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PhysicalPropertiesSOClCNBuLiInaldehydes,thecarbonylgroupisattachedtotheendcarbonFoodIndustryH3O+PhMgBrWhenthecarbonyl group(C=O)hastwoCatomsbondedtoitisclassifiedasaketoneNamingAldehydesandKetones.Rubber,Textiles.BuLi.O.C.RH)Aldehydes.Example.O SOClCNBuLiH+/H2OAnaldehyderequiresthatatleastoneofthebondsontheC=OgroupisahydrogenatompropanalALDEHYDES,KETONES ANDCARBOXYLICACIDSMe2CuLiWehavealreadyseenthataldehydesandketonescanbereducedALDEHYDES,KETONESAND CARBOXYLICACIDSAldehydes,ketones,carboxylicacidsandtheirderivativesarecommonlycalledascarbonylcompoundsALDEHYDESAND KETONESALDEHYDESANDKETONESCarboxylicacidsareacidicinnatureIntroductionCH3IObutanalInketones,thecarbonylgroupisattachedto acarbonthatisnotontheendObutanoneExampleH3O+BuLiPhMgBrRCOHH+/H2ONaBH4orLiAlHcanbeusedBr)H3O+SoapAldehydesand ketonesaresimplecompoundswhichcontainacarbonylgroupacarbon-oxygendoublebond.O.CLASSIFICATION.Describethestructureandpropertiesof aldehydes,ketones,carboxylicacidsandesters.Ketonesandaldehydeshavemeltingandboilingpointshigherthanalkanesandethers,butlowerthanalcoholsand carboxylicacidsALDEHYDESANDKETONESCH2=CH-CH2BrAnotherclassoforganicmoleculescontainsacarbonatomconnectedtoanoxygen PropertiesofaldehydesandketonesFigureThereareadditionalclassesofcarbonylcompoundsthatwewillintroduceinlaterchaptersThemethodsof preparationofcarboxylicacidsbeingoxidationofalkenes,aldehydesandketonesandalkylbenzene,hydrolysisofnitrilesandcarbonationofGrignardreagents H3O+TheyarethreeclassesofcarbonylcompoundssonamedbecausetheyallcontaintheC=Ogrouporcarbonylgroup(Figure)Me2CuLiUSES
ReductionReductionAldehydesandketonesbothcontainthecarbonylgroup(C=O)H3O+ExampleAldehydesandketonesbothcontainthecarbonylgroup (C=O).HAldehydeshavea-C=Ofunctionalgroup.CH3I.Generalformula:RCHOorRCH=OThecarbonylgroup,acarbon-oxygendoublebond,isthekey structureintheseclassesoforganicmolecules:Aldehydescontainatleastonehydrogenatomattachedtothenamesofaldehydes,ketonesandcarboxylicacids; writethestructuresofthecompoundscontainingfunctionalgroupsnamelycarbonylandcarboxylgroups;describetheimportantmethodsofpreparationand reactionsoftheseclassesofcompounds;correlatephysicalpropertiesandchemicalreactionsofaldehydes,ketonesandcarboxylicThischapterintroduces aldehydes,ketones,andcarboxylicacidsSystematic:methanalethanalThemoleculesofcarboxylicacidsshowhydrogenbondingandcanexistasdimersAn oxidationreactionisordinarilythoughtofasthelossofelectrons,whileareductionreactionisordinarilythoughtofasthegainofelectronsAldehydes,Ketonesand CarboxylicAcids(b)CHCHCH(CH3)CHOmethylbutanal(c)CHCH(CH3)CHCHOmethylbutanal(d)(CH3)CCHO2,2-dimethylpropanal(e) CHCHCOCHCHpentanone(f)CHCOCHCHCHpentanone(g)CHCOCH(CH)methylbutanoneMetamerism:MetamerismispresentinsameclassofCH2=CHCH2BrOHLiOHH3O+addtoaldehydesandketonesAlcohols,aldehydes,carboxylicacids,andketonesbearsomerelationtoeachotherastheyareeasily convertedfromonetoanotherthroughtheprocessofoxidationorreductionManufactureofInaldehydes,thecarbonylgroupisattachedtotheendcarbonWe havealreadyseenthataldehydesandketonescanbereducedtothecorrespondingalcoholsALDEHYDE,KETONESANDSTRUCTURE