University of Central Asia: Incoming Staff and Faculty Guide (Draft)

University of Central Asia Pre-Orientation Package

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Disclaimer The information included in this package comes from a variety of sources, many of which are publicly available online. The content in no way reflects the views or opinions of the University of Central Asia (UCA). UCA should not be held responsible for inaccurate or outdated information. This package is meant to serve as guiding information, and individuals are encouraged to supplement this with their own research.

How to Use this Document This guide has been formatted with interactive buttons that when clicked will lead to a URL or other pages within the document that have more information.

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Sources Sources for information found in this package are listed at the end of the document.

Contact For the addition of further or more up-to-date information, or the correction of any discrepency please contact the Human Resources department: hr.communications@ucentralasia.org

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Table of Contents Background on UCA

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Overview of the Founding Countries

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About UCA

UCA Schools & Research Institutes

Major Country Highlights History

Political Structure Culture Cultural Practices and Sensitivities Language

Religion Education Health Economy Trends

Currency Banking

Cost of Living

Preparing for your move

Accommodations

Safety and Security Logistics Transportation

Climate and Weather

Food and Restaurants

Activities and Entertainment

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Appendices 53

Public Holidays Health Facilities Primary/Secondary Education Government Ministries

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Background on UCA

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About UCA The University of Central Asia (UCA) was founded in 2000 as a private, not for profit, secular university through an International Treaty signed by the Presidents of the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan, and His Highness the Aga Khan; ratified by their respective parliaments, and registered with the United Nations. The Presidents are the Patrons of the University and His Highness is the Chancellor. UCA brings with it the broader commitment and partnership of the Aga Khan Development Network.

UCA includes the Undergraduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Graduate School of Development, the School of Professional and Continuing Education, the Institute of Public Policy and Administration, the Mountain Societies Research Institute, the Cultural Heritage and Humanities Unit, the Central Asian Faculty Development Programme, and the Aga Khan Humanities Project. UCA’s undergraduate programmes are located at its residential campuses in Naryn, Kyrgyz Republic, and Khorog, Tajikistan. The Tekeli campus in Kazakhstan is expected to start classes in 2021/2022.

Located in scenic mountain settings, UCA’s campuses have world class academic and residential facilities. Nearby campus towns of Naryn, Kyrgyz Republic; Khorog, Tajikistan and Tekeli, Kazakhstan offer culturally and ecologically rich environments and communities.

UCA’s campuses are deliberately located on the Silk Road, a historic trade and transportation route that facilitated the global exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas. Each campus also lies within 150 miles of the contemporary economic and political powerhouse of China.

By locating our campuses in mountain communities, UCA hopes to be at the heart of an intellectual and economic transformation.

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Mission UCA’s mission is to promote the social and economic development of Central Asia, particularly its mountain communities, by offering an internationally recognised standard of higher education, and enabling the peoples of the region to preserve their rich cultural heritage as assets for the future.

UCA seeks to contribute leadership, ideas, and innovations to the transitioning economies and communities of the region through educational and vigorous research programmes that produce knowledgeable, skilled, and creative graduates.

More information on the University of Central Asia

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UCA Schools & Research Institutes The School of Arts and Sciences (SAS)

The Graduate School of Development (GSD)

The Aga Khan Humanities Project (AKHP)

The School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPCE)

Mountain Societies Research Institute (MSRI)

Institute of Public Policy and Administration (IPPA)

Cultural Heritage and Humanities Unit (CHHU)

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The School of Arts and Sciences (SAS) Naryn (2016) Major:

Computer Science Communications and Media Minor: Central Asian Studies

Khorog (2017) Major:

Economics Earth and Environmental Science Minor: Development Studies

Tekeli (2021/2022) Major:

Engineering Sciences Business and Management Minor: Globalisation Studies

UCA’s School of Arts and Sciences offers an undergraduate programme that cultivates the knowledge and skills students need to integrate different approaches to solve problems and create innovations in professional life and public service.

The School advances innovations in undergraduate education and it includes teaching of ethics across curriculum to support the moral reasoning students need to become responsible, compassionate, and active civic minded members of society. The undergraduate programme seeks to foster a researchoriented education culture by having students engage in original research projects starting in their second year.

The integrative majors and minors combining several disciplines (for example, human life sciences) are a hallmark of the undergraduate programme. Leaders across the educational spectrum are emphasising the integration of knowledge and multidisciplinary perspectives. UCA will be the first university in Central Asia to offer integrative majors and minors, which are also more responsive to labour market opportunities.

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Academic Partners

• Seneca College, Canada Preparatory Programme • University of Technology Sydney, Australia BA, Communications and Media • University of Toronto, Canada BSc, Computer Science • University of British Columbia, Canada BSc, Earth and Environmental Sciences • Stockholm School of Economics, Riga, Latvia BA, Economics • National Research University's Higher School of Economics, Moscow,

Russia BA, Economics • University of Victoria, Canada Cooperative Education Programme 8

The Graduate School of Development (GSD)

Designed primarily as a professional graduate school, the programmes are organised to address the unique resources and needs of the region by generating a pool of highly skilled professionals and decision-makers, and fostering policy-oriented research in the fields of: • Business and Economic Development; • Education Policy; • Natural Resource Management and Environment; • Public Administration and Public Policy; • Rural and Regional Development; • Tourism and Leisure Studies.

It is envisioned that each of these areas will evolve into independent Institutes as a critical mass of courses, faculty, and research is reached to enable students to obtain specialised degrees in the future.

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The School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPCE)

The University of Central Asia’s School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPCE) is designed to serve the immediate needs of the communities where the campuses are located and fulfils UCA’s approach to reach the broadest spectrum of learners possible. The School is Central Asia’s first provider of post-secondary, continuing education, giving young people and adults professional and vocational qualifications in a flexible learning format that improve employment and income generating opportunities. The School has trained more than 115,000 participants (as of March 2018) across 60 programmes and courses in nine areas of at 12 learning centres throughout the region.

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Learning Facilities • Khorog • Dushanbe • Naryn • Bishkek • Tekeli • Darvaz • Faizabad • Ishkashim • Aga Khan Education Services Ishkashim • Zebak • Shugnan 10

The Aga Khan Humanities Project (AKHP) The Aga Khan Humanities Project (AKHP) was founded in 1997 by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and joined UCA in 2007. It fosters critical thinking and academic writing skills through an integrated humanities curriculum. AKHP develops and delivers resources, training and courses within a multi-disciplinary framework. This regional Project is located at UCA Dushanbe, Tajikistan, and has partnerships and programmes in all three of UCA’s Founding States.

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MSRI conducts trans-disciplinary research to help inform and contribute to the Sustainable Mountain Development agenda in Central Asia. MSRI’s integrated approach to research with, and for the benefit of, mountain societies demand an understanding of both social and ecological factors operating at multiple spatial and temporal scales.

MSRI publications include a Background Paper series and Policy Brief series, which provide structured assessments of knowledge (and knowledge gaps) in priority areas and help to inform MSRI’s emerging research agenda.

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Mountain Societies Research Institute (MSRI) MSRI created the Knowledge Hub to serve as a central point for information and data related to mountain societies in the Central Asia region. Click to visit.

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The Graduate School of Development’s Institute of Public Policy and Administration (IPPA) was established in 2011 to strengthen public policy in Central Asia. It provides in-depth analysis on current and emerging policy issues facing the region, and improves the analytical capacity of governments and civil society to use evidence in decision-making processes through professional development.

The Institute aims to improve the quality of governance through initiatives such as its Executive Masters in Economic Policy and Certificate Programme in Economic Policy for civil servants in Afghanistan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan.

Institute of Public Policy & Adminstration (IPPA)

To date, IPPA has published more than 40 peer-reviewed working and occasional papers in these areas in English and national languages as part of the IPPA Working Paper Series.

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The Cultural Heritage and Humanities Unit (CHHU) was launched in 2013 to generate new dialogues on Central Asian heritage and identity.

It preserves rich and diverse cultural heritage through research, documenting, archiving, and supporting work of regional scholars through the UCA Cultural Heritage Book Series.

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Cultural Heritage and Humanities Unit (CHHU)

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Overview of Founding Countries

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Major Country Highlights The region of Central Asia is comprised of three independent republics – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, all of which are former Soviet republics. The area is roughly 3,994,300 square kilometres, including some of the most sparsely populated regions in the world. Over 100 different ethnic groups and 32 million people call Central Asia home.

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Population: 18.16M (2018)

Population: 6.26M (2018)

Population: 8.93M (2018)

GDP/capita: 8,792USD (2017)

GDP/capita: 1,160USD (2017)

GDP/capita: $812USD (2017)

Land: 12% mountains Altitude: 132m - 7,010m

Land: 80% mountains Altitude: 394m - 7,439m

Land: 93% mountains Altitude: 300m - 7,500m

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History Kyrgyzstan The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land of Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 2,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. In between periods of self-government, it was ruled by the Göktürks, the Uyghur Empire and the Khitan people, before being conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century. Subsequently, it regained independence but was invaded by the Kalmyks, Manchus and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution.

