Nussbaumer / Holzhauser / Wolf/ Zumbühl, Die Grindelwaldgletscher

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DIE GRINDELWALDGLETSCHER -WPUV WPF 9KUUGPUEJCÈŽ

Hrsg. Heinz J. Zumbühl Samuel U. Nussbaumer Hanspeter Holzhauser Richard Wolf

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

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Vorwort Heinz Wanner

Čƒ

Grusswort Beat Ruppen

ǝǽ

Çť | DIE BEIDEN GLETSCHER VON GRINDELWALD Eine EinfĂźhrung Hanspeter Holzhauser | Samuel U. Nussbaumer | Heinz J. ZumbĂźhl

Ǟǿ

ǟ | DIE EŸSS SCHROPFEN SO WACHSEN UND SCHWYNEN &KG )GUEJKEJVG FGU 7PVGTGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGTU UGKV FGO ǝǟ ,CJTJWPFGTV Heinz J. Zumbßhl

ǝǝǿ

Ç˝ | DER NOCH GRĂ–SSER IST IM LAND &KG )GUEJKEJVG FGU 1DGTGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGTU UGKV FGT /KVVG FGU ǝǽ ,CJTJWPFGTVU Heinz J. ZumbĂźhl

ǝǞČƒ

Çž | GLETSCHER IN DER WAHRNEHMUNG DER MENSCHEN <GKEJPWPIGP )GOĂ€NFG WPF (QVQITCČŽGP ÇťČ ÇżÇşsÇťČƒǿǺ Heinz J. ZumbĂźhl | Richard Wolf | RĂŠmi Fontaine

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Çż | AUF DEM HOLZWEG ZUR FRĂœHEN GESCHICHTE DES UNTEREN GRINDELWALDGLETSCHERS Was uns alte Bäume aus den Ufermoränen erzählen Hanspeter Holzhauser

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Č€ | DIE MILCHBACHHĂ–HLEN IM UNTERGRUND DES OBEREN GRINDELWALDGLETSCHERS Was uns alpine Tropfsteine zur Gletschergeschichte erzählen /CTE .WGVUEJGT ^ #TPKMQ $Ă’MG

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Č | DAS NATURGEFAHRENPOTENZIAL DER BEIDEN GRINDELWALDGLETSCHER FelsstĂźrze, Murgänge, Gletscherseen /CTVKP (WPM ^ 0KNU *Ă€JNGP ^ *CPU 4WFQNH -GWUGP ^ *CPU -KGPJQN\ ^ &CPKGN 6QDNGT

ǟǝǿ

Č‚ | GLETSCHERENTWICKLUNG UND KLIMAWANDEL 8QP FGT 8GTICPIGPJGKV KP FKG <WMWPČŽ Samuel U. Nussbaumer | Matthias Huss | Horst Machguth | Daniel Steiner

ǟǽǿ

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Vorwort

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12

Nordhemisphäre Niedere Breiten Südhemisphäre

10 8

520

6 4

500

2 0

480 12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2 1 0 1000 Jahre vor heute

Sonneneinstrahlung Juni 60°N (W/m2)

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Zahl der Gletschervorstösse

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Grusswort

+O *GT\GP FGU #NRGPDQIGPU \YKUEJGP FGO 4JQPGVCN WPF FGO &TGKIGUVKTP 'KIGT /ÒPEJ WPF ,WPIHTCW GTUVTGEMV UKEJ GKPG UVCTM XGTINGVUEJGTVG YGPKI DGTØJTVG *QEJIGDKTIUNCPFUEJCȎ &CU )GDKGV UVGJV HØT FKG YWPFGTDCTGP 0CVWTUEJÒPJGKVGP FGT #NRGP 5GKPG 9KTMWPI CWH FGP $GVTCEJVGT YKFGTURKGIGNV UKEJ KO <KVCV FGU GJGOCNKIGP DTKVKUEJGP 2JKNQUQRJGP WPF #NRKPKUVGP .GUNKG 5VGRJGP 'T XGTHCUUVG UGKPG 'KPFTØEMG WPF 'TNGDPKUUG ǻȂȁǻ OKV HQNIGPFGP 9QTVGP «Kein Gebilde der Natur, das ich jemals sah, ist vergleichbar mit der Erhabenheit jener überwältigenden $GTIOCWGT FKG UEJGKPDCT KP FGT .WŽ UEJYGDGPF UKEJ FGO GPV\ØEMVGP #WIG KP .CWVGTDTWPPGP WPF )TKPFGNYCNF \GKIV &KG *ØIGN \W KJTGP (ØUUGP UVGJGP KP GKPGO JÒEJUV YKTMWPIUXQNNGP )GIGPUCV\ \WT GTPUVGP )TQUUCTVKIMGKV FGT $GTIG +O ICP\GP $GTGKEJ FGT #NRGP IKDV GU MGKPGP 'KUUVTQO FGT FGP #FGN FGU #NGVUEJINGVUEJGTU GTTGKEJV YKG GT KP GKPGT MÒPKINKEJGP -WTXG UKEJ JGTCDUEJYKPIV XQP FGT -COO JÒJG FGU )GDKTIGU KP FKG 9ÀNFGT FGU 4JQPGVCNGU 7PF MGKP CPFGTGT $GTI MGKPG FGT 0CFGNP FGT /QPVDNCPE )TWRRG PQEJ UGNDUV FCU /CVVGTJQTP DGUKV\V GKPG UEJÒPGTG .KPKG CNU FGT 'KIGT FGT YKG GKP 7PIGJGWGT UKEJ IGP *KOOGN TGEMV &KG (CU\KPCVKQP FKGUGT .CPFUEJCȎ DGTWJV CWH -QPVTCUVGP 7PDGTØJTVG 0CVWTNCPFUEJCȎ KO *QEJIG DKTIG UVGJV KP GKPGT 9GEJUGNDG\KGJWPI OKV DGTIDÀWGTNKEJ IGRTÀIVGT -WNVWTNCPFUEJCȎ +P KJTGT /KVVG NKGIV FKG ITÒUUVG \WUCOOGPJÀPIGPFG )NGVUEJGT\QPG FGT #NRGP &KGUG YKTF ØDGTTCIV XQP PGWP 8KGTVCWUGPFGTP ǽǺ $GTIG GTTGKEJGP OGJT CNU ǽǿǺǺ /GVGT *ÒJG $GUQPFGTU GKPFTØEMNKEJ WPF GKP\KICTVKI UKPF FKG XQP 9GKVGO UKEJVDCTGP UVGKNGP 0QTFYÀPFG FGT $GTPGT *QEJCNRGP s \YKUEJGP FGT YGNVDGTØJOVGP 'KIGT PQTFYCPF WPF FGO 9GVVGTJQTP ȯKGUUGP FKG )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGT KPU 6CN s UQYKG FKG 5ØFCDFCEJWPI OKV KJTGP KORQUCPVGP )NGVUEJGTP WPF WTURTØPINKEJGP 6ÀNGTP 7PVGTUEJKGFNKEJG )GUVGKPG WPF $ÒFGP WPF FKG JQJG -NKOCXCTKCDKNKVÀV s OGFKVGTTCP KP FGP 5ØFJÀPIGP DQTGCN KO *QEJIGDKTIG WPF IGOÀUUKIV CWH FGT 0QTFUGKVG s GTOÒINKEJVGP GKPFTWEMUXQNNG PCVØTNKEJG 'PVYKEMNWPIGP #WH GPIGO 4CWO DKNFGVG UKEJ GKPG 8KGNHCNV XQP ²MQU[UVGOGP OKV 2ȯCP\GP WPF 6KGTIGOGKPUEJCȎGP JGTCWU &CU )GDKGV KUV GKPG reiche Informationsquelle über die Entstehung der Gebirge und Gletscher sowie über die aktuelle -NKOCXGTÀPFGTWPI WPF FKG FCOKV XGTDWPFGPGP 2TQ\GUUG KO #NRGPTCWO &KGUG GKP\KICTVKIG )GDKTIUNCPFUEJCȎ KUV GKPIGDGVVGV KP GKPG NGDGPFKIG 4GIKQP 0CVWTJKUVQTKUEJG 'PVYKEMNWPIGP UKPF GPI OKV GKPGT NCPIGP 0WV\WPIUIGUEJKEJVG XGTDWPFGP 0CVØTNKEJG 2TQ\GUUG KO )GDKTIG YKG DGKURKGNUYGKUG )NGVUEJGTXQTUVÒUUG WPF TØEM\ØIG DGGKPȯWUUVGP FKG $GYKTVUEJCȎWPI FGT 6ÀNGT WPF #NRYGKFGP FWTEJ FGP /GPUEJGP &CU ¸DGTNGDGP KP FKGUGT 4GIKQP YCT XQP FGT 5KEJGTWPI FGU (WVVGTGTVTCIU CDJÀPIKI +OOGT YKGFGT CWEJ JGWVG PQEJ OWUU UKEJ FGT /GPUEJ OKV FGT 0CVWT PGW CTTCPIKGTGP &KGUG CPJCNVGPFG #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPI RTÀIVG FKG 0CVWT WPF HQTOVG FGP /GPUEJGP KP UGKPGT /GPVCNKVÀV UGKPGT 5RTCEJG UGKPGO &GPMGP WPF *CPFGNP &CU 5RCPPWPIUHGNF CWU PCVØTNKEJGP 2TQ\GUUGP WPF OGPUEJNKEJGP 0WV\WPIUHQTOGP GTICD GKP 9GTVGU[UVGO OKV FGP /GTMOCNGP 'KP\KICTVKIMGKV 8KGNHCNV WPF 5EJÒPJGKV &KG 9GNVIGOGKPUEJCȎ FGT 70'5%1 JCV CWHITWPF FKGUGT 'KIGPUEJCȎGP FKG 4GIKQP KO ,CJT ǼǺǺǻ \W GKPGO 'TDG FGT ICP\GP /GPUEJJGKV GTMNÀTV 'U KUV FKG JÒEJUVG #WU\GKEJPWPI FKG CP 0CVWT WPF -WNVWTNGKUVWPIGP XGTIGDGP YKTF WPF DGFGWVGV JÒEJUVG 9GTVUEJÀV\WPI &CU 70'5%1 9GNVGTDG 5EJYGK\GT

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Meiringen Schattenhalb

Innertkirchen

Unterseen Interlaken Matten Guttannen

Wilderswil Grindelwald

Gündlischwand Reichenbach Lauterbrunnen

Kandersteg

Bellwald Fieschertal

Blatten Wiler Kippel Ferden

Bettmeralp Fiesch Riederalp Mörel-Filet

Steg-Hohtenn Niedergesteln

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Ausserberg Raron

Eggerberg Baltschieder

Naters

#NRGP ,WPIHTCW #NGVUEJ WOHCUUV JGWVG GKPG (NÀEJG XQP È‚ǼǾ MOǼ s GKP )GDKGV CP FGO Ǽǽ )GOGKPFGP CWU FGO $GTPGT 1DGTNCPF WPF FGO 1DGTYCNNKU DGVGKNKIV UKPF 5KG CNNG UKPF KP XKGNHÀNVKIGT 9GKUG XQP FGP )NGVUEJGTP FGU 0CVWTGTDGU IGRTÀIV &KG )GOGKPFGP JCDGP UKEJ \W GKPGT 6TÀIGTUEJCÈŽ \WUCOOGPIGHWPFGP WPF UKEJ DGKURKGNJCÈŽ KP FGT %JCTVC XQO -QPMQTFKCRNCV\ FC\W XGTRȯKEJVGV OKV XGTGKPVGP -TÀHVGP FKG PCVØTNKEJ MWNVWTGNNGP 9GTVG HØT FKG MQOOGPFGP )GPGTCVKQPGP \W GTJCNVGP WPF GKPG PCEJJCNVKIG 'PVYKEMNWPI KP FGT ICP\GP 4GIKQP \W HÃ’TFGTP &KG 'TMNÀTWPI \WO 70'5%1 9GNVGTDG UVGNNV FKG $GJÃ’TFGP FKG <KXKNDGXÃ’NMGTWPI WPF CNNG FKG GKPGP #PURTWEJ CP FKGUG .CPFUEJCÈŽ UVGNNGP XQT ITQUUG *GTCWUHQTFGTWPIGP &GT HQTVUEJTGKVGPFG -NKOCYCPFGN WPF FKG FCOKV XGTDWPFGPG )NGVUEJGTUEJOGN\G \GKIV URØTDCTG #WUYKTMWPIGP &KG CPJCNVGPFG )NQDCNKUKGTWPIUYGNNG OKV KJTGO *CPI \WT 7PKHQTOKGTWPI WPF <GPVTCNKUKGTWPI WPF FKG FCOKV GKPJGTIGJGPFG )NGKEJIØNVKIMGKV HØJTGP UEJNGKEJGPF \WT #DMQRRGNWPI GKPGT DGYÀJTVGP WPF XKGNHÀNVKIGP $GTIMWNVWT 'U YÀTG CDGT XQT #WIGP \W JCNVGP FCUU KP <WMWPÈŽ IGTCFG GKPG UQNEJG CNU )GIGPRQN \WO ‡5VÀFVKUEJGP— KOOGT CVVTCMVKXGT YKTF &KG .GDGPUSWCNKVÀV FGT ,WPIHTCW #NGVUEJ 4GIKQP DGTWJV CWH \WMWPÈŽUDGUVÀPFKIGT 'PVYKEMNWPI WPF CWH FGT KP ,CJTJWPFGTVGP IGYCEJUGPGP -QORGVGP\ 0CVWT WPF -WNVWT KO )NGKEJIGYKEJV \W JCNVGP &KG $GUWEJGT WPF )ÀUVG UWEJGP PKEJV FCU #WUVCWUEJDCTG FCU #NNVÀINKEJG 8KGNOGJT UWEJGP UKG )GIGPYGNVGP FCU #WVJGPVKUEJG GKPGT IGNGDVGP $GTIMWNVWT KP GKPGT KPVCMVGP KPURKTKGTGPFGP .CPFUEJCÈŽ &KG #WU\GKEJPWPI FGT 4GIKQP CNU 70'5%1 9GNVGTDG KUV GKPG ITQUUG %JCPEG WPF GKPG #WÈ­QTFGTWPI WPUGT -WNVWTIGFÀEJVPKU \W RȯGIGP WPF YCEJ \W JCNVGP &CTCWH NCUUGP UKEJ PGWG KPPQXCVKXG 'PVYKEMNWPIGP CWÈ‘CWGP WPF OKV /WV WPF 8GTCPVYQTVWPI TGCNKUKGTGP &CU 9GNVGTDG ,WPIHTCW #NGVUEJ KUV +PURKTCVKQPUTCWO HØT &KEJVGT WPF /CNGT PKEJV OKPFGT HØT FKG GKPJGKOKUEJG $GXÃ’NMGTWPI WPF FKG $GUWEJGT 6CWEJGP YKT GKP KP FKGUG MTCÈŽXQNNG 9GNV UGV\GP WPU XGTVKGÈŽ FCOKV CWUGKPCPFGT WPF NCUUGP WPU \W .GKUVWPIGP KPURKTKGTGP FKG FGT 3WCNKVÀV GKPGU 9GNVGTDGU GPVURTGEJGP &CU XQTNKGIGPFG $WEJ KUV FCU $GKURKGN GKPGT UQNEJGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPI /KV UGKPGP HWPFKGTVGP 6GZVGP WPF DGGKPFTWEMGPFGP #DDKNFWPIGP IKDV GU 'KPDNKEM KP FKG 'PVYKEMNWPIGP KP FKGUGO DGUQPFGTGP 0CVWT WPF -WNVWTTCWO WPF GTUEJNKGUUV PGWGU 9KUUGP 'U YGEMV 0GWIKGT WPF UGPUKDKNKUKGTV WPUGT $GYWUUVUGKP HØT GKPGP XGTCPVYQTVWPIUXQNNGP 7OICPI OKV FGT MTCÈŽXQNNGP CDGT CWEJ \GTDTGEJNKEJGP .CPFUEJCÈŽ XQP WPKXGTUGNNGO 9GTV +EJ ITCVWNKGTG FGP *GTCWUIGDGTP \W FKGUGO 9GTM $GCV 4WRRGP )GUEJÀȎUNGKVGT /CPCIGOGPV\GPVTWO 70'5%1 9GNVGTDG 5EJYGK\GT #NRGP ,WPIHTCW #NGVUEJ

