MS&T Magazine - Issue 2/2011

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Sea Training

Thursday Wars

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Training Technology

Cyber Superiority Technology Application

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Issue 2/2011

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Editorial Comment

Europe Editor

"Our leaders also identified defence against cyber attacks as a new NATO task."

On the cover: HMS Dauntless, the second of six Type 45 air defence warships being built for the Royal Navy.

Image credit: Crown Copyright.

against mass migration from Africa. Now that they are gone, where are we heading?

Yes, we could well end up with a situation that is not to our taste. What would happen if extremists took over? History shows that not every ousted despot was replaced by a democratic government. Will we have some sort of Afghanistan-type coastline just across the Mediterranean?

What will happen if nobody prevails?

Do we risk ending up in a Somalia-like 'Pirates of the Mediterranean' situation?

With all this in mind, should we interfere?

If so, when should we do so? And to what extent? And if we don’t intervene, how will we withstand the new threats in the long term? From the geographical point of view, this appears to be a problem first and foremost for Europe. Yet it is foreseeable that the European Union's role will be limited to providing moral and economic support, with a few border police activities at best.

In the end, we will again call for NATO to be given responsibility.

One might now wonder whether the new Strategic Concept provides for a situation as dramatic as the one we are witnessing right now. Well, not really. Just for the record, it was not NATO which took the initiative to put Gaddafi in his place, but some firmly resolved nations – once again a 'coalition of the willing'. It seems that Strategic Concepts have an ever shorter life span. While 'NATO 1.0’ lasted four decades, 'NATO 2.0’ was only good for 20 years. And Anders Fogh Rasmussen’s 'NATO 3.0' might need to be revised to Version 3.5 after only one year. But is that really so bad? In retrospect, the real drivers for NATO were not strategic concepts but reality. Just look at the fall of the Berlin Wall or developments in Afghanistan. The future of NATO will also be decided more by real operations than by strategic concepts.

Walter F. Ullrich Europe Editor, MS&T Magazine

walter@halldale.com

05 MS&T MAGAZINE

Walter F. Ullrich

This Editorial was actually supposed to deal with NATO’s new Strategic Concept. Remember that at the summit meeting in Lisbon at the end of last year NATO adopted a new Strategic Concept which NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, inspired by IT terminology, has dubbed 'NATO 3.0' ('NATO 1.0' was the Cold War era; 'NATO 2.0’ the period from the collapse of the Soviet Union until today).

I had intended to talk about the new threats, which according to the SecretaryGeneral are harder to see, but are just as real – and potentially just as deadly as a major military attack against NATO would have been: The threat of large-scale terrorist attacks, for instance; or the danger from long-range missiles which can reach Europe; or that our globally interwoven economy risks being impaired because of supply lines being interrupted by pirates from disintegrating states. Our leaders also identified defence against cyber attacks as a new NATO task. Well, we witnessed the Estonians suffering from such an attack; and there would certainly have been less malicious delight if a worm like 'Stuxnet' had crippled one of our nuclear power plants and not that of the rogue state Iran.

As the existing strategy did not coherently cover all such threats, it was only logical to relaunch the Alliance as NATO 3.0.

It would have been interesting to elaborate on the training and learning capabilities required for the new Strategic Concept. I would have predicted that the post-Afghanistan training prospects will be much broader, with more educational content - less technology- and more peopleoriented. Yet this interesting discussion will have to wait in view of what is currently happening in North Africa and parts of Arabia. Within weeks, the turmoil in the Middle East (some are calling it unrest rather than a revolution) has started to change our strategic position. Twilight has already swept away some of the gods in the Arab republics; we followed that with mixed feelings. Not that we really approved of their despotic regimes, but at least they stabilised the region, keeping the influence of the Islamists at bay and creating a buffer

ISSUE 2.2011

Strategic Concepts and Reality

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05 Editorial Comment The New Reality and NATO 3.0. Europe Editor Walter F. Ullrich observes that reality upsets the best laid plans – and that can be a good thing!

08 Training Technology In the Cyber Domain. Group Editor Marty Kauchak explores the challenges and the status of training cyber warriors.

14 Sea Training Thursday Wars. HMS Dauntless, the second Type 45 frigate, is being groomed for operational service. Dim Jones rides with the FOSTies in Thursday’s War.

18 Technology Application Training to Qualification. Faced with optimal manning issues, the LCS program stresses shore based training. MS&T’s Chuck Weirauch writes.

22 Technology Application Getting Answers. Authors Manfred Stangl, Steffen Großmann, and Eberhard Burgert describe the use of constructive 3D simulation in the analysis of ambush situations.

28 Conference Report GameTech 2011. The state of the US military game nation was revealed at GameTech.

MS&T’s Chuck Weirauch reports.

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32 Transformation

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SO/LIC. US Special Operations Forces are

Training is directly connected to strategy

embracing the three Ds – defense,

and political realities. LGen Karlheinz

diplomacy, and development – in training

MS&T Magazine (ISSN 1471-1052, USPS # 022067), printed April 2011, is published 6 times per annum by Halldale Media Ltd, Pembroke House, 8 St. Christopher’s Place, Farnborough, Hampshire, GU14 ONH, UK at a U.S. subscription rate of $168 per year.

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Red Flag: A New look. Group Editor

Seen & Heard. A round up of

Marty Kauchak notes the changing role of cyber warriors in Red Flag 11-3.

developments in simulation and training.

Compiled and edited by Fiona Greenyer.

ISSUE 2.2011

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07 MS&T MAGAZINE

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CONTENTS

Training Technology

Training for

Cyber Superiority The US Navy is facing this challenge head on.

Group Editor Marty Kauchak reviews how this service is training its cyber warriors, and examines industry’s efforts to bolster its S&T offerings in this domain.

ISSUE 2.2011

Unique Training Model

MS&T MAGAZINE

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The state of cyber training for this community was pronounced by Captain Kevin Hooley, the Assistant Chief of Staff for Readiness and Training at Navy Cyber Forces (CYBERFOR) “as strong but under constant and continuous discovery, adjustment and refinement.” This is a dynamic training enterprise due to the rapidly evolving tactics, techniques and procedures of individuals, non-state actors, nation states and other organizations that conduct attacks against U.S. systems and networks in this domain.

“We have to have the most dynamic training capability that we’ve ever seen in the Navy if we want to pace and optimize ourselves in cyber space,” he emphasized.

Hooley’s organization is categorized as a Navy type command – chartered to provide ready forces and equipment in cryptology/signals intelligence, cyber, electronic warfare, information opera-

tions, intelligence, networks, and space.

His perspectives provided to MS&T were delivered through the lens of the officers and sailors who operate and defend their networks, and use the networks as a point of analysis and intelligence. These cyber warriors allow the operational commander to more efficiently exercise command and control of forces, and support the interoperability of early warning, tasking and combat systems through networks and the cyber domain.

The Navy’s significant commitment to cyber training has resulted in increasing the length of accession training for several groups of front line cyber operators. In one case, the accession level (A) school for the information systems technician (IT) rating has increased from 8 to 19 weeks. Topics in the 11 additional weeks include network and cyber security, and the earning of commercial, professional certifications including A+, Microsoft and others. The commercial

certifications also provide minimal levels of information assurance (IA) skill sets.

Concurrently, the service added a new, 18-week, advanced (C) school (Systems Administrator) to be completed after A school. Topics in this new offering include advanced security level training.

The Navy has also increased the length of A school (Joint Cyber Analysis Course) for the cryptologic technician network (CTN) rating from 7 to 24 weeks. The additional classroom time provides an overview of rules of engagement, the application of law and other topics at the classified and unclassified levels. The Navy, as the department’s executive agent for the course, enrolls students from the other services and the Department of Homeland Security.

This service’s commitment to dramatically increase the classroom training for these ratings comes at a time when

the rest of the department is looking to distance learning and other technologies to help reduce the length of residence training.

The IT and CTN, A and C schools are taught at the Navy’s Center for Information Dominance at Corry Station, Pensacola, Fla.

S&T Opportunities Hooley said there are opportunities for industry, the academic community and DoD laboratories to collaborate with the Navy on developing simulations and synthetic training. “We must increase our capability. We’re finally putting our shoulder in on: what can we do synthetically with our ships; what can we do from an off-site position to be able to go live, over the air, to our ships at sea to be able to better provide operator training on new systems, but more importantly to provide simulated and stimulated synthetic training, event driven, to adjust capability. So the big thing we’re starting to look for now is simulation and synthetic training,” Hooley elaborated.

The range of capabilities envisioned to be supported by the virtual environment ranges from simulating the operational “knobology” of a new piece of equipment to conducting war games across a network and other requirements.

Center, also located on the I-95 corridor in Columbia, is the focal point for innovating, integrating and training cyber security offensive and defensive solutions to address the nation's cyber security challenges.

For its part, Raytheon Technical Services is expanding its cyber training portfolio for public and private sector customers in the U.S. and overseas.

Steve Teel, Vice President, Global Training Solutions, Cyber Operations Training, Raytheon Technical Services LLC, described to MS&T one program strategy that offers a cyber-training solution beyond standard cyber certification programs, “We use the terminology, ‘the best offense provides the best defense.’ This means having an in-depth understanding of offensive threats and tactics— what are the hackers, the bad guys doing—that makes such a serious threat, and from that learning, how to provide a

better defense, or information assurance.”

The strategy presents a different training template for the DoD customer, who has often treated cyber offense and defense, and the associated training as separate issues. “We’re saying, you need the knowledge of the offensive side to have a strong defensive capability, and you need an integrated solution that keeps the training constantly updated.

So as new threats occur, as the offense gets better and as tactics change, you need to introduce that information into an organization’s training to make it current and relevant to the rapidly changing threat.”

An element of Raytheon’s cyber training strategy, which MS&T is also seeing across industry, includes learning across the organization. Teel emphasized his company’s training is scalable through a virtual on-demand, web-based solution, allowing it to be delivered in a secure environment to

ISSUE 2.2011

Industry representatives at the 2010 I/ITSEC told MS&T about their companies’ increased emphasis on cyber training – as part of their public/private sector business portfolios and within their own workforce.

SAIC has designated cyber security as one of its four corporate focus areas. The company recently bolstered its commitment to expand its cyber competencies by realigning its Cyber & Information Solutions Business Unit (CISBU) to report directly to the CEO. The Columbia, Maryland-based entity is where SAIC develops the DoD Information Assurance (IA) Awareness and the Intelligence Community IA Awareness web-based training (WBT) for all of DoD and contractors to meet their annual DoD security awareness training requirement.

In a complementary effort, SAIC’s recently opened Cyber Innovation

Left Steve Teel, Vice President, Global Training Solutions, Cyber Operations Training, Raytheon Technical Services LLC. Image credit: Raytheon.

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Industry Perspectives

Above Captain Kevin Hooley, the Assistant Chief of Staff for Readiness and Training at Navy Cyber Forces.

Image credit: U.S. Navy.

Training Technology

one individual up through large groups.

Audiences for the full-spectrum training program include executives, managers and practitioners across the entire organization including supply chain, software and system developers and network operators.

One of Raytheon’s partners, NACON Consulting, provides Raytheon with a secure, virtual environment in which to conduct its training. “This is also fully automated,” John Sciandra, CEO and President of NACON, said.

“The capability allows the training to be completed anywhere there is a web browser to include austere locations like in Afghanistan and Iraq. We’ve also deployed over the SIPRNET [Secret Internet Protocol Router Network]. As the system is highly automated, these complex networks can be set up, used for training, then reconfigured and made available for the next set of students automatically.”

NACON’s distance learning solution has been used to train more than 850,000 U.S. Army personnel.

Above The U.S. Navy is making a significant investment in resources to increase the length of classroom training for cadres of its cyber warriors.

Image credit: U.S. Navy/Gary Nichols.

Left Scott Chase, Technical Lead for the Raytheon program.

Image credit: Raytheon.

ISSUE 2.2011

Program and Product Developments

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Raytheon’s scalable training solution is also designed to close the gap on what industry insiders and military experts point to as a human capital crisis in cyber security. Scott Chase, Technical Lead for the Raytheon program, explained: Whereas there are thousands of certified experts in this warfare domain, “the industry estimates we need tens of thousands of experts in order to develop the infrastructure we need to adequately protect our systems.”

Chase went on to describe a representative company offering – the three-week practitioner course. “This is designed for the people who do cyber offensive and defensive operations and systems/software design on a daily basis. We cover a variety of different topic areas—how to discover vulnerabilities themselves, the different tools/techniques hackers use and how to defend against them, cyber operational theory— and other topics.”

He continued, “We also offer training modules specifically focused on supply chain issues to ensure personnel involved in the purchase of parts and management of suppliers have the skills to manage the cyber threat in their jobs,

for example, how to address the serious subject of counterfeit parts. Additionally we offer training modules that integrate cyber operations into traditional counter intelligence, electronic warfare and hybrid warfare (mission command and control) arenas.”

Back at SIAC, Michael R. Macedonia, Ph.D., Vice President and Chief Scientist, said the company’s Orlandobased S&T community is working with the center to integrate modern simulation tools like SAIC’s On-line Interactive Virtual Environment (OLIVE) into its programs. “This supports development of sophisticated cyber training and exercises. The cyber experience is very esoteric, but results in real effects. For example, bringing down the electrical grid can cause people to panic, or die if they are on a respirator as well as other catastrophic events,” he added. “Cyber security is not only a DoD issue, it’s a homeland security issue.”

Indeed, the U.S. recognizes that cyber space superiority requires an interagency

response. To meet this expectation, the Department of Homeland Security hosts the Cyber Storm series of large-scale, cyber attack exercises. Participants include DoD and numerous other public and private sector entities from the U.S. and other nations.

On the specific issue of training, David J. Rees, Senior Vice President at SAIC, noted the increasingly sophisticated network attacks against DoD and other government agencies. Rees said his company’s cyber training strategy is evolving to focus on defeating the network threat at the macro-level. “The scope of any SAIC-supported training includes operators up through decision makers,” he explained.

SAIC’s cyber program was strengthened through its February 2010 acquisition of Cloud Shield. “This acquisition gets to the heart of the technical challenges of cyber – identifying the threat in real-time before damage occurs,” Macedonia said.

