environments and landscapes. This can be achieved through windows and openings. Spatially, this can be achieved through the introduction of spaces which create feelings of attachment and connection to nature, such as meditation gardens and water features. Finally, this practice can be implemented by the introduction of natural elements within the space to facilitate a deeper connection to the outside world.

$ - $$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES attraction & beauty reverence & spirituality spirit of place

55

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of emotional affinities for nature through design. This relates to the experience of space and place by making use of human affection for the natural world in the home and eliciting feelings of emotional connection through design.

This is related to the critical component of affection for nature in the human capacity of bonding and affection and spaces that emulate this are know for receiving lasting loyalty and commitment from occupants (Heerwagen et al. 2008).

BENEFITS encouraged feelings of bonding, caring and emotionally connecting with others

LANDSCAPE

WINDOW

CLIMATE

fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature enhanced feelings of relaxation, comfort, and security

MEDITATION GARDEN

SPACE & PLACE REVERENCE & SPIRITUALITY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice can range from low to high difficulty and cost levels with the wide range of applications available. The structural and formal applications will be the most difficult and costly, likely requiring implementation at the design phase. These applications will likely entail collaboration with an expert. Interior applications are not affected by climate zone or location, but consideration must be made of these elements when choosing exterior applications.

Ultimately, implementation is not limited in any certain location.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, reverence and spirituality can be achieved through the incorporation of spaces that facilitate feelings of connection, such as meditation gardens, alters, and prayer spaces, and labyrinths. Additionally, the incorporation of elements like stained glass windows, vaulted ceilings, and domes, that are commonly seen in religious spaces are another method of implementation. Representations of nature or the physical incorporation of natural elements in these spaces enforces benefits.

DESCRIPTION

provoked feelings of transcendence, connection, meaning, and purposeful existence decreased feelings of isolation enhanced self-confidence and ability to bond with others

STAINED GLASS WINDOW

BENEFITS

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

DOME

This practice refers to designed spaces that provoke feelings of transcendence and connection. This relates to the experience of space and place by the use of the built space to affirm the human need for establishing a meaningful relationship with creation. It can be done through literal application, such as the incorporation of religious spaces in the home, or metaphorically, through forms that reference spiritual experiences or facilitate relationships with creation (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

DIFFICULTY

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES arches, vaults, & domes attraction & beauty affection & attachment

56

SPACE & PLACE COMPLEMENTARY CONTRASTS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice ranges in difficulty and cost levels. Some applications, such as open floor plans or the combination of differing spaces, may already be present in the home and will require no cost or effort to implement. Many of the application methods, if not already present, would need to be implemented in the initial design of the home, making implementation more difficult and expensive and likely requiring consultation with an expert. Location and climate zone have little to no effect on implementation.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, complementary contrasts can be achieved in a variety of ways in the home. This can be spatially, like the combination of organized, united spaces, with diverse, varied spaces, or the combination of open floor plans and bounded spaces at the edges. It can also be achieved through the manipulation of elements like light, where there are areas of both light and dark in the home, or form, with the inclusion of high and low elements, such as differing ceiling heights.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

57

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the blending of contrasting features in a complementary way in a space. This relates to the experience of space and place by manipulating space through the implementation of contrasting or opposite features, like light and dark, high and low, and open and closed. This practice is linked to increased meaning and intelligibility of spaces, along with creating interest and stimulation for its occupants (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS reduced blood pressure

complexity & order

positively impacted mood and productivity

spatial harmony

improved overall health

information richness

observed view preference

LIGHT

DARK

SPACE & PLACE HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED RATIOS & SCALES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is generally independent of the effects of climate zone and location, making it possible to implement anywhere.

Formal applications, such as in layout or building shape, can limit this practice more to the design phase of the home and are likely to be more costly and difficult to implement. Applications require knowledge of natural geometries and proportional systems, so additional research may be required and it is likely that consultation with a designer or expert will be required.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, hierarchically organized ratios and scales can be achieved by the use of proportional systems such as the Golden Ratio or the Fibonacci sequence to guide the design of the home. These systems can be implemented in the layout of the home, such as a house with a floor plan that follows the Golden ratio, or they can be used to guide the elevation or facade design of the home. Usually, this practice is implemented spatially or formally.

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to hierarchically connected forms that are arithmetically or geometrically related in a space. This relates to the experience of space and place by the use of naturally occurring sequences and geometries to define the built space. It is know to create a sense of organization and understanding in an otherwise complex and chaotic space and can draw from principles such as the Golden Ratio or the Fibonacci Sequence (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

improved overall health observed view preference

COST

$$ - $$$$

0A - 8 GOLDEN RATIO

WALL LAYOUT

positively impacted mood and productivity

III - IV

CLIMATE

BENEFITS reduced blood pressure

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES natural geometries naturalistic shapes & forms spatial variability

58

SPACE & PLACE LINKED SERIES & CHAINS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

As features such as connecting rooms are already present in some homes, this practice may require little to no effort and cost to implement, however, implementing these things in an existing home may prove more difficult and costly. Likely you will need to implement this practice in the design phase so they can be integrated in the layout of the home and this will probably require consultation with a designer or other expert. Due to its interior-focused nature, this practice will not be hindered by climate zone or location.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, linked series and chains can be achieved through the layout of the home when there is an emphasis on connecting rooms. This could be through things such as a Jack and Jill bathroom or other adjoining room relationships. Additionally, this practice can be achieved through the use of glass walls to make a connection between rooms that would have otherwise been separate.