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#DD Ç¿ NKPMG 5GKVG 5CVGNNKVGPDKNF OKV FGO 70'5%1 9GNV GTDG 5EJYGK\GT #NRGP ,WPIHTCW #NGVUEJ

IGND WOTCPFGV OKV 9GNVGTDG 2CTVPGT IGOGKPFGP WPF )GOGKPFGP FKG FKG 6TÀIGTUEJCȎ WPVGTUVØV\GP MWTUKX &CU 'KP\WIUIGDKGV FGU 1DGTGP WPF 7PVGTGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGTU KUV FWPMGNDNCW WOTCPFGV $KNF 70'5%1

#DD È€ 7O ǻȂȀǺ %CTN &WTJGKO $G\GKEJPGV ‡&GT 7PVGTG )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGT WO EC ǻȂȀǺ— (QVQITCÈ®G Ǽǿ Ç¿ Z ǼǺ Ç¿ EO $$$ (2 ' ȀȀI

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ǻ | DIE BEIDEN GLETSCHER VON GRINDELWALD Eine Einführung Hanspeter Holzhauser | Samuel U. Nussbaumer | Heinz J. Zumbühl

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Gletschergeschichte seit der letzten Eiszeit &KG #NRGPINGVUEJGT JCDGP KO YCJTUVGP 5KPPG FGU 9QTVGU GKPG DGYGIVG 8GTICPIGPJGKV JKPVGT UKEJ 8QT GVYC Ǽ Ȁ /KNNKQPGP ,CJTGP DGICPP FCU 3WCTVÀT WPF FCOKV FCU 'KU\GKVCNVGT 2NGKUVQ\ÀP +PPGThalb dieses Zeitraumes wechselten sich lang andauernde Kalt- und 9CTORJCUGP CD YÀJTGPF FGTGP FKG #NRGPINGVUEJGT OGJTOCNU KP VQRQITCȮUEJ XQTIGIGDGPGP $CJPGP PÒTFNKEJ FGT #NRGP YGKV KP FCU /KVVGNNCPF XQTIGUVQUUGP DG\KGJWPIUYGKUG CWEJ YKGFGT OGJTOCNU KP FKG CPIGUVCOOVGP #NRGPVÀNGT \WTØEMIGUEJOQN\GP UKPF 9KT URTGEJGP KP FKGUGO <WUCOOGPJCPI XQP 'KU\GKVGP )NC\KCNGP WPF <YKUEJGPGKU\GKVGP +PVGTINC\KCNGP &CU 9QTV 'KU\GKV VCWEJVG KO (GDTWCT ǻȂǽȁ GTUVOCNU UEJTKȎNKEJ KP GKPGT JWOQTKUVKUEJGP 1FG XQP % ( 5EJKORGT ǻȂǺǽsǻȂȀȁ CWH #PNCUU FCHØT ICD FKG FCOCNU HQTOWNKGTVG WPF JGȎKI FKUMWVKGTVG 'KU\GKV J[RQVJGUG FGTGP 7TURTWPI PKEJV KP 9KUUGPUEJCȎNGTMTGKUGP \W UWEJGP UQPFGTP GKPGO GKPHCEJGP $CWGTP WPF )GOULÀIGT , 2 2GTTCWFKP ǻȁȀȁsǻȂǿȂ CWU FGO 8CN FG $CIPGU \W XGTFCPMGP KUV &KGUGT DGJCWRVGVG PÀONKEJ KO ,CJT ǻȂǻǿ IGIGPØDGT , FG %JCTRGPVKGT ǻȁȂȀs ǻȂǿǿ &KTGMVQT FGT 5CN\YGTMG XQP $GZ FCUU FCU 8CN FG $CIPGU UQYKG FCU DGPCEJDCTVG 8CN Fo'PVTGOQPV KP HTØJGTGP <GKVGP XÒNNKI OKV GKPGO )NGVUEJGT GTHØNNV IGYGUGP UGKGP YGNEJGT UKEJ DKU /CTVKIP[ GTUVTGEMV WPF FCUGNDUV FKG )TCPKVDNÒEMG CDIGUGV\V JCDG 1 /CUUIGDNKEJ DGGKPȯWUUV XQO 9CNNKUGT 1DGTKPIGPKGWT + 8GPGV\

ǻȁȂȂsǻȂǿȃ UQYKG GKPGO *QN\HÀNNGT CWU /GKTKPIGP s .GV\VGTGT GTMNÀTte, dass der Gletscher von der Grimsel sich einst bis zur Stadt Bern CWUIGFGJPV WPF FCDGK )TCPKVDNÒEMG )GKUDGTIGT CDIGNCIGTV JCDG s YWTFG FKGUG +FGG ǻȂǽǾ CWEJ \WT ¸DGT\GWIWPI XQP %JCTRGPVKGT 2 &TGK ,CJTG URÀVGT KO ,WNK ǻȂǽȁ PCJO FGT LWPIG 2TQHGUUQT HØT <QQNQIKG WPF 2CNÀQPVQNQIKG KP 0GWGPDWTI . #ICUUK\ ǻȂǺȁsǻȂȁǽ KP UGKPGT 'TÒȭPWPIUTGFG XQT FGT 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGP 0CVWTHQTUEJGPFGP )GUGNNUEJCȎ FCU 6JGOC )NGVUEJGT WPF 'KU\GKVVJGQTKG OKV 8GJGOGP\ CWH 9GPP %JCTRGPVKGT GTMNÀTV JCVVG FCUU FKG )NGVUEJGT FKG OCP JGWVG in der Schweiz sehe, einst viel grösser gewesen seien, so behauptete #ICUUK\ PWP FCUU FKG ICP\G PÒTFNKEJG *GOKURJÀTG XQO 0QTFRQN DKU \WO /KVVGNOGGT GKPOCN WPVGT GKPGO IKICPVKUEJGP )NGVUEJGT IGNGIGP JCDGP OØUUG &KGUG 'KU\GKVJ[RQVJGUG UEJQEMKGTVG XKGNG <WJÒTGT und wurde abgelehnt, unter anderem weil damit das christliche und YKUUGPUEJCȎNKEJG 9GNVDKNF FGT FCOCNKIGP <GKV ØDGTUVTCRC\KGTV YWTFGP +O )GIGPUCV\ \W MCVCUVTQRJCNGP (NWVGP UKPF TKGUKIG )NGVUEJGT

in der Bibel nicht erwähnt und Kenntnis von vergleichbar grossen )NGVUEJGTP TGURGMVKXG 'KUUEJKNFGP GZKUVKGTVGP FCOCNU PQEJ PKEJV 3 #ICUUK\ GTMCPPVG FCUU U[UVGOCVKUEJ 9KUUGP ØDGT )NGVUEJGT CWHIGDCWV YGTFGP OWUUVG 8QP ǻȂǽȃ DKU ǻȂǾǿ CDGT QJPG ǻȂǾǾ HØJTVG GT ICP\ KO 5KPPG OQFGTPGT KPVGTFKU\KRNKPÀTGT 9KUUGPUEJCȎ OKV GKPGO 6GCO XQP /KVCTDGKVGTP LGYGKNU KO 5QOOGT ǻȂǾǻ CWEJ KO /ÀT\ F J 9KPVGT CWH FGO 7PVGTCCTINGVUEJGT GKP (QTUEJWPIURTQITCOO FWTEJ FCU FGP #PHCPI FGT OQFGTPGP GZRGTKOGPVGNNGP )NGVUEJGTHQTUEJWPI OCTMKGTV 0CEJ FGP #PICDGP XQP #ICUUK\ UEJWH FGT 8GTOGUUWPIUKPIGPKGWT , 9KNF KO 5QOOGT ǻȂǾǼ FKG %CTVG FW INCEKGT KPHÅTKGWT FG No#CT KO /CUUUVCD ǻ ǻǺ ǺǺǺ #ICUUK\ RWDNK\KGTVG ǻȂǾȁ FKGUG HØT FKG damalige Zeit einzigartige, auch heute noch bewunderungswürdige GTUVG YKUUGPUEJCȎNKEJG )NGVUEJGTMCTVG s CWEJ CWU ÀUVJGVKUEJGT 5KEJV GKP /GKUVGTYGTM 4 .CPIHTKUVKI DTCEJVGP LGFQEJ GTUV FKG $GTKEJVG ØDGT FCU )TQUUG 'KU QFGT +PNCPFGKU FKG FGT 4GKUGUEJTKȎUVGNNGT ' * -CPG XQP GKPGT FTCOCVKUEJGP 'ZRGFKVKQP KP FGP ,CJTGP ǻȂǿǽsǻȂǿǿ \WT 0QTFMØUVG )TÒPNCPFU \WTØEMDTCEJVG FGP GPFIØNVKIGP &WTEJDTWEJ FGT 'KU\GKVVJGQTKG &CPM -CPG YWTFG XQTUVGNNDCT YKG GKP GKU\GKVNKEJGT )NGVUEJGT CWUIGUGJGP JCDGP MÒPPVG &KGU DGȯØIGNVG FKG (CPVCUKG WPF NQEMVG KOOGT OGJT CWEJ 6QWTKUVGP \W FGP 1TVGP YQ OCP \WOKPFGUV MNGKPG )NGVUEJGT DGYWPFGTP MQPPVG UQ \ $ KP FGP 5EJYGK\GT #NRGP +P FGT (QNIG\GKV GVCDNKGTVG UKEJ FKG 8QTUVGNNWPI XQP XKGT 'KU\GKVGP s )ØP\ /KPFGN 4KUU WPF 9ØTO IGPCPPV s FKG CNNGTFKPIU NÀPIUV ØDGTJQNV KUV *GWVG IGJV OCP XQP ǻǿ DKU ǼǺ 'KU\GKVGP WPF GDGPUQ XKGNGP 9CTO\GKVGP KPPGTJCND FGU 2NGKUVQ\ÀPU CWU (GUV UVGJV LGFQEJ FCUU FKG NGV\VG ITQUUG 'KU\GKV FKG 9ØTOGKU\GKV XQT GVYC ǻǻǿ ǺǺǺ ,CJTGP DGICPP &KG )NGVUEJGT SWQNNGP CWU FGP #NRGPVÀNGTP JGTXQT WPF DTGKVGVGP UKEJ KO /KVVGNNCPF CWU OÀEJVKIG 'KURCP\GT XQP OGJTGTGP *WPFGTV /GVGTP &KEMG DKNFGPF 5RWTGP WPF *KPVGTNCUUGPUEJCȎGP FKGUGT 8GTGKUWPI s W C /QTÀPGPYÀNNG (KPFNKPIG 5EJNKȭURWTGP CO (GNUWPVGTITWPF 5GGP WPF 5EJQVVGTȯWTGP s UKPF KO /KVVGNNCPF ØDGTCNN UKEJVDCT +PPGTJCND FGT 9ØTOGKU\GKV ICD GU aber mitunter auch Erwärmungsphasen, während deren die EisUVTÒOG FCU /KVVGNNCPF XGTNKGUUGP WPF XQTØDGTIGJGPF CP FGP #WUICPI FGT #NRGPVÀNGT \WTØEMUEJOQN\GP 'TUV XQT ǼǾ ǺǺǺ DKU Ǽǽ ǺǺǺ ,CJTGP YCT FKG NGV\VG 'KU\GKV CWH KJTGO *ÒJGRWPMV WPF FKG )NGVUEJGT GTTGKEJVGP KJTGP /CZKOCNUVCPF 5 9GKVG 6GKNG FGT 5EJYGK\ NCIGP \WO NGV\VGP /CN WPVGT FGP TKGUKIGP

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#DD ǻ ^ ǻ NKPMG 5GKVG 1DGTGT WPF 7PVGTGT )TKPFGNYCNF INGVUEJGT 9GVVGTJQTP 5EJTGEMJQTP (KPUVGTCCTJQTP (KGUEJGT JÒTPGT /ÒPEJ WPF 'KIGT XQP NKPMU PCEJ TGEJVU

(QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ Ǽ #WIWUV ǼǺǻǽ

'KUOCUUGP DGITCDGP &KG DGKFGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGT XGTDCPFGP UKEJ OKV FGO #CTGINGVUEJGT FGT DGK $GTP KP FGP 4JQPGINGVUEJGT OØPFGVG &KGUGT ȯQUU ØDGT 5QNQVJWTP JKPCWU WPF UVKTPVG GVYC DGK 9CPIGP CP FGT #CTG ¸DGT )TKPFGNYCNF NCI FCOCNU GKPG TWPF ȃǺǺ O OÀEJVKIG 'KUFGEMG WPF ØDGT $GTP YCT FKGUG KOOGTJKP PQEJ TWPF ǾǺǺ O FKEM &KG OKVVNGTG ,CJTGUVGORGTCVWT NCI DGK sȀ % WPF FCOKV ǻǾsǻǿ % VKGHGT CNU JGWVG 6 8QT ǻȃ ǺǺǺ ,CJTGP \GKEJPGVG UKEJ CNNOÀJNKEJ GKPG 'TYÀTOWPI CD FKG 6GORGTCVWTGP UVKGIGP CP WPF FCU OÀEJVKIG WPF YGKV XGT\YGKIVG 'KUUVTQOPGV\ DGICPP \W \GTHCNNGP 7 &COKV YWTFG FKG 5RÀVRJCUG FGT 'KU\GKV FKG 5RÀVGKU\GKV QFGT FCU 5RÀVINC\KCN GKPIGNGKVGV &KGUGU CD ǻȂ ǺǺǺ ,CJTGP DGUEJNGWPKIVG #DUEJOGN\GP FGT #NRGPXQTNCPFINGVUEJGT GTHQNIVG CNNGTFKPIU PKEJV MQPVKPWKGTNKEJ UQPFGTP GVCRRGPYGKUG In die allgemeine Erwärmung waren nämlich kühlere ZeitabschnitVG GKPIGUEJQDGP FKG FCU 'PFG FGT 'KU\GKV XGT\ÒIGTVGP #NU 4GCMVKQP auf diese kurzfristigen Kaltphasen stiessen die Gletscher erneut vor WPF NCIGTVGP /QTÀPGPYÀNNG KP FGP #NRGPVÀNGTP CD FKG OCPEJGTQTVU PQEJ IWV GTJCNVGP IGDNKGDGP UKPF #WEJ KP FGT PÀJGTGP 7OIGDWPI FGT )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGT UKPF YGPP CWEJ PKEJV UGJT FGWVNKEJ /QTÀPGPYÀNNG FGT CWUMNKPIGPFGP 'KU\GKV CWUȮPFKI \W OCEJGP UQ KO $GTGKEJ 9[EJGN 5CN\OCPPUGII KO )TWPF WPF DGK FGT 2ȮPIUVGII 8 'KPG GPVUEJGKFGPFG -NKOCYGPFG \GKEJPGVG UKEJ XQT ǻǻ ȁǺǺ ,CJTGP CD +P PWT MPCRR HØPH\KI ,CJTGP UVKGI FKG 6GORGTCVWT WO ǽsǾ % CP WPF GTTGKEJVG GVYC JGWVKIG 9GTVG 9 &COKV GPFGVG FCU 5RÀVINC\KCN WPF auch das Eiszeitalter; ein neuer Zeitabschnitt innerhalb des Quartärs, FKG 0CEJGKU\GKV 2QUVINC\KCN QFGT *QNQ\ÀP DGICPP &KG #NRGPINGVUEJGT YCTGP \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV UVCTM IGUEJTWORȎ WPF YKGUGP GKPG XGTINGKEJDCTG #WUFGJPWPI YKG KPPGTJCND FGT NGV\VGP TWPF ǻȀǺ ,CJTG CWH +P FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTVCWUGPFGP RGPFGNVG FKG 6GORGTCVWT NÀPIGTHTKUVKI PWT OGJT WO GKPG #ORNKVWFG XQP EC ǻ % IGIGPØDGT JGWte,10 OKV #WUPCJOG FGU -NKOCQRVKOWOU KP FGT GTUVGP *ÀNȎG FGT 0CEJGKU\GKV XQT EC ȂȃǺǺsǿȂǺǺ ,CJTGP YQ FKG ,WNKVGORGTCVWTGP DKU \W Ǽ % JÒJGT NCIGP CNU JGWVG 11 &KG IGTKPIGP 6GORGTCVWTUEJYCPMWPIGP XQP ǻ % TGKEJVGP CDGT CWU WO FKG #NRGPINGVUEJGT YÀJTGPF FGT 0CEJGKU\GKV KP WPTGIGNOÀUUKIGP #DUVÀPFGP \W DGYGIGP /GJTOCNU YWEJUGP UKG \W GKPGO *QEJUVCPF YKG NGV\VOCNU WO ǻȂǿǺ CP &C\YKUEJGP UEJOQN\GP UKG CDGT CWEJ YKGFGT \WTØEM WPF PCJOGP GKPG OKV FGT JGWVKIGP XGTINGKEJDCTG #WUFGJPWPI CP \GKVYGKUG YCren sie gar etwas kleiner als heute, wie beispielsweise während der

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GTUVGP *ÀNȎG FGT 0CEJGKU\GKV WPF YÀJTGPF FGT $TQP\G\GKV XQT TWPF ǽǼǺǺ ,CJTGP 12 &KGUG 8QTUVQUU WPF 5EJYWPFRJCUGP FGT #NRGPINGVscher spielten sich allerdings in einer nur mehr schmalen räumlichen $CPFDTGKVG CD FGO UQIGPCPPVGP )NGVUEJGTXQTHGNF &GP OGKUVGP FØTȎG FKGUGU UEJWVVTGKEJG WPF JGNNG FKG )NGVUEJGT UÀWOGPFG $CPF XGTVTCWV UGKP FCU KPPGTJCND FGT NGV\VGP TWPF ǻȀǺ ,CJTG FWTEJ FGP OCUUKXGP 'KUUEJYWPF GPVUVCPFGP KUV 'U TGKEJV XQO )NGVUEJGTTCPF JKPCWH DKU \W FGP PGW\GKVNKEJGP *QEJUVCPFUOQTÀPGP #WH FKGUGO 0GWNCPF JCDGP UKEJ GTUVG 2KQPKGTRȯCP\GP WPF UVGNNGPYGKUG CWEJ ICP\G $CWODGUVÀPFG YKGFGT CPIGUKGFGNV $GK JQEJ NKGIGPFGP )NGVUEJGTP KUV LGFQEJ PQEJ MCWO 8GIGVCVKQP XQTJCPFGP &CU WPTGIGNOÀUUKIG *KP WPF *GT FGT #NRGPINGVUEJGT YKFGTURKGIGNV FKG PCVØTNKEJG 8CTKCDKNKVÀV FGU -NKOCU KPPGTJCND FGT 0CEJGKU\GKV )NGVUEJGT UKPF PÀONKEJ UGPUKDNG -NKOCKPFKMCVQTGP WPF TGCIKGTGP LG PCEJ )TÒUUG NQMCNGP 5EJPGG WPF 'KUXGTJÀNVPKUUGP UQYKG NQMCNGT 6QRQITCȮG GPVYGFGT TCUEJ QFGT XGT\ÒIGTV CWH PFGTWPIGP FGT -NKOCXGTJÀNVPKUUG KPUDGUQPFGTG CWH 6GORGTCVWTUEJYCPMWPIGP &GT GKPFTØEMNKEJG 5EJYWPF FGT #NRGPINGVUEJGT UGKV FGO NGV\VGP *QEJUVCPF WO ǻȂǿǺ ȀǺ KUV DGKURKGNUYGKUG FKG (QNIG GKPGT INQDCNGP 'TYÀTOWPI XQP EC Ǻ ȁsǺ Ȃ % +P FGT 5EJYGK\ IGJV OCP XQP GKPGT 6GORGTCVWT\WPCJOG XQP DKU \W ǻ Ȁ % KPPGTJCND FKGUGU <GKVTCWOGU CWU 13 7O FKGUGP OCUUKXGP WPF JGWVG DGUEJNGWPKIVGP 5EJYWPF FGT #NRGPINGVUEJGT TKEJVKI DGWTVGKNGP \W MÒPPGP OWUU GT FGP PCVØTNKchen Gletscherschwankungen innerhalb der Nacheiszeit gegenØDGTIGUVGNNV YGTFGP +O <GPVTWO FGU +PVGTGUUGU UVGJGP FCDGK (TCIGP YKG 9CTGP FKG )NGVUEJGT HTØJGT KO XQTKPFWUVTKGNNGP <GKVCNVGT bereits einmal oder mehrmals so klein wie heute oder gar kleiner? Ist die heutige Gletscherausdehnung, verglichen mit früheren Rückschmelzphasen, als ungewöhnlich einzustufen und folglich DGTGKVU GKP CNCTOKGTGPFGU FWTEJ FGP /GPUEJGP XGTWTUCEJVGU WPF XGTUVÀTMVGU 6TGKDJCWUUKIPCN ! 5KPF YKT DGTGKVU CP FGT YÀTOGTGP Grenze nacheiszeitlicher Klimaverhältnisse angelangt, oder haben YKT FKGUG UGNDUVXGTUEJWNFGV DGTGKVU ØDGTUEJTKVVGP! /KV FGT 4GMQPUVTWMVKQP FGT 8QNWOGP WPF .ÀPIGPÀPFGTWPIGP FGT #NRGPINGVUEJGT FGT )NGVUEJGTIGUEJKEJVG GTJQȭV OCP #PVYQTVGP CWH FKGUG (TCIGP \W ȮPFGP <W FKGUGO <YGEM UVGJGP XGTUEJKGFGPG /GVJQFGP WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJGT \GKVNKEJGT #WȯÒUWPI WPF )GPCWKIMGKV ,CJTG DKU ,CJTJWPFGTVG UQYKG WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJGT \GKVNKEJGT 4GKEJYGKVG ,CJTG DKU ØDGT FCU IGUCOVG *QNQ\ÀP \WT 8GTHØIWPI ** *,<

Schwundphasen

Schweizer Alpen und Westalpen

Artefakte Schnidejoch

2000

1000 Tiefengletscher

2000

Mittelalter Eisenzeit

Hochstände 1. vorchr. Jahrtausend LÜbben

4000

Piora II

Rotmoos II

Piora I

Rotmoos I

5000

9000

10 000

Boreal

? ?

Bivio

Präboreal

8000

Misox

Venediger

?

7000

?

Frosnitz

Atlantikum

6000

Piottino

PalĂź

JĂźngere JĂźngere Dryas Dryas

1000

0

cal AD cal BC

2000

3000

Neolithikum

Subboreal

?

2000

3000

2000

1000

4000

5000

6000

Mesolithikum

GĂśschenen I

RĂśmerzeit

1920

0

Hochstände erste nachchr. Jhte

Neuzeit

?

cal AD cal BC

GĂśschenen II

1850/1860

1000

Subatlantikum

Kleine Eiszeit

Schweizer Alpengletscher

Zeittafel

Vorstoss- und Schwundphasen

Bronzezeit

Ostalpen

7000

8000

Schlaten Vorstoss

Schwund

Beginn des Holozäns

Paläolithikum

Schweizer Alpen

Gletscher Schweizer Alpen und Westalpen

Tschiervagletscher < heute

Chronozonen

Kaltphasen

9000

10 000

Š H. Holzhauser

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#DD Çť ^ Çź *QNQ\Ă€PG -CNV WPF 9CTORJCUGP UQYKG )NGVUEJGTXQTUVQUU WPF )NGVUEJGT UEJYWPFRJCUGP *QN\JCWUGT ǟǺǝǺ OQFKČŽ\KGTV

Methoden zur Rekonstruktion von Gletscherschwankungen &KG 4GMQPUVTWMVKQP PCEJGKU\GKVNKEJGT JQNQ\ÀPGT 8QTUVQUU WPF 5EJYWPFRJCUGP FGT #NRGPINGVUEJGT )NGVUEJGTUEJYCPMWPIGP GTHQNIV OKVJKNHG FGT INC\KQNQIKUEJGP /GVJQFG FGT JKUVQTKUEJGP /GVJQFG FGT IGNÀPFG WPF INGVUEJGTCTEJÀQNQIKUEJGP /GVJQFG UQYKG FGT INC\KCNOQTRJQNQIKUEJGP /GVJQFG +P LØPIUVGT <GKV UKPF \YGK YGKVGTG /GVJQFGP FC\WIGMQOOGP FKG 1DGTȯÀEJGPGZRQUKVKQPUFCVKGTWPI &CVKGTWPI XQP GKUHTGK IGYQTFGPGP (GNUQDGTȯÀEJGP UQYKG FKG INC\KCNURGNÀQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG &CVKGTWPI WPF #PCN[UG XQP 6TQRHUVGKPGP &KG INC\KQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG &KG INC\KQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG GKIPGV UKEJ KO 9GUGPVNKEJGP FC\W 8GTÀPFGTWPIGP FGU 8QNWOGPU FGT 1DGTȯÀEJG WPF FGT .ÀPIG FGT )NGVUEJGT FWTEJ FKTGMVG /GUUWPIGP CWH FGO )NGVUEJGT QFGT OKVJKNHG XQP .WȎ WPF 5CVGNNKVGPDKNFGTP WPVGT 'KPDG\WI FKIKVCNGT )GNÀPFGOQFGNNG OÒINKEJUV IGPCW \W GTHCUUGP 14 &KGUG /GVJQFG GTNCWDV FKG Rekonstruktion der Gletscherveränderungen innerhalb der letzten TWPF ǻǽǿ ,CJTG &KG JKUVQTKUEJG /GVJQFG &KG JKUVQTKUEJG /GVJQFG UVØV\V UKEJ CWH 5EJTKȎ WPF $KNFSWGNNGP -CTVGP WPF 4GNKGHU FGT NGV\VGP ǿǺǺsȂǺǺ ,CJTG #NNGTFKPIU UKPF FKGUG KP IGPØIGPFGT <CJN PWT DGK )NGVUEJGTP CP\WVTGȭGP FKG HØT 4GKUGPFG 9KUUGPUEJCȎNGT WPF -ØPUVNGT CVVTCMVKX WPF NGKEJV \WIÀPINKEJ YCTGP &KG /GJT\CJN FGT CWUYGTVDCTGP 5EJTKȎSWGNNGP FCVKGTV LGFQEJ CWU FGT 0GW\GKV F J CWU FGO ǻȀ ,CJTJWPFGTV WPF WOHCUUV %JTQPKMGP #WU\ØIG CWU 7TDCTKGP .CPFDGUKV\WTMWPFGP -CWH WPF 6CWUEJXGTVTÀIG JCPFUEJTKȎNKEJG WPF IGFTWEMVG 4GKUGDGTKEJVG XQP YKUUGPUEJCȎNKEJ )GUEJWNVGP WPF +PVGTGUUKGTVGP UQYKG ÀNVGTG PCVWTYKUUGPUEJCȎNKEJG 9GTMG ØDGT #NRGP WPF )NGVUEJGTHQTUEJWPI #WEJ UEJTKȎNKEJ HGUVIGJCNVGPG *KPYGKUG ØDGT #WUDTØEJG INGVUEJGTIGUVCWVGT 5GGP \ $ /ÀTLGNGPUGG CO )TQUUGP #NGVUEJINGVUEJGT #NNCNKPINGVUEJGT )NCEKGT FW )KÅVTQ\ )NGVUEJGTRTQ\GUUKQPGP UQYKG #NRTGEJVUXGTVTÀIG KP FGPGP GU WO FGP -CWH QFGT 6CWUEJ XQP )Øtern geht, die nur bei geringer oder grosser Gletscherausdehnung GTTGKEJDCT YCTGP WPF DGKO 8QTUVQUUGP D\Y 5EJYKPFGP FGU )NGVschers aufgegeben werden mussten, können gletschergeschichtlich CWUIGYGTVGV YGTFGP 15