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Security Training is a cyber training, certification and exercise model which provides cyber security professionals hands-on training to protect critical data assets. “This program helps to address one of the biggest problems in cyber today – the lack of trained people,” Macedonia said.

Another SAIC effort, CyberProtect, is an award-winning, risk-management, and network-defense WBT exercise simulation. It allows individuals to play one-on-one against the computer's artificial intelligence in an exercise intended to increase familiarity with IA concepts and terminology. The participant is exposed to a wide spectrum of security threats and must make practical decisions regarding the application of network security. CyberProtect recently won the silver medal Brandon Hall Award in the "Best Learning Game" category.

Scalable Network Technologies (SNT) is building on its heritage of high-fidelity emulation software tools for communications networks to offer a cyber training capability to the military that integrates realistic cyber warfare effects into live-virtual-constructive

(LVC) environments. The company’s EXata/cyber is a real-time simulator of cyber threats to the entire net-centric infrastructure that interfaces with operational or training systems. It enables the development of cyber warfare training scenarios to support critical areas of force readiness such as revealing weaknesses in network configurations, detecting and defending intrusions, launching countermeasures, and training for the impact of cyber warfare on mission outcome.

EXata/cyber is a COTS-based product used to support cyber training on both wired and mobile wireless communication networks throughout the LVC domains. It incorporates jamming, eavesdropping, denial of service, computer attacks, and exploits. The product has already been integrated with the Satellite Tool Kit (STK), OneSAF, VR-Forces and STAGE, affecting privacy and availability of communications between entities.

Lloyd Wihl, Director of Technical Sales at SNT, pointed out the highfidelity nature of EXata/cyber. “Live net-centric applications communicate over the emulated network and experi-

ence the effects of real cyber warfare in a controlled environment and the resulting network behavior. The high degree of fidelity is such that computers, applications and humans cannot distinguish that they interacting with a model of the network and not a real network.”

Wihl explained the product’s diverse training applications. “Battlefield simulation without accurate communications effects can be overly optimistic leading to negative training.

By integrating cyber warfare effects with the battlefield simulations, and incorporating real C4ISR stations, and LVC forces, it is possible to train for the impact of the attacked network on fundamental operational capabilities. Trainees in the same exercise can range from network administrators to front line soldiers to commanders. We can train for what happens in the event of a successful cyber attack, and how to assure the mission when the network is no longer assured.”

EXata/cyber is being utilized by the 24th Air Force at Lackland AFB for cyber analysis and experimentation. An upgrade of EXata/cyber is scheduled for release this winter. ms&t

ISSUE 2.2011

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Sea Training

Thursday Wars Basic Operational Sea Training! MS&T’s Dim Jones observes a Thursday war aboard HMS Dauntless.

ISSUE 2.2011

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arly on a Thursday morning, a group of about 40 RN officers and Senior Rates board a tender at HM Naval Base Devonport, Plymouth. As they make their way down-river, they pass several ships alongside; among them, and tied up for the last time, are the Type 22 frigates HMS Chatham and Campbeltown, a reminder of the price the Royal Navy is paying as a result of last year’s Strategic Defence and Security Review; HMS Chatham is already decommissioned, and HMS Campbeltown will follow this month. However, our destination represents a more upbeat message, a symbol of the next generation of naval power; this is HMS Dauntless, second of the RN’s new Type 45 Daring Class destroyers. As the tender comes alongside, the crew members waiting to welcome us on the flight deck are wearing anti-flash gear; the ship is at State 1 – closed up for action. My fellow-passengers on the tender are members of the staff of Flag

Officer Sea Training – otherwise known as FOSTies or SeaRiders - and we are about to join the Thursday War. After commissioning, or post-refit, all ships undergo Basic Operational Sea Training (BOST), successful completion of which results in the ship being declared operational. Ships about to deploy undergo an additional module, specific to their assigned task, known as Directed Continuation Training, or DCT. The weekly Thursday Wars are central to both programmes, and all ships under training participate, at whatever stage of the training programme they may be. The exercises are conducted within a scenario devised by the FOST staff; today, HMS Dauntless will act as Commander Task Group (CTG) for a task force comprising HMS Ocean (a Landing Platform Helicopter, or LPH), HMS Edinburgh (a Type 42 Air Defence Destroyer), HMS St Albans (a Type 23 Frigate) and RFA Fort Rosalie, a Royal Fleet Auxiliary Stores Ship. The mission of the task group is to

Above Formally commissioned in June 2010, HMS Dauntless is the second ship of the Type 45 class built for the Royal Navy.

Image credit: BAE Systems.

patrol an exclusion zone established by a United Nations Security Council Resolution, and protect a Mission Essential Unit (represented by Fort Rosalie).

The SeaRiding team comprises specialists from every area of the ship’s operations, and includes a small group known as ‘Wreckers’, whose role will shortly become all too apparent. There are teams on board all the other exercise ships; HMS Ocean is undergoing Final Inspection today. The main threat is from the air, and ‘enemy forces’ are represented by Hawk aircraft of the Fleet Requirements Air Direction Unit (FRADU) from RNAS Culdrose, and Falcon 20s of FR Aviation, based at Bournemouth.

HMS Dauntless is the most recent ship commissioned into the RN, and is well suited to the role of CTG. She is big for an escort ship; although, at 154m, she is only 13m longer than the Type 42 destroyers which the Daring Class ships are replacing, at 7500 tonnes displacement, she is 44% heavier. She is also tall – 44m from her keel to the top of the radar dome. The angled lines of the superstructure – designed for stealth, and reducing the ship’s radar cross-section to that of a fishing trawler – give her a modern and purposeful air; IR emissions are also reduced by cooling the exhaust gases. The Type 45 is the first front-line warship to use all-electric propulsion, whereby the 47MW produced by the two WR21 gas turbines is harnessed without the need for gearboxes, and the whole ship can be run at the economical cruising speed of 18 knots from one power plant; range at this speed is 7000nm.

For the primary air defence role, the Sea Viper system comprises the Sampson multi-function tracking radar and a 3-D surveillance radar, both of which have a range in excess of 400km. The Sampson can track 300 contacts, and engage multiple targets simultaneously with a mix of Aster 15 and 30 missiles, of which Dauntless carries 48 in vertical launchers. Self-defence is provided by 30mm automated Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns, complemented by an advanced EW suite and decoy launchers; Phalanx will be installed this year.

However, SDSR is changing the shape of the Navy, and HMS Dauntless

may be required to operate in a variety of roles, on her own or as part of a Task Group. To this end, she has provision for Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and is capable of carrying Tomahawk cruise missiles. The embarked helicopters (the Type 45 can accommodate 2 Lynx or one Merlin) carry Sea Skua anti-ship missiles and Stingray anti-submarine torpedoes. The ship herself has a sophisticated sonar.

Briefing complete, the SeaRiders disperse to all corners of the ship, ready to initiate incidents according to the exercise schedule, and to observe how the crew handle them. So how did the ship and crew arrive at this stage of training?

On the way out from Devonport, we passed HMS Raleigh, the shore training base at Torpoint. Here new Navy ratings undergo their basic, or Phase 1,

Above The advanced systems allow the ship to be operated by a complement of just 191.

Image credit: Author.

training, while their officer counterparts attend the Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. Phase 1 concentrates on basic military and naval skills; in addition to seamanship, and recognising the fact that sailors can be required to operate and fight on-shore, the course includes simulated and live weapons training. Other basic skills, applicable in both environments, include fire-fighting, damage control and first aid, which are taught at Raleigh’s School of Maritime Survival. ‘Havoc’ is a sinking ship simulator; rocking from side to side by up to 20° with lights out, up to 200 tons of water

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pours in through holes in the decks, sides and ceilings, and trainees must work together to overcome whatever situation is presented to them. The fire-fighting demonstrator can simulate everything from an electrical fire to a cooking fire in a galley; advanced training is carried out in simulators replicating ships' compartments. Everyone receives basic first aid training, and more advanced instruction will be given to selected personnel.

Following the 10-week Phase 1, new ratings receive Phase 2 training in their specialist fields, which could last anything from 2 to 6+ months; they are then ready to join their first ship, which has also been undergoing something of a transformation.

HMS Dauntless was laid down in 2004, launched in 2007, and sailed from the Clyde in 2008. During construction and fitting-out, her company joined in stages, and gradually assumed responsibility for operation from the builders.

Crewing required a critical mix of experience, seniority and qualification, and much of the systems familiarisation was carried out with the equipment manufacturers, since training rigs and simulators were not yet available. Neither was there a ‘cascade’ of Type 45 experience; HMS Daring was only a year ahead, only

Above Each person whose ‘day job’ is not required has a vital secondary role to play.

Image credit: Author.

one person transferred to HMS Dauntless, and that on promotion. Sea trials and subsequent work-up were also unique, in that HMS Daring had concentrated on propulsion and marine engineering, while the focus for Dauntless was on the weapons system; to that end, she carried out the first Type 45 firing of

an Aster missile on the Hebrides ranges last year.

BOST itself is presenting fresh challenges, since Dauntless continues to break new ground; before the ship’s company can do things right, they have to work out how best to do them in the first place. Her advanced systems allow the ship to be operated by a complement of 191, compared with the 301 of a Type 42, conveying an impression – at least to one who’s first encounters with the Navy were on board O Class diesel attack submarines and Tribal Class frigates – of space and quiet. However, the smaller crew means that everyone has to be able to carry out contingency roles such as damage control, fire-fighting and first aid, led as appropriate by highly qualified people. The training facilities at HMS Raleigh and elsewhere are available for advanced individual and team training as required. Each person whose ‘day job’ is not required while fighting the ship has a secondary role which is vital to its success. Today, the forward medical team is led by a Petty Officer Medical Assistant (PO-MA), assisted by a chef and a steward, which may reassure the exercise ‘casualties’ that they will get fed!

As the exercise scenario unfolds, air attacks on the task group present prob-

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lems, and the ‘wreckers’ come into their own. The bridge takes a hit, and is rapidly filled with smoke; the ship must be controlled from the bridge wings. When order is restored, the bridge steering and engine controls are inoperative; these functions, which were being performed by a Regulator (Naval police) in her secondary role, are now performed in the engine room and tiller flat, the latter by one of the ship’s PT Instructors. Below decks, various occurrences of damage, fire and casualty are injected. It is not a good idea to hack holes in real high-pressure pipes, start fires or fill the ship with sea-water; however, the FOSTies generate a great deal of realism, and the ship’s company react accordingly. In this hightech vessel, it is bizarre to see damage control parties carry out repairs using a mixture of mats, wooden wedges and lengths of 4” x 4” timber – but if it works, why change it?

Below the bridge, in the Ops Room – the nerve centre of the ship – a plethora of displays convey information derived from all the sensors on board and, through datalink, from other platforms.

But, as the CO, Captain Richard Powell, points out, it is not just the sophistication of the Type 45 systems which makes it unique, but the fusion. Indeed, the air

defence systems are so automated that this primary aspect of the ship’s role uses very little of the ship’s capacity, leaving the rest available for other tasks – such as CTG, which function Capt Powell is carrying out, leaving his second-in-command to run the ship. An exercise inject ‘fails’ the surface plot; information on the ship’s movements, and on the relative positions of the Task Group, have to be relayed from the bridge – no mean feat when all ships are manoeuvring hard to defeat air attacks.

Eventually, the ‘war’ draws to a close, and things become more peaceful. The SeaRiders hold a team debrief, and then a ‘hot wash-up’ in which they give their initial impressions to key members of the ship’s company. The debriefs are both objective and instructive; at this stage of training, they are not expected to get everything right – the important thing is to learn from mistakes and not repeat them. HMS Dauntless has safely returned her Task Group to port, and very soon the SeaRiders are back in the tender for the return to Devonport. Even this time is not wasted – dozens of laptops are in use, their owners starting reports while events are still fresh in their minds.

The FOST staff are committed to providing high quality training to the ships

under their supervision, and this task will not be eased by the ongoing pressure on resources. However as Commander Sea Training, Cdr Andy Burns, points out “The SDSR has necessitated an examination of every area of our business to identify economies. Synthetic training will have a role to play in this process and we are embracing shore-based training in this respect, but not at the expense of the overall operational capability of the ships we train at FOST.” As a ‘Crab’ given the opportunity to see the Navy at work, the lasting impression is not so much of a high-tech ship – which HMS Dauntless undeniably is – but of an extremely versatile and positive set of people who make her work.

On successful completion of BOST, they and she will be ready and able to perform a wide range of tasks anywhere in the world. As we pass back alongside HMS Campbeltown and Chatham, it is apparent that, sad as their premature demise may be, and tough as the next few years undoubtedly will be, there is still much for the RN to look forward to.

The last word goes to Captain Powell; when asked whether, alongside the many ‘ups’ in his tour as CO, there have been any ‘downs’, he replies ‘Yes, writing to my relief!’ ms&t

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Technology Application

Optimal Manning, Optimal Training The LCS SBTF aims to T2Q through scenario based integrated crew team training.

MS&T’s Chuck Weirauch explains it all.

T

ISSUE 2.2011

he US Navy is counting heavily on the new Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) class to replace a number of legacy ship classes and their mission functions.

The new seaframes are to assume all of these older ships' capabilities in a way better suited to meet the challenges of 21st century warfare. In the end, the US Navy is aiming to replace 30 FFG-7 Oliver Hazard Perry Class frigates, 14 MCM Avenger Class mine countermeasures vessels, and 12 MHC-51 Osprey Class coastal mine hunters with about 55 Littoral Combat Ships.

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Program Status On March 25, 2011 the US Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the names of the sixth and eighth LCS that are currently to be built as part of a dual block buy of LCS class ships that he announced in December 2010. The USS Jackson and USS Montgomery are both General Dynamics LCS variant Independence-class aluminum trimaran

seaframes built by Austal. The Freedomclass LCS monohull variant is built by Lockheed Martin.

By procuring both versions of the LCS – ten each of the Lockheed Martin's semiplaning monohull and Austal USA's aluminum trimaran – the Navy asserts that it can stabilize the LCS program and the industrial base with an award of 20 ships.