Cohesive design between two or more different rooms that create a connection between those spaces further enforce this practice.

$ - $$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the facilitation of movement through linked spaces. This relates to the experience of space and place by mimicking the linkage of spaces that occurs in nature within the built space. Movement can occur both physically and temporally through these spaces and is encouraged by the design of the home.

The connections and linkages of space are known to help convey meaning and understanding of the home (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS evoked senses of mystery, stimulation, and enticement

mobility & wayfinding

encouraged mobility

mystery

facilitated meaning and understanding of a space

integration of parts to wholes

59

DESCRIPTION

WALL

CLIMATE

SPACE & PLACE INTEGRATION OF PARTS TO WHOLES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice ranges in application methods, so cost and difficulty levels will range as well. Spatial applications of this practice are more involved and likely more costly, with the majority needing to be implemented during the design phase of the home. Aesthetic applications can range, but are generally more affordable than spatial applications and require less effort. Location and climate zone have little to no effect on the application of this practice, as the application methods are not dependent on exterior conditions.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, integration of parts to wholes can be achieved largely two different ways: aesthetically and spatially. Aesthetically, this practice can be achieved by systems that are made up of the same or similar elements that are repeating.

Some examples would be hardwood floors, glass mullion patterns or tiles. Spatially, this practice can be achieved by the linking of spaces within a home, that still maintain clearly defined edges and boundaries, such as the linking of living and dining spaces.

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of a feeling of discrete parts comprising a larger whole through the built space. This relates to the experience of space and place by focusing on smaller spaces or elements to create a feeling of being part of a larger system. It is related to the idea of natural systems and their being composed of many parts.

This practice helps create feelings of structural integrity in the home, regardless of size or detail level (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 WINDOW

generated a sense of place and supports self-identity

SIMILARITIES

reduced blood pressure

patterned wholes

positively impacted mood and productivity

spatial variability

observed view preference

linked series & chains

60

SPACE & PLACE PATTERNED WHOLES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Due to the wide range of application types, this practice can likely be implemented at any phase of design and at any budget or difficulty level. Many applications, such as mosaic tiling or screens and shades, can easily be applied to an existing home without any outside help or consultation. Location and climate zone also have little effect on the implementation of this practice as the different applications are mostly independent of any outside conditions, making this practice ideal for implementation in any home.

I - II

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, patterned wholes can be achieved first and foremost through elements that create a pattern made up of smaller elements. This can include stained glass windows, mosaic tiling, screens or shades, or patterned wall or floor applications.

This practice works well when a pattern is applied to a singular object in its entirety, such as an entire wall is patterned or an entire window is patterned, so as to enforce the “whole” aspect of the patterned wholes practice.

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the uniting of variability through integrated and patterned wholes. This relates to the experience of space and place by the use of parts of the built environment to unite in patterns and create a sense of coherence in the home.

It is also related to the idea of natural systems and how they are composed of many parts and elements. This practice is known to create feelings of structure in the built space and makes the space easier to understand (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS observed view preference and understanding of environment

mastery & control

reduced blood pressure

spatial variability

positively impacted mood and productivity

integration of parts to wholes

improved overall health

61

PATTERN

SPACE & PLACE BOUNDED SPACES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As many homes already have established rooms with clear boundaries, this practice is one that is easier to implement.

Even without this existing feature, boundaries can easily be created temporarily or simply through the use of screens of blinds, so this practice can be achieved at low difficulty and cost levels if needed.

Higher difficulty and cost are achieved when adding walls into a home for this practice. Exterior conditions have little to no effect on implementation, so climate zone and location will not be relevant.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, bounded spaces can be achieved when rooms and spaces are given clear boundaries and edges. This can be accomplished through a space having at least three walls surrounding it, if not a completely enclosed space. In addition to walls, some other type of enclosure may be used, such as blinds or screens. Generally, the more solid the enclosure, the more effective this practice is. This practice creates spaces of refuge and security within the home.

DESCRIPTION

COST

$ - $$$

0A - 8

WALL

BENEFITS positively impacted mood and productivity

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the inclusion of bounded and delineated spaces in the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by the creation of clear and secure territories, which humans are drawn to due to their inherent need for shelter from nature and its forces. These spaces enhance the recognition of consistent boundaries and place demarcations, and are known to foster resource exploitation and a sense of security for their occupants (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

reduced blood pressure

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES security & protection

improved overall health and enhanced feelings of security

prospect & refuge

observed view preference

spatial harmony

62

SPACE & PLACE TRANSITIONAL SPACES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Transitional spaces are likely already present in many homes, making this practice one of the easier ones to implement. Some application methods, like bridges, fenestration, or courtyards, may be a bit more involved and expensive to implement, however, many methods should be preexisting in the home. Location and climate zone have little effect on this practice, except for cases of thresholds between interior and exterior spaces, which should be avoided in more extreme climatic conditions.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, transitional spaces can be achieved through the inclusion of any spaces or elements that can be used to facilitate or encourage movement between areas in the home.

This can include elements such as hallways, pathways or walkways, thresholds, doorways, portals, bridges and fenestration. Additionally, this can include spaces that act as thresholds specifically between built space and the natural environment, such as porches, decks, foyers, or courtyards.