In 1990, following Mikhael Gorbachev’s democratic reforms in the USSR, pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On August 31st 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established.

Tajikistan The history of Tajikistan goes back to roughly 500 BCE when much of the country was part of the Achaemenid Empire. The Samanid Empire (819 to 999) restored Persian control of the region, known as Khorasan. The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s. The Basmachi revolt broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and was quelled in the early 1920s during the Russian Civil War. In 1924, Tajikistan became an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, the Tajik ASSR, within Uzbekistan. In 1929, Tajikistan was made one of the component republics of the Soviet Union – Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) – and it kept that status until gaining independence 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union ultimately establishing a presidential republic. A civil war in the country broke out in 1992, after opposition members took to the streets in demonstration against the results of the 1991 presidential election. There are debates about when the civil war officially ended, but most sources say a formal agreement to end the war was signed by both parties in 1997.

Kazakhstan The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories).

The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Political Structure Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan is a parliamentary, representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Prime Minister is head of the government. Executive power is exercised by the government.

The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution in 2005 led to President Askar Akayev's fall from power. Corruption and authoritarianism by Akayev is the alleged cause of the revolution. The Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010, also known as the Second Kyrgyz Revolution, began in April 2010 with the ousting of Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev in the capital Bishkek.

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Tajikistan Tajikistan is a presidential republic, whereby the President, who is directly elected, is head of state and head of government. The president appoints the Prime Minister and all the members of the government, without the need of parliamentary approval. Legislative power is vested in both the executive branch and the two chambers of parliament.

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Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a presidential republic, whereby the President is the head of state and nominates the head of government. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament.

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Culture Kyrgyzstan Public art in Kyrgyzstan abounds in the form of statues, murals, roadside plaques, and building decorations. One of the most popular themes is Manas, the legendary father and hero of the Kyrgyz people.

The country’s identity is embodied in the yurt, the traditional Kyrgyz dwelling, seen as an important cultural symbol, as both the centre of the Kyrgyz family and the showplace of Kyrgyz art. The Kyrgyz flag reflects this.

Other important symbols are taken from the Kyrgyz landscape. The unofficial national anthem is "Ala-Too," which names the various features of Kyrgyzstan's landscape.

The mountains are described as a body wearing snow and sky, and Lake Issyk-Kul is the eye. Issyk-Kul, in the north-eastern part of the country, is called the "Pearl of Kyrgyzstan," and its beauty is a source of great pride.

People are expected to marry in their early twenties, after they have finished secondary school, and to have children quickly.

There has been a tradition of ‘bride-kidnapping’ in remote villages of Kyrgyzstan, however it is against the law.

Kyrgyz clothing reflects the lifestyle and regions of Kyrgyzstan, with designs and materials drawn from nomadic life. Wool, felt, leather, skins, and coarse cloth are the main materials used for Kyrgyz clothing, with ornamentation taken from tribal traditions and nature. The kalpak is perhaps the most famous item of clothing in Kyrgyzstan. A tall hat, made of white felt, it is usually worn by men after the age of 6.

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Tajikistan The thriving culture of Iran is the primary influence on Tajik culture and language.

Many Tajik intellectuals and nationalists believed that communism brought progress to their people and joined the Communist Party. During this period, Islam was the defining cultural element and helped consolidate the clans and reinforce ethnic solidarity.

People are distinguished more by region than by class.

Building a family through a marriage sanctified by a religious ceremony is considered one of the most sacred aspects of life. Often a matchmaker is involved in choosing a bride.

Family size has been declining, but large families are still common. Usually the nuclear family includes the parents of the husband.

Tajik traditional clothes differ from region to region in terms of color, broidered patterns and style. A tunic-type shirt or dress, wide trousers, a quilted dressing gown, a waist scarf and a skull-cap or a turban is the common traditional outfit of men and women.

Toki – kallapush (skull cap) is a traditional part of the national Tajik costume. The most popular are chusti, men’s black and white skull caps with almonds or capsicum embroidered on white silk.

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Kazakhstan Kazakhs are historically a nomadic people, and thus many of their cultural symbols reflect nomadic life. The horse is the most central part of Kazakh culture.

A product of former nomadic life is the yurt, a Central Asian dwelling resembling a tepee, which was transportable and utilitarian on the harsh Central Asian steppe.

Kazakhs are also very proud of their mountains and rare animals such as snow leopards, eagles, and falcons, and their national instrument, the dombra, a two-stringed instrument with a thin neck and potbelly base, resembling a guitar.

Kazakh culture is traditionally a patriarchal one, with much respect being given to men, especially elderly men.

While years ago, it was common for women to marry very young, times have changed; education has become much more important for both genders, and marriages for people in their mid-twenties are becoming more common.

Increasingly, marriages are not being arranged by parents but are usually formed through dating and courtship.

Domestic units in Kazakhstan are very rarely just a mother, father, and their children. The practice of grandparents and extended family living within one household is very common.

The Kazakh national dress varies by regions. Men wear chapans, a kind of dressing gown with a belt, made of velvet and richly embroidered. They cover their heads with a soft skullcap, a tall felt cap (kalpak) or a fox-fur hat with earflaps.

The women's national costume consists of a white cotton or colored silk dress, a velvet waistcoat with embroidery and a cap or a silk scarf.

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Cultural Practices and Sensitivities As with any new country one enters it is important to respect Central Asian culture and exercise decorum at all times.

Hospitality When invited to someone’s home, it is appropriate to bring a small gift, perhaps a cake or fruit. Expect a lot of music and dancing at parties, especially in the Pamirs.

Food is cooked and served over several courses and hosts want their guests to eat as much as possible. Keep this in mind when attending events or being invited to a local’s home – the food on the table is likely only the start of the meal. It may also be considered rude to refuse food. Many times, guests will be sent home with leftover food and sometimes a small gift.

The most respectable guest (usually according to one’s age or seniority) sits in tyor, a place furthest from the door. He or she is served tea and food first. The host or hostess sits close to the door and pours tea and passes food to everyone.

Often, when visiting someone’s house they will offer tea, bread and jam to their guests.

Central Asians are known for their hospitality.

It is common practice to remove one’s shoes when entering someone’s home. In rural houses, people may sit on the floor around a cloth for food called a dastorkon, which is holy and is never stepped or walked on.

Conversations People enjoy talking about expatriates about where they are from and about life in other countries.

There is less privacy in Kyrgyzstan than in most western countries so one can expect to be asked questions about age, marital status, salary etc. This is not considered inappropriate or invasive.

Central Asian people are very family oriented so asking questions about people’s family is appropriate, as well as their health before inquiring about their work.

People may ask a lot of questions about another person’s personal life, but they’re coming from a positive place and are simply asking out of concern.

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Introductions/Communication Many people from the former Soviet Union, do not smile at others in public except to those they know. This is not considered rude or offensive.

When conversing, people in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan generally stand close and maintain eye contact and some people use a lot of gestures. Touching and patting are also quite common among men who know each other well.

In Tajikistan, however, people prefer to keep a distance when talking. Generally, people do not touch each other unless they have reached a fairly high level of comfort. Tajiks use a lot of gestures in their communication. Putting one’s hand on the left side of one’s chest is a sign of respect, welcome, and even agreement.

It is common for men to shake hands with other men. Men will generally not shake hands with women but instead make eye contact to acknowledge them.

In public, when the name of someone is unknown, it is common to hear people call one another eje (sister) for women and baike for men (brother) in Kyrgyzstan, apa (sister) and aka (brother) in Tajikistan and apke (sister) and aga (brother) in Kazakhstan.

Usually, people use first names in social and work settings, but often honoured guests, foreigners or elders will also be addressed as Mr or Mrs so-and-so, particularly across genders. When first meeting someone in a professional setting, it is common for people to discuss how to address one another going forward.

Dress In Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, people in the city generally dress formally for work. Jeans are worn for leisure activities by both men and women.

Dress is not as conservative in the main cities, Women are usually very well put together and dress quite fashionably.

In Tajikistan, men and women tend to dress conservatively. Men generally dress in Western clothing (suit and tie). Women usually dress in local/traditional dress.

Religious, black garb is prohibited. The younger generation is beginning to dress less traditionally, but still rather conservative.

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Common Practices Spitting on the street is not usually considered offensive. There is, however, a new health campaign in Bishkek against public spitting to avoid spread of disease.

Public displays of affection are not as common as in western countries, but it is not forbidden and is becoming more acceptable, particularly among young people in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

It is common to celebrate birthdays and important events by having a drink (both nonalcoholic and alcoholic), cakes and savoury snacks together. Often, a few words of prayer are recited at the beginning and end of a meal, followed by a simple gesture of opening the hands over the face and then bringing them together and down with a bow of the head.

Strangers will brush against each other in public without apologizing and people usually don’t form lines. Pushing to the front of a group for service is normal and inoffensive.

In Tajikistan, it is not uncommon for foreign women to be approached on the street and asked for photos or engaged in a conversation, particularly by young Tajik men.