According to the service, this strategy will increase ship procurement rate to support operational requirements, sustain competition through the program and enhance foreign military sales opportunities. Both designs meet the Navy's LCS requirement, and the Navy feels that the diversity provided by two different designs provides more operational flexibility.

The first USS Freedom (LCS 1) class monohull built by Lockheed Martin was delivered to the Navy in September 2008 and has been deployed to the Fleet.

The first General Dynamics USS Independence class (LCS 2) trimaran built

by Austral was delivered to the Navy in December 2009. The Freedom-class Fort

Above The Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Shore Based Training Facility in San Diego.

Image credit: U.S. Navy Center for Combat Ships.

Worth (LCS 3) and Independence-class Coronado (LCS 4) are under construction at Marinette Marine and Austal USA, respectively, and are expected to be delivered to the Navy in 2012

Minimally Manned Crews Along with the new hull designs and propulsion systems designed to provide more than 45-knots of stealth in shallow coastal waters, the LCS class also calls for optimal, or minimally-manned, crewing. This means reducing the traditional manning of about 200 for a vessel of this size – 400-foot long and 3,000 tons – to a core crew of 40. As with US submarines, blue and gold crews rotate after the ship returns from deployment. In addition to the core crew, mission package crews

will deploy depending on the configuration of the vessel.

Such a downsizing of the core crew calls for a high degree of onboard automation, with crew members cross-trained for multiple skill sets and missions even before setting foot on deck. The ultimate goal is to have no, or minimal traditional at sea on-the-job training.

LCS Training Facility Simulations, training systems and Mission Training Packages are being integrated into the curricula at the Navy's LCS Shore Based Training Facility (SBTF) located at the designated primary LCS port of San Diego, CA. The SBTF is operated by the Center for Surface Combat Systems, which is a part of the Naval Education and Training Command (NETC).

Currently the SBTF features both the Lockheed Martin-built LCS 1 Freedomclass simulator and the General Dynamics-built LCS 2 Independence-class simulator. Both replicate a high-fidelity bridge with out-the-window displays and emulations built around the ship's sensors. Both also run the same tactical software and feature the same tactical equipment as on the actual ships. Sec-

tions of the trainers replicate the basic layout and design of the respective LCS command and control, bridge, and propulsion control systems.

According to SBTF Center Director Joe Shifflett, the LCS 2 trainer has just recently arrived at the SBTF, and while instruction is being provided for LCS 2 crews, the SBTF's LCS 2 curriculum is still under development and not formalized like the one for LCS 1 at this point.

The goal is to pilot that curriculum this August, he reported.

Another simulator, the Mission Package Trainer, is scheduled for delivery this May. This trainer is separate from the others and is designed to train crews in specific mission operations, such as those for the Surface Warfare (SUW), Anti-Submarine (ASW) and Mine Warfare Mission Packages. The LCS class is also designed to support MH-60 Seahawk helicopter and Fire Scout unmanned aerial system (UAS) operations and crews. To get a better overview of how LCS training will be delivered there, MS&T spoke with Center Director Joe Shifflett.

MS&T: With the multitask requirements of a minimally sized crew in mind, how do sailors qualify for LCS crews?

Joe Shifflett: At the SBTF, we conduct Capstone Training, which is the final step in the Navy's Train to Qualify, or T2Q process. So all of those operations and tactical and systems- type courses are completed before sailors come to the SBTF and before they board the ship. We develop our curricula around the Navy Personal Qualifications Standards, or PQS, and we have mapped all of the training that sailors have had to date that are associated with their billet. If there is a gap, we develop the curriculum to support it.

But our main function here at the SBTF is training those 300-series PQS, the tasks associated with the command and control watch stations. Through the legacy approach, you would go through all of the Navy schools and then you would get to the ship. Then they would hand you your PQS book, and then you would demonstrate your proficiency, be tested and then be qualified.

What we do here at Capstone Training is run through a series of job sheets in integrated scenarios in a team environment with a curriculum based on that PQS. So when sailors get done with their training, I can say to the commanding officer and commodore that this person

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ISSUE 2.2011

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Technology Application

has demonstrated proficiency against the following PQS line items. We are qualifying individuals in a team environment.

At that point, once they have checked in to their crew, they come back into the trainer for a rapid refresh. So now they are actually a part of their crew and plugged into their real watch team, and they have demonstrated that proficiency to their commanding officer. When he puts them on a watch bill, they are basically qualified and they go back to the ship as a part of the certified and qualified watch team.

MS&T: How long does it typically take to get crews through training to qualification?

JS: Depending on the rating, it takes an average of approximatey 16 months of schooling prior to arrival at the SBTF, but some require a lot more schooling, such as for missile and gunfire control. Some of these are on the order of two years from the time they start their training to the time that they check into the crew.

The Capstone portion of the T2Q curriculum is currently five weeks long. We start with a one-week console operator course that introduces the students to the dashboard they will use to employ the ship's systems. This is the first time sailors see the console that integrates all the systems that they went to school for at the various Navy Learning Centers.

Phase two of the Capstone program is four weeks long, and is focused on completing the tasks associated with their specific watchstations in a team environment. Upon completion of the Capstone, students have completed the formal T2Q process and are checked into their actual crew.

Train to Certify takes place during the crews' off-hull cycle when watch teams come back into the facility for a Rapid Refresh to maintain proficiencies and satisfy Type Commander Certifi-

ISSUE 2.2011

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cation requirements. Notionally the crews spend three weeks working on core seaframe mission areas, and it is anticipated that when the Mission Package simulator is integrated, another two to three weeks will be required, for a total of five to six weeks.

The SBTF also supports fleet deployment certification of LCS and mission package crews.

MS&T: How big a role does simulation-based, scenario-driven training play at the SBTF? JS: All of the scenarios are built with a training objective. Every entity in the scenarios that we run is mapped back to a training objective. The Capstone Training curriculum is 70 percent scenario-based, 30 percent classroom-based. And the classroom training is based on tactical employment of the system. As sailors come through the pipeline and learn their systems and maintenance-type courses in the schoolhouses, they really don't learn such tactical employment of the equipment. So our courses at the Capstone for the watch stations they affect are focused on the tactical employment of those systems in an integrated combat system.

MS&T: What are the differences between the two variants and what are some of the challenges in training the two types of variants?

JS: The watch organizations are a little different between the two seaframes, so the challenge for my staff is understanding the difference in the watch organizations. And, of course, [the fact of] having the different combat systems on the seaframes and the integrated combat management system on LCS 2 simulator and ship. The missions are the same, the endgame is the same, but the tools we use to get the bullet out the barrel are different. So that is a challenge. This is not insurmountable, but it just means that we have to be smarter as trainers.

MS&T: So when the crew members get onboard, there won't be on-the job training, right?

JS: The vision is that there will be none, but we still have gaps in the fidelity of our simulators, and some of the training systems have not even been built yet. We are probably looking at 2016 before all of the training systems are in place. There will always be some things that have to happen on the ship, though. There are some certification events, such as search and rescue that you can't do ashore. So there will always be a small part of training that will have to happen onboard a seaframe.

MS&T: What do you see as some of the biggest challenges for minimally crewed ship training?

JS: There is a cultural challenge. We have to embrace technology to manage the risk associated with running these ships with a minimally manned crew, such as the autopilot on the bridge. The autopilot becomes your conning officer, but you have to embrace it and learn to trust it and learn how to use it properly. The young sailors are used to technology and embrace it without even a second thought, but we still need to have that culture shift to accept the fact that there are technologies onboard these ships that will help that minimally manned crew help execute their mission. Once we get over that hump, it will become easier.

MS&T: What are the future plans for the SBTF? JS: This facility will grow, since this is just Phase 1. We have about 12,000 square feet right now. Eventually it will be on the order of 170,000 square feet full of electronic classrooms and virtual laboratories as a part of the SBTF as we move out into the fiscal year 2015- 2016 timeframe. So this is just the beginning of it. This is exciting stuff. ms&t

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Technology Application

Understanding in 3D The authors, Manfred Stangl, Steffen Großmann, and Eberhard Burgert of the Bundeswehr Transformation Centre, describe how constructive 3D simulations were used to analyse ambush situations.

ISSUE 2.2011

I

MS&T MAGAZINE

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n March 2009, Germany started a cycle of sending Operation Research (OR) analysts to the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Kunduz (KDZ), Afghanistan. Their mission was to support the commander of the PRT and his staff by means of OR methods. Though a few tasks originated from the command staff, many projects were started due to observations by the deployed analysts.

One of these observations focused on the lack of credible facts and figures in ambush situations. Though German patrols regularly face combat including ambushes, there is no structured hard data regarding dos and don’ts. This is due to the fact that despite intensive after-action reviews, most of the data is ambiguous and incomplete. To remedy this, OR analysts approached the command group to receive tasking in order to further investigate ambush situations

involving mounted forces of platoon size.

The deployed analysts then interviewed platoon leaders, J2 and J3 personnel to identify typical ambush scenarios.

After that, formalized scenarios, hypotheses and operational parameters were written down for action by the reachback element. The central challenge was to identify relevant parameters in ambush situations. The base setting was a patrol up to platoon size with additional specialists returning from a mission within Kunduz province and encountering an ambush while mounted. Around this, primary and secondary questions were developed.

Primary questions regarding the chosen scenarios were: • What distance between the individual vehicles is suited best?

• What speed is suited best for different vehicle packets?

Above Virtual Battle Space 2 Virtual Tool Kit (VBS2 VTK) was used as the central simulation environment.

Image credit: Bohemia Interactive Simulations.

• Which is the advisable vehicle order for different vehicles?

• Which combinations of the above are suited best?

Secondary questions were: • Which vehicle types are best suited? weapon stations/mounts, • Which weapons and defence suites are the most efficient?

• What parts of the patrol vehicles are mostly hit?

“Best suited” was defined in descending level of priority as minimal own casualties, minimal own wounded, minimal equipment damaged and maximum number of insurgents out of action.

In order to identify and quantify 3 scenarios involving geo-specific terrain and ambushes in increased complexity, it was decided to simulate the course of action with fixed parameter and use of scripted actions. By changing parameters and looking into the created results, correlations could be noticed and quantified. To reduce the amount of modelling it was decided to limit the analysis to vehicle-mounted actions.

Next, the reach-back element developed a structured analysis plan and a request for proposal to the industrial partners. In October 2009, work started at Elektroniksystem- und Logistik-GmbH (ESG). As a central simulation environment their proposal included the use of the Virtual Battle Space 2 Virtual Tool Kit (VBS2 VTK). The planned process model included an initial transformation of the raw requirement into a structured problem definition, which provided the base for further analysis. From the start, the whole process was designed to be highly iterative with numerous feedback loops.

buildings, geo-typical constructions trainers and platoon sergeants were of low detail were used. To represent invited to a workshop to discuss the special conditions and terrain features, details of the setting, behaviour of blue trenches and obstacles were added and red forces, vehicles and criteria with manually. The primary purpose was to the methodical experts. This resulted either represent canalizing elements in a long manuscript which was later for the blue forces or cover for INS posimoulded into the core for the structured tions. Overall, the VBS2 VTK provided problem definition. This included also all essential tools to create the necesthe transcription of colloquial military sary terrain details and objects; yet it language into plain and precise terms. requires experienced personnel and The whole process model is based some time to create from scratch. The on a generic process model for model use of available generic landscape was documentation and VV&A. It includes discarded due to the specific terms of specific sets of documents as well as the problem analysis. clear phases. The generic process model projectiondesign is a uniquemany and independent Though basic functions are was jointly developed by ITIS GmbH, an manufacturer of high performance projectors andterrain already part of the VBS2 VTK, e.g. independent institute of the University image processors for all types of training and editor or scripting interface, additional of the German Armed Forces, and the simulation applications. applications and extensions had to be Bundeswehr Transformation Centre. developed. included an external With a range of references,They we offer the highest quality products and services frommodule, conceptan to external damage evaluation Executable Model realisation by unmatched warranties, VBS2 VTK remote-control panel and The most time-consuming part was the – backed product and satisfied customers. new scripts for artificial intelligence transfer of the formal model into an exe- performance behaviour. cutable model. All the vehicle objects See us at ITEC: VBS2 has a very basic damage model; had to be created because those vehieach weapon causes an amount of damcles used by the German armed forces age, which is later compared to vehicle were not part of the existing object armour and structural damage capacity. list for VBS2. The terrain was created However, with this simple model it is based on detailed military digital elevanot possible to adequately differentiate tion data and satellite image maps. For

projectors and image processing

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Structured Problem Definition Early in the project, subject matter experts, experienced mounted combat

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Technology Application

between the non-damage effects of small arms against armoured vehicles and all penetration effects of rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). Furthermore, hits on different parts of the vehicle result in totally different effects. The external model used takes over once a projectile collides with a VBS2 vehicle object in the simulation and transfers the hit position, weapon and angle towards an external calculation. Small arms only have an effect on vehicle tires and no effect on other parts of the vehicle.

This of course still simplifies the actual reality but provides enough granularity to get to valid conclusions within the problem analysis. For RPG, the effects are determined based on three different categories of vehicle zones.

Tires being the first, engine and drive train the second and the crew compartment the third. Within the crew compartment, individual soldier positions are also represented. Every RPG creates a straight line of penetration through the vehicle, and the application compares this line of penetration against affected areas. Hits on tires reduce mobility, hits on engine and drive train kill mobility

ulation setup by dynamically creating the right set of scenario and object data for each set of simulation runs. This is done by configuration files which set the parameters for the different simulation runs. The operator only has to write the configuration file and the application then executes the predetermined number of simulation runs with a given set of variables. It additionally creates VBS2 “after action reports” for each run and writes down the outcome measure files. The usual number of runs for a given set was 100.

The VBS2 built-in artificial intelligence for the displayed soldiers or vehicles is quite simple and straightforward and already allows a lot of control over the scenario. Yet, it is not effectual in more complex situations. One example would be the group movement of multiple vehicles. If tasked with following the vehicle immediately ahead, the distance between both vehicles oscillates by a large margin. If human operators are involved, it is larger. Therefore the existing mechanism integrated in VBS2 was not used. ESG developed a script for the virtual driver which used other

Above Hits on different parts of the vehicle result in totally different effects.