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES inside-outside spaces linked series & chains spatial variability

63

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the designation of spaces that provide access from one area to another. This relates to the experience of space and place by mimicking the transition from built space to natural space, either literally or metaphorically. It is most successful when it creates clearly understood connections between spaces, which are facilitated by clear transitions. These spaces are known to increase feelings of comfort for the occupants of the home (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS evoked feelings of comfort and reduced feelings of sadness, anger, and stress decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure positively impacted attitude and attention observed view preference

HALLWAY

SPACE & PLACE CENTRAL FOCAL POINT LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES Spatial applications of this practice tend to be more difficult and costly to achieve if they are not already existing features of the home. If occupants are looking for easier and more cost effective ways to implement this practice, the introduction of focal objects is generally the way to go. Because of the range of methods, however, this practice can be achieved at any difficulty or cost level. Exterior conditions are not generally relevant, except in cases of courtyards, so location and climate zone have little effect on implementation.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, central focal point can be achieved through the incorporation of an object of focus within the home. This can be a spatial element, such as a central room, gathering space, or courtyard that draws your attention back to the center of the home, or an object, like a fountain, statue, or distinctive design feature. These features generally mark a main space within the home that is preferably easily accessible by occupants and guests of the home.

DESCRIPTION

DIFFICULTY

I - III COST

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the creation of a point of reference in a constructed landscape. This relates to the experience of space and place by the use of a focal point that enhances navigability in space, similar to that which is often present in natural landscapes. This allows for a sense of organization in the space and helps facilitate wayfinding.

This practice is known for helping the built space achieve coherence, despite the level of complexity (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

0A - 8 FOCAL POINT

BENEFITS reduced blood pressure

SIMILARITIES

positively impacted mood and productivity

mobility & wayfinding

improved overall health

complexity & order

observed view preference

spatial harmony

64

SPACE & PLACE SPATIAL VARIABILITY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice may be preexisting in a home, however, if it is not, it will likely be difficult and costly to implement or will most likely need to be implemented in the initial design phase of the home. Expert consultation will be needed. It is a more involved practice, requiring conditions of multiple spaces to be manipulated, making it a more difficult practice. Location and climate zone have little to no effect of implementation, as this practice is focused on the interior of the home and exterior conditions are not relevant.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, spatial variability can be achieved through differing room sizes and conditions, in both height and square footage. This can be accomplished through varying ceiling heights and slopes, varying floor conditions and topography, differing room widths and lengths, and differing wall conditions. It can include a stepped floor condition, sloped ceiling, curved wall, and long room width. This practice is comparative, so there must be two or more rooms that vary in order for this practice to be successfully achieved.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the diversity of spaces within the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by allowing for the manipulation of space in design to reference the variation of spaces created by the natural environment. It is often most effective when implemented in relation to organized and united spaces and is known to foster emotional and intellectual stimulation in occupants of the home (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

G

IN

L EI

C

BENEFITS fostered emotional and intellectual stimulation

spatial harmony

encouraged mobility and exploration

spaciousness

enhanced imagination and feelings of comfort

bounded spaces

65

DESCRIPTION

WALL

CLIMATE

FLOOR

SPACE & PLACE SPATIAL HARMONY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice generally requires knowledge of lighting intensity and program affiliation, it will likely require additional research on the occupant’s part or will require collaboration with an expert. Otherwise, it can be implemented very easily in some cases and at low cost levels, as changing light features or bulbs can be part pf the application. Window placement can be a more costly application, if they are not already present. Climate zone and location are only relevant when depending on light from windows.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, spatial harmony can be achieved through the manipulation of light and form. It is important to balance the amount and intensity of light within a space depending on the size, shape, and program of the space. For examples, areas where occupants eat or lounge require lower lighting, whereas areas such as offices or workshops require high light levels. Light in the space is most beneficial when it is from a natural source, like the sun, and can be controlled by window placement and/or coverings.

DESCRIPTION

WINDOW

enhanced feelings of security and comfort

COST

$ - $$$

0A - 8

SHADE

evoked a sense of harmony

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the blending of light, mass, and scale within a bounded space. This relates to the experience of space and place by using the manipulation of built space to incorporate a variety of elements that evoke a feeling of harmony, similar to the behavior and feelings facilitated by natural spaces. This practice is known to help facilitate movement and clarity within the home and can encourage feelings of security for the occupants (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

SIMILARITIES bounded spaces

encouraged mobility and exploration

spatial variability

enhanced imagination

spirit of place

66

SPACE & PLACE SPACIOUSNESS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Applications of this practice that rely on views to exterior space will need to be in proximity of these specific conditions, such as close to large plains or fields. Interior-focused applications are not dependent on location and climate zone have little to no effect on any type of implementation. As many newer homes have open floor plans and large spaces, this practice may already be present in the home, but if not, it will likely be hard to implement and will need to be addressed in the initial design phase of the home.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, spaciousness can be achieved through the implementation of large, open spaces within the home or the use of open floor plan layouts in design. The introduction of open spaces works best in gathering areas of the home, such as living and dining areas, and is meant to be accompanied by smaller, more private spaces, such as bedrooms. Spaciousness can also be achieved through the proximity and views to wide open spaces in the natural environment surrounding the home.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

67

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of feelings of openness in the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by using openness in the built space to reference the openness that is experienced in the natural environment. This practice works best when it is accompanied by smaller, sheltered or bounded spaces at its edges to provide refuge and has been found to encourage movement and exploration throughout the space (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

WINDOW

CLIMATE

encouraged mobility and exploration

prospect & refuge

enhanced imagination and feelings of comfort

bounded spaces

observed view preference

exploration & discovery

evoked feelings of curiosity and a welcoming experience

OPEN SPACE FLOOR

SPACE & PLACE INSIDE-OUTSIDE SPACES LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES The applications of this practice are not always fixtures in a home, so they may not be preexisting, but they are not uncommon.