In some cases, particularly in the Pamirs, younger children kiss the hand of elders as a greeting. This is also common among elder men with one another.

Traditional beliefs blame cold for most forms of illness: Sitting on cold stones or the ground can result in grave illnesses or hurt a woman’s reproductive organs; drinking cold beverages will result in a sore throat or a cold; being exposed to cold drafts is considered the cause of most minor illnesses. People treat illnesses by wrapping a blanket or a shawl around the affected body part to keep it warm.

Men and women alike will give up their seats to elders on public transportation.

If a woman is carrying a bag or getting off the bus, it is impolite not to offer a hand.

Women are treated more gallantly in Central Asia than in most western countries.

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Language Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz (official) 64% Russian (official) 12.5% Uzbek 13% Other 10.5%

Useful Kyrgyz Phrases Hello Салам How are you Кандайсыз Yes Ооба No Жок Thank you Рахмат

(Salam) (Kandaysız) (Oo-a) (Jok) (Rahmat)

Most people in Bishkek speak Russian, while Kyrgyz is more widely spoken in rural areas, including in Naryn. Kyrgyz is a Turkic language and uses the Cyrillic alphabet.

English is spoken by a small population, primarily as a second-language. Outside of Bishkek, English is less widely spoken, but people may know some common words or phrases.

Tajikistan Tajik (official) 80% Uzbek 10% Russian/Other 10%

Useful Tajik Phrases Hello Салам (Salam) How are you Шумо чи хел (Shumo chi rhel) Yes ҳа (Ha) No не (Nai) Thank you ташаккур (Tashakkur)

Tajik is used widely in government administration, education, business and daily life. Many consider the Tajik language to be a variety or dialect of Persian.

Russian is also widely used for both formal and informal communication in the country.

The Constitution of Tajikistan mentions that this language can be used for communication between people belonging to different ethnic communities (as a lingua franca).

The number of native Russian speakers has, however, fallen in the country in the past few decades due to the large-scale emigration of ethnic Russians from Tajikistan to their homeland in Russia.

Several other minority languages are also spoken including: Uzbek, Persian, Arabic, Pashto, and regional languages such as Shughni (spoken in the Pamirs).

English is not commonly spoken, although people may know common words or phrases.

English is more widely spoken in Khorog.

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Kazakhstan Kazakh (official) 64% Russian (official) 95% Other

Useful Kazakh Phrases Hello Сәлеметсіз бе How are you Қалайсыз Yes Ия

No жоқ

Thank you рақмет сізге

Minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include: German, Tajik, Tata, Turkish, and Ukrainian.

English is more common in Kazakhstan, and is mostly spoken by young people in big cities. The President recently urged citizens to learn three languages: Kazakh, Russian and English.

(Salemetsiz be) (Qalaysız) (Ee-ya) (Jok) (Raqmet sizge)

There is a recent move by the President to shift the country to the Latin alphabet, which is set to be completed by 2025.

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Religion Despite Islam being the most common religion in Central Asia, the society is ethnically diverse and many religions are represented.

Kyrgyzstan Other 6% Non religious 3% Russian Orthodox 11% Muslim 80%

Jews, Buddhists Roman Catholics and other groups of Christians including Protestants, also practice their religions openly.

Kazakhstan Other 1% Non religious 3% Christian 26% Muslim 70%

Tajikistan Other 4% Non religious 12% Shia Muslim 6% Sunni Muslim 78%

Due in part to the country's nomadic and Soviet past, many residents in Kazakhstan are non practicing. Several researchers have reported low levels of religious conviction and worship attendance.

Small groups of Christians, mainly Russian Orthodox, and a small Jewish community also exist.

Parts of Tajik society are more strongly influenced by religious practices.

Religious parties and movements are prohibited in Tajikistan.

Buddhism and Zoroastrianism were the major faiths in Central Asia prior to the arrival of Islam. Some archaeological sites of these religions are prevalent in the region.

Zoroastrian influence is still felt today i.e. Nawrooz celebrations. Although the origin of Nawrooz belongs to the Iranian dynasty of Ahamenids, Nawrooz is no longer viewed as a Zoroastianistic celebration as it was during the middle ages. It is now seen as a cultural and agricultural event and celebration widely celebrated in Central Asia.

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Education Kyrgyzstan

11

years of primary and secondary education

45

higher education institutions

Major Institutions: • Manas University • American University of Central Asia (AUCA) • Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University

Education overseen by Ministry of Education and Science

$

Spending on education 5.2% of GDP (2015)

99.5% literacy rate

Since 2015, both UNICEF and the Ministry of Education and Science have worked to establish pre-primary and early learning schools throughout the country. These new facilities will be essential to expanding school readiness in rural Kyrgyzstan.

The World Bank has implemented a project to improve education in Kyrgyzstan called Sector Support for Education Reform. The program will improve the management and accountability of schools, enhance teacher training and make students better learners.

Tajikistan

11

years of primary and secondary education

24

higher education institutions

Education overseen by Ministry of Education

$

Spending on education 3.5-4.1% of GDP (2015)

98% literacy rate

Major Institutions:

• Khujand State University • Tajikistan State University • Khorog State University • Agricultural University of Tajikistan • Tajik National University

As of 2008, higher education enrolment was only 17%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labour market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.

According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25% of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias, although literacy is generally high in Tajikistan. Estimates of the number of children not enrolled in school ranges from 4.6% to 19.4%, with the majority being girls.

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Kazakhstan

11

years of primary and secondary education Major Institutions:

150 higher education institutions

• Al-Farabi Kazakh National University • Eurasian National University • Nazarbayev University

Education overseen by Ministry of Education and Science

$

Spending on education 2.8% of GDP (2015)

99.8% literacy rate

The education system in Kazakhstan, which includes several distinct levels, has been very instrumental in helping achieve economic and political success.

Kazakhstan was expected to start its transition from the current 11-year to 12-year education system in 2015 and planned to fully switch to the new system by 2020. This is still in the works. There is also a big push to begin teaching English more in schools.

Schooling is mandatory for all students between the ages of six and 15, although there are several pre-university educational options for students between the ages of 16-18 as well.

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Health Kyrgyzstan

Healthcare in Kyrgyzstan is relatively inexpensive. For routine and minor operations, care is reliable. There are some western, English-speaking doctors in Bishkek. There are many pharmacies in Bishkek, but if you need specific prescription medications, they may not be available. Those located in Naryn are strongly encouraged to access health services in Bishkek.

Tajikistan Healthcare in Tajikistan is not expensive. Since the Soviet era, Tajikistan has struggled to maintain a certain quality of its health care system due to a lack of government funding and the emigration of many health care professionals. As a result, health care standards have declined. If medical services are needed, it is recommended to seek care in Dushanbe.

English-speaking doctors are hard to find. There are several pharmacies in Dushanbe, but if you need specific prescription medications, they may not be available.

Kazakhstan Healthcare in Kazakhstan is relatively inexpensive by western standards. Expatriates will find that the quality of healthcare in the country is highly variable, especially in the public sector. Public hospitals are easy to find in Kazakhstan, as around 70 percent of the country's hospitals are government-owned. Although private hospitals offer better treatment than public hospitals, expats may still face some challenges. While English-speaking doctors are more prevalent in the private healthcare sector, they can still be somewhat hard to find, especially in smaller towns and rural areas. Pharmacies are prevalent in Kazakhstan's larger cities, but be aware that options may be limited.

Life Expectancy at Birth KG

Male

68

Female

Total Health Expenditure Per Capita

75

KG

= $215 USD

TJ

69

73

TJ

= $185 USD

KZ

67

75

KZ

= $1,068 USD

(2016)

(2014)

See appendices for a full list of recommended health facilities in each city

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Economy Kyrgyzstan

Current economic sectors of importance include: agriculture, minerals (gold), hydropower and tourism. Cotton, wheat, wool and meat are the main agricultural products.

The economy relies on the strength of industrial exports, with reserves of gold, mercury, uranium and natural gas.

The Kyrgyz economy is vulnerable to external shocks, owing to its reliance on one gold mine, Kumtor, which accounts for about 10% of GDP. Remittances from foreign workers, located in Russia or Kazakhstan, are heavily relied upon and account for about 10% of GDP. Following independence, Kyrgyzstan was progressive in carrying out market reforms, such as an improved regulatory systems and land reform.

In 2014-2015, a currency devaluation led the national currency in Kyrgyzstan to be stronger than the Kazakh currency meaning it was more profitable to import from Kazakhstan than to export goods.

Kyrgyzstan was the first “Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)� country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization.

Tajikistan Current economic sectors of importance include: aluminium smelting, hydropower, textiles and tourism.

The dominance of cotton has limited the growth of food products. The country struggles to meet domestic consumption requirements, especially for meat and dairy products.

The 2008 global financial crisis hit Tajikistan hard because it already has a high poverty rate and because many of its citizens depend on remittances from overseas.

Since independence, Tajikistan gradually followed the path of a transitional economy, reforming its economic policies. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon exports, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks.