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<W $GIKPP FGU ǻȁ ,CJTJWPFGTVU GPVUVGJGP FKG GTUVGP CNNGTFKPIU UGNVGPGP $KNFFCTUVGNNWPIGP DGKURKGNUYGKUG GKP #SWCTGNN FGU 8GTPCIVHGTPGTU KO ²V\VCN FGT OKV UGKPGO 8QTUVQUU ǻȀǺǻ GKPGP IGHÀJT lichen See aufstaute,16 oder eine Radierung von Joseph Plepp, puDNK\KGTV ǻȀǾǼ XQP /CVVJÀWU /GTKCP OKV FGO XQTUVQUUGPFGP 7PVGTGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGT +P FGT \YGKVGP *ÀNȎG FGU ǻȂ ,CJTJWPFGTVU CNU FKG #NRGPTGKUGP /QFG YGTFGP PKOOV FKG <CJN FGT <GKEJPWPIGP ITCȮUEJGP $NÀVVGT WPF CWEJ ²NIGOÀNFG TCUEJ \W #D 'PFG FGT ǻȂǾǺGT ,CJTG GTUEJGKPV GKPG TCUEJ \WPGJOGPFG <CJN XQP (QVQITC ȮGP 8GTGKP\GNV UKPF CWEJ 4GNKGHU INGVUEJGTIGUEJKEJVNKEJ CWUYGTVDCT DGKURKGNUYGKUG FCULGPKIG FGU 'PIGNDGTIGT +PIGPKGWTU ,QCEJKO 'WIGP /ØNNGT CWU FGT <GKV XQP ǻȂǻǼsǻȂǻȃ 17 &KG IGNÀPFG WPF INGVUEJGTCTEJÀQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG 9Q -WNVWTNCPF UKEJ KP GPIGT 0CEJDCTUEJCȎ OKV GKPGO )NGVUEJGT DGȮPFGV MÒPPGP 5RWTGP OGPUEJNKEJGT #MVKXKVÀV KPPGTJCND FGT NGV\VGP ȁǺǺsȂǺǺ ,CJTG QȎOCNU OKV FGT )NGVUEJGTIGUEJKEJVG KP 8GTDKPdung gebracht werden, so beispielsweise zerstörte Fundamente XQP $GJCWUWPIGP CNVG 9GIG WPF 2CUUØDGTIÀPIG FKG GKPUVOCNU DGK )NGVUEJGTJQEJUVCPF YKG DGKURKGNUYGKUG WO ǻȂǿǺ D\Y DGK IGTKPIGT )NGVUEJGTCWUFGJPWPI DGIGJDCT YCTGP UQYKG ¸DGTTGUVG CWHIGNCUUGPGT 9CUUGTNGKVWPIGP 18 #WEJ CTEJÀQNQIKUEJG (WPFG MÒPPGP INGVschergeschichtlich ausgewertet werden und in der Zeitachse mehTGTG 6CWUGPF ,CJTG \WTØEMTGKEJGP &GT URGMVCMWNÀTG (WPF FGT PGQNKVJKUEJGP 'KUOWOKG ²V\K CWH FGO 5KOKNCWPINGVUEJGT KO ²V\VCN DGKURKGNUYGKUG IKDV #WHUEJNWUU ØDGT FKG #WUFGJPWPI FGT #NRGPINGVUEJGT XQT TWPF ǿǼǺǺ ,CJTGP #WEJ FKG #TVGHCMVG W C $QIGPCWUTØUVWPI (TCIOGPVG XQP 5EJWJGP WPF -NGKFWPI FKG KP LØPIUVGT <GKV KP FGP YGUVNKEJGP $GTPGT #NRGP CWH FGO 5EJPKFGLQEJ IGHWPFGP wurden, belegen verschiedene Zeitabschnitte, während deren der 2CUUØDGTICPI CWHITWPF IGTKPIGT 8GTINGVUEJGTWPI DGIGJDCT YCT 19 &GT ÀNVGUVG (WPF GKP 6CUUGPHTCIOGPV CWU 7NOGPJQN\ FCVKGTV KP FKG <GKV WO ǾǿǺǺsǾǽǺǺ X %JT WPF KUV FCOKV DGFGWVGPF ÀNVGT CNU FGT ²V\VCNGT 'KUOCPP &KG INC\KCNOQTRJQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG &KG INC\KCNOQTRJQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG FGEMV FCU IGUCOVG *QNQ\ÀP CD 5KG WOHCUUV FKG 7PVGTUWEJWPI FGU )NGVUEJGTDGVVGU WPF FGT XQO )NGVUEJGT CDIGNCIGTVGP /QTÀPGPYÀNNG UQYKG FKG 5WEJG PCEJ QTICPK-

Methoden zur Erfassung von Gletscherlängenänderungen und ihr zeitlicher Anwendungsbereich Glaziologische Methode

*[FTQNQIKUEJ /GUUGP FGU (KTP\WYCEJUGU #MMWOWNCVKQP OGVGQTQNQIKUEJG WPF FGU 'KUXGTNWUVGU #DNCVKQP /CUUGP WPF FKTGMVG DKNCP\DGTGEJPWPIGP INC\KQNQIKUEJG /GVJQFG )GQFÀVKUEJG /GVJQFG

Historische Methode

Nacheiszeit (Postglazial oder Holozän) 11 ,CJTG

1000

Kleine Eiszeit 500

2000 AD 100

\GKVNKEJGT #PYGPFWPIUDGTGKEJ

'THCUUGP FGT NKPGCTGP .ÀPIGPÀPFGTWPI WPF FGT (NÀEJGP WPF 8QNWOGPÀPFGTWPI OKV VQRQITCȮUEJGP #WHPCJOGP WPF .WȎDKNFGTP

-CTVQITCȮUEJG <GWIPKUUG .CPFMCTVGP 2NÀPG 4GNKGHU

$KNFSWGNNGP

*QN\UEJPKVVG -WRHGTUVKEJG 4CFKGTWPIGP #SWCVKPVGP .KVJQITCȮGP 5VCJNUVKEJG (QVQITCȮGP <GKEJPWPIGP #SWCTGNNG )GOÀNFG

5EJTKÈŽSWGNNGP

FKTGMVG WPF KPFKTGMVG *KPYGKUG

%JTQPKMGP 7TDCTKGP #NRTGEJVU .CPFVCWUEJ WPF -CWHXGTVTÀIG JCPFUEJTKȎNKEJG WPF IG FTWEMVG 4GKUGDGTKEJVG PCVWTYKUUGPUEJCȎNKEJG 9GTMG FGT #NRGP WPF )NGVUEJGTHQTUEJWPI

Geländeund Gletscherarchäologie

#NVG #NRYGIG 2ÀUUG CTEJÀQNQIKUEJG (WPFIGIGPUVÀPFG (WPFCOGPVG WPF *QN\ XQP \GTUVÃ’TVGP $GJCWUWPIGP ¸DGTTGUVG XQP 9CUUGTNGKVWPIGP /CWGTP $CNMGP &CVKGTWPI OKV 5EJTKÈŽSWGNNGP 14% /GVJQFG &GPFTQEJTQPQNQIKG

Glazialmorphologische Methode

-CTVKGTGP FGU )NGVUEJGTXQT HGNFGU OKV FGP /QTÀPGPYÀNNGP

(QUUKNG $Ã’FGP ØDGTUEJØVVGVG 8GIGVCVKQPU ȯÀEJGP &CVKGTWPI OKV FGT 14% /GVJQFG

(QUUKNG *Ã’N\GT 5VÀOOG 9WT\GNUVÃ’EMG 9WT\GNP 5VTÀWEJGT &CVKGTWPI OKV FGT 14 % /GVJQFG WPF QFGT FGT &GPFTQEJTQPQ NQIKG )GUVGKPG $NÃ’EMG (GNUQDGTȯÀEJG 1DGT ȯÀEJGPGZRQUKVKQPUFCVKGTWPI OKV FGT /GUUWPI XQP MQUOQIGPGP 4CFKQPWMNKFGP

\.$ 10$G 36%+ Glazialspeläologische Methode

6TQRHUVGKPG 5VCNCIOKVGP 5VCNCMVKVGP KP CNRKPGP *ÒJNGP KP WPOKVVGNDCTGT 0ÀJG XQP )NGVUEJGTP #PCN[UG FGT -CN\KVRGVTQ ITCȮG WPF FGT +UQVQRGPXGTJÀNVPKUUG &CVKGTWPI OKVVGNU 7 6J 8GTJÀNVPKU

#DD Ç» ^ ǽ /GVJQFGP \WT $GUVKOOWPI XQP )NGVUEJGTUEJYCPMWPIGP (KIWT * *QN\JCWUGT * , <WODØJN

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UEJGO /CVGTKCN YKG $ÀWOGP WPF $ÒFGP FKG YÀJTGPF GKPGT 8QTUVQUURJCUG XQO )NGVUEJGT PKGFGTIGFTØEMV D\Y ØDGTFGEMV YWTFGP WPF JGWVG YKGFGT \WO 8QTUEJGKP MQOOGP +P FKGUGO <WUCOOGPJCPI URTKEJV OCP XQP HQUUKNGP $ÀWOGP QFGT )NGVUEJGT *ÒN\GTP 5VÀOOG 9WT\GNUVÒEMG 9WT\GNP 5VTÀWEJGT 20 UQYKG XQP HQUUKNGP $ÒFGP XQP /QTÀPGPUEJWVV ØDGTFGEMVG 8GIGVCVKQPUȯÀEJGP 21 &KG QTICPKUEJGP 4GUVG NCUUGP UKEJ OKV FGT 4CFKQMCTDQPOGVJQFG ǻǾ% /GVJQFG FCVKGTGP +UV FCU *QN\ IWV GTJCNVGP WPF YGKUV GU IGPØIGPF ,CJTTKPIG CWH UQ MCPP UGKP #NVGT JÀWȮI CWEJ OKV FGT &GPFTQ EJTQPQNQIKG FCVKGTV YGTFGP 8QO )NGVUEJGT \WIGFGEMVG 6QTHOQQTG MÒPPGP GDGPHCNNU INGVUEJGTIGUEJKEJVNKEJ CWUIGYGTVGV YGTFGP /KV FGT 1DGTȯÀEJGPGZRQUKVKQPUFCVKGTWPI YGTFGP (GNUQDGTȯÀEJGP FCVKGTV &WTEJ FKG $GUVKOOWPI FGT -QP\GPVTCVKQPGP XQP MQUOQIGPGP 4CFKQPWMNKFGP \ $ ǻǺBe, ǼȀ#N ǽȀ%N KP 1DGTȯÀEJGPIGUVGKPGP YKTF HGUVIGUVGNNV YKG NCPIG GKPG (GNUQDGTȯÀEJG GKUHTGK YCT QFGT YCPP FGT )NGVUEJGT GKPGP /QTÀPGPYCNN CWHIGUEJØVVGV JCV 22 /KV FGT INC\KCNURGNÀQNQIKUEJGP /GVJQFG YKTF FCU 9CEJUVWO XQP 6TQRHUVGKPGP 5VCNCIOKVGP 5VCNCMVKVGP KP -CNMUVGKPJÒJNGP FKG UKEJ KP WPOKVVGNDCTGT 0ÀJG XQP )NGVUEJGTP DGȮPFGP CPCN[UKGTV WPF FCVKGTV 5KG GTOÒINKEJV UQYQJN #WUUCIGP ØDGT FKG )NGVUEJGTCWUFGJnung als auch über die Klimaverhältnisse innerhalb der Nacheis\GKV 23 8QP GKPKIGP )NGVUEJGTP MGPPGP YKT PWT FKG OKV FGT INC\KQNQIKUEJGP /GVJQFG GTJQDGPGP &CVGP FGT <WPIGPNÀPIGPÀPFGTWPIGP 24 8QP CPFGTGP )NGVUEJGTP UKPF OGJTGTG *WPFGTV ,CJTG CNVG JQEJYGTVKIG $KNF WPF 5EJTKȎFQMWOGPVG DGMCPPV YCU DGK FGP DGKFGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGTP WPF FGO /GT FG )NCEG /QPV $NCPE )GDKGV FGT (CNN KUV 25 8GTGKP\GNV MQOOGP \WO $GKURKGN DGKO )TQUUGP #NGVUEJINGVUEJGT \WUÀV\NKEJ *KPYGKUG CWU FGT )GNÀPFGCTEJÀQNQIKG JKP\W 26 &KG GPVURTGEJGPFGP -WTXGP XGTNÀPIGTP UKEJ FCFWTEJ WO OGJTGTG ,CJTJWPFGTVG 5KPF CWUUGTFGO &CVKGTWPIGP XQP HQUUKNGP $ÀWOGP und Böden verfügbar, so kann die Geschichte eines Gletschers über mehrere Jahrtausende, im Idealfall über die gesamte Nacheiszeit TGMQPUVTWKGTV YGTFGP 27 'TUV FKG -QODKPCVKQP FGT XGTUEJKGFGPGP /GVJQFGP WPF FKG <WUCOOGPUVGNNWPI FGT 4GUWNVCVG XQP 7PVGTUWEJWPIGP CP OGJTGTGP Gletschern erlaubt schlussendlich eine mehr oder weniger vollstänFKIG 4GMQPUVTWMVKQP FGT PCEJGKU\GKVNKEJGP )NGVUEJGTIGUEJKEJVG F J FGT NGV\VGP TWPF ǻǻ ȁǺǺ ,CJTG ** *,<