Some are easily built on to the exterior of a home after it is built, but others, like mudrooms or foyers, may need to be implemented in the initial design of the home. This practice can range in difficultly and cost levels because of this. Location and climate zone become relevant when deciding which implementation method to choose, as not all methods are suitable for every climate zone.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, inside-outside spaces can be achieved through any space in the home that creates a connection between interior and exterior. This can include screened porches, covered porches, sunrooms, foyers, mudrooms, etc. Additionally, this practice can include indoor gardens or greenhouses because they create a connection between interior and exterior environments.

If these spaces are within the home, the use of expansive windows can enforce the connection and benefits of this practice.

DESCRIPTION

encouraged mobility

I - III COST

$ - $$$

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the connection of interior spaces to the outside environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by using the built space to create a literal connection and transition to the natural environment outside of the home. They generally appear connected to the exterior environment and mark the transition of nature with culture. These spaces are known to encourage mobility and are often considered more appealing to occupants of the home (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

0A - 8 INSIDE

OUTSIDE

SIMILARITIES

positively impacted attitude and attention

transitional spaces

observed view preference

linked series & chains

enhanced feelings of comfort

spatial variability

68

SPACE & PLACE MYSTERY LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Location and climate zone have little to no effect on the implementation of this practice as most application methods are focused on the interior of the home and are not dependent on exterior conditions. While there are some methods that are simpler to implement, many applications of this practice are more involved and will need to be implemented within the design phase of the home, making it a more difficult and possibly more costly practice. Consultation with an expert may be needed.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, mystery can be achieved in a variety of different ways in the home. Partially obscured rooms or focal objects or the use of windows and translucent material to catch glimpses of different elements or spaces within the home are some of the easier ways to implement this practice. Winding paths or hidden sources of sounds or smells are another way that mystery can be applied within a space. Essentially, any spatial quality or element that encourages interaction and discovery can relate to this practice.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

This practice refers to the creation of a sense of anticipation through design. This relates to the experience of space and place by appealing to the instinctual human need for understanding and exploring their environment. This practice is the promise of more information achieved through the spatial qualities and design of the home that entice the occupant to travel deeper into a space. It is often linked to reduced feelings of sadness and an increased view preference (Browning et al. 2014).

BENEFITS evoked strong pleasure response

curiosity & enticement

observed view preference

exploration & discovery

reduced feelings of sadness

fear & awe

69

DESCRIPTION

WINDOW

SPACE & PLACE SPIRIT OF PLACE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES Climate zone and location generally have little to no effect on the implementation of this practice, as it is mostly interior-focused and it not dependent on exterior conditions. Atmosphere and feeling are important aspects of this design, so collaboration with a designer or other expert may be required to achieve intended effects. Since this practice has such a broad range of applications and is generally a bit more vague, difficulty and cost levels can vary, but this practice should be able to be implemented in any home.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, spirit of place can be achieved through the production of an ecological connection and an emotional attachment to a place. As this practice relies more on the atmosphere and feeling of a space, implementation methods can be a bit more vague. Some examples include vernacular architectural forms that imitate or incorporate nature, or architectural features that work together with nature to create a unique environment, such as garden courtyards.

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the creation of a sense of personal identity through a space. This relates to the experience of space and place by creating a sense of meaning and commitment in the built space, which humans usually reserve for the natural environment. It is a metaphoric signifier that the built environment has become lifelike and serves as a motivational factor for occupants to develop feelings of responsibility and stewardship for the natural environment (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

I - IV COST

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 GARDEN COURTYARD

generated a sense of place and supports self-identity

SIMILARITIES

enhanced feelings or relaxation, comfort, and security

affection & attachment

fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature

cultural connection to place reverence & spirituality

70

SPACE & PLACE INDIGENOUS MATERIALS LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

This practice is dependent on the availability of local materials, making climate zone and location relevant. While you can likely find indigenous materials in any climate zone, some areas will provide more abundant resources than others. Harvesting and finishing of materials can affect the difficulty and cost levels of this practice, and the implementation method plays a factor as well. Using local materials as a finish material may be more involved than purchasing furniture made from indigenous materials, but cost can range.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, indigenous materials can be achieved by the use of materials found in the location surrounding the home for applications inside the home. This can include wood from a tree in the backyard being repurposed into furniture or decor, or stones from a local creek being used to create a fire pit or as a finish material within the home. These materials must be native, however, so as to create a direct connection to the ecology and environment immediately surrounding the home.

$ - $$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the use of local and indigenous materials in a design. This relates to the experience of space and place by facilitating a positive relationship with place through the use of materials that connect you with your surroundings. These materials serve as reminders of the local culture and environment and are generally more sustainable, as they require less energy for transport and manufacturing (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS positively impacted attitude and mood

natural materials

improved comfort and view preference

cultural connection to place

reduced anger and stress

affection & attachment

improved creative and cognitive performance

71

WOOD

CLIMATE

SPACE & PLACE CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL ATTACHMENT TO PLACE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice is reliant on ecological life and systems, it is important to give consideration to the types of plant life occupants choose to implement and their specific needs. Some climate zones and locations may not be ideal for growing and maintaining certain ecology. Otherwise, location and climate zone should not have much effect on the implementation of this practice. Cost and difficulty levels vary depending on the chosen application methods and needs of maintaining the ecology.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, cultural and ecological attachment to place can be achieved through the cultivation of ecosystems made up of native plant and animal life and incorporating indigenous elements, distinctive of the culture of the area surrounding the home. This can be the incorporation of local or indigenous materials, symbolism, imagery, or craft, but these elements must be implemented in combination with the native ecological life and systems.