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Tajikistan’s economy incorporates a massive black market, primarily focused on the drug trade with Afghanistan and heroin trafficking in Tajikistan, which are overall estimated to be equivalent to 30-50% of national GDP as of 2012.

The difficult environment for doing business in Tajikistan, as well as obstacles to foreign direct investment (FDI), have discouraged private investment and limited overall investment.

Kazakhstan Current economic sectors of importance include: oil and gas production, mining (extraction of ore, lead, zinc, gold etc.), manufacturing and agriculture (wheat).

Kazakhstan has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production.

Kazakhstan possesses enourmous oil reserves as well as minerals and metals. It is the world’s largest exporter of uranium and produces 40% of the world’s chrome ore.

The country also has well developed space infrastructure.

The industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of natural resources and on a relatively large machine building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery and some military items.

Kazakhstan is a big player in the One Belt One Road Initiative, which is a development strategy proposed by the Chinese government focusing on connecting Eurasian countries, primarily China and countries along the land-based Silk Road Economic Belt.

The country has transitioned from lower-middle income to upper-middle income status in less than two decades.

32

Trends Regional Challenges Labour Migration

Isolatiton and Lack of Infrastructure

• A lack of employment opportunities and low salaries has resulted in significant migration to other parts of the world.

• In Tajikistan, remittances primarily from Russia and Kazakhstan account for almost half of the country’s GDP.

• Those living in mountain communities have limited access to health and education facilities.

• Weather also dictates road access to main cities.

• High transportation costs make it difficult for businesses to compete with other regions that are better connected.

Environmental Issues

Trade

• Overgrazing and salinization are serious problems in some parts of Central Asia.

• Overirrigation has encrusted the land with silt and salt.

• Climate change, and the melting of glaciers, pose an extremely serious risk to Central Asia because of the arid environment of the region

• Countries in Central Asia are landlocked, meaning they’re entirely enclosed by land. This makes trade quite difficult.

• Countries in Central Asia have an immense supply of natural resources, but they could significantly benefit from more foreign investment and added infrastructure.

33

Currency Current National Bank exchange rates: Tajikistan

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan • The Kyrgyz som is the national currency of Kyrgyzstan, and has the international code KGS. • Currently, there are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 soms, with coins in denominations of 1, 3, 5, and 10 soms.

• As of April 2018, the exchange of USD to KGS was 1 USD = 68 KGS.

Tajikistan • The Tajik somoni is the national currency of Tajikistan, and has the international code TJS. • Currently, there are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 somoni, with coins in denominations of 1, 3 and 5 somoni.

• As of April 2018, the exchange of USD to KGS was 1 USD = 8.8 TJS.

Kazakhstan • The Kazakh tenge is the national currency of Kazakhstan, and has the international code KZT. • Currently, there are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 tenge, with coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tenge.

• As of April 2018, the exchange of USD to KGS was 1 USD = 320 KZT.

34

Banking Opening a bank account in Central Asia is rather simple. Major banks offer both US Dollar and Kyrgyz som accounts as well as wide-reaching ATM services and visa debit cards.

Kyrgyzstan Typical Bank hours: 9:00-17:30 Monday - Friday

Many grocery stores and restaurants in Bishkek offer the option to pay with a local or international credit card/debit card.

Cash-based economy

It is possible to withdraw USD from most ATMs with a bank card issued by international banks, however fees are attached to this transaction. Using local debit cards to withdraw cash is free and discounts may be offered at select stores when using these cards.

Major Banking Institutions There are 25 commercial banks including: • Demir Bank • Bank of Asia • Optima Bank • Manas Bank • Kyrgyz Investment and Credit Bank (KICB) KICB is an agency of the AKDN

Banks and exchange offices will be able to change most major currencies, though people should make sure to bring new, crisp bills and larger bank notes if possible.

A passport is required when exchanging money, however exchange offices tend to be more relaxed about this than banks.

Tajikistan Typical Bank hours: 8:00-16:30 Monday - Friday

The banking system in Tajikistan is not as developed as other countries in the region, and there is less presence of foreign banks.

Cash-based economy

ATMs are available in Dushanbe, but are spaced out around the city. ATM services are more difficult to access in Khorog.

Major Banking Institutions As of June 2017, there were 16 commerical banks in Tajikistan including: • National Bank of Tajikistan • AccessBank Tajikistan • First MicroFinance Bank (FMFB) FMFB is an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network.

It is possible, though uncommon outside of Dushanbe, to use local or international credit cards to withdraw cash or pay for purchases.

Major currencies can be exchanged for Tajik somoni at the Dushanbe airport, banks, and at exchange offices located inside hotels.

A passport is required when exchanging money. Old, torn or damaged banknotes are not accepted, and it is encouraged to bring larger bank notes to be exchanged.

35

Kazakhstan Typical Bank hours: 9:00-18:00 Monday - Friday

The banking system in Kazakhstan is currently undergoing restructuring as a result of aftershocks of the economic crisis.

Cashless economy

Banks and exchange offices will be able to change most major currencies. A passport is required when exchanging money Old, torn or damaged banknotes are not accepted, and it is encouraged to bring larger bank notes to be exchanged.

Major Banking Institutions • ATFBank • Bank CenterCredit • Kazkommertsbank JSC

Cost of Living See cost of living (basket of goods and services) tables below. These figures are based off information found online (https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/). These costs are approximate and UCA should not be held responsible for inaccurate or outdated information.

To continue researching cost of living, browse the following websites: Internations country and city rankings

Mercer quality of life rankings

Expatistan cost of living by city

Nomadlist compare cost of cities

36

Cost of Living Consumer Good

USA

UAE

UK

China

KG

TJ

KZ

Meal for 2 at Mid-Range Restaurant

50.00

40.84

60.45

23.47

10.23

11.17

13.52

Combo Meal at Fast Food Restaurant

7.00

6.81

6.72

4.69

2.92

3.02

4.56

Milk (1L)

1.06

1.90

1.50

2.44

0.96

0.92

3.05

Loaf of Bread

2.32

1.90

1.50

1.37

0.28

0.30

0.25

Rice (1lb)

1.78

1.10

1.17

0.46

0.43

0.43

0.35

Eggs (12)

2.41

0.93

0.78

1.70

1.29

1.10

1.05

Apples (1lb)

1.96

2.62

2.50

0.78

0.47

0.33

0.56

Tomatoes (1lb)

1.79

0.95

1.10

0.55

0.54

0.20

0.74

Water (1.5 L)

1.77

0.57

1.33

0.58

0.40

0.40

0.51

Coffee

3.95

4.56

3.43

4.13

1.53

1.40

1.97

One-Way Ticket Local Public Transport

2.25

1.36

3.22

0.31

0.15

0.22

0.24

Pair of Jeans

41.71

63.19

76.09

63.02

44.64

20.94

51.82

Basic Utilities (915 sq ft apartment)

147.97

162.98

190.40

53.67

37.63

21.22

64.59

Internet (60 Mbps, Unlimited Data)

59.79

102.25

37.03

15.77

15.71

35.73

12.32

1 min.

Prepaid Mobile Tariff

0.10

0.14

0.09

0.04

0.03

0.06

0.03

Rent of 1-Bedroom Apartment in City Centre

1,205.35

1,621.08

1,000.90 529.16

281.27

221.97 324.63

Total

1,531.20

2,012.02

1,328.77 702.14

398.48

319.35 480.16 37

Preparing to Move

38

Accommodation Bishkek

Apartments are readily available for rent in Bishkek. Rates will vary depending upon various factors, such as where it is located (in the city centre or in the micro-regions) and on the style (Soviet-style or more modern). Generally, apartments in the centre of Bishkek range from $300-700 USD for 1-2 bedrooms. Remember that ads for apartments will list the number of rooms in total in the apartment, not the number of bedrooms. Landlords generally get paid rent in USD cash. Utilities are either included in the cost of rent, or can be paid by the tenant via cash terminals located in pharmacies and grocery stores. It is also to pay select bills online. A typical apartment in the centre will come fully furnished, clean, and ready to move in. Negotiating household items into a lease, such as small appliances, new bedding and towels, dishes/cutlery, fans etc. is completely normal and expected.

Salut.KG

Garant

Arent.KG

Bishkek Real Estate (FB)

Diesel

Vashadres

Expats in Bishkek (FB)

Dushanbe

Apartments are readily available for rent in Dushanbe. Rates will vary depending upon factors such as where it is located and on the style (Soviet-style or modern). Generally, apartments in the centre of Dushanbe range from $300-700 USD for 1-2 bedrooms. Remember that ads for apartments will list the number of rooms in total in the apartment, not just the number of bedrooms. Landlords typically get paid rent in USD cash. Depending on the landlord, utilities may or may not be included in rent. A typical apartment in the centre will come fully furnished, clean, and ready to move in. Negotiating household items into a lease, such as small appliances, new bedding and towels, dishes/cutlery, fans etc. is completely normal and expected.

Trip.TJ

Findia

Dilya+Saodat Real Estate

Mondinion Dushanbe Expats (FB)

Naryn/Khorog

• Although housing options in Naryn and Khorog aren’t as varied as in main cities, there are still safe and comfortable options available.