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#DDKNFWPIGP 5GKVG ŵŴ DKU 5GKVG ŶŶ #DD ǻ ^ Ǿ 5GKVG Ǽǻ 1DGTGU +UEJOGGT OKV 5VTCJNGII .CWVGT CCTJQTP WPF 5EJTGEMJQTP TGEJVU UQYKG (KGUEJGTJÒTPGT /ÒPEJ WPF 'KIGT NKPMU KO $KNF (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǼ 0QXGODGT ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ǿ 5GKVG ǼǼ 5EJTGEMJQTP WPF .CWVGTCCTJQTP OKV 1DGTGO +UEJOGGT (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǼ 0QXGODGT ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ Ȁ 5GKVG Ǽǽ 1DGTGU +UEJOGGT OKV %JCNNKȮTP WPF 'KIGT /KVVGNNGIKITCV KO *KPVGTITWPF NKPMU (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ Ǽ #WIWUV ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ȁ 5GKVG ǼǾ $NKEM CWH $GTPGT (KGUEJGTINGVUEJGT OKV *GKUUGT 2NCVVG $KNFOKVVG 4GEJVU KO $KNF FGT %JCNNKȮTP /KVVGNNGIKITCV WPF 'KIGT +O $KNFJKPVGTITWPF FGT /ÒPEJ TGEJVU KP YGKUU WPF FKG (KGUEJGTJÒTPGT NKPMU Gut sichtbar sind die neu gebildeten Seen auf der Zunge des Unteren Grin FGNYCNFINGVUEJGTU .KPMU WPVGP FCU PKEJV OGJT OKV FGT <WPIG XGTDWPFGPG 7PVGTG +UEJOGGT (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ Ǽ #WIWUV ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ Ȃ 5GKVG Ǽǿ 7PVGTGT )TKPFGNYCNFINGVUEJGT $NKEM über die Gletscherschlucht nach Grin FGNYCNF (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǼ 0QXGODGT ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ȃ 5GKVG ǼȀ 5EJTGEMJQTP WPF 1DGTGU +UEJOGGT DGTGKVU GKPIGUEJPGKV (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǼ 0QXGODGT ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ǻǺ 5GKVG Ǽȁ 1DGTGU +UEJOGGT OKV 5EJTGEMJQTP

NKPMU 5VTCJNGII WPF (KPUVGTCCTJQTP

$KNFOKVVG (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǼ 0QXGODGT ǼǺǻǽ

#DD ǻ ^ ǻǻ 5GKVG ǼȂ NKPMU #WHUVKGI \WO 5EJTGEMJQTP )KRHGN ¸DGT UEJTGKVWPI .CWVGTCCTJQTP 5EJTGEMJQTP NKPMU KO $KNFJKPVGTITWPF 'KIGT /KVVGN NGIKITCV (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǿ 1MVQDGT ǼǺǺȁ #DD ǻ ^ ǻǼ 5GKVG ǼȂ TGEJVU 7PVGTJCND FGU 5EJTGEMJQTPU OKV FGO 1DGTGP +UEJOGGT WPF (KGUEJGTITCV KO *KPVGTITWPF (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǿ 1MVQDGT ǼǺǺȁ #DD ǻ ^ ǻǽ 5GKVG Ǽȃ <YKUEJGP .CWVGTCCTJQTP WPF 5EJTGEM JQTP OKV (KPUVGTCCTJQTP KO *KPVGTITWPF

(QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǿ 1MVQDGT ǼǺǺȁ #DD ǻ ^ ǻǾ 5GKVG ǽǺ NKPMU $NKEM CWU GKPGT )NGVUEJGTURCNVG FGU Unteren Grindelwaldgletschers

(QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǾ (GDTWCT ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ǻǿ 5GKVG ǽǺ TGEJVU 5RCNVGP\QPG CO 1DGTGP +UEJOGGT 7GNK 5VGEM W C CNU (CTDVWRHGT

(QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ Ǽ #WIWUV ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ǻȀ WPF #DD ǻ ^ ǻȁ 5GKVG ǽǻ 5ÅTCE CO 1DGTGP +UEJOGGT OKV 7GNK 5VGEM CNU 'KUMNGVVGTGT (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ Ǽ #WIWUV ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ǻȂ 5GKVG ǽǼ $NKEM CWH FGP 1DGTGP )TKPFGNYCNFINGV UEJGT OKV FGO 9GVVGTJQTP NKPMU KO $KNF

(QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻǼ 0QXGODGT ǼǺǻǽ #DD ǻ ^ ǻȃ 5GKVG ǽǽ #DGPFUVKOOWPI CO 1DGTGP )TKPFGN YCNFINGVUEJGT OKV FGO 5EJTGEMJQTP KO $KNFJKPVGTITWPF TGEJVU (QVQ 4 $ÒUEJ ǻȁ ,WPK ǼǺǺǿ

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5WOOCT[ p6JG )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGTU s CTV CPF UEKGPEGq

)NCEKGTU CU KORTGUUKXG YKVPGUUGU QH QWT PCVWTCN NCPFUECRG )NCEKGTU CȭGEV WU YKVJ VJGKT ITGCV XKUWCN CGUVJGVKE CRRGCN )NCEKGT XCTKCVKQPU CTG C TGURQPUG VQ EJCPIGU KP RCUV ENKOCVG CPF VJGTGHQTG INCEKGTU are considered prime climate indicators. The Lower and Upper GrindelYCNF INCEKGTU CU RCTV QH VJG 70'5%1 9QTNF *GTKVCIG p5YKUU #NRU ,WPI HTCW #NGVUEJq IKXG WPGSWKXQECN GXKFGPEG CPF VGUVKOQP[ QH VJG TCRKF currently progressing disappearance of glacier landscapes. This interFKUEKRNKPCT[ DQQM JKIJNKIJVU VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGTU KP VJG RCUV RTGUGPV CPF HWVWTG DCUGF QP JKUVQTKECN IGQOQTRJQlogical and other sources as well as model simulations. )NCEKGTU KP VJG #NRU JCXG C NKXGN[ RCUV 9KVJKP VJG 3WCVGTPCT[ RGTKQF RTQNQPIGF EQNF CPF YCTO RJCUGU CNVGTPCVGF #U C TGUWNV VJG INCEKGTU RWUJGF HCT KPVQ VJG 5YKUU 2NCVGCW FWTKPI +EG #IGU VJGTGD[ GTQFKPI VJG DGFTQEM CPF UJCRKPI VJG NCPFUECRG 6JGP INCEKGTU OGNVGF DCEM KPVQ VJG #NRKPG XCNNG[U HTQO YJGTG INCEKGTU QTKIKPCVG 1XGT VJG NCUV ǻǻ ȁǺǺ [GCTU VJG RQUV INCEKCN RGTKQF QT *QNQEGPG UOCNN EJCPIGU KP ENKOCVG G I VGORGTCVWTG XCTKCVKQPU JCXG DGGP UWȰEKGPV VQ OCMG VJG INCEKGTU CFXCPEG HCT QPVQ VJG XCNNG[ ȯQQTU 6JG NCUV VKOG VJKU QEEWTTGF YCU FWTKPI VJG .KVVNG +EG #IG .+# HTQO CDQWV ǻǽǺǺ VQ ǻȂǿǺ ȀǺ YJGP VJG VYQ )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGTU VJTGCVGPGF RGQRNG KP VJG XCNNG[ CPF VJGKT HCTONCPF 1XGT VJG RCUV ǻȀǺ [GCTU VJG VYQ )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGTU JCXG TGVTGCVGF EQPUKFGTCDN[ 0GXGTVJGNGUU VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT KU UVKNN VQFC[ QPG QH VJG NCTIGT INCEKGTU KP 5YKV\GTNCPF +P VJG WRRGT CTGC CV VJG 7RRGT +UEJOGGT PGCT VJG 5EJTGEMJQTP JWV YG ECP ȮPF CP KEG VJKEMPGUU QH CDQWV ǼǽǺ O +P QTFGT VQ RTQRGTN[ CUUGUU VQFC[oU DKI KEG OGNV EWTTGPV INCEKGT EJCPIGU OWUV DG EQORCTGF YKVJ VJG PCVWTCN INCEKGT ȯWEVWCVKQPU YKVJKP VJG RQUV INCEKCN RGTKQF )NCEKCN ȯWEVWCVKQPU KP VJG *QNQEGPG ECP DG TGEQPUVTWEVGF WUKPI XCTKQWU OGVJQFU QH FKȭGTKPI RTGEKUKQP CPF EQXGTKPI FKȭGTGPV RGTKQFU DCEM KPVQ VJG RCUV INCEKQNQIKECN OGVJQFU JKUVQTKECN OGVJQFU CTEJGQNQIKECN OGVJQFU INCEKQOQTRJQNQIKECN OGVJQFU CPF INCEKQURGNGQNQIKECN OGVJQFU 6JG JKUVQTKECN OGVJQFU KPXQNXG VJG UVWF[ QH JKUVQTKECN OCVGTKCN UWEJ CU YTKVVGP CEEQWPVU XKUWCN TGEQTFU OCRU CPF TGNKGH OQFGNU QH VJG NCUV ǿǺǺsȂǺǺ [GCTU 6JGUG CTG QPN[ CXCKNCDNG KP CP[ CFGSWCVG SWCPVKV[ HQT VJQUG INCEKGTU YJKEJ YGTG CEEGUUKDNG CPF FTGY VJG CVVGPVKQP QH VTCXGNNGTU UEKGPVKUVU CPF CTVKUVU VJTQWIJ VJGKT reputation and scenic attraction. The two Grindelwald glaciers are good examples. 6JG ȯWEVWCVKQPU QH VJG )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGTU KP JKUVQTKECN VKOGU VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT UKPEG VJG ǻǼVJ EGPVWT[ $[ YC[ QH UKORNKȮECVKQP VJGUG CRRTQZ ȃȁǺ [GCTU ECP DG FKXKFGF KPVQ VYQ RGTKQFU VJG .+# YJKEJ GPFGF KOOGFKCVGN[ CȎGT VJG OKFFNG QH VJG ǻȃth EGPVWT[ CPF VJG NCUV CRRTQZ ǻȀǺ [GCTU YJKEJ GPFGF YKVJ C FTCOCVKE OGNVKPI QH VJG KEG GURGEKCNN[ CȎGT VJG [GCT ǼǺǺǺ +P VJG ȮTUV RGTKQF VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT VGTOKPCVGF KP VJG CTGC QH VJG p5EJQRȭGNUGPq NCPFOCTM TQEM VGTTCEGU CPF CFXCPEGF CV NGCUV UKZ VKOGU QT VGP VKOGU KH YG CNUQ EQWPV VJG GCTN[ ȮPFKPIU KP VJG ǻǼth ǻǽth EGPVWTKGU ǻǻǾȀ ǻǼǾȀ Ǿȁ CPF WPEGTVCKP CFXCPEGU GXGP HWTVJGT FQYP KPVQ VJG XCNNG[ ȯQQT YJKEJ NGF VQ VJG HQTOCVKQP QH C OCTMGF HCP

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UJCRGF VQPIWG p5EJYGKHq K G VJG INCEKGT HTQPV YCU CFXCPEKPI CRRTQZ ǿǺǺsȀǺǺ O QXGT VJG 5EJQRH TQEM VGTTCEGU KP FKTGEVKQP PQTVJ YGUV FQYP KPVQ VJG XCNNG[ DQVVQO p (KI ŵ | ŴŴų ŵ | ŴŴŴ. 6JG ITGCV CFXCPEG HTQO ǻǿȂǺ VQ ǻȀǺǼ DTQWIJV VJG EWNOKPCVKQP QH VJG .+# YJGP VJG INCEKGT RTGUWOCDN[ TGCEJGF C NQPI NCUVKPI RGTKQF QH OCZKOWO KEG GZVGPUKQP +P VJGUG [GCTU , 2NGRR ETGCVGF VJG ȮTUV RKEVQTKCN XKGY QH VJG CFXCPEKPI .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT CP GVEJKPI RWDNKUJGF KP ǻȀǾǼ D[ / /GTKCP p Fig. ŵ | ŵ +P ǻȀȀȃ VJG INCEKGT JCF KVU RQUKVKQP CICKP