DESCRIPTION

enhanced feelings or relaxation, comfort, and security fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature

COST

$$ - $$$

0A - 8 NATIVE PLANTS

generated a sense of place and supports self-identity

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the fusion of local culture and ecology in design. This relates to the experience of space and place by the implementation of local ecological and cultural elements in the home to appeal to the human affinity for familiar places. It fosters spaces that are believed to have distinct human identity and create emotional attachments to an area. These spaces are known to motivate occupants to conserve and sustain both natural and built environments (Calabrese and Kellert, 2015).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

LOCAL CRAFTS

SIMILARITIES ecological connection to place cultural connection to place affection & attachment

72

SPACE & PLACE GEOGRAPHIC CONNECTION TO PLACE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

As this practice has a wide range of applications, it is possible to implement in any home, regardless of location or climate zone and independent of it is existing or not. If the occupant prefers applications that are dependent on views to geographical features, however, location and climate zone become crucial and it is required that the home be within proximity and viewing range of these features. Because of this, difficulty and cost to implement can be come higher, but simpler methods, like images, can be budget-friendly alternatives.

I - IV

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, geographic connection to place can be achieved through a variety of ways. Most simply, it can be achieved through the incorporation of images of prominent geographical features within the home. It can also be achieved with the siting of the home, by ensuring that it is placed somewhere and oriented in a way that will achieve the best views of any geographical features that may be in close proximity, such as mountains, lakes, oceans, plains, etc.

$ - $$$$

CLIMATE

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES

73

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the connection to the geography of an area through the built space. This relates to the experience of space and place by the emphasis of prominent natural geological features through the siting, orientation, and views of buildings and landscapes that are facilitated by the built environment. This practice is linked to feelings of familiarity and predictability when there are secure feelings of connection with surrounding geology (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS fostered feelings of familiarity and predictability

geology

generated a sense of place and supports self-identity

geomorphy

enhanced feelings or relaxation, comfort, and security

views & vistas

fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature

PICTURE LANDSCAPE

SPACE & PLACE HISTORIC CONNECTION TO PLACE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES This practice is typically easier to implement, but can range in cost, as historical objects usually hold significant value. As the applications of this practice are mostly additive and interior-focused, it is ideal for implementation in any home and location and climate zone will have little to no effect on its application. Location becomes relevant only in the ties to historical significance of any area, but should not limit application methods. As applications of this practice are easier, occupants should be able to implement on their own.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, historic connection to place can be achieved through the incorporation of elements that refer to the past or the passage of time. This can include the placement of historical objects or images within the home and this practice is enforced if these objects or images are recognizable or of local significance, such as a historical image of a local landmark.

Additionally, the use of historic symbolism or the incorporation of antique furniture can be applications of this practice.

DESCRIPTION

COST

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPH

BENEFITS

SIMILARITIES

fostered sense of participation and awareness generated a sense of place and supports self-identity

fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature

I - II

CLIMATE

This practice refers to a connection to the continuity of the past through the built space. This relates to the experience of space and place by the simulation of the natural process of the passage of time in the built environment. It encourages the belief that the present and future and are meaningfully linked to the history of a place. This practice is known to foster senses of participation and awareness of an area’s culture and collective memory (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

enhanced feelings or relaxation, comfort, and security

DIFFICULTY

LANDSCAPE

age, change, & the patina of time growth & efflorescence cultural connection to place

74

SPACE & PLACE ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION TO PLACE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES

DIFFICULTY

Applications for this practice range in cost and difficulty level. Some methods, like images or smaller gardens, are easily implemented and at low cost, but others, like views to surroundings and the implementation of ecological systems, can become more difficult.

When considering views, proximity is important, so the location of the home will be critical. Larger gardens or ecological systems may have specific environmental requirements and may be more costly, so it is important to keep these things in mind as well.

I - III

IMPLEMENTATION

COST

In the residential environment, ecological connection to place can be achieved easily through the incorporation of images of local ecological features within the home. Additionally, this practice can be achieved through views from the home to local ecological features or through the incorporation of ecological systems within a home.

Windows and window placement are used to facilitate views and examples of ecological systems that would work well within a home would be gardens or smaller plant collections.

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 SIMILARITIES cultural & ecological attachment to place natural landscapes & ecosystems

75

DESCRIPTION This practice refers to the facilitation of a connection to ecology and ecosystems in a built space. This relates to the experience of space and place by use of the built environment to refashion nature in ways that do not diminish biological productivity, biodiversity, and ecological integrity. Connection to ecology can be facilitated by prominent ecosystems and biogeographical features, such as watersheds, mountains, deserts, rivers, and oceans (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

WINDOW

CLIMATE

generated a sense of place and supports self-identity enhanced feelings or relaxation, comfort, and security fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature

RIVER GARDEN

SPACE & PLACE CULTURAL CONNECTION TO PLACE LIMITATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES As this practice is more additive in its implementation methods, it is ideal to implement in already existing homes and is generally more easy to implement. Cost can range but is usually on the less expensive side. Cost and difficulty rise if the chosen implementation method is based on the manipulation of architectural form, such as implementing vernacular forms. Climate zone has little effect on the implementation of this practice, but location becomes critical due to the connection to surrounding culture.