Image credit: Authors.

and hits within the crew compartment cause a certain number of the crew to be wounded. All soldiers within the direct line of penetration are counted as casualties. The external application then returns the necessary object statuses to VBS2.

In order to conduct more than just one simulation run manually, an external application was created which controls multiple instances of VBS2. The application also creates the actual sim-

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ISSUE 2.2011

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Technology Application

VBS2 mechanisms to measure the distance and steer the vehicle. The result is a convoy behaviour which allows realistic movement from 20 km/h to 50 km/h in the simulation. Other issues had to be approached in similar ways.

Experiments and Analyses

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The results of a given group of simulation runs were written in CSV files, which were later transformed into spreadsheets. The runs were weighted according to their stop and termination criteria and then compared. A larger margin of positive criteria was the intended objective. Secondary measures were the average figures for the outcome measures. Here, only the data from the positive criteria was used. The data from the termination criteria was not comparable because the scenario could not be carried out completely.

The experimentation phase was classified into three parts. Starting with 2 sets of vehicle packets which were in turn run through all 3 scenarios with 40 sets of different velocities and distances between the vehicles.

The results were then analysed to get the relations between velocity and distances for each scenario. In the second phase, a reduced set of velocities and distances based on the results of the first phase was then cross-referenced with the remaining 28 vehicle packets, with and without IED and for daylight, twilight and night. This produced some basic conclusions for the relevant parameters and also gave us input on the difference between the scenarios.

Scenario 1 produced the least discernable results due to its short engagement window and limited aspect of attack. It produced the simple truth that distance and velocity directly influence the result with higher velocity and maximum distance being the best strategy to get positive results. The results of scenario 2 and 3 showed a greater influence of vehicle type and packet composition and therefore became the only ones used in phase 3 of the experimentation phase. This time, selected combinations received additional runs with finer granularity and the inclusion of the option to use one vehicle driving in front with a large distance to the next vehicle.

The last step in the project was the summarized documentation of the

results and the detailed description of the relevant parameters with their influence on the different scenarios.

The achievement of this simulation is that numerous interesting circumstances were detected, which will be subject to more detailed investigations. It is good to have a review of every single experiment run for detailed analysis, but now all data have to be adapted to the reality of military training.

Conclusion The use of constructive simulation with direct reference to the actual combat situation is a novelty in the German armed forces. The other two novelties in this project were the use of VBS2 VTK as an analysis toolbox and the strict adherence to our guidelines for model documentation.

Our first impression was that by and large it proved to be a successful and efficient way to conduct this kind of analysis in the given time frame. The greatest benefit was the structure provided by the guidelines, which helped all participating actors to work on common ground and reach our milestones on time. Another aspect on the upside was the ability to use the interactivity and visualisation of VBS2 VTK to better integrate experts and also to demonstrate the work progress to the decision makers involved. In comparison to other simulation efforts of the Bundeswehr Transformation Centre, the workload was shifted from developing the internal processes of the simulation environment

to more detailed work on formal models and the actual execution. This allowed to better integrate outside expertise thanks to less specialized simulation topics and more case-related aspects.

The other insight is that although VBS2 VTK claims to have almost anything already available, in fact a lot of effort still needs to be put into technical additions and changes to the simulation environment.

The project also presented some benefits in addition to the original objective. The VBS2 terrain sets and objects have been included in the ongoing training options of the German armed forces. Furthermore, the working convoy

Above VBS2 VTK provided all the essential tools to create the necessary terrain detail and objects.

Image credit: Bohemia Interactive Simulations.

logic enables variable training efforts with simulated drivers in addition to real ones.

The question remains as to how comparable the findings are outside the parameters of this limited number of scenarios. While conducting this project, more variable potential was identified that should certainly be included in future efforts. ms&t

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Conference Report

GameTech 2011 Military gaming technology advocates gathered in Orlando to share success stories, and look to the future.

MS&T was there, Chuck Weirauch reports.

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he US military is facing the reality of budget reductions for nearly everything, including training; however, there is a dilemma. The dilemma is that with the draw down from Middle East points of conflict, more US armed forces personnel will be returning to their Home Stations, increasing the need for more Stateside and overseas base training. Can gaming technology-based training solutions help solve the dilemma even while training budgets are set to be slashed? Many think so.

In 2009, the Army's Games for Training program achieved the coveted status of Program of Record, meaning that it could be placed on the service's fiscal year budget request as a line item. Without that status, costs for game-based training applications would be absorbed out of the various Command and unit budgets that employed them.

The Games for Training program

employs Bohemia Interactive's Virtual Battlespace 2 (VBS2) program as its core gaming technology platform. In just a short time under this initiative, the number of Army VBS2 developers and users has grown to more than 14,000.

The effort began in 2008 with a $10.7 million games for training contract award by the Army’s Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO STRI) to prime contractor Laser Shot, Inc., and its partners Bohemia Interactive and Calytrix Technologies, which provides its LVC Game. But even this successful program is in danger.

"Currently, the Army gaming budget has been zeroed out for fiscal year 2012,� said Col. Francisco Espaillat, Project Manager for the Combined Arms Tactical Trainers (CATT) office. "I believe this is a misstep, based on what we are doing with this incredible capability."

Espaillat made his comments during his presentation at the Defense Gam-

Above RDECOM Brigadier General, Harry Greene addresses the GameTech 2011 audience.

Image credit: Team Orlando.

eTech User's Conference in Orlando March 22-25, an event that drew more than 500 real attendees and nearly 200 virtual ones (via Second Life). This amount of interest in the show, particularly by high-level Army brass, seems to indeed support Espaillat's statement.

Cost-effectiveness Rob Bowen, Chief of TCM Gaming for the Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)'s Capability Manager for Gaming, addressed the cost effectiveness of Games for Training in an environment of current and near-future budget constraints. Over 70 VBS2 hardware and software suites have been fielded to

Army training centers, operational units, and Reserve and National Guard units in the US and in Germany and Japan under the Army Gaming Fielding Plan managed

by TRADOC through fiscal year 2010, and plans were to distribute a total of 97 suites by FY 2013.

"As funding gets tighter, the Army has to make some hard decisions,�

Bowen said. "However, gaming is the cheapest resource that can meet training requirements. As our forces come back from Afghanistan and Iraq, the number of folks at Home Station has increased and we can't add any more live training.

The Army has a crawl, walk, run training paradigm, and we think that the first two elements of this can be done with gaming and its cheap resources."

the Commander of the Army's Research, Development and Engineering Command, (RDECOM) also pointed out that gaming is a part of the solution to the new challenges that the US services will have to face. Two vital skills that are now required of small unit members in the new operational environment, critical thinking and cultural awareness, can be learned through gaming solutions and the distribution of them via mobile devices, he pointed out.

Gaming technology can be a part of the solution to other challenges where RDECOM studies have shown training capability gaps, Greene said. Some of those areas are in enhancing team train-

ing; augmenting after-action reviews; improving immersion fidelity in training; leader adaptability and decision-making training; and the use of avatars as intelligent agents to provide training for meaningful social interaction with other cultures.

Faster Solutions A common theme expressed by GameTech presenters is in more rapid development of training solutions using gaming technologies. The consensus was that the traditional time-consuming methodology of getting training to armed forces personnel was simply not acceptable in light of today’s rapidly

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In addition to cost-effectiveness, some key advantages of gaming technology for training that were highlighted at the GameTech conference included adaptability to today's rapidly changing operational environment. Lt. Gen. Michael Vane, Deputy Commanding General for TRADOC's Futures and Army Capabilities Integration Center, told the GameTech audience that adaptability is the center of the service's new force structure and modernization concepts.

"What you do here is critically important not only in facilitating the adaptability of the soldier, but in leveraging technology and in maintaining the volunteer force, as well as increasingly showing how technology-savvy the Army is and how we apply that better to military situations," Vane said. "There are tremendous opportunities concerning the way that gaming is going in trying to get everyone to a higher level of readiness."

Game-based training will be particularly valuable to develop small units and their leaders, the groups deemed most critical to current and future operations, Vane pointed out. The technology will also help training become more mobile via smartphones and other hand-held devices, delivering training at the point where it is most needed, he added. Gaming solutions will also help meet another need, getting training solutions developed and deployed to soldiers much more rapidly than on the past, he summed up.

Brig. Gen. Harry Greene, Deputy to

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Adaptability

Conference Report

changing geo-social and operational environments.

Espaillat provided a good example of how gaming technology can help this problem when he described how rapidly soldiers from the field can provide information for the development of VBS2 training scenarios for troops about to be deployed. How rapidly? In less than a week.

"The most powerful thing we do with gaming today is the 96-hour turnaround in the creation of scenarios," Espaillat said. "These can be based on a current event, such as an IED incident or an ambush. We can model such events based on after-action reports and rapidly make these scenarios with geo-specific databases and quickly make them available to the training community. This allows us to quickly provide the latest tactics, techniques and procedures to deal with such events."

Scenarios can be distributed through the online Milgaming Portal (https://milgaming.army.mil) established as a part of the original VBS2 contract, Espaillat explained. His office is also in the process of downloading the gaming scenarios into mobile apps, Espaillat added.

tors to achieve full-spectrum operations training and to add live, virtual and constructive (LVC) environment capabilities to gaming, Espaillat explained.

Single Defense Virtual Environment

Above TRADOC Deputy Commanding General Michael Vane provided a keynote at GameTech 2011.

Image credit: Team Orlando.

Another PEO STRI initiative is to tie its gaming systems into its large simulator capabilities, such as the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) and the AVCATT. The goal is to connect this gaming capability to the full-size simula-

Frank DiGiovanni, Director, Training Readiness and Strategy, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Readiness), spoke to the development of a single Defense virtual training environment as a means to find more efficient and effective means to meet the training pressure that will arise as more armed forces personnel return to their Home Stations in the coming months.

One proposed means to create such an environment highlighted at GameTech was the Enhanced Dynamic Geosocial Environment (EDGE) platform.

The EDGE, based on advanced massively multiplayer online gaming technology (MMOG) and the Virtual Worlds concept, is being developed

by TRADOC, RDECOM and several other military, academic and industry partners. An EDGE Virtual World tutorial and demonstration was provided at GameTech by Matt Kaufman of

&

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TRADOC and Tami Griffith and Doug Maxwell of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL)’s Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC) in Orlando.

According to RDECOM's Greene, the EDGE is an effort to replicate an entire standardized operational environment for training, "clearly something we need to do," he emphasized.

ing programmable medical disorders in a clinical setting. According to Innovation & Learning CEO Dr. LeRoy Heinrichs, the game-based simulated clinical environment will lead to better patient diagnoses, improved medical team training and decision making and the reduction of clinical errors, factors that will all contribute to increased patient safety and reduced medical costs.

Mobile Apps One of the newer areas of military gaming development is in the area of providing game-based training applications for mobile devices. Diane Jenkins of the Army's Sustainment Center for Mobile Learning described how VBS2 scenarios can be converted into smartphone apps for after-action review sessions and training for best practices. Lt. Col. Gregory Motes of the Army Signal Center of Excellence at Fort Gordon said that such mobile apps for training have a considerable potential for cost-savings for training. However, the current multitude of ever-upgrading phones and their operating systems present a major instructional design and security challenge for service mobile app developers. Although larger mobile devices are emerging, such as the Apple iPad, the US services will primarily focus on the smaller screen smartphones, he summed up.

Overview This was the fourth annual GameTech conference. Overall, there were more than 80 presentations, tutorials and demonstrations at GameTech 2011, highlighting US Army, Air Force, Navy

and Marine Corps, the Canadian Army and the Netherlands Forces applications. Military delegates were joined by various representatives of industry and academia, including those involved with the Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative. Major areas of focus included virtual environments, virtual worlds, and mobile learning applications. Along with sessions for games for training combat skills, there were ones devoted to gaming technology applications for medical training, with an emphasis on virtual patients, language and culture and social interaction. There were 29 exhibitors, including Halldale Media Group. ms&t

Language and Culture

Medical Training One of the newest applications for training medical personnel, Clinispace, employs an online virtual environment with avatars as virtual patients emulat-

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Lt. Col. Walt Yates of the US Marine Corps Program Manager for Training Systems (PMTRASYS) provided an overview of the considerable success of the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Marine Division in employing Tactical Iraqi Language Training System (TILTS) game-based simulation training environment in predeployment training. GameTech exhibitor and developer of Tactical Iraqi and other language and cultural training programs Alelo demonstrated the ability to incorporate their technology into VBS2. The company also demonstrated a prototype real-time voice recognition system for communication between the user and a game-based avatar that potentially could be incorporated into the company's products.

Transformation

A Changing Paradigm in NATO Training LGen Karlheinz Viereck describes the changing NATO training landscape and notes the role of industry and M&S in enabling that change.

“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.

Willing is not enough; we must do.”

– Goethe

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echnology and training are military force multipliers.

Training as a reflection of current operational gaps is therefore directly connected to strategy, since it guides operational commitments. Based on the new strategy for the 2010s unveiled in the Lisbon summit, this article will attempt to answer two questions: 1. What are the transformational requirements of the new training system?

2. How can modelling and simulation assist in this transformation?

Connection with Strategy (Evolution of the Training System) Military training directly impacts the quality of leadership and the readiness to operate – and it evolves with strategy over time. In the 50s it was hands-on, relying on troop exercises in order to synchronize and coordinate 15 member-state

armies; during the “Massive Retaliation” of the 1960s, NATO training encountered the first generation of troops that hadn’t fought in WW II and started the first courses on interoperability – mostly on common communication equipment and cyphering. Relying on tactics, techniques and procedures that would allow interoperability and coordination, as well as elevation of “Jointness” and joint resource management was key in the 70s and 80s. After the end of the cold war training became a political “tool” in providing connectivity to nations that wanted to cooperate with NATO but not necessarily become a part of it. Then in the first decade of the 21st century Cross border threats, sub-state actors, an introduction of 10 new members, decreasing economies of scale, and stability and reconstruction of failing states forced a closer look at NATO training. Threats that most states did not train for, since they did not exist on their level, but which very much exist when states operate on an international level, had to be addressed. NATO training introduced train-the-trainers

Above The first ever Training Synchronization Conference was conducted in Estonia in February 2011.