•To foster a strong campus culture, faculty are expected to stay on campus for three (3) years. unless under exceptional circumstances.

• Options vary between 2 bedrooms, 1 bedroom, studio • Rent includes: all utilities, internet cost, gym, outdoor sports facilities, and campus dining.

39

Safety and Security Relatively low levels of crime

Zero tolerance for drinking and driving

Petty theft and pickpocketing more common

Road rage and aggressive driving

Kyrgyzstan

• Demonstrations on political and socio-economic themes occasionally occur both in central Bishkek and in other parts of the country.

• Theft often occurs in local open-air markets, walking on crowded streets and through underground malls/crossovers, and if traveling on public transportation.

• Organised crime and narco-trafficking are widespread in the south, particularly in the provinces of Batken and Osh.

Tajikistan

• Corruption levels are higher in Tajikistan and occurs at all levels of government and in the private sector.

• Tajikistan faces many economic, political, border and overall security challenges that can affect the crime rate. Exacerbating this is the inability and even unwillingness of local police to detect, deter and investigate criminal activity.

• Valuables inside a residence should be protected. Expatriates are more vulnerable to home robbery.

• Living in a lower-rise building minimizes the vulnerability to earthquakes.

Kazakhstan

• Pickpockets tend to frequent tourist sites, open-air markets and heavily-travelled public transportation, especially buses.

• Drivers routinely disregarding traffic laws. Take precautions on the road as a driver and a pedestrian.

• Drunken and disorderly behaviour is commonplace, particularly in bars and nightclubs.

Take necessary precautions when frequenting these venues.

40

Logistics Kyrgyzstan Electricity

Telephone

• Electrical sockets are ungrounded “Type C” euro plugs, which is the plug that has two round pins.

• The country operates on a 220– 240v supply and 50Hz frequency. For most electronics (laptop computers, cellphone chargers, etc.) you will only need a plug adapter.

• Plug adapters are readily available in the country at a cheap price.

• Most hairdryers and electric shavers will need a voltage converter to work, but are also relatively inexpensive to purchase once in-country.

• It is extremely easy to get and activate a SIM card in Kyrgyzstan. There are three main providers in the country: Beeline, O! and Megacom. SIM cards are usually free and available in hotels, shops and at the airport.

• Various voice and data packages are available (including by the week and by the month). It is also possible to add to a phone plan online or using kiosks found across the city in pharmacies and grocery stores.

Visa • Citizens of many countries (i.e. USA, Canada, Australia, UK, UAE), can visit Kyrgyzstan for up to 60 days without obtaining a visa.

• If intending to stay for more than 60 days, an application for a three (3) month visa should be made at the Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic or an eVisa online. Obtaining a visa on arrival is possible if you hold a passport from certain countries such as Canada and the United States. It is recommended, however, that an application for visas is made beforehand.

• Citizens of countries such as Kazakhstan, Russia, or Tajikistan, do not need a visa to enter the country.

• Applications can be made for tourism, business, or group tourist visas. Visas cost approximately US$40-70 (depending on the type of visa and applicant’s nationality).

Airport

• There are 239 flights on 47 different routes to and from Bishkek Manas International Airport. Routes connect Bishkek to major hubs including: Istanbul, Moscow, Dubai and Novosibirsk.

• When departing and arriving in the country, one cannot be in posession of more than $3,000 USD in cash.

Kyrgyzstan Embassies & Consulats 41

Tajikistan Telephone

• There are four operators in Tajikistan: Babilon-M, Megafon, Tcell and Beeline.

Coverage strength varies a lot across the country.

• SIM cards in Tajikistan are very cheap, but are sold only to nationals or foreigners who have registration.

A passport must be shown when registering a SIM card in Tajikistan and a digital fingerprint is also taken.

Electricity

• See Kyrgyzstan electricity (page #)

Visa • Holders of passports from many countries (i.e. USA, Canada, Australia, UK, UAE) can obtain a single or multiple entry e-Visa online for US$50 prior to arrival for a maximum stay of 45 days within 90 days.

• Nationals of many of these same countries can also obtain a visa on arrival at the Dushanbe airport.

• Citizen of countries such as Kazakhstan, Russia or Kyrgyzstan, do not need a visa to enter the country.

• Applications can be made for tourism, business, work, humanitarian, or learning visas among others.

• Special permits are required to visit the regions within the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province (GBAO). There is an added charge for this.

Airport

• The Dushanbe airport is the main hub for Somon Air and Tajik Air, among other airlines, and direct flights are offered to destinations including: UAE, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia.

• When departing and arriving in the country, one cannot be in posession of more than $3,000 USD in cash.

Tajikistan Embassies & Consulats

42

Kazakhstan

Telephone • The main phone providers in Kazakhstan are KCell, Beeline and Tele2. It is relatively easy to get a SIM card in Kazakhstan, but a passport must be presented. Shops and kiosks selling SIM cards are everywhere.

• Much like other parts of Central Asia, costs for calls and data are generally cheaper than in most Western countries.

• Various basic call and data plans are available, and if need be, separate addons are available.

Electricity

• See Kyrgyzstan electricity (page #)

Visa • Citizens of countries including: Canada, the United States, Australia, and all European Union citizens, among others, do not require a visa for stays of fewer than 30 days as part of a visa-free policy for countries with a large foreign direct investment in the country’s economy.

• To acquire a longer-term visa, an official letter of invitation (LOI) from an authorized company is necessary. The invitation along with the application and passport need to be processed at the Kazakhstan Consulate.

• Citizens of countries such as Kyrgyzstan and Russia can visit the country without a visa for up to 90 days.

• Applications for longer-term visas can be made for tourism, business, work, or service visas among others. Visas cost approximately US$160 (depending on the type of visa and applicant’s nationality).

Airport

• The Almaty airport is the largest international airport in Kazakhstan, handling over four million passengers annually.

The airport is owned by Venus Airport Investments, a company registered in Amsterdam. Air Astana is the most popular airline flying in and out of the airport.

• When departing and arriving in the country, one cannot be in posession of more than $3,000 USD in cash.

Kazakhstan Embassies & Consulats

43

Transportation Bishkek Getting around the city is quite simple and modes of transportation - marshrutkas (mini-bus/ vans), taxis and buses are plentiful and inexpensive It’s also easy to walk from one place to another in central Bishkek. Bishkek’s city centre is rather compact (approximately 4 square kilometres) making most destinations easily accessible by foot.

Getting to Bishkek Manas International Airport, 30 kms from city centre Taxi to city centre = 500 KGS ($7.32 USD) Marshrutka to city centre = 60 KGS ($0.88 USD)

Local Transport 8 KGS ($0.12 USD)

Useful Apps & Numbers

*pay when getting off

• Namba (mobile app) • Yandex (mobile app) 50 KGS ($0.73 USD) + • SMS Taxi (call or text 1236 12 KGS/km ($0.18 USD) with pick-up location) *negotiate before ride • 2GIS (mobile app) - maps and marshrutka/bus routes 10 KGS ($0.15 USD) until 9pm; 12 KGS ($0.18 USD) from 9pm-12am

*pay when getting on

Naryn

Getting around Naryn town is easily done on foot, however public transportation is also readily available.

Local Transport

OR Manas International Airport

Drive Bishkek to Naryn 315 kms 4 hours

Taxi Bishkek to Naryn 500 KGS ($7.32 USD)

Marshrutka 8 KGS ($0.12 USD) Argymak Taxi (0772 00 2017) Tulpar Taxi (0702 13 13 43)

Car ownership is common in the country and Kyrgyzstan recognises many foreign drivers’ licenses with an accompanying international driver’s license.

Applying for an international driving permit is easily done online.

44

Dushanbe Getting around the city is very easy when using the system of shared taxis, marshrutkas (mini-buses), regular buses and trolley buses, which all run on a standard set of routes.

Getting to Bishkek

Local Transport Regular or trolley bus - 1-2 TJS ($0.11-0.12 USD), get off at any stop

Dushanbe International Airport, 15 minutes from city centre

*someone will come collect payment

Shared taxi - 3 TJS ($0.33 USD), wave down the taxi, get off at any point

Taxi to city centre = 50 TJS ($5.51 USD)

*drivers indicate route number (#3 or #8 with fingers)

1-2 TJS ($0.11-0.12 USD)

*pay when getting on

Marshrutka or bus to city centre

Khorog Khorog is a very walkable town and most people use this as their main mode of transportation.

Dushanbe to Khorog

OR Dushanbe International Airport

Drive 525 kms 12 hours

OR

Fly Tajik Air $80 USD (one way) *weather dependent

Taxi 525 kms $35 USD (one way)

1.5 TJS ($0.17 USD) #1 or #3 minibus ($0.17 USD)

*pay driver when entering

International and foreign licenses are accepted, however, expats planning to stay in the country for more than three months need to apply for a ‘talon,’ a card for recording any traffic offences.

45

Climate and Weather Kyrgyzstan

Average Monthly Temperatures High Low

33°C

25°C

-8°C

Bishkek

Naryn

-20°C

The climate in Kyrgyzstan is generally sunny, averaging only about 70 days of rain a year.