IMPLEMENTATION In the residential environment, cultural connection to place can be achieved through a connection to the territory and heritage of the area surrounding the home. This can include the integration of local crafts, antiques, or handmade goods, such as rugs or blankets.

In addition, features relating to the architectural heritage of an area, like vernacular forms, are ways to implement this practice in the home.

Ultimately, any indigenous or local good or any feature that creates a connection to the culture of an area can aide in implementation.

DESCRIPTION

enhanced feelings or relaxation, comfort, and security fostered a sense of stewardship and responsibility for nature

COST

$ - $$$$

0A - 8 PRIMATIVE FORMS

generated a sense of place and supports self-identity

I - III

CLIMATE

This practice refers to the creation of a cultural sense of place in the built space. It creates human connection and identity and is accomplished by the integration of history, geography, and ecology of an area as part of the built environment. This relates to the experience of space and place by appealing to the human need for culture within the built space through the incorporation of repetition, normative events, architectural heritage, and distinctive vernacular forms (International Living Future Institute, 2022).

BENEFITS

DIFFICULTY

LOCAL CRAFTS

SIMILARITIES cultural & ecological attachment to place historic connection to place indigenous materials

76

CONCLUSION Biophilic design is a practice that is rarely emphasized or considered in the residential field, however, it should be due to how beneficial it becomes for occupants of the home. When implemented, these practices provide a multitude of cognitive, physiological, and psychological benefits to those who use the spaces regularly. So, as this practice is not overlooked as a result of its many advantages, this underemphasis in the residential sphere is likely due to the lack of knowledge on the newer design practice, and lack of accessibility of information on what this practice is and how it can be implemented, specifically in the home. Many examples that we see of residential biophilic design today are extremely beautiful, extravagant homes, which make it seem as though this practice is only applicable in the wealthiest of residences, when the truth of the matter is this practice can be implemented in any home, regardless of economic status, location, climate zone, and dwelling type. By an investigation into implementation methods, and their limitations and opportunities in the residential environment provided in this resource, the ease of implementation of this practice becomes clear.

A framework of 72 different practices compiled from research across the three overarching categories of Direct, Indirect, and Space & Place, guide the implementation of biophilic design and assist in the understanding of how this practice can be adapted to residential use.

These practices make up the “patterns” of this resource and work to break down the topic of biophilic design and make it easier to understand and carry out in the residential environment. Many of the practices listed in this resource can be very easily implemented, or may already be existing in the home - you just may not have realized it.

The problem of the lack of biophilic design seen at the residential scale can be addressed by first addressing the accessibility issue. If information about this practice and its implementation are more widely available and easier to understand, this practice would be made more accessible to the masses. This resource works to both prompt an interest in the residential use of biophilic design and deliver a solution to the problem of its accessibility, by providing clearly outlined methods of implementation in the home and examples of what this might look like.

These examples range in implementation for both existing homes and new builds and their purpose is to provide realistic ways that biophilic design can be incorporated or brought into any home.

In providing descriptions, explanations of limitations and opportunities, methods of implementation, and lists of specific benefits, and drawing on examples of pattern books of the past, this pattern book resource provides a guide on the implementation and advantages of biophilic design in the home and aims to encourage the application and use of biophilic design in the residential environment.

77

78

INDEX DIFFICULTY I

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Plants Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Organic Shapes Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment

79

5 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 42 43 44 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

I (continued)

Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

II

Air Water Fire Animals Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Thermal Variability Natural Materials Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Evoking Nature Shells & Spirals Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes

56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 23 25 28 29 30 32 35 37 38

II (continued)

Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

III

Air Water Animals Greening Weather Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems

42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

7 8 10 12 14 16

III (continued)

Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Evoking Nature Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Information Richness Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Geographic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

28 29 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 75 76

80

INDEX DIFFICULTY IV

Air Greening Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Evoking Nature Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Complexity & Order Mobility & Wayfinding Attraction & Beauty Reverence & Spirituality Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Integration of Parts to Wholes Spatial Variability Spaciousness Mystery Spirit of Place Geographic Connection to Place

81

7 12 16 32 37 38 39 40 41 45 46 47 49 52 54 56 58 60 65 67 69 70 73

82

INDEX COST $

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Plants Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection

83

5 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50

$ (continued)

Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

$$

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Thermal Variability Natural Materials

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 23 25

$$ (continued)

Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Evoking Nature Shells & Spirals Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place

28 29 30 32 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

$$ (continued)

Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

$$$

Natural Light Air Water Fire Animals Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Materials Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Evoking Nature Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts

75 76

5 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 25 28 29 30 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

84

INDEX COST $$$ (continued)

Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

$$$$

Natural Light Air Water Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Evoking Nature Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Complexity & Order Mobility & Wayfinding Attraction & Beauty

85

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 7 8 14 15 16 29 30 32 37 38 39 40 41 45 46 47 49 52 54

$$$$ (continued)

Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios and Scales Integration of Parts to Wholes Spatial Variability Spaciousness Mystery Spirit of Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

56 57 58 60 65 67 69 70 73 74 75 76

86

INDEX CLIMATE 0A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement

87

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

0A (continued)

Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

0B

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Geology Weather Views & Vistas

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15

0B (continued)

Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

0B (continued)

Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

1A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

88

INDEX CLIMATE 1A (continued)

Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony

89

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

1A (continued)

Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

1B

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

1B (continued)

Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

2A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

90

INDEX CLIMATE 2A (continued)

Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

2B

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology

91

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

2B (continued)

Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

2B (continued)

Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

3A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

3A (continued)

Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

92

INDEX CLIMATE 3A (continued)

Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

3B

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light

93

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

3B (continued)

Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

3B (continued)

Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

3C

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy

74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

3C (continued)

Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

4A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8

94

INDEX CLIMATE 4A (continued)

Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection

95

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4A (continued)

Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

4B

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

4B (continued)

Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

4B (continued)

Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

4C

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

96

INDEX CLIMATE 4C (continued)

Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery

97

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

4c (continued)

Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

5A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes

70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

5A (continued)

Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

5B

Natural Light

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5

5B (continued)

Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

98

INDEX CLIMATE 5B (continued)

Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

5C

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather

99

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

5C (continued)

Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

5C (continued)

Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

6A

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

6A (continued)

Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

100

INDEX CLIMATE 6A (continued)

Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

6B

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Greening Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs

101

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

6B (continued)

Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

7

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Plants Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

7 (continued)

Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

8

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Air Water Fire Animals Geology Weather Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16

102

INDEX CLIMATE 8 (continued)

Natural Systems Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli Thermal Variability Images of Nature Natural Materials Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Shells & Spirals Tree & Columnar Supports Arches, Vaults, & Domes Organic Shapes Biomimicry Biomorphy Geomorphy Sensory Variability Information Richness Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Prospect & Refuge Fear & Awe Curiosity & Enticement Growth & Efflorescence Complexity & Order Security & Protection Mastery & Control Mobility & Wayfinding Exploration & Discovery Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Complementary Contrasts Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales

103

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

8 (continued)

Linked Series & Chains Integration of Parts to Wholes Patterned Wholes Bounded Spaces Transitional Spaces Central Focal Point Spatial Variability Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Inside-Outside Spaces Mystery Spirit of Place Indigenous Materials Cultural & Ecological Connection to Place Geographic Connection to Place Historic Connection to Place Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

104

INDEX SIMILARITIES Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light

5

6 30 31

Geology

13

Filtered & Diffused Light

6

Weather

14

7

Views & Vistas

15

Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems

16

Natural Systems

17

Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

18

Auditory Stimuli

19

Haptic Stimuli

20

Natural Light Simulating Natural Light & Air Reflected Light

Air

Thermal Variability Simulating Natural Light & Air Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

Water Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

Fire

5 30 31

23 30 18

8

19 20 18

9

Thermal Variability Filtered & Diffused Light Natural Light

23 6 5

Animals

10

Haptic Stimuli Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Sensory Variability

Plants Greening Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs

Greening Plants Evoking Nature Botanical Motifs

20 34 42

11

12 32 33

12

11 32 33

Geomorphy Natural Materials Views & Vistas

Auditory Stimuli Natural Systems Air

Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Images of Nature Natural Systems

Views & Vistas Natural Systems Ecological Connection to Place

Views & Vistas Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems Weather

Sensory Variability Simulating Natural Light & Air Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli

Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Sensory Variability Water

Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Sensory Variability

105

41 25 15

19 17 7

16 24 17

15 17 75

15 16 14

42 30 19 20 21 22

18 42 8

18 42

Haptic Stimuli (continued)

20

Natural Geometries (continued)

28

Olfactory Stimuli

21

Naturalistic Shapes & Forms

29

18 42 47

Natural Geometries Organic Shapes Arches, Vaults, & Domes

Gustatory Stimuli

22

Simulating Natural Light & Air

30

Thermal Variability

23

Reflected Light

7 30 51

Natural Light Filtered & Diffused Light Simulating Natural Light & Air

31

Images of Nature

24

Evoking Nature

32

15 34 33

Biomorphy Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs

Natural Materials

25

Botanical Motifs

26 27 28

Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Natural Geometries Biomimicry

33

Natural Colors

26

Animal & Vertebrae Motifs

34

25 27 32

Animals Botanical Motifs Images of Nature

Natural Textures

27

Shells & Spirals

35

Natural Geometries

28

Tree & Columnar Supports

36

Animals

Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Sensory Variability Curiosity & Enticement

Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Sensory Variability Curiosity & Enticement

Air Simulating Natural Light & Air Mastery & Control

Views & Vistas Animal & Vertebrae Motifs Botanical Motifs

Natural Colors Natural Textures Natural Geometries

Natural Materials Natural Textures Evoking Nature

Natural Colors Natural Materials Natural Geometries

Natural Materials Natural Textures

10

18 42 47

26 25 28

25 27

Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales

Filtered & Diffused Light Air Thermal Variability

Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Botanical Motifs Animal & Vertebrae Motifs

Arches, Vaults, & Domes

58

28 38 37

6 7 23

5 6 30

40 33 34

29 28 39

10 33 24

28 29 33 34

37

106

INDEX SIMILARITIES Tree & Columnar Supports (continued)

36

Information Richness (continued)

43

Arches, Vaults, & Domes

37

Age, Change, & the Patina of Time

44

Organic Shapes

38

Prospect & Refuge

28 29 37

Curiosity & Enticement Views & Vistas Security & Protection

45

Biomimicry

39

Fear & Awe

46

33 40 17

Mystery Security & Protection Curiosity & Enticement

Biomorphy

40

Curiosity & Enticement

32 39 29

Exploration & Discovery Mystery Prospect & Refuge

47

Geomorphy

41

Growth & Efflorescence

48

13 40 32

Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Natural Materials Natural Systems