Image credit: NATO ACT.

programs to create this capability on the state level, as well as a comprehensive way to address operations in an international environment. Which brings us to the Lisbon Summit of 2010 and the “Assured Security & Dynamic Engagement” strategy, which requires a total new approach on Education, Training, Exercises and Evaluation if we want to live up to tasks and expectations.

More than ever training translates political goals in coherence and cooperation with nations thereby requiring a close link into the political arena; • Training has to be seen more in a holistic (NATO Command Structure – NATO Force Structure – Nations) way.

• Training solutions have to be faster and more transparent to react on changing environment, be it in operations or

We need a paradigm-change. It is evident that there is the need to think, organize, plan, train and execute differently. Encompass new technologies, collaborate over distance, react faster, train to purpose, spend smarter, open to opportunities, simplify. It requires us to depart from the current way we operate.

The current operating environment of NATO’s forces requires a more agile and responsive training system. The high tempo of change in the operational environment and the speed of introducing new capabilities developed by industry and academia magnify our responsibility to arm the war fighter with the necessary skills in a reduced timescale and

Results In recent months there have been significant achievements: • The introduction of a programme that matches NATO training requirements with the opportunities, the Individual Training & Education Program, supports training delivery of a tailored training plan for each individual, allows transparency in tracking and budgeting functions and quickly identify and resolve training gaps and redundancies;

• The Education and Training Opportunities Catalogue that is an all-inclusive one-stop-shop to include the training opportunities offered by the NATO Educational and Training Facilities, Centres of Excellence, Partner Training Centres, national training facilities, European Union (EU), United Nations (UN) and other organizations such as Industry and Academia. This Education and Training Opportunities Catalogue will expand opportunities for all entities to integrate their activities and increase NATO’s access to nations and partners. ACT will become the single point-of-contact for Education, Training, Exercises and Evaluation and utilize training as a mechanism to promote cooperation with the EU, UN, academia and industry; • The NATO Training Group, reorganized into a more responsive structure, acting in a solution-provider role on training topics.

It will develop a working relationship with NATO’s Standardization Agency. This will allow for the development of standards that better define and discriminate the training responsibilities of NATO and nations as well as provide a more agile mechanism to address emergent requirements and training issues; and

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Characteristics of the New Training System

more holistic manner. Similarly, the complexity of sharing the area of operations with a number of Governmental, Non-Governmental and/or International Organizations with conflicting and or contradicting goals and in front of a global audience requires a comprehensive awareness that has to be developed by tailored training programs.

The new training system aims to harmonize, synchronize, standardize and supervise the delivery of education and individual training in a manner that is transparent, open to nations, partners, academia and industry in order to provide greater effectiveness, efficiency and affordability to NATO.

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providing answers to stabilization and reconstruction efforts.

• Training has to incorporate state-ofthe-art solutions to be efficient, as well as to be attractive to our young soldiers and civilian personnel.

• We have to be reactive to trends to make our training effective.

• Training has to provide affordable solutions.

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Industry Vs. Military Perceptions.

• As a first step to an overarching training integration program, the first ever Training Synchronization Conference (a grouping of 4 distinct training, exercises and partner cooperation related conferences) was conducted in Estonia in February of this year.

Credit: NATO ACT

Industrial Concerns

on the capability gap between expectations of what technology can do and what actually exists on the research and development drawing board. Military thinking is usually described by analysing the situation, followed by taking proper action. The ancient fear on the military side is the allotment of money for a capability that would not cover the evolving needs once it eventually comes on line; time and capability – with however a decisive add on: money.

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behind closed walls, but transparent in tight cooperation.

7. Training solutions need to be captured in the beginning of a new capability; the Lisbon critical capabilities will be the ideal start point for a different approach.

Usually, the industry is interested in the procedural gap that exists between the contracting periods the military offer and the evolution of the industrial product line; time and money as key words.

On the other hand the military is focused

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When industry partners with the NATO alliance there are issues with which it needs to be aware. The basic considerations are: 1. Training provisions have to be seen in a global aspect, not only for a few countries.

2. NATO’s adherence to effectiveness has allowed it to establish an international credibility that few can dismiss.

Industry can take advantage of this.

3. New training solutions bring industry standards into NATO (Shareable Content Object Reference Model SCORM).

4. Long term “golden solutions” have lost ground against Commercial-Off-TheShelf products.

5. Affordability is key in line with smart solutions.

6. If the overall goal is a holistic one – training solutions should not be created

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In light of a reduced NATO Command Structure, more emphasis on NATO Force Structure and better collaboration with nations, the present training & exercises requirements will see change. NATO’s concentration on higher Headquarters/ Operational Headquarters needs revision to reflect a holistic approach encompassing all opportunities with NATO as a hub, a facilitator, an organizer. We have to catch training opportunities on all levels, taking into account civil and other organizations A new approach must be defined, fast; there is a new strategy and structure and all feel the same pain! Merit lies in a global approach. Here modelling and simulation technological advances provide applicable promise to NATO’s training needs. Available modelling and simulation technology and networks are already available to the Alliance for distributed training and exercises where the training

By capitalizing on this technology nations will save money, it is environmentally sound and it provides the opportunity to inject realism which is not possible without a huge number of role players.

So how does one approach the answers? Through collaboration between NATO and industry.

Conclusions It is well known that technology transformed into military capability can be a force multiplier. The present military training system is in need of a paradigm change, from the current ways we operate to the technology we use, in order to realize the potential of the latest scientific developments. But there are gaps between industrial concerns (investments) and military ones (tangible results). Collaboration is the only way to make technology the means to achieve the required transformation. ms&t About the Author Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck , German Air Force, is Deputy Chief of Staff Joint Force Training, Allied Command Transformation.

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Modelling and Simulation Interests

audience may be located in home bases.

Several nations have invested in modelling and simulation but few nations are in possession of the full scope of models required for stimulation of complex exercise scenarios. This can be overcome by pooling of resources in a NATO Training and Exercise Network, to include providing multi-level training and exercises based on live, virtual and constructive systems. While operational demands for a successful outcome is the primary driver behind training and exercises, there is a resource aspect which makes it affordable to coordinate training and exercises through common planning processes, reuse of exercise scenarios, and conduct of joint and multinational combined exercises. Exercise plans and scenarios can be reused and thereby help save substantial exercise development cost.

It is therefore evident that the holistic view needs to be followed in the field of modelling and simulation as well. We need to coordinate NATO and national efforts and, at the same time, permeate the NATO training landscape (strat/op/ tac – level exercise and training, depth of knowledge, training partnerships, and political-level support).

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So the perception gaps between industry and NATO impede collaboration since both are based on money, with military capability too.

Left

Exercise Report

Red Flag 11-3 allowed U.S. and other nations' aviators, including the crew of this Royal Air Force Tornado GR4, to be put through their paces as in earlier exercises.

The role of the Air Force's cyber and space operators in the event was also redefined.

Image credit: USAF/Michael R. Holzworth.

A New Red Flag Paradigm Group Editor Marty Kauchak examines what was new and different in Red Flag 11-3.

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I

n the aggregate, the U.S. Air Force’s Red Flag exercise series is one of many U.S. DoD joint training events. What makes the Red Flag construct unique among other department exercises is it affords participating aviators from the U.S. and allied and friendly nations, the opportunity to conduct a wide array of live training events – with a dose of virtual and constructive simulation added, as required.

Conceptually, at the end of an exercise, each aviator will have completed 10 combat sorties and gained this experience in a training environment before they deploy.

While the three-week Red Flag 11-3 completed in March allowed U.S. and other nations’ aviators to be put through their paces as in earlier exercises, the role of the Air Force’s cyber and space operators in the event was dramatically redefined.

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Cyber and Space Operators Air Force Space Command’s (AFSPC) cyber and space operators had previously served as Red Flag “training aids” – producing effects to demonstrate the capa-

bilities they bring to a mission. During this Red Flag however, they were part of the training audience, conducting operations in tactical-level training scenarios.

“Now our operators develop their desired learning objectives (DLO), and instead of a training aid for others, we are conducting missions at an advanced training venue that makes our operators better,” Lt. Col. Pell Thompson, Deputy Director, Air, Space and Cyberspace Operations, U.S. Air Force Warfare Center, said.

Colonel Mustafa Koprucu, Vice Commander at the 505th Command and Control Wing which runs the Combined Air Operations Center – Nellis (CAOC-N), added, “what we did is brought space and cyber personnel in, both offensive and defensive cyber and offensive and defensive counter-space professionals.

We also altered the whole scenario of Red Flag to now incorporate cyber attacks on us and offensive cyber attacks by us, and likewise, space attacks on our infrastructure and offensive counter-space attacks on the enemy – all within the confines of the actual flying environment.”

Thompson also commented on the rigor of the cyber operators’ training and its significance, noting, in one case, their DLOs included gaining and maintaining network superiority. For this event, that meant defending CAOC-N’s networks. “For the first time [at a Red Flag] we gave the cyber operators a chance to fend off attacks from a live, red [aggressor] force,” he explained.

The 57th Information Aggressor Squadron served as a Red Flag red force.

Adding to the fidelity of the event was an exercise scenario that permitted the squadron to penetrate the CAOC’s networks “by any means necessary.”

The free play scenario permitted all CAOC-N personnel to be trained and educated about cyber warfare. While the cyber network defenders were the lead force in countering the aggressor squadron’s tactics, the other center personnel, from the senior leadership to junior watchstanders, were also involved. “So any operator in that CAOC-N, part of their ‘job jar’ was to monitor their networks, and if there were problems, take action but also work with the cyber defenders to ensure the networks were protected and defended.”

This January, the U.S. DoD and Director of National Intelligence co-signed the National Security Space Strategy. The policy document provides a roadmap to allow the U.S. to maintain its advantages in the space domain.

One Red Flag 11-3 objective, to gain and maintain space superiority, complemented the department’s renewed focus on space operations. To meet the training objective, the AFSPC space operators sought to establish defensive space control through live training events. In one scenario, Red Flag space aggressors jammed the blue force’s GPS capabilities, causing planners to revise their operations plans.

Thompson summarized the benefit of allowing the training audiences to operate in a full-spectrum, contested electromagnetic environment. “As an operator, if I am flying an F-16 that is going to employ

GPS-guided munitions, then I need to be aware of that GPS jamming and perhaps mission plan differently. That’s part of having the space operators here at Red Flag assist the force with those types of activities.”

To further increase awareness about current space topics of interest, the Air Force’s Advanced Space Operations Squadron conducted its Space 101 course for every exercise participant during the exercise’s first week.

also working on new tactics, techniques and procedures, exercising them during Red Flag. We brought in some of our Royal Air Force brothers from the United Kingdom and they operated as NKODOs during several of our vulnerability windows,” Thompson recalled.

DoD and other nations’ military personnel also had the opportunity to train with representatives from U.S. national agencies during scenario planning and implementation phases.

Beyond Jointness

Replicating Successes

Two cornerstones of the Red Flag series, joint and coalition training, were again evident in this exercise on the flight line and in CAOC-N. This standard allows the Air Force to train as it will doctrinally fight – alone if necessary, but with partner nations when feasible.

Along with U.S. Navy and Marine aviators were counterparts from other nations. “We also had our partners the United States has a special relationship with, all the way up to our special access program, special technical operations level – sharing of information with the Royal Australian Air Force as well as the U.K.’s that participated,” Koprucu said.

The inclusion of a new training audience, a robust, contested cyber and space environment, and other attributes in this exercise are paving the way for a new Red Flag training paradigm. Koprucu reflected, “This ground-breaking Red Flag has provided our space and cyber warriors their first 10 combat sorties just as Red Flag has done for our fighter pilots these last three decades.”

And while Thompson said the extent to which Red Flag 11-3’s attributes are replicated in future events is “to be determined,” he added, “we’re sure striving to take it to this level at least once a year from here on out.” ms&t

Above Colonel Mustafa Koprucu, Vice Commander at the 505th Command and Control Wing.

Image credit: U.S. DoD.

Another example of coalition participation in the exercise was seen in one of the key positions in the CAOC-N, the nonkinetic operations duty officer (NKODO).

This duty officer was in charge of command and control of airborne electronic warfare aircraft, as well as cyberspace and space control capabilities. “We were

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Conference Report

The 3 “D” Enablers The U.S. special operations forces (SOF) are restructuring their training and education programs to support defense, diplomacy and development activities. Industry is responding. Group Editor Marty Kauchak reports on developments from the NDIA SO/LIC (Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict) Symposium and Exhibition in Washington, D.C.

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he wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have prompted the U.S. SOF community to strengthen and fuse the interactions of defense, diplomacy and development activities in supported missions. No longer is the SOF member viewed only as a “shooter” who is trained and educated to go into harm’s way. When necessary, contemporary SOF personnel are also expected to be soldier diplomats and support nonkinetic missions.

One service component, the Naval Special Warfare Command, reported on its efforts to revise its training and education programs, and, in particular, highlighted its language and cultural training initiatives.

SEAL Perspectives Captain Bill Wilson, Commander of the Naval Special Warfare Center (NSWC), provided the conference attendees with

his service’s insight on current and future SOF learning.

The center is responsible for replenishing the Navy Seal-Air-Land (SEAL) force with mission-ready individuals, and ensuring the community’s lifelong, individual skills and sustainment learning.

The NSWC provides instruction in about 80 courses at venues across the nation.

Most significantly, the center has expanded its accession training programs during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan to replace SEALs who were lost to retirement, battlefield injuries and other reasons. The service will designate 350 personnel as SEALs this year to meet the combatant commanders’ insatiable demand for this force.

The Navy SOF community is also increasing its emphasis on language and culture training to better support the contemporary operating environ-

Above U.S. Navy SEALs splash into the water from a combat rubber raiding craft during a capabilities demonstration.

Image credit: U.S. Navy/Gary L. Johnson III.

ment. In addition to the one-year it takes to earn the SEAL warfare device, “we then tack on another three months of language and culture training – very initial acquisition training - at the end.