The climate is continental, because Kyrgyzstan is located so far from any ocean. Though the summers in the cities can get quite hot, the mountains remain colder even in the hottest months. Winters are cold and snowy everywhere, especially at higher elevations.

Tajikistan

Average Monthly Temperatures High Low

36°C

31°C

-2°C

-11°C

Dushanbe

Khorog

Due to its location in the heart of Central Asia, the climate in Tajikistan is continental.

However, some regions of the country are subtropical intracontinental.

In the plains around Dushanbe, the climate is more temperate: summers are hot and dry, and winters in Dushanbe have much precipitation.

As Khorog is in a deep canyon, it is protected from strong winds and cold temperatures in the winter; summer is warm and dry.

Kazakhstan

Average Monthly Temperatures 29°C

High Low Tekeli

-16°C

Kazakhstan has a markedly continental climate, with very cold winters almost everywhere, while summers are warm in the north and hot in the south. In Tekeli, the climate is temperate and there is significant rainfall throughout the year. About 384 mm of precipitation falls annually, particularly in the spring and fall.

46

Food and Restaurants Central Asian Cuisine

• Local food involves a lot of meat, rice, cumin, coriander, cilantro, dill, nuts, tea, milk, yogurt, and plenty of bread.

• Although Central Asia has a variety of spices, its food and cuisine is usually mild.

• Meals generally consist of several courses over an extended period of time. The food on the table is likely only the start of the meal.

• A meal without bread is considered incomplete. Common types of bread include lepeshka (a round shaped, flat white bread). As well, little fried pieces of dough - called boorsok, are made for special events or respected guests.

• Meat such as mutton, beef, chicken, and goat are frequently eaten. Fish is either canned or dried.

• Food allergies and vegetarian/vegan diets are not common in Central Asia. Although the selection is limited, for those with dietary restrictions it is possible to find gluten-free items and soy/almond milk in major cities.

• At restaurants it is not unusual for dishes to arrive at different times so it is not considered impolite to start eating before everyone is served.

• In the summer a traditional drink called kumyss is available. This is made of fermented mare’s milk and is enjoyed at celebrations in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

Common Dishes Kuurdak (one pot meal of fried meat, potatoes, and onions)

Manti (dumplings filled with either onion and meat, or pumpkin)

Samsa (meat or pumpkin-filled pastries)

Pelmeni (a Russian dish of small meat-filled dumplings in broth)

Plov or osh (rice fried with carrots and topped with meat)

Lagman (hand-rolled noodles in a broth of meat and vegetables)

Shashlik (marinated meat grilled on a skewer served with onions)

Besh barmak (homemade pasta with large pieces of meat)

Ashlam-foo (cold noodles topped with vegetables in spicy broth and pieces of congealed corn starch)

Kurutob (flat bread made of puff pastry mixed with salty dairy sauce, fresh herbs, tomatoes, and onions drizzled with hot oil)

47

Bishkek and Dushanbe have seen a boom of restaurants and cafes in recent years and now offers a wide range of cuisine. Here are some recommended restaurants and grocery stores:

Bishkek

Dushanbe

Local food Navat, Faiza, Plov Centre, Supara Thai food Baan Baan Thai Cafe Georgian food Pur Pur, Mimino Sushi Furusato, Sushi Room, FreshBox Breakfast and Brunch Social Coffee, Sierra Cafés Bublik, Bellagio, Vanilla Sky, Craft Korean Chicken Star Burgers Burger House Pizza Dodo Pizza, NY Pizza International Chains Nathan’s, KFC, Papa John’s Grocery Stores Boorsok, Narodni, Beta Stores, Kolobok, Torro Markets Osh Bazaar, Akmir Bazaar, Dordoy Bazaar, Ortosay

Cafés Segafredo, Mazza Café, World of Chocolate, Chatr Café, Abstract Café, Tapioca Hut Middle Eastern/Turkish Al Sham Restaurant, Merve, Citir Indian food Delhi Darbar, Taj, Bollywood Pizza Bella Pizza and Pasta, Dona Burgers Burger Club, Southern Fried Chicken Mexican Salsa Restaurant Sushi The Steakhouse, Hyatt Hotel Chinese Hotel Tajikistan Korean Kaya Ukrainian Traktir Tajik Toqi, Grill BBQ, Bukhoro Restaurant, Shomi Badakshon, Pamir, Rokhat Grocery stores Paykar Supermarket, Europa.tj, Poytakht, Ashan Markets Green (Ziloni) Bazaar

Although Naryn and Khorog may have fewer international options, traditional food is widely available and freshly prepared with local ingredients. Here are some recommended restaurants and grocery stores:

Naryn

Khorog

Khan Tengri Restaurant Nomad Café, and Nomad Café Plus KulturCafe Naryn Café Anarkul Apa Kai Yndy Zubr Café Markets – Naryn City Supemarket

International food – Serena Chor Bogh, Serena Inn Restaurant Local food – Shugnan Khorog Fried Chicken Indian food – Delhi Darbar Grocery stores – Farovon, Atlantica 48

Activities & Entertainment Bishkek • Trekking Union (www.tuk.kg) offers great day or multi-day hikes, usually every weekend, as well as camping and other trips. They also rent outdoor equipment, including tents.

• Attend a show at the picturesque Philharmonia for an affordable cultural evening.

Tickets can be pre-purchased online at www.ticket.kg • For live music and open mic nights, check out Studio 247 and Chicken Star.

• Catch an English showing of newly released movies at Vefa Centre theatre or CosmoPark theatre.

• Browse through the bustling markets: Osh Bazaar, Dordoy Bazaar, Orto Sai Bazaar.

• See the sights of Bishkek, visit Ala-Too Square, the State History Museum, Frunze Museum, Manas Statue, and take a stroll through Erkindik Park.

• Go golfing at the Maple Leaf Golf course • Stroll through a few of Bishkek’s most popular malls - Bishkek Park or Asia Mall • Fun City (inside Bishkek Park) - bowling, arcade games, bumper cars etc.

• IgroTeka (inside GUM) – mini golf, board games, puzzles etc • Take a spin on the outdoor ferris-wheel and enjoy the views of the city centre.

• Try a new dance style. Latin dance classes are offered weekly for all levels at Rio Danc School (bachata, salsa, kizomba).

• Learn to cook mouth-watering national dishes at Nomad’s Land cooking classes.

• Get pampered at one of the many spas, beauty salons, or banyas (bath house).

• Spend the afternoon hiking and picnicking in Ala Archa national park just outside of

Bishkek.

• Escape the hustle and bustle of the city and take a trip to Burana Tower to experience a bit of history.

• Bask in the sun, go parasailing, or spend the weekend camping lakeside at the infamous Issyk-Kul Lake.

• When shopping for souvenirs for family and friends back home, visit Tumar Souvenirs, Osh Bazaar, Saima or the top floor of Tsum centre.

49

Naryn • Embrace winter and plan an afternoon skating on the ice rink in Chayek village. The rink hosts different hockey tournaments and children can easily and safely skate on the rink.

• Hike or picnic in the National Park Salkyn-Tor. • Enjoy the sunshine and take a stroll through the park rehabilitated by Aga Khan Foundation called Seitaaly Jakypov Park, also known as the Smart Park. Complimentary Wi-Fi is provided throughout the park!

• Go hiking and experience the natural beauty that Kyrgyzstan has to offer in areas such as the Eki-Naryn Valley, Kok-Kiya Valley, or Kara-Keche Pass.

• Spend a weekend horseback riding and yurt camping with a host family near Song Kul Lake, the country’s second largest lake.

• CBT Naryn is very active in planning excursions and cultural experiences, such as cooking lessons and trekking tours. They’re also very helpful in organizing accommodation and transportation in the area.

• Taste some locally made honey and take a tour of one of Kyrgyzstan’s honey farms.

• Browse through the Naryn Regional Museum and compare current-day Naryn to photos from the 1960s during the Soviet era.

• Snap some great photos from the Naryn Panorama, a small pass to the west of the city, offers incredible views.

• Spend an afternoon in the Naryn Art Gallery, home to painting and sculptures from a collection of Kyrgyz artists mainly from Naryn.

• When shopping for souvenirs for family and friends back home, visit Kyrgyz Uz, a local women’s cooperative.

• Held every two years, World Nomad Games is an international sporting competition showcasing ethnic sports of Central Asia.

50

Dushanbe • Rudaki Park, Flagpole Park, Victory Park – hike to the top for a seasonal restaurant with great views.

• Go hiking or trekking along the Pamir Highway or through the Fann Mountains.

• Enjoy a guided tour of Tajikistan’s National Museum, which is housed in an impressive modern building with an elliptical roof and giant atrium.

• Spend an afternoon at the Noor Art Gallery inside the Hyatt Regency Dushanbe Hotel.

The Gallery exhibits one of the most distinguished public art collections in Dushanbe, including hand-painted ceramic plates, wooden boxes, and woollen items.