Sensory Variability

42

Complexity & Order

49

Security & Protection

50

Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Botanical Motifs

Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Organic Shapes Tree & Columnar Supports

Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Arches, Vaults, & Domes

Botanical Motifs Biomorphy Natural Systems

Evoking Nature Biomimicry Naturalistic Shapes & Forms

Geology Biomorphy Evoking Nature

Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Information Richness Auditory Stimuli Haptic Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli Gustatory Stimuli

Information Richness Sensory Variability Complexity & Order Natural Geometries

107

29 33

29 38 36

Natural Colors Natural Materials

Natural Materials Natural Systems Growth & Efflorescence

18 43 19 20 21 22

Information Richness Sensory Variability Natural Geometries Natural Colors Natural Materials

43

Fear & Awe Prospect & Refuge Bounded Spaces

42 49 28

26 25

25 17 48

47 15 50

69 50 47

53 69 45

44 25 17

43 42 28 26 25

46 45 62

Mastery & Control

51

Linked Series & Chains

59

Mobility & Wayfinding

52

Integration of Parts to Wholes

60

Exploration & Discovery

53

Patterned Wholes

61

Bounded Spaces

62

Transitional Spaces

63

Central Focal Point

64

Spatial Variability

65

Spatial Harmony

66

Complexity & Order Security & Protection Patterned Wholes

Spaciousness Transitional Spaces Linked Series & Chains

Curiosity & Enticement Mystery Transitional Spaces

Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment Reverence & Spirituality Natural Colors

Affection & Attachment Attraction & Beauty Reverence & Spirituality Spirit of Place

Reverence & Spirituality Arches, Vaults, & Domes Attraction & Beauty Affection & Attachment

Complementary Contrasts Complexity & Order Spatial Harmony Information Richness

49 50 61

67 63 59

47 69 63

54

55 56 26

55

54 56 70

56

37 54 55

57

49 66 43

Hierarchically Organized Ratios & Scales 58 Natural Geometries Naturalistic Shapes & Forms Spatial Variability

28 29 65

Mobility & Wayfinding Mystery Integration of Parts to Wholes

Patterned Wholes Spatial Variability Linked Series & Chains

Mastery & Control Spatial Variability Integration of Parts to Wholes

Security & Protection Prospect & Refuge Spatial Harmony

Inside-Outside Spaces Linked Series & Chains Spatial Variability

Mobility & Wayfinding Complexity & Order Spatial Harmony

Spatial Harmony Spaciousness Bounded Spaces

Bounded Spaces Spatial Variability Spirit of Place

52 69 60

61 65 59

51 65 60

50 45 66

68 59 65

52 49 66

66 67 62

62 65 70

108

INDEX SIMILARITIES Spaciousness

67

Inside-Outside Spaces

68

Mystery

69

Spirit of Place

70

Indigenous Materials

71

Prospect & Refuge Bounded Spaces Exploration & Discovery

Transitional Spaces Linked Series & Chains Spatial Variability

Curiosity & Enticement Exploration & Discovery Fear & Awe

Affection & Attachment Cultural Connection to Place Reverence & Spirituality

Natural Materials Cultural Connection to Place Affection & Attachment

45 62 53

63 59 65

47 53 46

55 76 56

25 76 55

Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place 72 Ecological Connection to Place Cultural Connection to Place Affection & Attachment

75 76 55

Geographic Connection to Place

73

Historic Connection to Place

74

Geology Geomorphy Views & Vistas

Age, Change, & the Patina of Time Growth & Efflorescence Cultural Connection to Place

109

13 41 15

44 48 76

Ecological Connection to Place

75

Cultural Connection to Place

76

Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Natural Landscapes & Ecosystems

Cultural & Ecological Attachment to Place Historic Connection to Place Indigenous Materials

72 16

72 74 71

110

111

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Calabrese, Elizabeth, and Stephen R. Kellert. “The Practice of Biophilic Design.” www.biophilic-design.com. May, 2015.

Heerwagen, Judith, Stephen R. Kellert, and Martin Mador. Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.

Hung, Shih-Hun, and Chun-Yen Chang. “Health Benefits of Evidence-Based Biophilic-Designed Environments: A Review.” Journal of People, Plants, and Environments 24, no. 1 (February 2021): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.11628/ ksppe.2021.24.1.1 International Living Future Institute. “Biophilic Design Toolkit.” International Living Future Institute. Last modified May 12, 2022. https://storage.googleapis.com/education-living-future-org/ILFI-Biophilic-De sign-Toolkit-Version1-May-2022/index.html#/ Kellert, Stephen R. Nature By Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.

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Wolf, Tyler. “Elements of Biophilic Design - Direct Experience of Nature.” Urban Blooms. November 12, 2020. https://www.urbanblooms.org/blog/2020/11/12/elements-of-biophilic-design-direct-experience-of-na ture#:~:text=Direct%20experience%20of%20nature%20is,landscape%2C%20weather%2C%20and%20 views.

Zhong, Weijie, Torsten Schröder, and Juliette Bekkering. “Biophilic Design in Architecture and its Contributions to Health, Well-Being, and Sustainability: A Critical Review.” Frontiers of Architectural Research 11, no. 1 (February 2022): 114-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2021.07.006

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by

hannah clark- havron

2023