Every single SEAL NSWC graduate is attending an in-house language training program,” Wilson said.

Wilson explained the role of his command’s Language, Regional Experts and Culture (LREC) Program as a foundation of this training effort. “We have recognized the Defense Language Institute is probably not going to meet all of our needs. So we took the Special Operations Command commander’s guidance to not only speak a language, but under-

Industry attendees at the SO/LIC conference provided highlights of their S&T programs and products during our walkabout of the conference floor.

The New Mexico Tech/Playas Training and Research Center (PTRC) is expanding its ability to support live training and testing events for military and other training audiences.

The center is completing a one-year effort to introduce six, new, other-than-American training venues. When complete, the new facilities will be built around an existing core regional population center used for training, and will include nomadic encampments, a mountain village and a tiered village on a mountainside.

“The focus now is Afghanistan. Those venues have expanded our training offerings off of the main, urban town site out into the 400,000 acre ‘playbox’ that we have in that area,” Kim Kvamme, PTRC Director, explained.

The PTRC facilities are dispersed and arrayed to allow units to experience high fidelity, live training scenarios for operational and, as important, logistic resupply missions.

Cara Rooney, Manager of Government Services at Arlington, Va.-based IDS Interactive, told MS&T that her company continues to refine its Afghanistan Online serious game. The virtual trainer is being developed to help service men and women bolster their cultural awareness of the Afghanistan theater of operations.

The 2-D, web-based, massive multiplayer trainer allows the individual to complete scenarios from the perspective of an Afghan leader, while interacting with other members of the training audience. Metrics of “success” are constructed on real world Afghan governance and culture understanding.

“Scenarios are within one district. Each player has to make decisions each day they log in using informational reports with updated content from when they last participated. Some of that is based on decisions other players have made and other information is from scripts we have written into the

ISSUE 2.2011

Other S&T Developments

game,” Rooney explained. Afghanistan Online is expected to be released this April.

Marathon Targets is building upon its early successes with two-wheeled, intelligent, human-like robots to support marksmanship training “We have a four-wheeled drive version that is for unpaved ranges. Our current two-wheeled version works well with paved ranges – the majority of ranges in the U.S. and globally are unpaved,” Ralph Petroff, Board Advisor at Marathon, explained.

The company’s four-wheel model has been field tested on Australian Department of Defense ranges in Western Australia. “One of our key goals in 2011 is to get the four wheeled drive on U.S. ranges and let them try it. We’re taking orders now and delivery certainly by year’s end,” Petroff said.

Blackheart International (BHI), as a result of its recent takeover of Mid-Atlantic Training Resources, is offering an expanded live foreign weapons training program. Travis Ernst, Chief Operating Officer at BHI, noted the weapons used in his company’s live training events include the AK-47 and an increasing array of other models. “There are very few companies in the U.S. that can conduct live training on the DShK [Soviet-era, heavy anti-aircraft machine gun]. We do from tear down to break down and maintenance, and get on the range and shoot,” Ernst pointed out. BHI’s live fire training ranges and facilities are in Philippi, West Virginia, about four hours west of Washington, D.C. As MS&T spoke with Ernst, Marine Corps units were training at the company’s training facilities. ms&t

41 MS&T MAGAZINE

stand the culture and the nuance of the individual or groups that you are either mentoring or working with.”

The LREC Program is annually funded at about $50 million.

The SEALs are also adding cultural training scenarios to their field exercises and final qualification events. “We are adding more of the cultural aspects. Putting civilians into the field and giving the young leaders significant problems that are not always kinetic and the answer may not always be apparent,” Wilson explained.

The increased emphasis on language and cultural awareness training is allowing SEALs to more effectively build partner capacity as well as complete integrated operations, anti-terrorism strikes and other missions in the defense, diplomatic and development portfolio.

The SEALs are also bolstering their efforts to more accurately determine which program applicants will complete its warfare qualification program – prior to reporting to SEAL accession training. The community now requires all recruits to complete the Combined Special Operations Resiliency Test. “This allows us to predict about 99 percent failures – those who will never complete training – they should never show up. It’s given at Great Lakes [Recruit Training Center] as part of the accession pipeline,” Wilson said.

World News & Analysis ISSUE 2.2011 MS&T MAGAZINE

42

Seen&Heard A compendium of current news from the military simulation and training industry, compiled and edited by the MS&T editorial team. For the latest breaking news and in-depth reports go to www.halldale.com.

Developing New Training Concept – A team comprised of Rockwell Collins, Advanced Infoneering, Inc. (AI²) and the University of Iowa Operator Performance Laboratory (OPL) has been awarded a Phase 2 contract by the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division in Orlando, Florida.

The contract will allow further development in a new concept called Skill Appropriate Training Environment (SKATE) which is aimed at ensuring that mass military training exercises are tailored to individual skill sets versus a 'one fits all' approach.

The team will conduct human factors studies using simulators and flight test assets at OPL to validate the SKATE concept by developing a prototype for a software-based assessment tool. This prototype will utilize the Rockwell Collins Instructor Operator Station (IOS). The work will take place over the course of 2011.

Cubic Applications – has received a five-year contract to provide military training and education support to the US Army's Combined Arms Center (CAC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Cubic is one of ten companies to win the five-year CAC Omnibus V Contract, which has a maximum value of $260 million.

The CAC Omnibus V Contract is the primary services support contract used by the Army's Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth to provide education, leader development, and training support services to the Army's Training and Doctrine Command and its associated schools and centers.

National Modelling and Simulation Centre for Brunei – CAE has won a contract from the Ministry of Defence of Brunei to develop a National Modelling and Simulation Centre (NMSC). The NMSC will be located in the Knowledge Hub at Anggerek Desa, which is part of a technology park being developed by the

Brunei Economic Development Board. It will be used by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and Ministry to Defence to analyze force structure options, evaluate and validate capabilities, develop doctrine and tactics, and support training and mission rehearsal exercises.

Knowledge Point and Lockheed – have formed a strategic training partnership to address military, security services and civil training needs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

"This teaming will provide additional abilities for both companies to support the Emiratisation policy through the transfer of knowledge, skills and technology into the UAE," said Doug Greenlaw, vice president for International Business Development at Lockheed Martin Global Training and Logistics.

PILOT TRAINING FSTA Training Expertise – CTC Aviation Group plc is to provide support to the UK's Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft (FSTA) programme during the forthcoming FSTA fleet's introduction to the Royal Air

Above UK's Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft.

Image credit: CTC Aviation Group.

Force at RAF Brize Norton. Under contract to Thales UK, CTC instructors will deliver A330-200 type rating training and operational support programmes. In 2012 CTC will assist Thales UK to establish its own A330 Type Rating Training Organisation (TRTO) Approval to be based at RAF Brize Norton. The entire training programme will be delivered at RAF Brize Norton in the UK and the first aircraft is due to be delivered towards the end of 2011.

German Air Force Training – ExecuJet Europe has been appointed by Lufthansa Technik to provide the line and landing training to six pilots, to become air force flight instructors on the Global 5000 aircraft. The training will take place between April and July this year and will be supported by a number of ExecuJet's current instructors. The pilots will initially undertake simulator training with CAE Montreal before beginning practical training with ExecuJet.

COMBINED ARMS TRAINING US Army Combined Arms Center Contract – General Dynamics Information Technology has been selected as an awardee for the US Army's Combined Arms Center (CAC) Fort Leavenworth Support Services program contract. The multi-award, indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract has a potential value of $260 million over five years for all awardees if all options are exercised.

General Dynamics will provide support for key Army training programs across 18 broad functional areas, including leader development, organizational and combat development, doctrine development, mission command support and educational support, data collection and analysis, mapping and terrain analysis, training and simulation development, information technology (IT) and exercise support and military research.

AIRCREW TRAINING Aircrew Training System Contract – The US Air Force has awarded Lockheed Martin a $270 million contract for C-130 aircrew training systems (ATS) to provide an academic and simulation training program for C-130 aircrews around the world. The eight-year contract includes training and instruction, site management, engineering support, and operation and maintenance for the training devices. Training is provided for all aircrew positions, cockpit resource management, instrument refresher courses and instructor preparatory courses. CAE USA will be Lockheed Martin’s major subcontractor on the C-130 ATS program.

C-5 Aircrew Training System for US Airforce – The US Air Force Ogden Air Logistics Center has selected FlightSafety International as the prime contractor for the C-5 Aircrew Training System. FSI will provide initial and mission qualifications as well as continuation and upgrade training for pilots, co-pilots, flight engineers, loadmasters, and maintenance engine run personnel.

The new training centre to be located at RNAS Yeovilton, alongside Royal Navy and British Army AW159 Lynx Wildcat squadrons, will provide training courses for Army aircrew and maintainers starting in January 2013, with training for Royal Navy aircrew and maintainers starting January 2014.

The Wildcat Training Centre will be equipped with two full mission simulators, flight training device and cockpit procedures trainer.

US-Slovak Consortium Supplies US Army with Helicopter Sim – US Army representatives in Trencín have taken delivery of a special anti-terrorist version of the Mi-17 transport helicopter simulator. The device has been produced by an international consortium made up of Trencín-based company Virtual Reality Media (VRM) and US companies Fidelity Technologies Inc. and Aeronautical Systems Engineering. The simulator, worth more than €4 million, was designed to facilitate special, broad-spectrum training for the Iraqi military.

Rotorsim – is expanding with the purchase from CAE's Military business of a CAE 3000 Series full flight simulator (FFS) replicating the AW139 aircraft. The new AW139 FFS is scheduled for delivery to the Rotorsim training centre in Sesto Calende, Italy in 2012, and will be developed jointly by CAE and AgustaWestland.

The simulator will be qualified to Level D. The FFS will feature AgustaWestland-certified avionics and aircraft software combined with CAE core simulation technologies, including CAE True six degree-of-freedom (DOF) electric motion system and high-performance vibration platform, a highfidelity CAE Tropos-6000 visual system, and a direct projection 210 degree by 80 degree extreme field-of-view dome display system.

43 MS&T MAGAZINE

SH-60B Helicopter Squadron Receives Flight Trainer – The US Naval Aviation Training Systems program office (PMA-205) delivered a SH-60B Seahawk tactical operational flight trainer (TOFT) to Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), in late 2010. The CAE-built TOFT includes an operational flight trainer (OFT) and a weapons tactics trainer (WTT) that can operate independently or jointly.

DCI Trains RSNF's PANTHER SAR Crews – The Royal Saudi Naval Forces (RSNF) has contracted DCI-NAVFCO, the naval branch of DCI group, to train its flight crews on PANTHER N3 Search and Rescue helicopters. The training will take place in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and Toulon, France. DCI-NAVFCO has sent six instructors and provided operational means in order to train three batches of six pilots each, two batches of six hoist operators and six rescue swimmers. The program covers theoretical and practical aspects that will bring the trainees from the aircraft system familiarization to a night SAR missions' qualification. £76 Million Lynx Wildcat Training Facility Contract – AgustaWestland has signed a contract with the UK Ministry of Defence to design and develop an integrated training solution that includes building and equipping a new modern training centre for the AW159 Lynx Wildcat helicopter.

ISSUE 2.2011

HELICOPTER TRAINING

World News & Analysis ISSUE 2.2011 MS&T MAGAZINE

44

SOFTWARE

MISSILE DEFENCE TRAINING

Anark Software for Canadian Defence Network – The Canadian Department of National Defence and Canadian Forces (Canadian DND/CF) has approved Anark’s Media Client software for deployment on the Canadian Defence Wide Area Network. Distributing the Anark Media Client software throughout the Canadian DWAN ensures that every user on this network will be able to access sophisticated, high-performance web-based 3D maintenance, training, and electronic performance support applications developed to support an extensive array of defence material.

Link 16 GSS to RSAF – Tactical Communications Group (TCG), a provider of tactical data link (TDL) software solutions for military test, training, simulation and operational applications worldwide, has deployed its Ground Support System (GSS) to the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF). TCG's GSS will provide a ground-based TDL training and simulation environment for Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) training of the RSAF's F-15 aircraft fleet.

US Army Missile Simulation System – Cobham has been awarded a $4.7 million delivery order for the initial design and development of a mobile Infrared/ Ultraviolet (IR/UV) threat simulator for the US Army. As prime system integrator for the Army’s Multi-spectral Sea and Land Target Simulator (MSALTS), Cobham’s Analytic Solutions strategic business unit could see the contract’s total value grow to $56 million if all options are exercised and funded during the next five years.

The MSALTS project will provide the Office of the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) Center for Countermeasures (CCM) and its customers with a portable Infrared/Ultraviolet openair missile simulator to support multiple simultaneous missile engagement tests and/or missile warning systems.

PARACHUTE TRAINING Parachute Troops Leap into Virtual World – The Parachute Training School at RAF Brize Norton recently opened a virtual reality parachute trainer which uses the latest digital imagery to create a realistic

virtual world in which to train Service personnel. The new trainer allows parachute students to be suspended by harnesses and wear virtual reality goggles to practice jumps in a range of realistic environments.

Instructors are able to simulate fog, rain and snow, and can choose any time of day or night. Wind speed and direction can also be adjusted to make the descent more challenging. Students will be able to jump in three environments and challenges can be introduced to include the proximity of a village, a wooded area, or water.

MAINTENANCE TRAINING CAE Acquires RTI International's Technology Assisted Learning – CAE USA has acquired RTI International's Technology Assisted Learning (TAL) business unit to expand its offering of land simulation and training solutions. Formed as a separate business unit within RTI International, TAL designs, manufactures and delivers full-scale, high-fidelity maintenance trainers as well as virtual desktop trainers for a range of variants of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, Abrams tanks, and the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).

SMALL ARMS TRAINING NGRAIN Solutions for UK Weapons Training – NGRAIN has announced that the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence has selected its virtual task trainer™ (VTT™) solution to support training for the BAE Systems SA80 assault rifle.

The SA80 VTT will be deployed and subsequently managed and updated by NGRAIN channel partner PulseLearning.

The VTT will provide an interactive 3D simulation-based platform to train soldiers on the theory, maintenance and repair of the SA80 in preparation for the Army Weapons Handling Test. PulseLearning will make captured animations of the SA80 VTT maintenance procedures to be made available on the mobile Army Application Centre to support troops already deployed and those using mobile devices including smartphones, PDAs and tablets.