• Take a tour of the Ismaili Centre Dushanbe and enjoy the beautiful Islamic architecture as the sun streams in through the many windows.

• Browse the nine-storey National Library of Tajikistan, which is the largest library in Central Asia. It was constructed in the form of an open book and meets modern international standards.

• Explore the local market (Mekhrgon/Poytakht 90) and enjoy the variety of foods offered, including dried fruits, nuts, fresh fruit and vegetables, spices, meats, and bread.

• Watch a Russian play or attend a concert at the Ayni Opera & Ballet or the Mayakovsky Theatre.

• Spend the afternoon exploring Varvobe Gorge, a short drive from Dushanbe.

• Admire the Palace of Nations, which is the official residence of the President of Tajikistan, built in 2002.

• Catch a game of Buzkashi (played everywhere in Central Asia) in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal.

• Spend the day exploring Hissar Fortress, the former palace of one of Bukhara’s Emirate becks, located only 30 kilometres from Dushanbe.

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Khorog • The Pamirs are known for their healing hot springs that people visit for treatment of various health problems. The hot spring resorts are varying distances from Khorog. Garm Chashma, Bibi Fotima, Jelondi, and Avj are the most popular hot spring resorts in GBAO. • Take a stroll along the river through the Khorog City Park • Take a long drive through the Vakhan Passage • Go hiking or trekking. Pamir mountain lakes (Lake Karakul), Wakhan Corridor, Bartang Valley, ancient petroglyphs in Langar, and medieval remains of castles and fortresses in Ishkashim are few of the popular trekking destinations here.

• The Pamirs Eco-Cultural Tourism Association (PECTA) offers a number services and products to make adventures in the Pamirs more enjoyable.

• Pack a picnic lunch and enjoy it amongst the diverse local fauna at the Pamir Botanical Garden • Every weekend the cross-border market opens near the border crossing bridge in the Tem area (Khorog), where both Afghan and Tajik citizens are allowed to purchase or sell goods without a visa. A range of goods vary from handmade arts and crafts to spices and clothing.

• Nawruz is one of the most ancient holidays celebrated across Central Asia that marks the start of the new year. It is celebrated on the vernal equinox in March.

• Another popular annual summer event in Khorog is the Roof of the World Festival.

The Festival was introduced to ensure the protection of the unique cultural traditions and pluralistic cultural values among the populations living across in the Central and South Asia.

Nearby Places Almaty

• Almaty is Kazakhstan’s largest metropolis and only four hours from Bishkek by car. Spend the weekend eating or shopping at popular international chains, take the cable car up to Kok Tobe, go skating at Medeu (an ice rink located high in the mountain), or destress at Arasan Wellness & Spa. • Almaty is also a hub airport where direct flights to Dubai, India or Turkey are frequent.

“Visit Kazakhstan” website Uzbekistan

• Uzbekistan is also considered a Central Asian nation and former Soviet republic. It’s known for its mosques, mausoleums and other sites linked to the Silk Road. Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva are famous for their landmark Islamic architecture and buildings decorated with blue tile mosaics.

“Tourism Uzbekistan” website 52

Appendices

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Appendix 1: Public Holidays

*Please note – The holiday schedule is announced annually by the Government of the Kyrgyz therefore holidays listed below are subject to change from year to year. Some of these holidays a a designated Saturday is worked, and the government will announce these national holidays (an working days) a few weeks in advance. In the occurrence of a day off (Saturday or Sunday) and a pub coinciding, the day off is moved to Monday and declared as a non-working day.

Kyrgyzstan January 1 – New Year’s Day January 7 – Eastern Orthodox Christmas February 23 – Homeland Defender’s Day March 8 – International Women’s Day March 21 – People’s Holiday of Navruz April 7 – People’s April Revolution Day May 1 – Labour Day May 5 – Constitution Day May 9 – Victory Day Orozo Ait (varies year to year based on lunar calendar) Kurman Ait (varies year to year based on lunar calendar) August 31 – Independence Day November 7,8 – Day of History and Memory of Ancestors Tajikistan January 1 – New Year’s Day March 8 – International Women’s Day March 21-24– Navruz Holiday May 9 – Victory Day Idi Ramazon (varies year to year based on lunar calendar) June 27 – National Unity Day Idi Qurbon (varies year to year based on lunar calendar) September 9 – Independence Day November 6 – Constitution Day Kazakhstan January 1 – New Year’s Day January 2 – New Year Holiday March 8 – International Women’s Day March 21-23 – Nauryz Holiday May 1 – Kazakhstan People’s Unity Day May 7 – Defender’s Day May 9 - Victory Day July 6 - Day of the Capital Kurban Bairam (varies year to year based on lunar calendar) August 30 - Constitution Day December 1 - Day of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan December 16 - Independence Day 54

Health Facilities *do we want to add emergency numbers to this? Maybe wait and add to handbook #2?

The healthcare system is based on the Soviet style of health care, which can seem different compared to Western countries. Generally, the medical personnel are knowledgeable but the system may lack the modern health care technology that expats are used to.

Below is a list of recommended hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and dental offices. Many will require a cash payment for care rendered (usually in local currency).

Bishkek Ambulances • Bishkek City Ambulance - Dial 103 • Commercial Ambulance Services

- Dial 139, 548666, 549999, (0554) 548666

- Dial 151 or 439151

- Dial 1130 or 577115 • Generally, the ambulances in Kyrgyzstan are not equipped with emergency medical supplies like medications or oxygen. The ambulances companies are staffed by physicians that will answer an emergency call then recommend triage and transport to the appropriate hospital. The dispatch operators do not speak English, generally Russian. The wait time for an ambulance can be up to one hour. The ambulance staff does not speak English.

Health Clinics and Hospitals • NeoMed A Private Diagnostic and Consultative Medical Clinic Address: 46 Orozbekova St. Tel: (312) 906090.

• National Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics.

Address: 206 Krivonosova Street Tel: (312) 211778 • City Trauma Unit Address: 41 Manas (intersection Toktogul/Manas) Tel: (312) 318922 • Pediatric Emergency Hospital Address. 8a, Baitik Baatyr street.

Tel: (312) 544655 • “Kamek” Private Surgical Clinic Surgical department Address: 225, Moskovskaya street.

Tel: (312) 640055/ 640101 • Eye Hospital and Clinic: Private Clinic 55

Address: 5 Baytik Baatyr St. Tel: (312) 510251/ 510781/ 510783 Dental Clinics • Kairos Dental Clinic Address: Ryskulov St 10 Tel: (312) 612302, 612303 Pharmacies *reputable pharmacies are found on every street corner in Bishkek • Central Pharmacy Address: 127 Abdrakhmanov (former Sovetskaya) st. crosses Moskovskaya st.

Tel: (312) 901011, 665500 • Prestige Address: 95 A Kievskaya St. Tel: (312) 621462 Labs • Bonetsky’s Laboratory 20 Prospect Mira (main building) Tel: (312) 316074, 316333 This lab has the capability to do culture and sensitivities.

• AQUA lab Address: 71/1 Fatiyanova, cross Gorkyi street Tel: (312) 98-66-00 Naryn Ambulance • Naryn City Ambulance Tel: 103 Hospitals and Clinics • Naryn Oblast United Hospital Address: 5, Kachkynova street, Naryn Tel: +996(3522) 50411, 51622 (Reception) • Group of Family Doctors Address: 5, Kachkynova street, Naryn Tel: +996 3522 50846 • Cardiology department of Naryn oblast Hospital Address: 5, Kachkynova street, Naryn Tel: +996 3522 52026,52036 56

• Traumatology department of Naryn oblast Hospital Address: 5, Kachkynova Street, Naryn Tel: +996 3522 51874, 52024 • Gynecology department of Naryn Hospital Address: 5 Kachkynova street, Naryn Tel: +996 3522 52038 Dental Clinic • Naryn Stomotology Clinic Ibraimov street, Naryn Tel: +996 312 38 96 00 Diagnostic Centres • Aga Khan Diagnostic Medical Clinic Address: 25,Alaev street, Naryn Tel: +996 3522 50292 Pharmacies • Naryn Pharmacy Address: 70 Lenin street, Naryn Tel: +996(3522) 5 19 83, 5 19 84 • Darykana Pharmacy Address: 31Toktosunova street, Naryn Tel: +996(3522) 5 07 37, 5 17 91, 5 17 92 • Barchyn Pharmacy Address: Shullera street, Naryn Tel: +996(3522) 5 18 20 • Adil Pharmacy Address: 42 Lenin street, Naryn Tel: +996(3522) 5 65 57 Dushanbe Hospitals/Medical Centres • Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) Hospital Address: 33 Bobojon Ghafurov Street, Dushanbe Tel: 372 37 1872 • Medical Centre Shifo Address: Druzhba Narodov Street, Dushanbe Tel: 372 27 1814