QT UVKNN KP VJG DQVVQO QH VJG XCNNG[ YJKEJ ECP DG PKEGN[ TGEQIPK\GF KP a water-colour pen drawing of A. Kauw p Fig. ŵ | Ŷ 6JG CFXCPEG QH ǻȁǻȃ ǼǺ KU QPN[ FQEWOGPVGF KP YTKVVGP UQWTEGU 6JCPMU VQ VJG WPKSWG EQNNGEVKQP QH QKN RCKPVKPIU D[ %CURCT 9QNH RTQDCDN[ VJG OQUV HCOQWU CTVKUV QH #NRKPG NCPFUECRGU CV VJCV VKOG VJG CFXCPEG QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT KU TKEJN[ FQEWOGPVGF G I KP VJG DQVVQO QH VJG XCNNG[ p Fig. ŵ | ŵŶ or in one of the oldest panoramas of the high Alps from the Bänisegg p Fig. ŵ | Ŷŵ 6JG NQPI NCUVKPI OCZKOWO CFXCPEG KP VJG ǻȃth EGPVWT[ UVCTVGF KP ǻȂǻǾ ǻǿ CPF TGCEJGF C ȮTUV EWNOKPCVKQP KP ǻȂǼǺ ǼǼ YJGP VJG INCEKGT CFXCPEGF CRRTQZ ǾǿǺsǿǼǿ O 1P VJG VQRQITCRJKECNN[ GZVTGOGN[ RTGEKUG FTCYKPIU QH 5COWGN $KTOCPP YG ECP FKUEQXGT PQV QPN[ VJG TKEJ XCTKCDKNKV[ QH KEG QH VJG INCEKGT VQPIWG DWV CNUQ VJG FKȭGTGPV OQTCKPGU KP VJG HQTGNCPF FTCYP D[ ȮPG RGP NKPGU ǻȂǼȀ p Fig. ŵ | ŸŻ. Also KP VJG HQNNQYKPI [GCTU VJG INCEKGT EQPVKPWQWUN[ EQXGTGF DKI RCTVU QH VJG HQTGNCPF FQYP KP VJG XCNNG[ #ȎGT C HWTVJGT CFXCPEG QH ȂǺsǻǼǺ O VJG Lower Grindelwald glacier reached a second historical maximum exVGPUKQP KP ǻȂǿǿ ǿȀ YJKEJ YCU FQEWOGPVGF YKVJ C ITQYKPI PWODGT QH RJQVQITCRJU G I D[ VJG $KUUQP DTQVJGTU p Fig. ŵ | Żź CPF YCU UVKNN XGT[ KORTGUUKXG KP ǻȂǿȃ CU UGGP KP C RCPQTCOC D[ # %KXKCNG p Fig. ŵ | żŵ. +P VJG UCOG VKOG QH VJG .+# DGVYGGP VJG CHQTGOGPVKQPGF CFXCPEGU VJG INCEKGT HTQPV YCU QȎGP RQUKVKQPGF QXGT C NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG KP VJG CTGC QH VJG .QYGT CPF 7RRGT 5EJQRH TQEM VGTTCEGU CRRTQZ ȀǺǺsȃǺǺ O CYC[ HTQO VJG OCZKOWO OQTCKPGU KP VJG HQTGNCPF 9G ECP QDUGTXG VJKU HQT VJG ȮTUV VKOG QP CP QKN UMGVEJ QH , 4 *WDGT QH ǻȁǺǿ p Fig. ŵ | Ż and VJGP CICKP QP CP QKN RCKPVKPI QH ' *CPFOCPP QH ǻȁǾȂ Ǿȃ p Fig. ŵ | ŴŶ or PGCT VJG GPVTCPEG QH VJG INCEKGT IQTIG D[ , . #DGTNK QH ǻȁȀȀ p Fig. ŵ | Ŵź. #ȎGT VJG CFXCPEG QH ǻȁȁȂ ȁȃ VJG KEG VQPIWG OGNVGF DCEM CICKP KP VJG CTGC QH VJG 5EJQRH TQEM VGTTCEGU CU ECP DG FKUEQXGTGF QP VJG DTKNNKCPV RCKPVKPI QH , # -QEJ QH ǻȂǼǽ ǻȁȃǾ p Fig. ŵ | ŷų CPF QP C RCKPVKPI s HWNN QH NKIJV s QH , , $KGFGTOCPP QH ǻȂǻǼ ǻȂǺȂ p Fig. ŵ | ŷŹ. 6JG UGEQPF RGTKQF VJCV NCUVGF CRRTQZ ǻȀǺ [GCTU YCU IGPGTCNN[ FQOinated by strong retreat of the ice. This retreat was especially strong HTQO ǻȂȀǺ WPVKN ǻȂȀȃ KOOGFKCVGN[ CȎGT VJG GPF QH VJG .+# p Fig. ŵ | ŴųŴ CPF TGCNN[ FTCOCVKECNN[ HTQO CP CNTGCF[ TGFWEGF NGXGN UKPEG VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG Ǽǻst century. This has resulted in a landscape of ruins of ice. This last period was only interrupted by three rather limited short-term CFXCPEGU +P EQORCTKUQP VQ ǻȂǿǿ ǿȀ VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT JCU NQUV CRRTQZ ǽǿsǾǿ QH KVU NGPIVJ CPF CU C EQPUGSWGPEG VJG XQNWOG QH KEG JCU RTCEVKECNN[ JCNXGF CPPWCN NQUU QH KEG QH CRRTQZ ǾǺ EO CXGTCIGF QXGT VJG GPVKTG INCEKGT UWTHCEG

6JG JKUVQT[ QH VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT UKPEG VJG OKFFNG QH VJG ǻǽVJ EGPVWT[ 6JG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT EQPEGTPKPI NGPIVJ CPF CTGC KU QPN[ JCNH QH VJG UK\G QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT DWV JCU C OWEJ UVGGRGT DGFTQEM VQRQITCRJ[ CPF EQPVKPWQWUN[ EQXGTGF HTQO CRRTQZ ǻȀǺǺ WPVKN ǻȂȀȂ Ȁȃ NCTIG RCTVU QH VJG p)NGVUEJGTUCPFq XCNNG[ ȯQQT 6JG CFXCPEGU QH VJG INCEKGT VQPIWG UVCTVGF CPF GPFGF YKVJKP VJKU UJGNN NKMG VTQWIJ CPF FGPWFGF QT EQXGTGF VJG p(GNUPQNNGPq TQEM QWVETQR OQTG QT NGUU &WTKPI UGXGTCN VKOGU WPVKN VJG GPF QH VJG ǼǺth EGPVWT[ VJGTG YGTG RGCM GZVGPUKQPU $GECWUG VJG VQRQITCRJ[ KU OWEJ NGUU XKUKDNG VJG GZVGPUKQP QH VJG KEG HTQPV KU SWCPVKVCVKXGN[ OWEJ NGUU RTGEKUGN[ FGVGTOKPGF KP EQPtrast to the Lower Grindelwald glacier p Fig. Ŷ | ŷż. 9G ECP RTQXG VJCV C ITGCV GZVGPUKQP RTQDCDN[ QEEWTTGF KP VJG ǻǽth EGPVWT[ ǻǼǾȀ Ǿȁ +P ǻȀǺǺ VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT CFXCPEGF VQ KVU OCZKOWO GZVGPUKQP FWTKPI VJG .+# C RQUKVKQP VJG INCEKGT MGRV QXGT C NQPI VKOG WPVKN CȎGT ǻȀǼǺ FWTKPI YJKEJ VKOG VJG QWVGT HTQPVCN OQTCKPGU YGTG RTQDCDN[ HQTOGF #EEQTFKPI VQ EQPVGORQTCT[ YKVPGUUGU YJGP EQORCTGF VQ VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT YCU MPQYP CU pVJG DKIIGT QPGq 6JG CFXCPEGU QH ǻȀȀȃ QNFGUV RKEVQTKCN XKGY D[ # -CWY p Fig. Ŷ | ŵ and in the beginning of the ǻȂth EGPVWT[ CTG PQV FGȮPKVKXGN[ EQPȮTOGF 2TQDCDN[ HQT VJG ȮTUV VKOG KP JKUVQT[ QH INCEKQNQI[ VJG CFXCPEKPI QH KEG OCUUGU YCU OGCUWTGF CV VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT KP ǻȁȁǽ D[ C UJGRJGTF DQ[ CPF PQV C UCXCPV 6JKU GZRGTKOGPV KU FGUETKDGF D[ $ ( -WJP KP JKU p8GTUWEJ ØDGT FGP /GEJCPKUOWU FGT )NGVUEJGTq RWDNKUJGF KP ǻȁȂȁ 6JG CFXCPEG EWNOKPCVKPI KP ǻȁȁȂ ȁȃ KU FQEWOGPVGF KORTGUUKXGN[ QP C DKI RCPQTCOC RCKPVKPI by Caspar Wolf p Fig. Ŷ | ŷ 6JGTG YCU CICKP CP CFXCPEG QH ǻǼsǻȁ [GCTU UVCTVKPI CDQWV ǻȂǺǽ CPF TGCEJKPI KVU ITGCVGUV GZVGPUKQP KP ǻȂǼǼ 6JKU YCU VJG OCZKOWO GZVGPUKQP KP VJG ǻȃth EGPVWT[ DWV NGUU VJCP KP CDQWV ǻȀǺǺ and has been beautifully presented in a drawing of Samuel Birmann p Fig. Ŷ | Ŵż +P VJG HQNNQYKPI [GCTU VJG INCEKGT MGRV KVU ITGCV GZVGPUKQP VJCV YG ECP CFOKTG QP RTQDCDN[ VJG OQUV DGCWVKHWN RKEVQTKCN XKGY YJKEJ YCU GXGT FQPG QH VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT C JWIG RCKPVKPI QH VJG 0QTYGIKCP 6 (GCTPNG[ HTQO ǻȂǽȂ ǻȂǽǿ p Fig. Ŷ | ŵŹ #ȎGT CPQVJGT CFXCPEG VJG GZVGPUKQP KP ǻȂǿǾ ǿǿ TGCEJGF VJG UGEQPF OCZKOWO KP VJG ǻȃth EGPVWT[ ǻȂǿǽ! ( 8 FG /CTVGPU RJQVQITCRJ[ p Fig. Ŷ | ŵŻ YKVJ C UNKIJVN[ UOCNNGT GZVGPV VJCP KP ǻȂǼǼ 6JG GPF QH VJG .+# TGUWNVGF CNUQ CV VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT KP XGT[ UVTQPI TGVTGCV D[ PGCTN[ ȂǺǺ O +P EQPVTCUV VQ VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT CFXCPEGF KORTGUUKXGN[ VJTGG VKOGU FWTKPI VJG ǼǺth EGPVWT[ UQ VJCV VJG p(GNUPQNNGPq YCU VQVCNN[ QT RCTVKCNN[ QXGTȯQYP WPVKN VJG XCNNG[ DQVVQO 8GT[ CVVTCEVKXG YCU VJG CFXCPEG QH ǻȃǻǽ WPVKN ǻȃǼǽ YJGP C DKI RCTV QH VJG p)NGVUEJGTUCPFq YCU EQXGTGF D[ KEG PGCTN[ NKMG KP VJG .+# p Fig. Ŷ | ŷŵ Ŷ | ŷŶ (TQO ǻȃȀǺ VQ ǻȃȂǿ VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT YCU CICKP CFXCPEKPI CNDGKV KP TGFWEGF FKOGPUKQPU DWV UVKNN UVTQPI GPQWIJ VJCV VJG WRRGT RCTVU QH VJG p)NGVUEJGTUCPFq YGTG TGCEJGF D[ VJG KEG HTQPV 5KPEG ǻȃȂȀ VJG KEG JCU DGGP TGVTGCVKPI CV VJG DGIKPPKPI UNQYN[ DWV CȎGT ǼǺǺǺ FTCOCVKECNN[ HCUV KP VJG ECP[QP WRUVTGCO #V VJG GPF QH #WIWUV ǼǺǻǽ VJG INCEKGT YCU FKXKFGF KPVQ VYQ RCTVU YKVJKP C UVGGR TQEM UVGR \QPG p Fig. Ŷ | Ŷŷ. A regenerated

KEG DQF[ FQYP KP VJG ECP[QP QH ǻ Ǽǿ MO NGPIVJ KU UGRCTCVGF HTQO VJG CEVKXG OQVJGT INCEKGT YKVJ C NGPIVJ QH ǽ Ǿǿ MO )NCEKGT EJCPIGU FWTKPI VJG *QNQEGPG &WTKPI VJG .+# YKVJ KVU RGCM RJCUGU KP VJG ǻǾth ǻȁth CPF ǻȃth EGPVWTKGU CU YGNN CU KP GCTNKGT VKOGU OCP[ #NRKPG INCEKGTU KPENWFKPI VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT CFXCPEGF KPVQ YQQFGF CTGC FGUVTQ[GF PGCTD[ VTGGU and buried them along with the soil underneath the transported debris. 6TGGU CPF UQKNU HTQO INCEKGT HQTGȮGNFU ECP VJGTGHQTG DG JWPFTGFU VQ VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU QNF 6JTQWIJ VJG EQPVKPWGF OGNVKPI QH INCEKGTU VJGUG VTGGU QT TGOPCPVU QH VJGO URQTCFKECNN[ TGCRRGCT 6JGUG HQUUKN VTGGU s KFGCNN[ VJG[ CTG UVKNN NQECVGF KP VJGKT ITQYKPI CTGC K G in situ s ECP DG FCVGF WUKPI FGPFTQEJTQPQNQI[ C FCVKPI OGVJQF VJCV KU TGOCTMCDN[ RTGEKUG CPF OCMGU KV RQUUKDNG KP UQOG ECUGU VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG CIG QH VJG wood to the nearest year by analyzing its tree rings. &WTKPI GZVGPUKXG ȮGNF UWTXG[U DGVYGGP ǻȃȂȀ CPF ǼǺǻǻ VJG NCVGTCN OQraines at Stieregg and Zäsenberg and the foremost portion of the glaEKGT HQTGȮGNF KP VJG XCNNG[ DQVVQO YGTG U[UVGOCVKECNN[ UGCTEJGF HQT YQQF VJCV EQWNF DG TGVTKGXGF HQT FCVKPI # VQVCN QH ǿǻ VTGG VTWPMU CPF TJK\QOGU ȮXG TGOCKPU QH UJTWDU CPF GNGXGP HQUUKN UQKNU YGTG DTQWIJV VQ NKIJV +P VJG CTGC 5VKGTGII CPF <ÀUGPDGTI CV NGCUV VJTGG VTGG URGEKGU YGTG PCVKXG URTWEG (Picea abies) 5YKUU UVQPG RKPG (Pinus cembra) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) CNUQ YKNNQY UJTWDU (Salix URGE CPF alder shrubs (Alnus URGE 6JCPMU VQ VJGUG ȮPFKPIU VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT ECP DG VTCEGF DCEM VQ VJG NCVG $TQP\G #IG K G QXGT VJG RCUV ǽǺǺǺ [GCTU p Fig. Ÿ | Ŵż. 6JG ȮTUV VYQ CFXCPEG RJCUGU QEEWTTGF KP VJG NCVG $TQP\G #IG CTQWPF ǼȂǺǺsǼȀǺǺ [$2 ȃȁǽsȁǺǺ ECN $% CPF KP VJG ȮTUV JCNH QH VJG +TQP #IG CTQWPF ǼǽǺǺsǼǻǿǺ [$2 ǾǼǻsǻȁȂ ECN $% 6JG PGZV RJCUGU QH CFXCPEG CTG FQEWOGPVGF KP ǿǼȁsǿȃǼ ȂǼǽsȂǽȀ CPF ǻǺȂȂsǻǻǿǽ #PQVJGT CFXCPEG KU FGOQPUVTCVGF KP VJG ȮTUV JCNH QH VJG ǻǾth EGPVWT[ VJG QPUGV QH VJG .+# &WTKPI VJG RTQPQWPEGF RGTKQF QH CFXCPEG EWNOKPCVKPI DGVYGGP CRRTQZ ǻȀǺǺ CPF ǻȀǾǺ VJG QWVGTOQUV OQTCKPG TKFIG YCU FGRQUKVGF QP VJG XCNNG[ ȯQQT FGNKOKVKPI VJG INCEKGT HQTGNCPF 6JG RGTKQF QH CFXCPEG KP VJG ǻȃth EGPVWT[ JKUVQTKECNN[ XGT[ YGNN FQEWOGPVGF CPF EWNOKPCVKPI KP ǻȂǿǿ ǿȀ EQWNF DG EQPȮTOGF CV VJG p0GNNGPDCNOq NCPFOCTM NQECVKQP D[ radiocarbon dating of an alder root. # XCNWCDNG KPUKIJV KPVQ #NRKPG ENKOCVG CPF INCEKCN JKUVQT[ KU CNUQ RTQXKFGF D[ VJG JKIJ TGUQNWVKQP UVCNCIOKVG CTEJKXG HQWPF PGCT VJG 7RRGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT 5KPEG VJG NCVG ǻȃȃǺU VJG MCTUV U[UVGO JCU DGGP U[UVGOCVKECNN[ UVWFKGF KPENWFKPI VJG /KNEJDCEJ ECXGU KP QTFGT VQ DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPF VJG KPȯWGPEG QH INCEKGT ȯWEVWCVKQPU QP VJG ECXG U[UVGO 6JG GPVTCPEG VQ VJG /KNEJDCEJ ECXGU ȮTUV DGECOG KEG HTGG C HGY [GCTU CIQ 5VCNCEVKVGU CPF UVCNCIOKVGU JCXG DGGP HQTOGF FWTKPI VJG *QNQEGPG and exhibit consistent petrographic and stable isotope changes beVYGGP ȃQǺǺ CPF ǼǺǺǺ [GCTU CIQ YJKEJ ECP DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ CDTWRV OQFKȮECVKQPU KP VJG ECXG GPXKTQPOGPV CU C TGUWNV QH VJG ENQUWTG CPF QRGPKPI QH VJG FKȭGTGPV ECXG GPVTCPEGU D[ VJG CFXCPEG CPF TGVTGCV QH the nearby glacier. These data suggest that glacial retreats were strongGT CPF QEEWTTGF OQTG HTGSWGPVN[ DGHQTG ǿȂǺǺ [GCTU CIQ