The event, organised by the German Association for Defence Technology DWT on 15 and 16 February 2011 in City Hall in Bonn-Bad Godesberg, attracted more than 500 professionals from the armed forces, procurement agencies and industry.

Under the direction of Norbert Weber, from the German Federal Ministry of Defence, the audience listened to 35 speeches that dealt with land, air, sea and space based systems; but this year the focus was on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The discussions showed that UAS are gaining ground in both the military and in the civil domain.

It also revealed that in the long term, interaction between manned and unmanned systems, generally referred to as Manned Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T), will become normal procedure.

The first afternoon saw two conference tracks running in parallel. One tackled various topics such as swarms, sensors, collision avoiding, and man-in-the-loop aspects. The other conference track addressed the next generation of aerial reconnaissance, capable of performing in the depth of the operating area. Speakers from industry and armed forces presented firsthand experience with Heron 1, a Medium Altitude Long Endurance drone, leased by a Rheinmetall-IAI cooperation to the German forces, which is, as an interim solution, successfully being employed in Afghanistan. Other speakers briefed on the Euro Hawk, developed and built for the German MoD. It is the first international derivative of the combat-proven, high-flying RQ-4 Global Hawk HALE UAS, and also Northrop Grumman’s first trans-Atlantic cooperation with Germany and Cassidian. TALARION, Cassidian’s over-hastily declared dead UAS project, was on the agenda as well.

The highlight of the second day was the presentation by Brigadier General Martin Schelleis from the German Air Force Staff, who gave a perspective of Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Remotely Piloted Aircraft of the Luftwaffe in the years 2025 – 2040. According to him, UAS are a key capability when it comes to solving 21st century conflicts. In a step-by-step build up and expansion of its UAS-based capabilities, the German air force will synchronize its objectives with the technical capabilities of industry. Multi-role and network capabilities, very long endurance, superior payload capacity characterize the systems needed. They must be assertive and agile, even in high-threat combat missions.

Stratospheric-based unmanned platforms might also be conceived as central hubs for information and command network.

In his résumé, General (Ret.) Rainer Schuwirth, Chairman of the DWT, highlighted that UAS needs a joint and multinational approach, and although it was not the subject of this forum, one should also start to think about how to translate the enormous amounts of data into measurable effect - because reconnaissance cannot be an end in itself. – Walter F. Ullrich

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ISSUE 2.2011

Final Acceptance of RAAF Tower Simulation Systems – Adacel has successfully completed final acceptance for the MaxSim Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tower simulator suite delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) School of Air Traffic Control at East Sale.

The multi-million dollar acquisition by the RAAF to train RAAF Joint Battlefield Airspace Controllers (JBAC) includes two 360-degree and one 252-degree full immersion tower simulation systems plus six ATC tower individual task trainers with interchangeable site specific databases for various RAAF airfields.

DWT Third Forum on Unmanned Vehicles

45 MS&T MAGAZINE

ATC TRAINING

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Valued at $10.6 million, the initial order includes design, development, production and testing of nine first article systems and 41 production systems. Including four option years, the contract has a total potential for 300 systems at a value of $43 million.

The MAST system is interoperable with aircraft instrumentation systems such as the Multiple Integrated Laser System and the AH-64D Longbow Apache Tactical Engagement Simulation System. This enables force-on-force and force-on-target training at Maneuver Combat Training Centers and aviation unit home stations.

US Army BHIVE Simulator Features Christie Projectors – The US Army Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) chose Christie®, an innovator in projection displays for simulation and visualization, to provide a new DLP® and LED solution for its Battlefield Highly Immersive Virtual Environment (BHIVE). AMRDEC has replaced its aging, conventional lamp-based projectors with six Christie Matrix StIM™ projectors.

TARGET SYSTEMS

FLIGHT SIMULATION

Saab Receives UK Defence Training Orders – Saab has received additional orders from the UK Ministry of Defence to enhance live training capabilities abroad and in the UK. The orders amount to approximately £20 million.

"We have secured contracts that include the provision of additional simulators for weapons and target systems under the current Direct Fire Weapon Effects Simulator (DFWES) programme to support Mission Specific Training (MST) on Salisbury Plain Training Area," said Henrik Höjer, managing director Saab Training & Simulation.

An extension to the contract also provides improvised explosive device training in the form of instrumental C-IED training capability as part of a managed training service. In addition and in support to the UK training effort later this year, the complete Deployed Tactical Engagement Systems (D-TES) capability will be shipped from Kenya to the UK and temporarily deployed to Salisbury Plain.

Anti-Submarine Warfare Training Targets – Lockheed Martin will design and deliver a second-generation anti-submarine training target under a $5.4 million contract from the US Navy.

The targets, known as MK39 Expendable Mobile Anti-submarine Warfare Training Targets, or EMATTs, are used by air and surface crews for unrestricted, open-ocean and on-range anti-submarine warfare training. Designed to simulate the movements and sounds of diesel submarines, EMATTs help crews maintain their critical anti-submarine combat skills.

Canadian Live Fire Target Training Contract – Lockheed Martin has been awarded a five-year C$22.3 million contract to provide support services for its live-fire, battlefield training systems that prepare soldiers for future combat missions. The Lockheed Martin Direct Fire Targetry system is a suite of interoperable, remotely controlled, static and moving targets operated at Canadian Forces Bases Gagetown, Valcartier, Petawawa and Wainwright. The targets simulate vehicles, infantry, hostile fire and a wide range of artillery and other weapons and threats. The system extends beyond conventional weapons training by providing a target system that utilizes live ammunition in a controlled environment.

AAI's Man-Portable Aircraft Survivability Trainer – AAI Test & Training’s Man-Portable Aircraft Survivability Trainer (MAST) has been selected by the US Army Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO STRI) under a task order from the Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Omnibus Contract II. MAST utilizes a light-emitting diode ultraviolet emitter threat simulator to replicate significant launch characteristics associated with an infrared Man-Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS), training aircrews on how to react to surface-to-air missile (SAM) threats during live training exercises.

Upgrade Completed for Australian Army Black Hawk Simulator – CAE Australia has completed a major upgrade to the Australian Army's S-70A Black Hawk full flight and mission simulator (FFMS). The upgrade included the addition of a new missile warning system, countermeasures dispensing system, and missile warning sensors. CAE also completed a visual upgrade of the simulator by adding the CAE Medallion™-6000 image generator.

E-2C OFT Modifications Contract – Aero Simulation, Inc. (ASI) has been selected by Rockwell Collins to support a major modification and upgrade of the US Navy's E-2C operational flight trainers (OFTs), Device 2F110 located at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, and Naval Base Ventura County, Point Mugu, California.

ASI will perform a number of modifications to each trainer, including replacement of the host computer, control loading, instructor/ operator, audio communications and aural cueing systems, CNS/ ATM upgrades, redesign of the input/output interface system, aerodynamic (aero) modeling, replacement of the existing motion systems with a motion/vibration system and the implementation of information assurance controls.

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World News & Analysis

TRAINING SYSTEMS CAE Contracts – CAE announced a series of military contracts in more than 10 countries worth approximately C$100 million.

CAE USA won a US Navy contract to design and manufacture a suite of P-3C training devices for the Taiwan Navy under the United States foreign military sale (FMS) program. The suite includes a P-3C operational flight trainer (OFT) and a P-3C operational tactics trainer (OTT).

Both training devices will be delivered to Taiwan in 2014.

The US Navy has contracted CAE USA to perform a major upgrade on an MH-60S operational flight trainer located at Naval Air Station (NAS) North Island.

Upgrades to the OFT include software updates, new control loading, enhanced instructor operator station and addition of forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image generators.

CAE has won the Canadian DND Aircraft Technician Training Models contract where CAE will develop interactive, Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) compliant courseware in support of aircraft technician e-Learning programs.

Canada Awards Fidelity Technologies S&T Contract - Fidelity Technologies Corp. has announced a contract with the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) for simulation and training systems. The contract, valued at $3.2 million, is for the design, development, fabrication, installation and support of eight indirect fire and forward air controller (IF/FAC) training systems.

IED TRAINING Picatinny Advances EOD Training With Video Game Technology – Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey has received a patent for a process to train soldiers to operate a variety of robots used in Iraq and Afghanistan to detonate improvised explosive devices, or IEDs. The Robotic Vehicle Trainer is a realistic video game that simulates combat environments and uses the same controls as actual robots used in Explosive Ordnance Disposal. The virtual operator control unit, which is essentially a video-game controller, is built with the exact same joysticks, switches, dials and display features as a fielded robot. This allows the Soldier to become familiar

with the touch and feel of the real controls while in training. The control unit connects to a laptop computer which runs the software application, allowing trainees to use the system anywhere, from the classroom to the field.

RADIO TRAINING IRAS Radio Communications Simulator – IFAD, a leading provider of radio communication training solutions has received a contract award to deliver IRAS (IFAD Radio Simulation) to Danish Defence. A complete IRAS*Trainer solution with student and instructor station will be delivered to the Danish Army.

Selected army radios will be modelled and installed on the system. The IRAS*Trainer will be used for basic radio operator training.

BRIDGE TRAINING SIMULATOR High-Tech Warship Simulator – Junior officers in the Royal Australian Navy will learn to pilot the next generation of warships in an upgraded $10m training facility at HMAS Watson, Sydney.

The simulator, provided by Kongsberg

ISSUE 2.2011

Overcoming Critical Global Challenges with Modeling and Simulation

MS&T MAGAZINE

48

Visit us at

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Maritime Simulation & Training, Norway, uses computerised virtual-reality software to simulate a working warship's bridge, complete with a 240-degree view of a computer generated 2D scene through the bridge windows.

The simulators replicate the full range of maritime operations likely to be experienced while on the bridge of a warship and can be reconfigured to match most classes of ship in the RAN's current fleet. New functionality includes boat operations, interdiction, and docking and beaching evolutions pertinent to the new Landing Helicopter Dock ships, the first of which is due to enter service in 2014. With two full mission simulators and four part-task simulators, the facility allows up to six warship bridge teams to train for specific scenarios in a joint exercise or, conversely, run six independent scenarios.

SUBMARINE & MINE WARFARE TRAINING

Allied Auroras Representatives from the five ABCA armies and the USMC will gather in Kingston, Canada in July to run Allied Auroras. The purpose of the exercise is to develop, test and evaluate a proof-of-concept ABCA distributed Synthetic Environment. The SE, developed over the course of the activity, will be designed to support an ABCA Bde, comprising combined arms battle groups (BGs) from participating ABCA Armies and the USMC, conducting a simultaneous distributed pre-mission training event. The prime focus is on coalition command and staff training. A distributed premission training scenario was chosen because the requirement featured repeatedly in recommendations from ABCA activities. Developing a distributed SE will force resolution of simulation interoperability issues and the resultant SE will have operational relevance.

LCol Russel Bassarab, Project Team Lead, noted that this exercise is not about training, but rather is a technical test using a training type scenario. While not a training event, it is expected that participating armies will learn from national developments as well as future ABCA approaches and activities. Questions to be addressed in the exercise include those of feasibility, resources and, given the resource requirements, the value of the distributed synthetic environment. Data and lessons learned will shape the way ahead. – Jeff Loube

Training Systems Support – BAE Systems has been awarded a £22.5 million Training Systems support contract by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) to provide a cost effective solution for the Royal Navy's overall Submarine and Mine Warfare Command Team training whilst ensuring the operational readiness and effectiveness of its operational training systems. Under the seven year contract, BAE Systems engineers will work alongside the Royal Navy training team at the Clyde, Devonport and HMS Collingwood naval bases to ensure that the Submarine and Mine Warfare Training Systems are ready and available to meet a demanding trainIQPC-UK International Military Heli MS&T Ad 5.1:Layout 1 12/04/11 9:51 AM Page 1 ing schedule.

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49 MS&T MAGAZINE

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08/04/2011 12:52

11 12:52

COAST GUARD TRAINING US Coast Guard Training Contract – The US Coast Guard has awarded Lockheed Martin a five-year indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity training and technical support services contract. The contract, which includes a $90,000 initial task order, has a $57 million ceiling value. Training and support services will be provided for up to 12 Coast Guard training sites located in Mobile, Ala., Alameda, Calif., Petaluma, Calif., New London, Conn., Washington, D.C., Camp Lejeune, N.C., Elizabeth City, N.C., Cape May, N.J., Oklahoma City, Okla., Charleston, S.C., Chesapeake, Va., and Yorktown, Va.

UAS TRAINING UAS Training Center – L-3 Link Simulation & Training (L-3 Link) has signed agreements with the University of North Dakota to jointly establish an unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) training center at Grand Forks Air Base, N.D. The University of North Dakota and L-3 Link UAS Training Center, which is expected to begin operations in June 2011, will offer MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper UAS training opportunities to UND students pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautics with a major in unmanned aircraft systems operations. The training center is also expected to provide UAS training to US government agencies to develop highly capable pilots and sensor operators.

The Predator and Reaper training system integrates actual ground control station hardware, simulation software and highfidelity, correlated databases in creating a fully immersive training environment. Simulation scenarios, which will include a robust

urban environment, will be integrated with visualizations of hundreds of moving vehicles and people, accurate terrain and various weather conditions.

ARRIVALS & DEPARTURES VP Sales Appointment – projectiondesign has appointed Magnus Rabben as VP of Sales for Central and South America. Rabben joins the company from Cisco, where he held a number of key positions in business development and channel management, as well as being director of logistics for the entire Americas region.

Rabben will work alongside Javier Delgado, projectiondesign's Visual Simulation Manager.

Claude-France Arnould to Direct EDA – The European Defence Agency (EDA) has appointed Mrs Claude-France Arnould as Chief Executive to run the agency for the next three years.

Catherine Ashton, EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, Commission Vice President and Head EDA, welcomed the appointment of the French woman, who has 20 years of experience of defence and security issues. Previously Mrs Arnould held the position of Deputy Director-General of NATO's Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) in the External Action Service.

International Projects Director – Strategic Operations (STOPS) has appointed Paul Flavell as International Projects Director.