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• Medical Centre Nurafzo Address: 59A I. Somoni Avenue, Building 16, Dushanbe Tel: (44) 620-3355 •Medical Centre Istiqlol Address: 54/1 Negmat Qarabaev Avenue, Dushanbe Tel: 2341062 • Vedanta – Clinic Diagnostic Centre Address: 10 Mehnat, M. Tursunzoda Street, Dushanbe Tel: 992 928 130 022 • Medical Centre Nasl Address: 31 M. Tursunzade Street, Dushanbe Tel: 992 (37) 227-88-28 • International Clinic Ibn Sino Address: 34 Foteh Niyozi Street, Dushanbe Tel: 992 (44) 640-01-02 • Private Medical Centre Vitiligo Address: 66a Nazarshoeva Street, Dushanbe Tel: 992 (907) 38-04-04 • Medical Diagnostic Centre Shifo Address: 3 Lohut Street, Dushanbe Tel: 227 34 59 Dentist • Dental Centre Evrodent Address: 55 Shotemur Street, Dushanbe Tel: 985 660 036 • Dental Centre Smile Address: 3 I.Somoni Street, Dushanbe Tel: 992 917-08-88-80 • Dental Centre International Medical Centre Ibn Sino Address: 34 Foteh Niyozi Street, Dushanbe Tel: 992 (44) 640-01-02 Khorog • Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) Medical Centre in Khorog (anticipated for December 2018) Address: Khorog, S. Shogunieva str. 1/1, GBAO, Tajikistan 736000 • Khorog Oblast General Hospital and Regional Diagnostic Unit Address: St. Saidmir Abdurahmonov #26

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Tel: (835222) 2-55-28; (992) 93 579 59 49 •AKHS Khorog Dental Unit Address: St. Lenina 35/1 Tel: (835222) 2 48 72; (992) 93 93 547 70 07

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Primary and Secondary Education Bishkek • International School Bishkek - European School ESCA (Private English Primary/ Secondary School) Address: 67 Bronirovannaya Street, Bishkek Tel: +996 779 606 533 Web: www.esca.kg/ • Silk Road International School (Private English Primary/Secondary School) Address: 7a Aitieva Street, Bishkek Tel: +996 312 520 290 Web: www.sris.edu.kg/ • Oxford International School Bishkek (Private English Primary/Secondary School) Address: 153 Mir Avenue, Bishkek Tel: +996 558 551 155 or +996 700 551 155 Web: www.oxford.kg/ • Cambridge Silk Road International School (Private English Primary/Secondary School) Address: Microregion Zhal, 45A, Bishkek Tel: +996 312 932 222 Web: www.csris.edu.kg/ • QSI International School of Bishkek (Private English Primary/Secondary School) Address: 14A Tynystanova Street, Bishkek Tel: +996 312 563 139 or +996 312 563 141 Web: www.qsi.org • Hope Academy of Bishkek (Private English Primary/Secondary School) Address: 127b Golgoya Street, Bishkek Tel: +996 312 681 079 Web: http://hopeacademykg.com/ • Bishkek Aichurok High School (Private English Secondary School) Address: Alamedin 1 Tel: +996 312 634 151 or +996 312 633 261, Web: http://www.aichurok.kg/en Naryn • Bilimkana Private School (Trilingual (English, Kyrgyz, Russian) Private Secondary School) Address: Lenin Street, Naryn Tel: 0771 71 71 73 Web: http://bilimkana.kg/ 60

• Turkish Lyceum (Trilingual (English, Kyrgyz, Russian) Private Secondary School) Address: 91 Lenin Street, Naryn Tel: 0707 043 648 Dushanbe • International Presidential School (English Secondary School) Address: Karamova Street, Dushanbe Tel: +992 907 754 504 Web: http://ips.tj/ • Dushanbe International School (English Private Primary/Secondary School) 9 Bofanda Street, Dushanbe Tel: +992 372 221 4997 Web: http://dis.tj/ • QSI International School of Dushanbe (English Private Primary/Secondary School) 26/26 Sovetskaya, Dushanbe Tel: +992 37 224 8737 Web: https://www.qsi.org/tajikistan/tjk/ Khorog • Early Childhood Development Centre (English and Tajik Kindergarten) Address: 12 Mirzonabotov Street, Khorog

Tel: +993 352 221 271 • Aga Khan Lycee (Trilingual (English, Tajik, Russian) Primary/Secondary School) Address: 12 Mirzonabotov Street, Khorog Tel: +993 352 221 271 Web: http://www.agakhanschools.org/Tajikistan/AKL • Presidential School (Trilingual (English, Tajik, Russian) Primary/Secondary School) Address: 1 Shokargiz Shonasim, Khorog Tel: +992 352 221 921

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Sources World Bank – Country Context - http://www.worldbank.org/en/where-we-work, 2017 ISM EduTech - http://www.ismedutech.com/, 2018 Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. The Country Studies Series. Published 1988-1999.

The History of Tajik SSR, B. A. Antonenko, 1983 Civil War in Tajikistan and its International Repercussions, Critical Middle Eastern Studies, Sergei Gretsky, 1995, Kazakhstan, CIA World Factbook, 2017 "Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK) – https://stat.kz, 2015 Solutions, EIU digital. "Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit" – https://. eiu.com, 2016 BBC News – Kyrgyzstan Country Profile - http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16186907, 2018 Tajikistan country profile. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 2007 Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan - http://www.government.kz/index.php/en/, 2017-2018 UNESCO – Wold Heritage Convention - https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/338, 2017 AdvanTour Company - https://www.advantour.com/, 2017 SBS World News - https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/bride-snatchers, 2012 UN Women – New Law in Kyrgyzstan Toughens Penalties for Bride Kidnapping - http:// www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2013/2/new-law-in-kyrgyzstan-toughens-penaltiesfor-bride-kidnapping, 2013 United States Embassy in the Kyrgyz Republic - https://kg.usembassy.gov, 2018 AdvanTour Company - https://www.advantour.com/, 2017 AdvanTour Company - https://www.advantour.com/, 2017 Countries and their Cultures Forum - http://www.everyculture.com/index.html, 2017 Countries and their Cultures Forum - http://www.everyculture.com/index.html, 2017 Government of Canada – Centre for Intercultural Learning, Country Insights - http://www. international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/countryinsights-apercuspays. aspx?lang=eng, 2016 World Atlas – Kyrgyzstan - https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kg.htm, 2015 World Atlas – Tajikistan - https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/tj.htm, 2015 Kazakhstan Cheers New Alphabet, New York Times - https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/ world/asia/kazakhstan-alphabet-nursultan-nazarbayev.html, 2018 World Atlas – Kazakhstan - https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kz.htm, 2015 United States (US) Department of State US Department of State CIA World Factbook Islam in Central Asia: National Specificities and Postsoviet Globalisation, Religion, State and Society, Sébastien Peyrouse, 2017 62

UNESCO – Dialogue, Diversity & Development, Nowruz Celebrating - https://en.unesco. org/silkroad/content/nowruz-celebrating-new-year-silk-roads, 2014 UNICEF – Kyrgyzstan Country Study - https://www.unicef.org/kyrgyzstan/sites/unicef.org. kyrgyzstan/files/2018 The World Bank – New WB Project in Kyrgyz Republic - http://www.worldbank.org/ en/news/press-release/2013/03/07/new-world-bank-project-kyrgyz-republic-will-helpimprove-basic-education, 2013 Global Partnership for Education – Kyrgyz Republic - https://www.globalpartnership.org/ country/kyrgyz-republic, 2018 CIA World Factbook Tengri News – Transition to 12-Year Education Postponed - https://en.tengrinews.kz, Kazakhstan Cheers New Alphabet, New York Times - https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/ world/asia/kazakhstan-alphabet-nursultan-nazarbayev.html, 2018 OECD Reviews of School Resouces – Kazakhstan - http://documents.worldbank.org/ curated/en/999151467998823715/pdf/100524-PUB-PUBLIC-Box393236B-OECD-Reviewsof-School-Resources-Kazakhstan-2015.pdf, 2015 Expat Arrivals - http://www.expatarrivals.com/, 2018 World Bank - http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca, 2016 University of Central Asia Working Paper, The Impact of Kumtor Gold Mine on the Economic and Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic - http://www.ucentralasia.org/Resources/ Item/790, 2015 EurAsian Economic Commission - http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Pages/default. aspx, 2018 Investment, Promotion, and Protection Agency of the Kyrgyz Republic - http://invest.gov. kg/, 2018 The Economist – Drugs in Tajikistan - https://www.economist.com/node/21553092, 2012 National Company for Investment Support and Promotion - http://invest.gov.kg/, 2017 Electrical Safety First - https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/, 2018 Weather Atlas - https://www.weather-atlas.com/en, 2018 Kalpak Travel – Central Asian Cuisine - https://kalpak-travel.com/blog/central-asiancuisine/, 2017 Additional Sources: • World Bank • Countries and their Cultures • Kalpak Travel • Culture Grams World Edition • Lonely Planet • Country Watch • InterNations • Library of Congress – Federal Research Division • SBS World News • US Embassy in the Kyrgyz Republic • Times Higher Education • BBC News – Country Profiles • International Monetary Fund 63

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CIA World Factbook The Economist Global Affairs Canada Harvard Business Review InterNations Expat Arrivals

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