6JG EWTTGPV PCVWTCN JC\CTF UKVWCVKQP CPF HWVWTG RTQURGEVU +P TGEGPV [GCTU UGXGTCN TQEMHCNNU FGDTKU ȯQYU CPF NCPFUNKFGU JCXG QEcurred around the tongue of the Lower Grindelwald glacier. Most specVCEWNCT YCU VJG EQNNCRUG QH VJG TQEM OCUUGU CV VJG HQQV QH VJG GCUVGTP ȯCPM QH VJG 'KIGT CDQXG VJG INCEKGT IQTIG KP ǼǺǺȀ YJGP CDQWV ǻȁǼ ǺǺǺ Oǽ QH TQEM EQNNCRUGF 6JGUG TQEMHCNNU CTG C EQPUGSWGPEG QH NCVGTCN NQCF TGOQXCN FWG VQ INCEKGT TGVTGCV KP VJCV CTGC &WG VQ VJG UVTQPI TGVTGCV QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT CPQVJGT PGY RJGPQOGPQP EQWNF DG QDUGTXGF KP VJG HTQPVCN CTGC FWTKPI VJG [GCTU ǼǺǺǿ VQ ǼǺǻǺ VJG HQTOCVKQP QH C INCEKCN NCMG 6JG NCMG UK\G KPETGCUGF CȎGT ǼǺǺǿ RGCMKPI KP VJG UWOOGT QH ǼǺǺȃ YKVJ C RQVGPVKCN XQNWOG QH CTQWPF Ǽ Ȁ OKNNKQP O +P QTFGT VQ RTGXGPV C FCPIGTQWU HWTVJGT KPETGCUG QH VJG NCMG UK\G CPF XQNWOG CPF VQ RTQVGEV VJG NQYGT N[KPI CTGCU FQYPUVTGCO C FTCKPCIG VWPPGN YCU DWKNV 6JCPMU VQ VJKU VJG YCVGT YCU FTCKPGF HTQO VJG NCMG KP URTKPI ǼǺǻǺ CȎGT C EQPVKPWQWU KPETGCUG QH VJG NCMG NGXGN FWG VQ UPQYOGNV RTGXGPVKPI C FCPIGTQWU TKUG KP VJG NCMG XQNWOG The situation at the Lower Grindelwald glacier is typical: there is an KPVGTCEVKQP QH C YJQNG UGTKGU QH OCUU OQXGOGPV RTQEGUUGU QH FKȭGTGPV scales in a strongly destabilized high-mountain area due to glacier reVTGCV CPF RTQDCDN[ CNUQ RGTOCHTQUV EJCPIGU VJCYKPI 5KOKNCT RTQEGUUGU CTG GZRGEVGF KP VJG HWVWTG VQQ 6JG OGFKWO VQ NQPI VGTO FGXGNQROGPV QH UWEJ EQORNGZ U[UVGOU JCU VQ DG CUUGUUGF DGECWUG VJGUG U[UVGOU CTG KPETGCUKPIN[ OQXKPI CYC[ HTQO GSWKNKDTKC EQPFKVKQPU VJCV YGTG TGNCVKXGN[ UVCDNG CU KP VJG *QNQEGPG VQ UKVWCVKQPU HCT DG[QPF QWT JKUVQTKECN GORKTKECN MPQYNGFIG /QFGN UKOWNCVKQPU QH VJG HWVWTG FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT URGCM HQT VJGOUGNXGU YKVJ VJG NKMGN[ VGORGTCVWTG TKUG KP VJG EQOKPI FGECFGU VJG OGNVKPI QH KEG CPF VJG TGVTGCV QH VJG INCEKGT VQPIWG YKNN EQPVKPWG 7PVKN ǼǺǿǺ VJG KEG XQNWOG KU GZRGEVGF VQ JCNXG CPF CP GXGT ITGCVGT RCTV QH VJG XCNNG[ YKNN DGEQOG HTGG QH KEG $[ CTQWPF ǼǺǿǺ VJG VYQ OCKP DTCPEJGU QH VJG .QYGT )TKPFGNYCNF INCEKGT s +UEJ OGGT CPF (KGUEJGTINGVUEJGT s YKNN JCXG TGVTGCVGF DCEM VQ VJGKT ȮTP DCUKPU 'XGP OQTG FTCOCVKE KU VJG UKVWCVKQP VQYCTFU VJG GPF QH VJG Ǽǻst century: the model predicts a complete disintegration of the origiPCN INCEKGT YKVJ UOCNN INCEKGT TGOPCPVU HQWPF QPN[ KP VJG JKIJGUV TGIKQPU 6JG INQT[ QH KEG CU KV YCU VQ CFOKTG FWTKPI VJG .+# CPF RCTVKCNN[ KP VJG ȮTUV JCNH QH VJG ǼǺth EGPVWT[ KU PQY FGȮPKVGN[ EQPȮPGF VQ history. SN/HJZ

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&CU XQTNKGIGPFG 9GTM KUV FCU 4GUWNVCV GKPGT HTWEJVDCTGP <WUCOOGPCTDGKV GKPGT 8KGN\CJN XQP .GWVGP FGPGP CP FKGUGT 5VGNNG IGFCPMV UGK #NNGP XQTCP FCPMGP FKG *GTCWUIGDGT FGP #WVQTGP YGNEJG OKV ITQUUGO 'PICIGOGPV (CEJYKUUGP WPF $GIGKUVGTWPI XQP #PHCPI CP \W FKGUGO $WEJRTQLGMV DGKIGVTCIGP JCDGP UQYKG Robert BĂśsch fĂźr seine einzigartigen Fotoaufnahmen. #PPC 5VĂ˜UUK JCV OKV ITQUUGT 7OUKEJV FCU XQTNKGIGPFG $WEJ NGMVQTKGTV +JT UGK CP FKGUGT 5VGNNG DGUQPFGTU IGFCPMV 'KP DGUQPFGTGT &CPM IGJV GDGPHCNNU CP $GTPCTF 5EJNWR HĂ˜T FCU ITCČŽUEJG -QP\GRV WPF FKG )GUVCNVWPI FGU $WEJGU CP ,QGN -CKUGT HĂ˜T FKG ITCČŽUEJG 7OUGV\WPI WPF CP (TGF $TCWPG HĂ˜T FKG NKVJQITCČŽUEJG 7PVGTUVĂ˜V\WPI 'DGPUQ FCPMGP YKT /CVVJKCU *CWRV UGKPGO 6GCO WPF UGKPGO 8GTNCI HĂ˜T FCU GPVIGIGPIGDTCEJVG 8GTVTCWGP WPF HĂ˜T FKG IWVG <WUCOOGPCTDGKV 7PUGT &CPM IGDĂ˜JTV HGTPGT (CTKFC #JOGF $KQWF WPF 5KOQP #NNGP YGNEJG OKV URG\KGNNGO 'KPUCV\ FKG ¸DGTUGV\WPIGP MQTTKIKGTV JCDGP #WUUGTFGO FCPMGP YKT HQNIGPFGP 2GTUQPGP WPF +PUVKVWVKQPGP QJPG FGTGP 7PVGTUVĂ˜V\WPI FCU XQTNKGIGPFG Buch nicht mĂśglich gewesen wäre:

(QNIGPFG /WUGGP WPF $KDNKQVJGMGP UKPF KP FGP #DDKNFWPIGP XGTVTGVGP

Michaela und Martin Allemann-Koch | MCWM Romi Arm | MORW Albrecht Baumgartner | $GTIHĂ˜JTGT -TCVVKIGP ;XQPPG $QGTNKP $TQFDGEM | KBA Marco Bomio | Grindelwald Museum %JNQĂ… $QWUECT[ | Bordeaux Stefan BrĂśnnimann | )+7$ *CPURGVGT 'EMUVGKP | Basel *CPU 4WFQNH 'INK | )+7$ %NCWFKC 'PINGT | BBB Basilio Ferrante | )+7$ Mauro Fischer | 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V (TKDQWTI 0CFLC (WTTGT | )CNGTKG $ .CWDG <Ă˜TKEJ Katharina Georgi | KBA /CTVKP )TQULGCP | Oeschger-Zentrum Hanspeter Gsell | $TGOICTVGP $' Stefan Hächler | ALPS Anita Haldemann | KBA Anne de Herdt | MAHG Alex Hermann | )+7$ Rudolf HĂźsser | /WTK $' Thomas Huth | KMW Philip C. JĂśrg | 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V <Ă˜TKEJ Johann Kaufmann | grindelwaldSPORTS Rudolf Kunz | Luzern

Brigitta Laube-Oppliger | )CNGTKG $ .CWDG <Ă˜TKEJ Martina Lindt | )+7$ Gilles Monney | 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V $CUGN 4CRJCGN 0GWMQO | )+7$ Hans und Ruth Nussbaumer | Bern &CXKF 1GUVGT | KMB %JTKUVCP 2ČŽUVGT | Oeschger-Zentrum Theresa Pichler | #WMVKQPUJCWU &QTQVJGWO 9KGP Philipp Rastner | 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V <Ă˜TKEJ Tobias Reinhard | )TCPF *QVGN 4GIKPC )TKPFGNYCNF /CTVKP 4KEMGPDCEJGT | swisstopo Beat Ruppen | 70'5%1 9GNVGTDG 5EJYGK\GT Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch Martin Ryser | Naturhistorisches Museum Bern Michael Schaepman | 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V <Ă˜TKEJ /KEJCGN 5EJNÀȯK | UBB ,GUUKEC 5MQNQXUMK | KMB Jolanda Studer | BHM Flora Tarelli | BHM Georg Thormann | Burgergemeinde Bern #PFTGCU 8KGNK | 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V <Ă˜TKEJ $TKIKVVC 8QINGT <KOOGTNK | AKA Heinz Wanner | )+7$ Gabriela Zamorano | Bern Regula ZumbĂźhl | Bern

(Ă˜T FKG YKUUGPUEJCČŽNKEJG 7PVGTUWEJWPI FGU )TKPFGNYCNFGTMCTUVU FCPMGP YKT FGT 3WCTVĂ€TITWRRG FGU +PUVKVWVU HĂ˜T )GQNQIKG FGT 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V +PPUDTWEM FGO 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGP +PUVKVWV HĂ˜T 5RGNĂ€QNQIKG WPF -CTUVHQTUEJWPI sowie der Gemeinde Grindelwald fĂźr ihre logistische UnterstĂźtzung. (Ă˜T FCU ITQUU\Ă˜IKIG ČŽPCP\KGNNG 'PICIGOGPV FCPMGP YKT HQNIGPFGP +PUVKVWVKQPGP

<W IWVGT .GV\V IGDĂ˜JTV WPUGT &CPM CNN FGPLGPKIGP YGNEJG KP QDKIGT .KUVG PKEJV CWHIGHĂ˜JTV UKPF CDGT VTQV\FGO KP KTIGPFGKPGT (QTO \WO )GNKPIGP FKGUGU $WEJRTQLGMVU DGKIGVTCIGP JCDGP

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ACLL AKA ALPS #9)/ $$$ BHM BML '5) '6*< ) )+7$ )-5 GRZ KBA KHZ --$ KMB KMW LMZ .69$ /#*) /#5 MBKW /%9/ /09 /149 0)1 -*5 1)$9 24$ 5#$ 5#%$ 5+-< 50$ 552 7$$ 8#9 '6*< <$< ) <$< * <$< -