The company has also established Strategic Operations Tactical Training Canada in Coronation, Alberta, and opened a new East Coast office in Herndon, Virginia. In his new position, Flavell is responsible for International Business Development and Sales, International Business Program Management and International Marketing Oversight.

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World News & Analysis

EC EXHIBITOR NEWS...ITEC EXHIBITOR ITEC EXHIBITOR NEWS TCG's LinkPRO Solution Successfully Deployed – Tactical Communication Group (TCG) has announced the successful deployment of TCG's LinkPRO software as the operational core in an air defense command and control system being utilized nationwide by a coalition partner country in the Asia-Pacific region. TCG's LinkPRO software, in conjunction with Raytheon Solipsys's Multi-Source Correlator Tracker (MSCT) is delivering capabilities which fuse air, land, surface and space surveillance into a single picture which, using secure tactical data links, can be shared with coalition partners.

A New Breed of Shooting Range – VirTra Systems has introduced their most advanced marksmanship simulator, the VirTra Range MIL™. The new simulator is capable of accurately recreating both indoor and outdoor shooting ranges including customizable targets, qualification courses, and marksmanship drills. Paired with VirTra's powerful recoil kits, no ammunition is required. The device easily expands from one to sixty-four lanes or more.

Prepar3D Offers New Simulator Configurations – Lockheed Martin recently launched Prepar3D® 1.1, the next version of its training software based on Microsoft® ESP™ technology.

The newest iteration not only brings users increased functionality, but also includes additional features that support Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) qualification and provide new vehicle models, several modernization upgrades and enhanced developer capabilities.

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17/3/11 11:58:45

Cross-Sectoral System Network Using Virtual Reality – At this year's ITEC, ESG Elektroniksystem- und Logistik-GmbH will present a cross-sectoral network of different ESG systems, which are operated within a shared tactical scenario.

A personnel recovery mission must be carried out with a helicopter that is equipped with ESG's mission tactical workstation. The mission is supported by a UAS, which is operated by the components of the Manned-Unmanned-Teaming project. eSim Games – Software developers eSim Games, LLC and Danish company IFAD A.S. will demonstrate IRAS Comm and Steel Beasts Professional. IRAS Comm is a radio network simulation and voice recording solution, which ties in with Steel Beasts Professional. The recorded voices can be played back in a synchronized manner during the exercise After Action Review. eSim Games will also demonstrate Steel Beasts Professional as a training solution for the Sitaware battlefield management system (BMS) made by the Danish company Systematic.

Ternion Lowers Cost of Development Licenses – Ternion® Corporation has announced the release of FLAMES® Version 9.1 with lower licensing costs. In Version 9.1, the FLAMES Development Suite is subdivided into eight separately priced products.

This allows customers to purchase only the FLAMES options that they need. FLAMES is a family of commercial off-the-shelf software products that addresses all aspects of constructive simulation development and use, including customizable scenario creation, execution, visualization, and analysis, as well as interfaces to live, virtual, and constructive systems. projectiondesign – Norway's projectiondesign will be showcasing their latest product innovations, including the F35 wqxga projector in a 3-channel display. The F35 wqxga is the world's highest resolution DLP® projector for professional use, and showcases unseen acuity from an extraordinarily low complexity system. Specifically tailored for heavy duty 24/7 operation command and control room applications, projectiondesign will also showcase their FL32 solid state LED illumination projectors.

And, saving the best until last, the Norwegian manufacturer will showcase by special invite only, their NVG stimulation IR enabled LED projector that's ideally suited to full mission simulators. It has been designed for night-time and limited-visibility scenario simulation. The result is an effective, true-to-life simulation of lowambient operations.

Bohemia Interactive – Bohemia Interactive will exhibit the latest VBS technology at ITEC 2011, most of which is now used by all ABCA Armies at the enterprise level. The focus of the exhibit will be VBS2 v1.50, the latest version of the popular VBS2 platform. Many features have been included to remove a range of constraints. VBS2 v1.50 offers larger terrain and view distances, full multi-channel support, improved tank gunnery and support for underground spaces, and much more.

VBS2Strike will also be demonstrated at ITEC, the groundbreaking new close air support trainer that is tightly coupled with both VBS2 and VBS2Fires. VBS2Strike provides high fidelity close air simulation, with realistic flight and weapons models.

Latest COTS Technologies at ITEC – Antycip Simulation will be at ITEC 2011 with its partners VT MAK, DiSTI, Scalable Network Technologies, AGI, Cogent 3D, TrianGraphics, TerraSim,

TOR NEWS...ITEC EXHIBITOR NEWS...

(VTT)’ for building make-shift bridges is another highlight at the szenaris booth.

Complete Characters HD Presented at ITEC – Rocketbox Studios GmbH has just released Complete Characters HD, a 3D model library of highly realistic animated human characters. Apart from many different casual and business style characters, special 3D models are now also available such as soldiers, special forces, Middle Eastern civilians, rebels, and workers.

Helicopter Crew Reality System – At this year’s ITEC, Virtalis, the UK-based virtual reality specialist will showcase its new helicopter crew reality system, consisting of a complete new synthetic helicopter cabin, as well as a special military variant of Virtalis’ GeoVisionary software. Virtalis HCR provides helicopter crews with a VR training environment where they can develop skills in team-wide communication during complex training missions. Virtalis has added greater realism and functionality to ActiveSpace, a head mounted display (HMD) interactive 3D visualisation system that allows ultimate immersive experience for an affordable price.

Next Generation SIMulation Workbench Modeling Tool – Concurrent has introduced the next generation of its SIMulation Workbench™ modelling environment for real-time hardware-inthe-loop and man-in-the-loop simulations. This modelling tool provides a new, easy-to-use interface with Simulink® that eliminates manual intervention, ultimately enhancing product quality and reducing development costs.

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Bionatics and Harris under the usual ITEC Antycip Simulation Village. Visitors will have the opportunity to see all partners present their latest technologies in the COTS software domain.

Vibration Platform from WITTENSTEIN – WITTENSTEIN aerospace & simulation are focusing on their helicopter simulator vibration systems and control loading systems. Visitors are invited to experience the ‘touch and feel’ of Control Loading Systems and Vibration platforms.

Shiphandling Simulator for French Naval Academy – ECA Sindel of Genoa, Italy, has inaugurated a new multi-function bridge simulator for the École Navale of Lanveoc (Brest). The software of the new simulator trains personnel to use different kinds of instrumentation and recreates the features of the different classes of naval units, from small motor boats to tug boats, up to the big ships of the Mistral class. According to the type of ship simulated, the system activates or deactivates specific training programs and a long series of military operations. The SIMULNAV N.G. of the École Navale is made up of three main bridges, three secondary bridges, a trainer room and a briefing and debriefing room.

3D Interactive Visual Databases – B-Design3D plans to demonstrate its ability to create full city 3D models for various types of applications. These include geo-specific urban environments/ all city buildings with real facades for UAV/helicopter/mission rehearsal/sniper training, full city models in which each building has several damage states for first responders training, and some buildings which are modelled with detailed interiors, floor by floor, for HLS applications and SWAT units training.

PC-Based Mission Rehearsal Software – RealWorld 2011 is a PC-based mission rehearsal software toolkit which tactical personnel, without programming experience, can rapidly build fully immersive, geo-specific simulations designed for rehearsal of team tactical operations such as building clearing, hostage rescue, or fire response.

Total Immersion Software, Inc. uses RealWorld’s core technology to create everything from simple one-person training simulations to multi-player team-based simulations to high fidelity desktop trainers. The features developed for custom solutions are often returned to the RealWorld platform, offering current and future RealWorld users an ever-growing list of capabilities.

4C Strategies Launch Mobile App – 4C Strategies has launched its beta version of Exonaut™ Exercise Manager as an android application. Exonaut Android App allows the user to view scenario information as well as add evaluations with attached video and photos. This mobile capability is a further enhancement to the software tool for exercise management, enabling Exonaut Exercise Manager users to plan, deliver and evaluate their exercise activities ‘on the go’, irrespective of geographical location.

Virtual Explosive Ordnance Disposal – szenaris GmbH will present an improved version of its virtual reality simulation ‘Remote-Controlled Robots’ and its simulation system for building makeshift bridges to the international expert audience at ITEC 2011. In the virtual learning environment, users control realistic 3D models of remote-controlled robotic vehicles to dispose of explosive ordnance. The simulation system ‘Virtual Team Trainer

World News & Analysis ISSUE 2.2011 MS&T MAGAZINE

54

MFTC The 9th annual IQPC Military Flight Training conference took place in London on 9th/10th February 2011. There was representation from 21 air forces – all the usual suspects plus welcome additions from Singapore, Finland, the Philippines and South Africa – plus a good cross-section of industry. The main conference was preceded by a one-day workshop focusing on UAV training – a growth industry in terms of conferences as well as platforms.

Not much has changed in the world of flying training; indeed, some of the presentations were updated repeats of the previous iterations, but this in itself was of benefit to new attendees. Budgetary constraint, and the requirement to get more from less, remained a recurrent theme; for air forces now reduced, or threatened with reduction, below ‘critical mass’, the benefits of joint training, both intranational and international, were emphasised in many presentations, including those on the UK Military Flying Training System (M FTS), the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training System (ENJJPTS) in the US, the proposed European Jet Training programme (AEJPTS), and the current bilateral advanced training agreement between the Belgian and French air forces (AJeTS).

Some progress has been made in this latter venture, to the extent that the partners have agreed that the platform should be a ‘European’ aircraft; since the UK is not a partner, this would seem to point towards M-346. Notwithstanding the emphasis in emerging programmes on integrated systems to satisfy training requirements, the focus always seems to be on the aircraft, and nowhere more so than in the US T-X programme. Formal mention was made for the first time of a ‘Boeing Solution’, although no details were available. However, the company seemed confident that neither the progress already made in the acquisition process, nor the timescales envisaged – driven, in part, by the pressing need to replace the T-38, and to discontinue the expensive stop-gap measure of using the F-16 as a lead-in ‘trainer’ for F-22 and, prospectively, for F-35 – would preclude them getting from where they are now to a viable solution.

Some doubt was expressed about whether developments in training programmes were driven by the military requirement or by politics; however, proponents of the former – wishful thinkers, some would say – were forced to accept that the changes were necessitated by fiscal constraint, which would appear generally to be political fall-out. – Dim Jones ms&t

Index of Ads AgustaWestland 4 www.agustawestland.com Alsim www.alsim.com 15 Antycip Simulation www.antycipsimulation.com 53 CAE OBC www.cae.com Chemring Defence 39 www.chemring.co.uk Christie Digital www.christiedigital.com/MST 20 Columbus State University TSYS School of Computer Science 45 www.ColumbusState.edu/cs Defence IQ (a division of IQPC) www.militaryhelicopterevent.com 49 DI-Guy www.diguy.com 41 DSEI www.dsei.co.uk 36 Engineering & Computer Simulations 29 www.ecsorl.com HTP Ostravia Cz a.s.

35 www.htpostrava.cz Equipe Simulation 37 www.equipe-simulation.com FlightSafety International 11 www.flightsafety.com Global Space & Satellite Forum 30 www.gssforum.com Havok.com www.havok.com/simulation 31 Ibersim 50 www.ibersim.com I/ITSEC 2011 46 www.iitsec.org ITEC 2011 www.itec.co.uk 34 Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace 12 www.kongsberg.com L-3 Link Simulation & Training www.L-3com.com IFC Low-Cost Training Conference 44 www.andrich.com MetaVR www.metavr.com 13 Modsim www.modsimworldconference.com 48 PDM Training and Consultancy www.pdmtc.co.uk 43 Presagis www.presagis.com/getmore 6 projectiondesign 23 www.projectiondesign.com RAeS Spring Flight Simulation Conference www.aerosociety.com/conference 52 RAeS Future Rotorcraft Conference www.aerosociety.com/conference 47 Raydon www.raydon.com 25 Raytheon 21 www.raytheon.co.uk RGB Spectrum www.rgb.com 33 Rheinmetall Defence www.rheinmetall-defence.com 16 & 17 RUAG www.ruag.com 24 SAAB www.saabgroup.com/training-and-simulation 3 SAAB www.saabgroup.com/Rapid-3D-Mapping 19 SAIC www.saic.com IBC Servo Kinetics 27 www. servokinetics.com

Calendar 20-21 September 2011 APATS 2011 – Asia Pacific Airline Training Symposium Shangri-La Hotel Bangkok, Thailand www.halldale.com/apats 8-9 November 2011 EATS 2011 – European Airline Training Symposium Clarion Congress Hotel Prague, Czech Republic www.halldale.com/eats

17-19 April 2012 WATS 2012 – World Aviation Training Conference & Tradeshow Rosen Shingle Creek Resort Orlando, Florida, USA www.halldale.com/wats 20-26 June 2011 Paris Air Show Le Bourget, France www.parisairshow.com 27-29 June 2011 Future Land Forces Singapore www.futurelandforces.com 13-16 September 2011 DSEI London, UK www.dsei.co.uk

21-22 September 2011 Close Air Support 2011 London, UK www.closeairsupport.co.uk 27-29 September 2011 Helitech Duxford, UK www.helitechevents.com

Advertising contacts Business Manager: Jeremy Humphreys [t] +44 (0)1252 532009 [e] jeremy@halldale.com Business Manager, North America: Mary Bellini Brown [t] +1 703 421 3709 [e] mary@halldale.com

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It’s true … there is only one truly global company focused exclusively on modeling, simulation and training for both the military and civil markets. For more than six decades, including 50 years serving the German Armed Forces from our base in Stolberg, Germany, CAE has been earning its reputation for technology leadership and innovation specific to modeling, simulation and training. It’s why we now have operations and training centres in more than 20 countries and serve customers in more than 100. Our 7,500+ employees, including more than 1,400 in Europe, are your neighbors all over the globe, and each and every one of them is your partner in delivering enhanced safety, efficiency, and mission readiness to help you stay one step ahead.

Come visit CAE’s booth (D120) at ITEC 2011 in Cologne, Germany to learn more about our comprehensive portfolio of simulation-based products and services. cae.com