93 UNDP, Somalia Human Development Report 2012: Empowering Youth for Peace and Development, Nairobi: UNON Publishing Service Section, 2012. 94 Ibid. 95 Ibid. 96 Hargeisa Human Rights Center Representative, Semi-Structured Interview, September 23, 2014, Hargeisa. 97 UNDP, Somalia Human Development Report 2012. 98 Ibid., 52. 99 Ibid. 100 Ibid. 101 SONYU Representative, Semi-Structured Interview, September 25, 2014, Hargeisa. 102 UNDP, Somalia Human Development Report 2012. 103 International Crisis Group, “Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership,” Africa Report 110 (2006): 1-28. 104 Ibid. 105 Male Youth, Semi-Structured Interview, September 24, 2014, Hargeisa. 106 Cited in, International Crisis Group, “Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership.” 107 Based on a focus-group discussion conducted with three Somaliland elders in the capital city of Hargeisa on September 25, 2014. 108 See, Barkhad Dahir, “Rape on the rise.” 109 UNDP, “Somalia Gender-Based Violence Working Group,” 2014-2016 Strategy (2014): 5. 110 Ibid. 111 Human Rights Watch, “Here, Rape is Normal.” 112 Ibid. 113 Gang Rape Survivor, Semi-Structured Interview, September 30, 2014, Hargeisa. 114 NAGAAD Network, Access to Justice by Women-SGBV Victims. 115 Female Officer CID, Semi-Structured Interview, September, 2014, Hargeisa. 116 See, Barkhad Dahir, “Rape on the rise.” 117 See, Barkhad Dahir, “Rape on the rise.” 118 Lawyer from the Hargeisa University Human Rights Legal Aid Clinic, Semi-Structured Interview, September 23, 2014, Hargeisa. 119 Attorney General’s Office Representative, Semi-Structured Interview, September 24, 2014, Hargeisa. 120 Somalicurrent, “Somaliland: 195 Rape Cases Reported to Police,” Somaliland Sun , Sunday, 29 September 2013. 121 Huffington Post, “Rapes On Rise in Somaliland, Activists Say (UPDATED),” Huffington Post, May 14, 2013. 122 Hiiraan Online, “Somalia: Somaliland Court Sentences 21 Men in a Gang Rape Case,” Hiiraan Online: News and Information about Somalia, August 7, 2013. 123 Ibid. 124 Gang Rape Survivor, Semi-Structured Interview, September 30, 2014, Hargeisa. 125 IRIN, “Stiffer penalties, formal justice to curb rape in Somaliland,” Humanitarian News and Analysis, May 28, 2013. 126 Figure obtained from NAGAAD Network, Access to Justice by Women-SGBV Victims in Somaliland Baseline Survey Report, August 2013. 127 GBV Focal Point – CID, Semi-Structured Interview, September 29, 2014, Hargeisa. 128 See, Leigh Harkins and Louise Dixon, “Sexual offending in groups: An evaluation,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 15(2010): 87-99. 129 Ibid. 130 Ibid. 131 Ibid. 132 Small Arms Survey, “Chapter 5: Between State and Non-State.” 133 Ibid. 134 SONYU Representative, Semi-Structured Interview, September 25, 2014, Hargeisa. 135 Barkhad Dahir, “Police in Hargeisa battle uptick in gang-related violence,” SABAHI, October 30, 2013. 136 Former Male Youth, Semi-Structured Interview, September 25, 2014, Hargeisa. 137 Ibid. 138 NAGAAD Network Representative, Semi-Structured Interview, September 23, 2014, Hargeisa. 139 See, Human Rights Watch, “Here, Rape is Normal.” 140 When asked which groups were most vulnerable to SGBV and gang rape, 61/63 respondents interviewed in September and October 2014 noted that IDPs were amongst the most vulnerable groups to sexual violence. 141 See, Amnesty International, Human Rights Challenges: Somaliland Facing Elections, London, UK: Amnesty International Publications, 2009. 142 Amnesty International, Human Rights Challenges. 143 Ibid.
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The Other War: Gang Rape in Somaliland