Alpine Club Library London Aargauer Kunsthaus Aarau Alpines Museum der Schweiz Bern #NDGTVKPC 9KGP 5COONWPI (TCP\ )TCH XQP /GTCP $CF #WUUGG $WTIGTDKDNKQVJGM $GTP Bernisches Historisches Museum British Museum London 5VKČŽ 'KPUKGFGNP )TCČŽUEJG 5COONWPI 'KFIGPĂ’UUKUEJG 6GEJPKUEJG *QEJUEJWNG <Ă˜TKEJ )TCRJKUEJG 5COONWPI )GQITCRJKUEJGU +PUVKVWV FGT 7PKXGTUKVĂ€V $GTP )QVVHTKGF -GNNGT 5VKČŽWPI Gymnasium RämibĂźhl ZĂźrich Kunstmuseum Basel Kunsthaus ZĂźrich -WRHGTUVKEJMCDKPGVV -WPUVOWUGWO $CUGN Kunstmuseum Bern Kunstmuseum Winterthur Landesmuseum ZĂźrich .CPFGUVQRQITCRJKG 9CDGTP DGK $GTP JGWVG UYKUUVQRQ /WUĂ…G F CTV GV F JKUVQKTG )GPĂ„XG /WUGWO \W #NNGTJGKNKIGP 5EJCČ­JCWUGP Museum Briner und Kern Winterthur /WUGWO %CURCT 9QNH /WTK #) /WUGWO 0CTQFQYG YG 9TQENCYKW 9TQENCY $TGUNCW /WUGWO 1UMCT 4GKPJCTV 9KPVGTVJWT 0CULQPCNICNNGTKGV 1UNQ -QDDGTUVKMM QI *Ă PFVGIPKPIUCONKPIGP ²UVGTTGKEJKUEJG )CNGTKG 5EJNQUU $GNXGFGTG 9KGP 2TKXCVDGUKV\ LG PCEJ 9WPUEJ OKV 0COGP FGU $GUKV\GTU 5VCCVUCTEJKX FGU -CPVQPU $GTP 5EJYGK\GT #NRGP %NWD 5GMVKQP $GTP $KDNKQVJGM 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGU +PUVKVWV HĂ˜T -WPUVYKUUGPUEJCČŽ <Ă˜TKEJ 5EJYGK\GTKUEJG 0CVKQPCNDKDNKQVJGM $GTP 5EJYGK\GTKUEJG 5VKČŽWPI HĂ˜T FKG 2JQVQITCRJKG 7PKXGTUKVĂ€VUDKDNKQVJGM $GTP 8GTUWEJUCPUVCNV HĂ˜T 9CUUGTDCW *[FTQNQIKG WPF )NC\KQNQIKG CP FGT '6* <Ă˜TKEJ <GPVTCNDKDNKQVJGM <Ă˜TKEJ )TCRJKUEJG 5COONWPI <GPVTCNDKDNKQVJGM <Ă˜TKEJ *CPFUEJTKČŽGPCDVGKNWPI <GPVTCNDKDNKQVJGM <Ă˜TKEJ #DVGKNWPI -CTVGP WPF 2CPQTCOGP

¸DGT FKG *GTCWUIGDGT WPF #WVQTGP

Heinz J. Zumbühl, 2TQH GO &T )GQITCRJKUEJGU +PUVKVWV FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV $GTP KUV )NGVUEJGT WPF -NKOCJKUVQTKMGT WPF DGHCUUV UKEJ CWEJ OKV FGT )GUEJKEJVG 0GWGT 5VÀFVG KO ǼǺ Ǽǻ ,CJTJWPFGTV 5COWGN 7 0WUUDCWOGT &T KUV 2QUVFQE CO 9QTNF )NCEKGT /QPKVQTKPI 5GTXKEG CP FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV <ØTKEJ UQYKG CO &GRCTVGOGPV HØT )GQYKUUGPUEJCÈŽGP FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV (TKDQWTI WPF GTHQTUEJV )NGVUEJGTXGTÀPFGTWPIGP KP FGP #NRGP 5MCPFKPCXKGP WPF 5ØFCOGTKMC Hanspeter Holzhauser, &T DGFKGPV UKEJ \WT 4GMQPUVTWMVKQP FGT PCEJGKU\GKVNKEJGP )NGVUEJGT IGUEJKEJVG XQT CNNGO FGT FGPFTQEJTQPQNQIKUEJGP Methode und gilt auf diesem Gebiet als weltweit CPGTMCPPVGT 5RG\KCNKUV

$KNFXGT\GKEJPKU

Hans Rudolf Keusen, &T )GQNQIG HTØJGTGT )GUEJÀȎUNGKVGT FGT )GQVGUV #) WPF ǻǼ ,CJTG /KVINKGF FGT 0CVKQPCNGP 2NCVVHQTO 0CVWTIGHCJTGP 2.#0#6 KUV (CEJOCPP HØT 0CVWTIGHCJTGP 0CVWTTKUKMGP -NKOCänderung und Permafrost. Hans Kienholz, 2TQH GO &T )GQITCRJKUEJGU +PUVKVWV FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV $GTP CTDGKVGV JGWVG CNU UGNDUVUVÀPFKIGT 'ZRGTVG HØT FGP 7OICPI OKV 0CVWTTKUKMGP WPF KUV UGKV Ǿǿ ,CJTGP QÈŽ CWEJ KP )TKPFGNYCNF VÀVKI Marc Luetscher, &T KUV 2CNÀQMNKOCVQNQIG WPF 'KUJÃ’JNGPHQTUEJGT CP FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV +PPUDTWEM WPF FGT ²UVGTTGKEJKUEJGP #MCFGOKG FGT 9KUUGPUEJCÈŽGP WPF 5RG\KCNKUV HØT JQEJCWȯÃ’UGPFG -NKOCCWH\GKEJPWPIGP aus Tropfsteinen.

Richard Wolf, )GQNQIG WPF 6JGQNQIG KUV CWU IGYKGUGPGT -GPPGT FGT 5EJYGK\GT (QVQITCȮG IGUEJKEJVG WPF NGKFGPUEJCȎNKEJGT 5COONGT XQP JKUVQTKUEJGP (QVQITCȮGP

Horst Machguth, &T DGHCUUV UKEJ CO 9QTNF )NCEKGT /QPKVQTKPI 5GTXKEG WPF CO &GRCTVGOGPV HØT )GQYKUUGPUEJCHVGP FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV (TKDQWTI OKV /CUUGPÀPFGTWPIGP XQP )NGVUEJGTP WPF 'KUUEJKNden.

Arniko Böke, XQP $GTWH 5EJTGKPGT #814 KUV GTHCJTGPGT *Ã’JNGPHQTUEJGT (KNOGT WPF (QVQITCH UQYKG 2TÀUKFGPV FGT 5GMVKQP $CUGN FGT 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGP )GUGNNUEJCÈŽ HØT *Ã’JNGPHQTUEJWPI 5)*

Beat Ruppen KUV )GUEJÀȎUHØJTGT FGU 70'5%1 Welterbes Schweizer Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch mit integriertem Besucher- und Studienzentrum «World 0CVWTG (QTWO—

Robert Bösch, )GQITCH $GTIHØJTGT KUV HTGKUEJCÈ­GPFGT KPVGTPCVKQPCN VÀVKIGT $GTWHUHQVQITCH OKV 5EJYGTRWPMV 1WVFQQT WPF .CPFUEJCÈŽUHQVQITCÈ®G

&CPKGN 5VGKPGT 2TQH &T KUV .GKVGT FGU +PUVKVWVU 8QTUEJWNUVWHG WPF 2TKOCTUVWHG +82 FGT 2ÀFCIQ IKUEJGP *QEJUEJWNG $GTP 2*$GTP WPF JCV ØDGT )NGVUEJGTUEJYCPMWPIGP KP FGP $GTPGT #NRGP RTQOQXKGTV

Rémi Fontaine KUV )GQNQIG WPF NGKFGPUEJCÈŽNKEJGT 5COONGT XQP JKUVQTKUEJGP )NGVUEJGTHQVQITCÈ®GP XQT allem der Mont Blanc-Region und der Grindelwaldgletscher. Martin Funk, 2TQH &T '6* <ØTKEJ KUV $GTIHØJTGT Bauingenieur und passionierter Glaziologe. 0KNU *ÀJNGP ist Leiter der Abteilung Naturgefahren FGU -CPVQPU $GTP WPF JCV ǼǺǺÈ‚ DKU ǼǺǻǽ FCU 2TQLGMV )NGVUEJGTUGG )TKPFGNYCNF UQYKG FGP $CW FGU 'PVYÀUUGTWPIUUVQNNGPU ǼǺǺȃ DGVTGWV

Daniel Tobler, )GQNQIG KUV 0CVWTIGHCJTGPURG\KCNKUV WPF )GUEJÀȎUNGKVGT FGT )GQVGUV #) WPF UGKV -KPFGUbeinen in der Jungfrauregion unterwegs. Heinz Wanner, 2TQH GO &T &T J E KUV HTØJGTGT .GKter der Gruppe Klimatologie und Meteorologie am )GQITCRJKUEJGP +PUVKVWV FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV $GTP WPF ehemaliger Präsident des Oeschger-Zentrums für -NKOCHQTUEJWPI FKGUGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV

#-# , /ØNNGT p #DD ŵ | ŵŴ ŵ | ŵŹ ŵ | ŴŴŵ Ŷ | Å· ALPS p #DD ŵ | ŴųŴ ŵ | Ŵųŵ ŵ | ŴųŶ ŵ | Ŵųŷ ŵ | ŴųŸ ŵ | ŴųŹ Ŷ | ŶŻ Å· | ŵŹ Å· | ŷŹ #WMVKQPUJCWU &QTQVJGWO 9KGP p #DD ŵ | ŻŹ BBB p #DD Ź BHM p #DD 5GKVG ŵŸŹ BML p #DD ŵ | Å´Å» ŵ | Ŵż ŵ | Å·Å· Ŷ | Å» Ŷ | Å´Å´ '5) p #DD ŵ | ŻŴ ŵ | Żŵ Galerie B. Laube Zürich p #DD Ŷ | ŴŸ )TCPF *QVGN 4GIKPC GJGO )TKPFGNYCNF * /GKGT p #DD Ŷ | Ÿ KBA p #DD Å· | ŵ Å· | Ŵų Å· | Å´Å´ KMW p #DD ŵ | ŹŻ /$-9 5+-< 2 *KV\ p #DD Å´ ŵ | ź /149 5+-< 2 *KV\ p #DD ŵ | Ŷŵ ŵ | Å´Å´Å´ Å· | Ŷ Å· | Ŵż PRB R. Fontaine p #DD ŵ | żų ŵ | żŴ ŵ | żŵ ŵ | żŻ ŵ | Ŵųų Ŷ | Ŷų Ŷ | Ŷŵ Ŷ | ŶŶ Ŷ | ŶŹ Ŷ | Ÿų Å· | ŵŸ Å· | Ŷŷ Å· | ŶŸ Å· | ŶŻ Å» | Ŵż Å» | ŵŴ PRB H. Holzhauser p #DD Å· | ŶŴ Å» | Ź PRB R. Wolf p #DD Å´ | ŵŵ Ŷ | ŷŹ Å· | ŵź Å· | ŵŻ Å· | ŵż Å· | Ŷų Å· | Ŷŵ Å· | ŶŶ Å· | ŷŵ Å· | ŷŶ Å· | Å·Å· 24$ (QVQITCH WPDGMCPPV p #DD Å· | Ŵź Å· | ŵŴ 552 ) &ØDK /ØNNGT p #DD Ŷ | ŷų UBB p #DD ŵ Ŷ #NNG ØDTKIGP #WHPCJOGP FGT JKUVQTKUEJGP $KNFFQMWOGPVG XQP * , <WODØJN OKV 'TNCWDPKU FGT LGYGKNKIGP $GUKV\GT #MVWGNNG (QVQU # $Ã’MG p #DD Ź | ŵ Ź | Ŷ Ź | Å· Ź | ź R. Bösch p #DD Å´ | Å´ Å´ | Å· Å´ | Ÿ Å´ | Ź Å´ | ź Å´ | Å» Å´ | ż Å´ | Ŵų Å´ | Å´Å´ Å´ | Ŵŵ Å´ | ŴŶ Å´ | Å´Å· Å´ | ŴŸ Å´ | ŴŹ Å´ | Ŵź Å´ | Å´Å» Å´ | Ŵż Å´ | ŵŶ Å´ | Ŷų Å´ | ŶŶ Å´ | Ŷź ź | Å´ Å» | Å´ Å» | Å´Å· N. Hählen p #DD ź | Å´Å´ ź | Ŵŵ H. Holzhauser p #DD Ÿ | Ŷ Ÿ | Å· Ÿ | Ÿ Ÿ | Ź Ÿ | ź Ÿ | Å» Ÿ | Ŵų Ÿ | ŴŶ Ÿ | Å´Å· Ÿ | ŴŹ Ÿ | Ŵź Ÿ | Å´Å» M. Huss p #DD Å» | ŴŸ * 4 -GWUGP )GQVGUV p #DD Ÿ | Å´ ź | Å» ź | ż ź | ŵų S. U. Nussbaumer p #DD Å´ | ŵŻ Å´ | ŵż Å´ | ŶŴ Å´ | Ŷŵ ŵ | Å´Å´Å´ ŵ | ŴŴŶ Ŷ | Ŷŷ Ÿ | Å´Å´ Ÿ | Ŵŵ ź | Ź Å» | ź Å» | ŵų Å» | ŵŵ 1DGTKPIGPKGWTMTGKU + 6KGÈ‘CWCOV FGU -CPVQPU $GTP p #DD ź | ź ź | ŵŶ ź | ŵŸ ź | ŵŹ ź | ŵŻ ź | ŵż R. Shone p #DD Ź | Å´ Ź | Ź Ź | Å» Ź | ż Ź | Ŵų Ź | Å´Å´ Ź | Å´Å· H. J. Zumbühl p #DD Å´ | Ŷŷ ŵ | ŵŷ ŵ | ŵŸ ŵ | Å´Å´Å´ Ŷ | Å·Å· Ŷ | ŷŸ Ŷ | ŷź Ŷ | Å·Å» ź | Å´Å»

Matthias Huss, &T KUV )NC\KQNQIG CP FGT '6* <ØTKEJ WPF FGT 7PKXGTUKVÀV (TKDQWTI WPF DGUEJÀȎKIV UKEJ OKV FGT 4GCMVKQP FGT )NGVUEJGT CWH FKG Klimaänderung.

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